白皮书：中美经贸磋商的中方立场
关于中美经贸磋商的中方立场
China’s Position on the China-US Economic and Trade Consultations
（2019年6月）
中华人民共和国
国务院新闻办公室
(June 2019)
The State Council Information Office of
The People’s Republic of China
目录
Contents
前言
Preface
一、美国挑起对华经贸摩擦损害两国和全球利益
I. Economic and trade friction provoked by the US damages the interests of both countries and of the wider world
二、美国在中美经贸磋商中出尔反尔、不讲诚信
II. The US has backtracked on its commitments in the China-US economic and trade consultations
三、中国始终坚持平等、互利、诚信的磋商立场
III. China is committed to credible consultations based on equality and mutual benefit
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preface
中美经贸关系是两国关系的“压舱石”和“推进器”，事关两国人民根本利益，事关世界繁荣与稳定。两国建交以来，双边经贸关系持续发展，合作领域不断拓宽，合作水平不断提高，形成了高度互补、利益交融的互利共赢关系，不仅两国受益，而且惠及全球。
The China-US commercial relationship serves as both the ballast and the propeller of the overall bilateral relationship. At stake are the fundamental interests of the two peoples, and the prosperity and stability of the world. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the US, bilateral trade and economic relations have come a long way, with expanding fields of cooperation at higher levels. A mutually beneficial and win-win relationship with strong complementarity and interlinked interests has been forged, benefiting not only the two countries but also the entire world.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. ballast 美 [ˈbæləst] n.(船中保持平衡的)压舱物;(热气球的)镇重物;(用作公路或铁路路基的)道砟。这里是“压舱石”的意思。
2. propeller 美 [prəˈpelər] n.螺旋桨(飞机或轮船的推进器)。这里是“推进器”的意思。
3. at stake 处于危险境地，处于成败的重要关头。表达“事关……”的含义。
由于发展阶段、经济制度不同，两国在经贸合作中难免出现分歧和摩擦。在中美经贸关系发展历程中，也曾多次出现波折、面临困难局面。两国本着理性、合作的态度，通过对话协商解决问题，化解了矛盾、缩小了分歧，双边经贸关系更趋成熟。
Given the differences in stage of development and economic system, it is inevitable that the two countries will experience differences and friction in their commercial cooperation. The history of China-US trade and economic relations has seen twists and turns and difficult situations. By adopting a rational and cooperative attitude, the two countries have managed to resolve previous conflicts, bridge differences, and render the bilateral commercial relationship more mature through dialogue and consultation.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. inevitable 美 [ɪnˈevɪtəbl] adj.不可避免的;不能防止的;总会发生的;照例必有的;惯常的;必然发生的事;不可避免的事。
2. friction 美 [ˈfrɪkʃn] n.摩擦;摩擦力;争执;分歧;不和。
3. twist 美 [twɪst] v.使弯曲，使扭曲(成一定形状);(使)弯曲变形，扭曲变形;扭转，转动(身体部位)n.转动;旋转;搓;捻;拧;扭动;(故事或情况的)转折，转变，突然变化;急转弯处;曲折处。 这里是波折的意思。
2017年新一届美国政府上任以来，以加征关税等手段相威胁，频频挑起与主要贸易伙伴之间的经贸摩擦。2018年3月以来，针对美国政府单方面发起的中美经贸摩擦，中国不得不采取有力应对措施，坚决捍卫国家和人民利益。同时，中国始终坚持通过对话协商解决争议的基本立场，与美国开展多轮经贸磋商，努力稳定双边经贸关系。中国的态度是一贯的、明确的。中美合则两利，斗则俱伤，合作是双方唯一正确的选择。对于两国经贸分歧和摩擦，中国愿意采取合作的方式加以解决，推动达成互利双赢的协议。但合作是有原则的，磋商是有底线的，在重大原则问题上中国决不让步。对于贸易战，中国不愿打，不怕打，必要时不得不打，这个态度一直没变。
Since it took office in 2017, the new US administration has threatened additional tariffs and other measures and provoked frequent economic and trade friction with its major trading partners. In response to the economic and trade friction unilaterally initiated by the US since March 2018, China has had to take forceful measures to defend the interests of the nation and its people. At the same time, committed to resolving disputes through dialogue and consultation, China has engaged in multiple rounds of economic and trade consultations with the US in an effort to stabilize the bilateral commercial relationship. China’s position has been consistent and clear – that cooperation serves the interests of the two countries, that conflict can only hurt both, and that cooperation is the only correct choice for both sides. Concerning their differences and frictions on the economic and trade front, China is willing to work together with the US to find solutions, and to reach a mutually beneficial and win-win agreement. However, cooperation has to be based on principles. There are bottom lines in consultations. China will not compromise on major issues of principle. China does not want a trade war, but it is not afraid of one and it will fight one if necessary. China’s position on this has never changed.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. provoke 美 [prəˈvoʊk] v. 激起;引起;引发;挑衅;激怒;刺激。这里是挑起的意思。
2. unilaterally adv. 单方面地。
3. cooperation serves the interests of the two countries, and conflict can only hurt both. 中美合则两利，斗则俱伤。
为全面介绍中美经贸磋商基本情况，阐明中国对中美经贸磋商的政策立场，中国政府特发布此白皮书。
To provide a comprehensive picture of the China-US economic and trade consultations, and present China’s policy position on these consultations, the Chinese government hereby issues this White Paper.
一、美国挑起对华经贸摩擦损害两国和全球利益
I. Economic and trade friction provoked by the US damages the interests of both countries and of the wider world
现任美国政府奉行“美国优先”政策，对外采取一系列单边主义和保护主义措施，动辄使用关税“大棒”，将自身利益诉求强加于他国。美国启用尘封多年的“201调查”“232调查”等手段，对各主要贸易伙伴频频出手，搅乱全球经贸格局。美国还将矛头对准中国，于2017年8月启动单边色彩浓厚的“301调查”，无视中国多年来在加强知识产权保护、改善外资营商环境等方面的不懈努力和取得的巨大成绩，对中国作出诸多不客观的负面评价，采取加征关税、限制投资等经贸限制措施，挑起中美经贸摩擦。
Trumpeting “America First”, the current US administration has adopted a series of unilateral and protectionist measures, regularly wielded tariffs as a “big stick” and coerced other countries into accepting its demands. The US has initiated frequent investigations under the long-unused Sections 201 and 232 against its main trading partners, causing disruption to the global economic and trade landscape. Specifically targeting China, in August 2017 it launched a unilateral investigation under Section 301. Turning a blind eye to China’s unremitting efforts and remarkable progress in protecting intellectual property and improving the business environment for foreign investors, the US issued a myriad of slanted and negative observations, and imposed additional tariffs and investment restrictions on China, provoking economic and trade friction between the two countries.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. Trumpet 美 [ˈtrʌmpɪt] n. 小号;喇叭;喇叭形物;(尤指)绽开的水仙花v. 宣扬;鼓吹;吹嘘;吼叫。这里是奉行的意思。
2. “America First” “美国优先”政策
3. “big stick” “大棒”
美国无视中美经济结构、发展阶段特点和国际产业分工现实，坚持认为中国采取不公平、不对等的贸易政策，导致美国出现对华贸易逆差，在双边经贸交往中“吃了亏”，并对华采取单边加征关税措施。事实上，在经济全球化时代，中美两国经济高度融合，共同构成完整的产业链，两国经济连骨带筋、互利共赢，把贸易逆差当作“吃亏”是算错了账。美国对中国采取的贸易限制措施不利于中国，也不利于美国，更不利于全球。
Turning a blind eye to the nature of the economic structure and the stage of development in China and the US, as well as the reality of the international industrial division of labor, the US insists that China’s “unfair” and “non-reciprocal” trade policies have created a trade deficit in bilateral commercial exchanges that constitutes “being taken advantage of”, leading to unilateral imposition of additional tariffs on China. In fact, in today’s globalized world, the Chinese and American economies are highly integrated and together constitute an entire industrial chain. The two economies are bound in a union that is mutually beneficial and win-win in nature. Equating a trade deficit to being taken advantage of is an error. The restrictive measures the US has imposed on China are not good for China or the US, and still worse for the rest of the world.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. “unfair” and “non-reciprocal” trade policies 不公平、不对等的贸易政策
2.equate 美 [iˈkweɪt] v. 同等看待;使等同。
3. trade deficit 贸易逆差
（一）美国加征关税措施损人不利己
(I) The tariff measures the US imposed harm others and are of no benefit to itself
美国政府对中国输美商品加征关税，阻碍双边贸易投资合作，影响两国乃至全球市场信心和经济平稳运行。美国的关税措施导致中国对美出口额下滑，2019年1月至4月同比下降9.7%，连续5个月下降。同时，由于中国不得不针对美国加税采取加征关税应对，美国对华出口连续8个月下降。中美经贸摩擦带来的不确定性使两国企业对开展投资合作持观望态度，中国对美投资持续下滑，美国对华投资增速也明显降低。据中国有关方面统计，2018年中国企业对美直接投资57.9亿美元，同比下降10%。2018年美国实际对华投资金额26.9亿美元，增速从2017年的11%大幅回落至1.5%。由于中美经贸摩擦前景不明，世界贸易组织将2019年全球贸易增长速度由3.7%下调至2.6%。
The US administration has imposed additional tariffs on Chinese goods exported to the US, impeding two-way trade and investment cooperation and undermining market confidence and economic stability in the two countries and globally. The US tariff measures lead to a decrease in the volume of China’s export to the US, which fell by 9.7 percent year-on-year in the first four months of 2019, dropping for five months in a row. In addition, as China has to impose tariffs as a countermeasure to US tariff hikes, US exports to China have dropped for eight months in a row. The uncertainty brought by US-China economic and trade friction made companies in both countries more hesitant about investing. China’s investment in the US continues to fall and the growth rate of US investment in China has also slowed down. According to Chinese statistics, direct investment by Chinese companies in the US was US$5.79 billion in 2018, down by 10 percent year-on-year. In 2018, paid-in US investment in China was US$2.69 billion, up by only 1.5 percent year-on-year compared with an increase of 11 percent in 2017. With the outlook for China-US trade friction unclear, the WTO has lowered its forecast for global trade growth in 2019 from 3.7 percent to 2.6 percent.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. undermine 美 [ˌʌndərˈmaɪn] v. 逐渐削弱(信心、权威等);使逐步减少效力;从根基处破坏;挖……的墙脚。这里隐含了逐渐削弱信心的意思。
2. countermeasure 美 [ˈkaʊntərmeʒər] n. 对策;对抗手段;反措施。这里隐含了对策的意思。
3. outlook 美 [ˈaʊtlʊk] n. 观点;见解;世界观;人生观;前景;可能性;景色;景致;景观。这里是前景的意思。
（二）贸易战没有给美国带来所谓的“再次伟大”
(II) The trade war has not “made America great again”
加征关税措施不仅没有推动美国经济增长，反而带来了严重伤害。
The tariff measures have not boosted American economic growth. Instead, they have done serious harm to the US economy.
一是提高美国企业生产成本。中美制造业相互依存度很高，许多美国制造商依赖中国的原材料和中间品，短期内难以找到合适的替代供应商，只能承担加征关税的成本。
First, the tariff measures have significantly increased production costs for US companies. The Chinese and US manufacturing sectors are highly dependent on each other. Many American manufacturers depend on China’s raw materials and intermediary goods. As it is hard for them to find good alternative suppliers in the short term, they will have to bear the costs of the tariff hikes.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. The trade war has not “made America great again” 贸易战没有给美国带来所谓的“再次伟大”
2. intermediary goods 中间品
3. hike 美 [haɪk] n.远足;徒步旅行;(价格、花费等的)大幅度提高，猛增v.去……远足;做徒步旅行;远足;徒步旅行;把(价格、税率等)大幅提高。bear the costs of the tariff hikes 承担加征关税的成本。这里隐含了(价格、花费等的)大幅度提高的意思。
二是抬升美国国内物价。进口中国物美价廉的消费品是美国通胀率长期保持低位的重要因素之一。加征关税后，中国产品最终销售价格提高，实际上美国消费者也承担了关税成本。美国全国零售商联合会研究显示，仅对中国家具征收25%关税一项，就使美国消费者每年多付出46亿美元的额外支出。
Second, the tariff measures lead to domestic price hikes in the US. The import of value-for-money consumer goods from China is a key factor behind the long-term low inflation in the US. After the additional tariffs were imposed, the final selling price of Chinese products increased, leaving American consumers effectively bearing some tariff costs. According to research by the US National Retail Federation, the 25 percent additional tariffs on furniture alone will cost the US consumer an additional US$4.6 billion per year.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. value-for-money consumer goods 物美价廉的消费品
2. inflation 美[ɪnˈfleɪʃn] n. 通货膨胀;通胀率;充气。
3. the US National Retail Federation 美国全国零售商联合会
三是影响美国经济增长和民生。美国商会和荣鼎集团2019年3月联合发布的报告显示，受中美经贸摩擦影响，2019年及未来4年美国国内生产总值将可能每年减少640亿至910亿美元，约占美国国内生产总值总额的0.3%－0.5%。如美国对所有中国输美商品征收25%关税，未来10年美国国内生产总值将累计减少1万亿美元。美国智库“贸易伙伴”（Trade Partnership）2019年2月发布的研究报告显示，如美国对所有中国输美商品加征25%的关税，美国国内生产总值将减少1.01%，就业岗位将减少216万个，一个四口之家每年支出将增加2294美元。
Third, the tariff measures have an impact on US economic growth and people’s livelihood. A joint report by the US Chamber of Commerce and the Rhodium Group in March 2019 showed that, under the impact of China-US economic and trade friction, US GDP in 2019 and the next four years could decrease by US$64-91 billion per year, about 0.3-0.5 percent of total US GDP. If the US imposes 25 percent tariffs on all Chinese goods exported to the US, US GDP will decrease by US$1 trillion in the next ten years cumulatively. According to a research report in February 2019 by Trade Partnership, an American think-tank, if the US imposes 25 percent additional tariffs on all imported Chinese goods, US GDP will decrease by 1.01 percent, with 2.16 million job losses and an additional annual burden of US$2,294 on a family of four.
CATTI和MTI学习笔记：
1. have an impact on 影响
2. the US Chamber of Commerce 美国商会
3. Trade Partnership, an American think-tank 美国智库“贸易伙伴”
