双语：奋力谱写新时代对外开放新篇章

Writing a New Chapter in Opening Up

双语：钟山在《求是》上发表署名文章《奋力谱写新时代对外开放新篇章》

奋力谱写新时代对外开放新篇章

Writing a New Chapter in Opening Up

钟山

Zhong Shan

今年是改革开放40周年。40年来的实践充分证明，对外开放是推动我国经济社会发展的重要动力。

The year 2018 marks the 40th anniversary of the launch of China’s reform and opening up drive. Our experience over the past 40 years has clearly proved that opening up provides an important impetus for economic and social development.

一、40年对外开放取得历史性成就

I. Historic achievements of 40 years of opening up

党的十一届三中全会作出改革开放的历史性决策，开启了对外开放波澜壮阔的进程。40年来，我国坚持打开国门搞建设，实现了从封闭半封闭到全方位开放的伟大转折。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央准确判断国际形势新变化，深刻把握国内改革发展新要求，确立开放发展新理念，实施共建“一带一路”倡议，建设开放型世界经济，构建人类命运共同体，我国开放事业取得新的重大成就。

In 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee made the historic decision to initiate a policy of reform and opening up, sparking a process of tremendous momentum toward opening up. Over the past 40 years, we have pursued development with doors wide open, and made an impressive transition from being a largely closed society to one that is open to the world in all respects. Since the 18th National Congress of the CPC in 2012, China has established a new development philosophy based on the principle of openness, launched the Belt and Road Initiative, and worked to build an open world economy and a community of shared future for humanity. As a result, the national cause of opening up has achieved extraordinary new successes.

开放极大解放了社会生产力。40年来，我国坚持以开放促发展，促进国内外要素资源自由流动、高效配置，积极融入全球价值链，推动经济持续快速发展。1978—2017年，按照可比价格计算，我国国内生产总值年均增长约9.5%；以美元计算，对外贸易额年均增长14.5%，实际利用外资累计2万多亿美元，对外直接投资增长40余倍。党的十八大以来，我国成为全球第一贸易大国，利用外资、对外投资、外汇储备稳居世界前列，开放型经济发展水平不断提升。

1. Opening up has greatly unleashed productive forces.

Over the past 40 years, we have consistently promoted development through opening up, facilitated the free flow and efficient allocation of domestic and foreign production factors, and actively integrated into the global value chain, with the intent to achieve sustained and rapid economic development. From 1978 to 2017, China’s GDP grew at an average rate of 9.5% per year according to constant prices. In US dollars, foreign trade increased by 14.5% per year, utilized foreign investment totaled over 2 trillion dollars, and outward direct investment increased more than 40-fold. China has become the world’s largest trading nation, its levels of utilized foreign investment, outward investment, and foreign exchange reserves rank among the highest in the world, and its level of economic openness is continuously rising.

开放有力促进了社会主义市场经济体制完善。40年来，我国坚持以开放促改革，突破利益固化藩篱，不断革除阻碍发展的体制机制弊端。从改革外贸指令性计划管理，到加入世贸组织、对接国际经贸规则，再到建设统一开放的大市场，各类市场主体活力持续释放。党的十八大以来，我国加快构建开放型经济新体制，建设自贸试验区，实行准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，形成大量制度创新成果，更好发挥了市场对资源配置的决定性作用。

2. Opening up has helped improve the socialist market economy.

Over the past 40 years, we have consistently promoted reform through opening up, dismantled barriers created by vested interests, and overcome institutional shortcomings that hinder development. From reforming foreign trade management in terms of mandatory planning, to entering the WTO and aligning with international economic and trade rules, and further still to developing a unified and open market, we have continuously liberated the forces of various market entities. In recent years, China has expedited the establishment of new systems for an open economy, constructed pilot free trade zones, and implemented a management system based on pre-establishment national treatment and a negative list. The substantial number of institutional innovations has allowed us to better exert the decisive role of the market in resource allocation.

开放显著提高了人民生活水平。40年来，我国坚持以开放惠民生，扩大社会就业，丰富居民消费选择，实现开放成果由全体人民共享。通过充分利用两个市场两种资源，推动人民生活从短缺走向充裕、从贫困走向小康。党的十八大以来，我国加大开放力度，降低日用消费品进口关税，发展跨境电商，促进区域协同开放，带动兴边富民，创造更多就业增收机会，更好满足人民美好生活需要。目前，对外贸易直接或间接带动就业人数达到1.8亿左右，约占全国就业总数的23%。

3. Opening up has raised living standards by a remarkable degree.

Through the opening up of the past 40 years, we have consistently improved people’s wellbeing, created more jobs, and enriched the choices for personal consumption, benefiting all Chinese people. By fully utilizing domestic and international markets and resources, we have lifted our people from lives of shortage and poverty to lives of abundance and modest prosperity. In recent years, China has increased efforts to open up to the outside world, lowered import tariffs on everyday consumer goods, developed cross-border e-commerce, promoted coordinated opening up on a regional level, worked to boost development and improve living standards in border regions, and created more opportunities for employment and income growth, all of which has helped better meet the people’s needs for a better life. Currently, foreign trade directly or indirectly creates jobs for around 180 million people, accounting for 23% of total employment in China.

开放持续推动了世界各国共同发展。40年来，我国坚持以开放促共赢，不断深化多双边经贸合作，与各国共享发展机遇。我国扩大开放不仅有利于自身发展，也为促进世界经济发展作出了贡献。党的十八大以来，我国对世界经济增长贡献率超过30%，成为世界经济主要稳定器和动力源。2013—2017年，我国累计进口商品约9万亿美元。目前我国已与24个国家和地区签署16个自贸协定，2017年与自贸伙伴贸易额（不含港澳台）占我国外贸总额的25.9%。“一带一路”经贸合作成效显著，对外援助综合效应不断提升，在世贸组织、二十国集团、亚太经合组织、金砖国家等国际舞台提出更多中国倡议、中国方案，为全球经济治理贡献了中国智慧。

4. Opening up has facilitated shared development of all countries.

Over the past 40 years, we have continuously pursued mutual benefit through opening up, deepened multilateral and bilateral economic and trade cooperation, and shared development opportunities with other countries. Opening up wider to the outside world has not only been advantageous for China’s own development, but has also contributed to world economic development. At present, China’s contribution rate to global economic growth surpasses 30%; we have become a major stabilizer and engine of the world economy. Between 2013 and 2017, the accumulated value of imported goods to China was approximately US$9 trillion. At the time of this article’s publication, China has signed 16 free trade agreements with 24 countries and regions. In 2017, the trade between China and its free trade partners (excluding Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) accounted for 25.9% of its total trade volume. There have been notable achievements in economic and trade cooperation stemming from the Belt and Road Initiative, and the overall effects of China’s foreign aid provisions are on a consistently upward trajectory. In addition, China has offered further proposals and solutions on international platforms such as the WTO, the G20, APEC, and BRICS, contributing Chinese wisdom to global economic governance.

二、对外开放开放的总体要求

II. Overall requirements of China’s opening up

过去40年中国经济发展是在开放条件下取得的，未来中国经济实现高质量发展也必须在更加开放条件下进行。我们要把握好新时代推动更高水平开放的总体要求。

China’s economic development of the past 40 years was achieved through opening up to the outside world; if it is to achieve high-quality economic development in the future, it must open up even wider. To promote opening up at a higher level, China must meet the following overall requirements.

以贯彻新发展理念为方向引领。按照新发展理念推动我国经济社会发展，是当前和今后一个时期我国发展的总要求和大趋势。坚持创新发展、协调发展、绿色发展、开放发展、共享发展，是关系我国发展全局的一场深刻变革。新时代推动更高水平开放，要全面贯彻落实新发展理念，以“一带一路”建设为重点，坚持引进来和走出去并重，形成陆海内外联动、东西双向互济的开放格局，发展更高层次的开放型经济，坚定以开放促改革促发展促创新。

1. The new development philosophy should guide our endeavors in the right direction.

Upholding the principles of innovative, coordinated, green, open, and shared development is a profound transformation that affects China’s overall growth. To promote opening up at a higher level in the new era, we need to fully implement this new development philosophy, prioritize the Belt and Road Initiative, continue to place equal emphasis on “bringing in” and “going global,” make new ground in opening China further through links running eastward and westward across land and over sea, and develop a higher-level open economy, in a resolute effort to facilitate reform, development, and innovation through opening up.

以推动高质量发展为根本要求。新时代推动更高水平开放，要着力创新方式、优化布局、提升质量，深化供给侧结构性改革，加快培育国际经济合作和竞争新优势，促进我国产业迈向全球价值链中高端。

2. High-quality development should be the fundamental requirement of opening up.

To promote opening up at a higher level in the new era, we need to spend energy on adopting new methods, optimizing layout, and raising quality, further supply-side structural reform, and accelerate efforts to cultivate new advantages for China in international economic cooperation and competition. All of these measures should be taken to push China’s industries toward the medium-high end of the global value chain.

以满足人民美好生活需要为落脚点。新时代推动更高水平开放，要坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，统筹用好两个市场两种资源，提高双向投资水平，扩大优质商品和服务进口，更好满足消费升级需求，创造更多就业机会，促进区域协调发展，让人民群众有更多获得感。

3. Satisfying the people’s needs for a better life should be the ultimate goal of opening up.

To promote opening up at a higher level, we should remain committed to the notion of people-centered development, coordinate our utilization of both domestic and international markets and resources, increase the level of two-way investment, expand imports of high-quality goods and services, better meet the demands for upgrading consumption, create more employment opportunities, and promote coordinated development between different regions, so that our people can enjoy a greater sense of gain.

以建设开放型世界经济为合作愿景。当前，经济全球化在曲折中前行，单边主义、保护主义愈演愈烈，多边主义和多边贸易体制受到严重冲击。在世界经济经历深刻调整变革之时，只有开放才能使不同国家相互受益、共同繁荣、持久发展。新时代推动更高水平开放，要坚定不移推动全球贸易和投资自由化便利化，旗帜鲜明反对保护主义，推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展。

4. Building an open world economy should be the vision of our cooperation.

At present, economic globalization is following a tortuous path; unilateralism and protectionism are becoming increasingly acute, and multilateralism and the multilateral trade system are being severely impacted. As the world economy undergoes profound adjustment and change, opening up is the only way to ensure mutual benefit and common prosperity between countries, as well as their sustained development. To promote opening up at a higher level, we need to advance the liberalization and facilitation of global trade and investment, oppose protectionism, and push economic globalization in a more open, inclusive, and balanced direction so that its benefits can be shared by all.

以打造人类命运共同体为共同目标。全球治理体系正在深刻重塑，各国面临发展不平衡、不充分等诸多问题的挑战。新时代推动更高水平开放，要推动构建总体稳定、均衡发展的大国关系框架，按照亲诚惠容理念深化与周边国家合作，秉持正确义利观和真实亲诚理念加强与发展中国家合作，积极承担国际责任和义务，推进国际经济合作和交流，实现共同繁荣和进步。

5. Building a community of shared future for humanity should be our common goal.

The global governance system is in the midst of a profound remolding, and all countries are facing a number of challenges, among them imbalanced and inadequate development. To promote opening up at a higher level, we need to build a framework for major-country relations characterized by overall stability and balanced development, deepen our cooperation with neighboring countries in line with the principles of affinity, sincerity, mutual benefit, and inclusiveness, and strengthen our cooperation with other developing countries in line with the notion of doing greater good while pursuing shared interests and the principle of sincerity, real results, affinity, and good faith. Moreover, we need to actively assume international responsibilities and obligations, and promote international economic cooperation and exchange, in order to realize common prosperity and progress.

三、新时代扩大开放的战略部署

III. Strategic arrangements for expanding China’s opening up

促进“一带一路”国际合作。坚持共商共建共享，推动“一带一路”建设走实走深、行稳致远。加强与相关国家发展战略以及市场、产业、项目有效对接，完善贸易投资促进机制，激发市场主体活力，引导企业更好开展合作。坚持深耕细作，做优做精重大合作项目，提升综合效益。实施“丝路明珠”示范工程，发展“丝路电商”，提高与相关国家贸易投资合作水平，深化互利合作格局，让共建“一带一路”成果惠及更多国家和人民。

1. Promoting international cooperation within the Belt and Road Initiative

We need to uphold the principle of shared growth through discussion and collaboration, and ensure that the Belt and Road Initiative carries great practical significance, progresses steadily, and endures in the long run. We need to strengthen connectivity of development strategies, markets, industries, and projects with relevant countries, improve mechanisms for the facilitation of trade and investment, invigorate market entities, and guide enterprises toward more effective cooperation. We should make in-depth and careful efforts to ensure optimal and meticulous implementation of major cooperation projects, as this will enhance their overall efficacy. We will launch the “Pearls of the Silk Road” demonstration projects, develop “Silk Road e-commerce,” raise the levels of trade and investment cooperation with relevant countries, and deepen mutually beneficial cooperation, so that more countries and people can enjoy the benefits brought by the Belt and Road Initiative.

推进贸易强国建设。加快外贸转动力调结构，培育竞争新优势，推动外贸高质量发展，打造中国商品、中国服务的品牌。深入推进“五个优化”“三项建设”，培育贸易新业态新模式，提高贸易自由化便利化水平，促进服务贸易创新发展。积极主动扩大进口，促进贸易平衡。

2. Building China into a leading trade nation

We will accelerate the transformation of foreign trade drivers and structure, foster new competitive advantages, facilitate high-quality development of foreign trade, and create strong brands for Chinese commodities and services. We need to create new modes and models of business, raise the levels of trade liberalization and facilitation, and promote the innovative development of trade in the service industry. In addition, we will actively expand imports to ensure balanced trade.

积极有效利用外资。实行高水平投资自由化便利化政策，扩大利用外资规模，提高利用外资质量和水平。大幅度放宽市场准入，全面落实准入前国民待遇加负面清单管理制度，稳步扩大金融业开放，持续推进服务业开放，深化农业、采矿业、制造业开放。优化利用外资导向，支持外资创新发展，鼓励外资并购投资。推动国家级开发区创新提升，强化利用外资重要平台作用。加大知识产权保护力度，保护外商投资合法权益，打造“投资中国”的良好营商环境。

3. Actively and effectively utilizing foreign investment

We will implement optimal policies for the liberalization and facilitation of investment, expanding the scale of utilized foreign investment and enhancing its quality and level. While significantly easing market access, we will fully implement the management system based on pre-establishment national treatment and a negative list. We will open up the financial sector in a steady manner, the service industry at a continual pace, and the agricultural, mining, and manufacturing industries in a thorough fashion. We will also better guide the utilization of foreign investment, support its innovative development, and encourage it in mergers and acquisitions. We will advance the innovation and upgrading of national development zones, and strengthen the role of important platforms for utilizing foreign investment. In addition, we will increase efforts to protect intellectual property rights as well as the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors, thereby creating a favorable and attractive business environment.

引导对外投资健康发展。创新对外投资方式，继续鼓励有实力、信誉好的企业走出去。规范企业海外经营行为，打造中国投资品牌，树立中国投资形象。

4. Guiding the healthy development of outward investment

We will create new pathways for outward investment, and continue to encourage strong, credible enterprises to go global. We will guide the overseas operations of Chinese enterprises, create Chinese brands for investment, and establish an image of Chinese investment.

优化区域开放布局。高标准高质量建设自贸试验区，赋予自贸试验区更大改革自主权，持续深化差别化探索，加强改革试点经验复制推广。探索建设中国特色自由贸易港，打造开放层次更高、营商环境更优、辐射作用更强的开放新高地。落实京津冀协同发展、长江经济带发展等区域协调发展战略，服务雄安新区、粤港澳大湾区建设。加大西部开放力度，推动完善西部口岸、跨境运输基础设施，建设好边境经济合作区、跨境经济合作区等区域开放平台。

5. Improving the layout of opening up in various regions

We will develop pilot free trade zones of high standards and high quality and grant them greater autonomy in reform, delve further into the exploration of differentiated regional policies, and enhance efforts to spread the experience gained through pilot reforms in other areas. We will explore the opening of free trade ports with Chinese characteristics, and establish new strongholds of higher-level opening up that are characterized by more favorable business environments and a greater spillover effect. We will implement strategies for coordinated regional development such as the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integration and the Yangtze River Economic Belt initiative, and promote the development of the Xiongan New Area and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. We will boost efforts to open China’s western region wider to the outside world, improve the infrastructure of ports and cross-border transportation there, and develop platforms for regional opening up such as border and cross-border economic cooperation areas.

深化多双边经贸关系。坚定维护世贸组织规则，支持多边贸易体制。促进自贸区建设，推进区域经济一体化，推动《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》谈判，加快与有关国家和地区商签自贸协定和投资协定。提升双边经贸合作水平，挖掘与各国合作潜力。坚决反对一切形式的保护主义，积极应对经贸摩擦，维护良好外部环境。支持二十国集团、亚太经合组织、金砖国家等机制发挥更大作用，推动全球经济治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。

6. Deepening multilateral and bilateral economic and trade relations

We will firmly uphold the rules of the WTO and support the multilateral trading system. We will facilitate the development of free trade zones, promote regional economic integration and negotiations for the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, and accelerate discussions on free trade agreements and investment treaties with relevant countries and regions. We will also raise the level of bilateral economic and trade cooperation, and tap into the existing potential for cooperation with other countries. We will resolutely oppose protectionism in all its forms and actively respond to economic and trade frictions to guarantee a sound external environment. We will support the mechanisms of the G20, APEC, and BRICS in playing a greater role, and push for the global economic governance system to develop in a more just and equitable direction.