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Plague

鼠疫

Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis, a zoonotic bacteria, usually found in small mammals and their fleas. It is transmitted between animals through fleas. Humans can be infected through:

鼠疫是一种传染病，由鼠疫耶尔森菌引起，这是一种动物源性细菌，通常可在小哺乳动物及其跳蚤上发现。它通过跳蚤在动物之间传播。人类感染的途径是：

the bite of infected vector fleas

染病跳蚤叮咬；

unprotected contact with infectious bodily fluids or contaminated materials

在未加保护的情况下接触传染性体液或受感染物质；

the inhalation of respiratory droplets/small particles from a patient with pneumonic plague.

吸入肺鼠疫患者的呼吸道飞沫/微粒。

体征和症状

Signs and symptoms

感染鼠疫的人通常在1-7天潜伏期后，出现急性发烧以及其他非特异性全身症状，例如突然发烧、寒战、头痛和身体疼痛、虚弱、呕吐和恶心。

People infected with plague usually develop acute febrile disease with other non-specific systemic symptoms after an incubation period of one to seven days, such as sudden onset of fever, chills, head and body aches, and weakness, vomiting and nausea.

鼠疫感染可按感染途径分为3种：腺鼠疫、败血性鼠疫和肺鼠疫。

There are two main forms of plague infection, depending on the route of infection: bubonic and pneumonic.

Diagnosing plague

鼠疫的诊断

Confirmation of plague requires lab testing. The best practice is to identify Y. pestis from a sample of pus from a bubo, blood or sputum. A specific Y. pestis antigen can be detected by different techniques. One of them is a laboratory validated rapid dipstick test now widely used in Africa and South America, with the support of WHO.

确诊鼠疫需要实验室检测。最好的办法是确认淋巴结炎的脓液、血液或痰液样本中是否含有鼠疫耶尔森菌。一种特定的鼠疫耶尔森菌抗原可通过不同技术进行检测。其中一项办法是实验室验证快速试纸检测，目前世卫组织正支持在非洲和南美洲广泛应用这一方法。

Treatment

治疗

Untreated pneumonic plague can be rapidly fatal, so early diagnosis and treatment is essential for survival and reduction of complications. Antibiotics and supportive therapy are effective against plague if patients are diagnosed in time. Pneumonic plague can be fatal within 18 to 24 hours of disease onset if left untreated, but common antibiotics for enterobacteria (gram negative rods) can effectively cure the disease if they are delivered early.

不加治疗的鼠疫可能迅速致死，因此及早诊断和治疗对于存活和减少并发症至关重要。如果患者得到及时诊断，可使用抗生素和支持性疗法有效对抗鼠疫。若不及时治疗，肺鼠疫可能在发病18至24小时内致命，但如果及早使用常见抗生素对付肠道细菌（革兰氏阴性杆菌），即可有效治愈该病。

Prevention

预防

Preventive measures include informing people when zoonotic plague is present in their environment and advising them to take precautions against flea bites and not to handle animal carcasses. Generally people should be advised to avoid direct contact with infected body fluids and tissues. When handling potentially infected patients and collecting specimens, standard precautions should apply.

预防性措施包括：当所处环境中有动物源性鼠疫活跃时，向人们发出通知，并建议采取预防措施，防止跳蚤叮咬，而且不要处理动物尸体。人们通常还应避免直接接触受感染的体液和组织。在处理可能受感染的患者和采集样本时，应采取常规预防措施。

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