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健康主题

Water

水

Water is essential for life. The amount of fresh water on earth is limited, and its quality is under constant pressure. Preserving the quality of fresh water is important for the drinking-water supply, food production and recreational water use. Water quality can be compromised by the presence of infectious agents, toxic chemicals, and radiological hazards.

水是生命的根本。地球上的淡水有限，而且其质量受到持续的威胁。保持淡水的质量对饮用水的供应、食品生产和娱乐用水十分重要。传染病因子、有毒化学品和放射性危害可影响水的质量。

Water and health

水和健康

Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio. Absent, inadequate, or inappropriately managed water and sanitation services expose individuals to preventable health risks. This is particularly the case in health care facilities where both patients and staff are placed at additional risk of infection and disease when water, sanitation, and hygiene services are lacking. Globally, 15% of patients develop an infection during a hospital stay, with the proportion much greater in low-income countries.

受污染的水和卫生条件差与各种疾病传播相联，例如霍乱、腹泻、痢疾、甲肝、伤寒、脊髓灰质炎。供水和卫生设施服务的缺失、不够或管理不当，使个人处于本可预防的健康风险。这一点尤其在卫生保健机构的情况下，当水、卫生设施和卫生服务缺乏时，患者和工作人员则处于感染和疾病的更大危险。在全球范围内，15%的患者在住院期间发生感染，低收入国家的此类比例则大得多。

Inadequate management of urban, industrial, and agricultural wastewater means the drinking-water of hundreds of millions of people is dangerously contaminated or chemically polluted.

城市、工业和农业废水的管理不足，意味着数百万人的饮用水可能受到危险的污染或化学污染。

Some 829 000 people are estimated to die each year from diarrhoea as a result of unsafe drinking-water, sanitation, and hand hygiene. Yet diarrhoea is largely preventable, and the deaths of 297 000 children aged under 5 years could be avoided each year if these risk factors were addressed. Where water is not readily available, people may decide handwashing is not a priority, thereby adding to the likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases.

估计每年有超过82.9万例腹泻死亡是因不安全饮用水、环境卫生和手部卫生不善导致。但是腹泻在很大程度上是可以预防的，如果解决这些危险因素，每年可以避免约29.7万例五岁以下儿童死亡。在无法随时获得水供应的地方，人们可能不会把洗手看成一件大事，由此加大了罹患腹泻和其它疾病的可能。

Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated food and water but there are other hazards. In 2017, over 220 million people required preventative treatment for schistosomiasis – an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.

在与受污染的粮食和水有关的疾病中，腹泻是最广为人知的一种，但还存在其它风险。2017年，超过2.2亿人需要得到血吸虫病（一种由寄生虫导致的急性和慢性病，人们因接触受到侵染的水而受到感染）预防性治疗。

In many parts of the world, insects that live or breed in water carry and transmit diseases such as dengue fever. Some of these insects, known as vectors, breed in clean, rather than dirty water, and household drinking water containers can serve as breeding grounds. The simple intervention of covering water storage containers can reduce vector breeding and may also reduce faecal contamination of water at the household level.

在世界上的许多地方，在水中生息或繁殖的昆虫携带和传播各种疾病，如登革热等。这些昆虫中有些被称为病媒，它们在净水、而不是脏水中繁殖，家用饮水容器可成为它们的繁殖地。盖好储水容器这一简单干预措施，可减少病媒繁殖，还可在家庭层面减少水被粪便污染。

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