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Cancer

癌症

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of cells. It can affect almost any part of the body. The growths often invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize to distant sites.

癌症是细胞不受控制的增长和扩散。它可影响几乎人体的任何部分。肿瘤常常侵入周围的组织并可转移到其它部位。

单词：

1. metastasize /mə'tæstəsaɪz/ 动词：转移、迁徙；

例句：A major reason why many cancers are so dangerous is that they metastasize.

癌症的危险因素主要在于癌细胞转移。

Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding exposure to common risk factors, such as tobacco smoke. In addition, a significant proportion of cancers can be cured, by surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy, especially if they are detected early.

通过避免接触常见的高危因素（例如烟草烟雾），可预防多种癌症。此外，通过手术、放疗或化疗，很大一部分癌症可以治愈，尤其如果在早期发现。

单词：

1. radiotherapy/ˌreɪdiəʊˈθerəpi/ 名词：放射疗法；

例句：He expects to undergo radiotherapy as well, and has cancelled all travel plans for three months. 他希望自己也能承受放疗，并已经取消三个月的所有旅行计划。

2. chemotherapy /ˌkiːməʊˈθerəpi/ 名词：化学疗法；

例句：It was the origin of modern chemotherapy.

这就是现在化学疗法的起源。

What causes cancer?

癌症由何引起？

Cancer arises from the transformation of normal cells into tumour cells in a multistage process that generally progresses from a pre-cancerous lesion to a malignant tumour. These changes are the result of the interaction between a person's genetic factors and 3 categories of external agents, including:

癌症源于正常细胞转变为肿瘤细胞的多阶段过程，通常从癌前病变发展到恶性肿瘤。这些变化是人们的基因因素和三种外部因素之间相互作用的结果，外部因素包括：

physical carcinogens, such as ultraviolet and ionizing radiation;

物理致癌物，例如紫外线和电离辐射；

chemical carcinogens, such as asbestos, components of tobacco smoke, aflatoxin (a food contaminant), and arsenic (a drinking water contaminant); and biological carcinogens, such as infections from certain viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

化学致癌物，例如石棉、烟草烟雾成分、黄曲霉毒素（一种食品污染物）和砷（一种饮水污染物）；以及生物致癌物，例如由某些病毒、细菌或寄生虫引起的感染。

单词：

1. multistage /'mʌltɪsteɪdʒ/ 形容词：多级的、多阶段的；

例句：The model and methods of coordination of multistage power market . 多级电力市场之间协调的模型与方法。

2. pre-cancerous /ˈpri:ˈkænsərəs/  形容词：癌变前的；

例句：This part of the stomach is especially vulnerable to pre-cancerous alterations and tumor growth, say the writers. 报道者称，胃的这一部分特别易受损伤而导致癌前病变和癌症的发生。

3. malignant /məˈlɪɡnənt/ 形容词：恶性的；反义词是benign良性的。拓展tumor肿瘤。

例句：Malignant hypertension is the most lethal form of hypertension. 恶性高血压是最容易导致死亡的一种高血压。

4. carcinogen /kɑ:ˈsɪnədʒən/ 名词：致癌物质

例句：Pitch Fume is a kind of carcinogen, which can cause severe harm to the health of human beings. 沥青烟是一种较强的致癌物质，对人的健康会造成极大的伤害。

5. arsenic /ˈɑ:snɪk/名词：砷；

例句：He says not >他认为不仅砷属于在磷下面，我预言还有一个元素,是在铝之上和铟的下边的。

WHO, through its cancer research agency, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), maintains a classification of cancer-causing agents.

世卫组织通过其国际癌症研究机构对致癌因素进行分类。

Ageing is another fundamental factor for the development of cancer. The incidence of cancer rises dramatically with age, most likely due to a build-up of risks for specific cancers that increase with age. The overall risk accumulation is combined with the tendency for cellular repair mechanisms to be less effective as a person grows older.

老龄化是癌症形成的另一个基本因素。癌症发病率随着年龄的增长而显著升高，极可能是由于生命历程中特定癌症危险因素的积累，加上随着人们逐渐变老，细胞修复机制的有效性呈下降趋势。

单词：

1. incidence /ˈɪnsɪdəns/ 名词：发病率；

例句：There is little seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease. 在该病的发病率方面存在着极小的季节性差别。

2. accumulation /əˌkjuːmjəˈleɪʃn/ 名词：积聚、累积；

例句：But fundamentally, intelligence is an accumulation of skills — not an innate thing. 但根本上，智力是一种技能的积累——而不是与生俱来的东西。

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