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健康主题

Ageing and health

老龄化与健康

People worldwide are living longer. Today, for the first time in history, most people can expect to live into their sixties and beyond. By 2050, the world’s population aged 60 years and older is expected to total 2 billion, up from 900 million in 2015.

世界各地人们的寿命正在延长。今天，有史以来第一次大多数人的期望寿命达到60岁以上。到2050年，世界60岁以上人口总数预计将达到20亿，2015年时该数字为9亿。

Today, 125 million people are aged 80 years or older. By 2050, there will be almost this many (120 million) living in China alone, and 434 million people in this age group worldwide. By 2050, 80% of all older people will live in low- and middle-income countries.

今天，1.25亿人的年龄在80岁以上。到2050年时，仅中国便将有几乎这么多（1.2亿）80岁以上人口，而世界范围内这一年龄组的人数将达到4.34亿。2050年时，80%老年人将生活在低收入和中等收入国家。

A longer life brings with it opportunities, not only for older people and their families, but also for societies as a whole. Additional years provide the chance to pursue new activities such as further education, a new career or pursuing a long neglected passion. Older people also contribute in many ways to their families and communities. Yet the extent of these opportunities and contributions depends heavily on one factor: health.

寿命延长不仅能给老年人及其家庭，而且能给整个社会带来机会。寿命年数增加使得有机会从事新的活动，如进一步求学，从事新职业或长期以来被忽视的爱好等。老年人还可以多种方式对其家庭和社区做出贡献。然而这些机会和贡献很大程度上取决于一个因素：健康。

Common health conditions associated with ageing

与老化有关的常见健康状况

Common conditions in older age include hearing loss, cataracts and refractive errors, back and neck pain and osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression, and dementia. Furthermore, as people age, they are more likely to experience several conditions at the same time.

老年人的常见症状包括听力损失、白内障和屈光不正、背部和颈部疼痛及骨关节炎、慢性阻塞性肺病、糖尿病、抑郁症和痴呆症。另外，随年纪增长，人们可能同时患有几种症状。

Older age is also characterized by the emergence of several complex health states that tend to occur only later in life and that do not fall into discrete disease categories. These are commonly called geriatric syndromes. They are often the consequence of multiple underlying factors and include frailty, urinary incontinence, falls, delirium and pressure ulcers.

老年的另一个特点是出现若干种复杂的健康状况，这些状况往往只发生在晚年，且不属于单独的疾病类别。这些状况通常被称为老年综合征，通常是多种基础因素，包括虚弱、小便失禁、跌倒、谵妄和褥疮等的后果。

Geriatric syndromes appear to be better predictors of death than the presence or number of specific diseases. Yet outside of countries that have developed geriatric medicine as a specialty, they are often overlooked in traditionally structured health services and in epidemiological research.

老年综合征似乎比具体疾病的存在或数量更能预测死亡。然而，由于这些症状不是一种医学专科所特有，因此在传统的卫生服务结构以及流行病学研究中往往被忽视。

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