中国互联网状况
The Internet in China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

2010年6月

June 2010, Beijing

前 言

Foreword

互联网是人类智慧的结晶，20世纪的重大科技发明，当代先进生产力的重要标志。互联网深刻影响着世界经济、政治、文化和社会的发展，促进了社会生产生活和信息传播的变革。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　A crystallization of human wisdom, the Internet is a significant technological invention of the 20th century and a major symbol of contemporary advanced productive force. The Internet has brought about profound impacts on the world economy, politics, culture and social progress, and promoted the transformation of social production, daily life and information dissemination.

中国政府充分认识到互联网对于加快国民经济发展、推动科学技术进步和加速社会服务信息化进程的不可替代作用，高度重视并积极促进互联网的发展与运用。中国政府把发展互联网作为推进国家信息化建设、实现经济社会科学发展、提高科技创新能力和人们生活质量的重要手段；积极营造有利于互联网发展的政策、法规和市场环境；通过完善国家信息网络基础设施、建设国家重点信息网络工程、鼓励相关科技研发、大力培养信息技术人才、培育多元化信息通信服务市场主体等举措，不断推动中国互联网持续健康快速发展，满足人们日益增长的信息消费需求。

The Chinese government fully understands the Internet’s irreplaceable role in accelerating the development of the national economy, pushing forward scientific and technological advancement, and expediting the informational transformation of social services, and places emphasis on and actively supports Internet development and application. It deems the development of the Internet to be an important booster of nationwide information technology (IT) application, sound development of the economy and society, enhancement of scientific and technological innovation, and livelihood improvement. It has worked out policies and regulations, and created market conditions conducive to the development of the Internet. By improving the national information network infrastructure, launching state key information network projects, fueling relevant scientific and technological R&D, training IT personnel, and fostering a market with diversified information and communication services, the government endeavors to promote the sustained, sound and rapid growth of the Internet in China so as to meet people’s increasing demands for information.

中国政府大力倡导和积极推动互联网在中国的发展和广泛应用。随着互联网在中国的快速发展与普及，人们的生产、工作、学习和生活方式已经开始并将继续发生深刻的变化。目前中国已成为世界上互联网使用人口最多的国家。

The Chinese government energetically advocates and actively supports the development and application of the Internet across the country. Along with the robust growth and spread of the Internet, pro-found changes have taken place in and will continue to impact the country’s production, daily work, education and lifestyle. China now boasts the most Internet users in the world.

建设好、利用好、管理好互联网，关系国家经济繁荣和发展，关系国家安全与社会和谐，关系国家主权、尊严和人民根本利益。积极利用、科学发展、依法管理、确保安全是中国政府的基本互联网政策。中国政府始终坚持依法管理互联网，致力于营造健康和谐的互联网环境，构建更加可信、更加有用、更加有益于经济社会发展的互联网。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To build, utilize and administer the Internet well is an issue that concerns national economic prosperity and development, state security and social harmony, state sovereignty and dignity, and the basic inter-ests of the people. The government has a basic policy regarding the Internet: active use, scientific development, law-based administration and ensured security. The Chinese government has from the outset abided by law-based administration of the Internet, and endeavored to create a healthy and harmonious Internet environment, and build an Internet that is more reliable, useful and conducive to economic and social development.

中国政府将不断完善互联网发展与管理政策，使其更加符合互联网发展与管理的内在规律及客观需要。在实践中，中国政府十分注重借鉴各国发展与管理互联网的有益经验，并愿与世界各国一道共同促进世界互联网的繁荣发展。

The Chinese government will constantly adjust relevant policies to better match the inherent law and the objective requirements of the development and administration of the Internet. While absorbing good experiences of other countries in developing and controlling the Inter-net, China is prepared to work with them for the further progress of the Internet.

发表《中国互联网状况》白皮书，旨在介绍中国互联网发展的基本情况，说明中国政府关于互联网的基本政策以及对相关问题的基本观点，帮助公众和国际社会全面了解中国互联网发展与管理的真实状况。

This white paper introduces the facts of the Internet situation in China, and elaborates on China’s basic policies on the Internet and ba-sic views on relevant issues, thereby providing an overall picture to the Chinese people and the peoples of the rest of the world of the true situation of the Internet in China. {1}

一、推进互联网发展与普及

I. Endeavors to Spur the Development and Application of the Internet

中国政府和人民以积极的姿态迎接互联网时代的到来。在20世纪80年代中后期，中国的科研人员和学者就在国外同行的帮助下，积极尝试利用互联网。在1992年、1993年国际互联网年会等场合，中国计算机界的专家学者曾多次提出接入国际互联网的要求，并得到国际同行们的理解与支持。1994年4月，在美国华盛顿召开中美科技合作联委会会议期间，中国代表与美国国家科学基金会最终就中国接入国际互联网达成一致意见。1994年4月20日，北京中关村地区教育与科研示范网接入国际互联网的64K专线开通，实现了与国际互联网的全功能连接，这标志着中国正式接入国际互联网。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China’s government and people warmly greeted the advent of the Internet era. In the mid- and late-1980s, Chinese researchers and scholars began to explore the use of the Internet with the assistance of overseas colleagues. At both the 1992 and the 1993 INET annual conferences, Chinese computer specialists called for Internet access for the Chinese public as a whole, which received support from their overseas colleagues. During the Sino-US Joint Committee of Science and Technology meeting held in Washington in April 1994, the Chinese representatives reached a consensus with the US National Academy of Sciences on China’s access to the Internet. On April 20 a pilot network to serve education and scientific research was linked to the Internet via the 64K special line in Beijing’s Zhongguancun district. This full-function connection marked China’s formal access to the Internet.

中国把发展互联网作为推进改革开放和现代化建设事业的重大机遇。中国政府先后制定了一系列政策，规划互联网发展，明确互联网阶段性发展重点，推进社会信息化进程。1993年，中国成立国家经济信息化联席会议，负责领导国家公用经济信息通信网建设。1997年，制定《国家信息化“九五”规划和2010年远景目标》，将互联网列入国家信息基础设施建设，提出通过大力发展互联网产业，推进国民经济信息化进程。2002年，颁布《国民经济和社会发展第十个五年计划信息化专项规划》，确定中国信息化发展的重点包括推行电子政务、振兴软件产业、加强信息资源开发利用、加快发展电子商务等。2002年11月，中国共产党第十六次全国代表大会提出，以信息化带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化，走出一条新型工业化路子。2005年11月，制定了《国家信息化发展战略（2006-2020年）》，进一步明确了互联网发展的重点，提出围绕调整经济结构和转变经济增长方式，推进国民经济信息化；围绕提高治国理政能力，推行电子政务；围绕构建和谐社会，推进社会信息化等。2006年3月，全国人民代表大会审议通过《国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》，提出推进电信网、广播电视网和互联网三网融合，构建下一代互联网，加快商业化应用。2007年4月，中国共产党中央政治局会议提出大力发展网络文化产业，发展网络文化信息装备制造业。2007年10月，中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会确立“发展现代产业体系，大力推进信息化与工业化融合，促进工业由大变强”的发展战略。2010年1月，国务院决定加快推进电信网、广播电视网和互联网三网融合，促进信息和文化产业发展。在中国政府的积极推动及明确的政策引导下，中国互联网逐步走上全面、持续、快速发展之路。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China takes Internet development as a significant opportunity to boost its reform and opening-up policies and modernization drive. The government has worked out a series of policies for Internet development, defining the phased priorities to boost IT application across the country.

In 1993 the State Economic Informationization Joint Meeting was initiated to lead the construction of a national network of public economic information. In 1997 the Ninth Five-Year Plan for State Informationization and the Long-range Objective of the Year 2010 was formulated, which listed the Internet as part of the state information infrastructure, and set the goal of pushing forward national economic informationization by vigorous development of the Internet industry. In 2002 the Specialized Plan for Informationization in the Tenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development was promulgated, which defined China’s priorities in this regard, including promotion of e-government, vigorous development of software industry, strengthening of development and utilization of information resources, and acceleration of the development of e-commerce. In November 2002 the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) set the goal of “using IT to propel industrialization, which will in turn stimulate IT application, blazing a new trail to industrialization.” In November 2005 the State Informationization Strategy (2006-2020) was formulated, which further clarified the priorities of Internet development as promoting national economic informationization while adjusting the economic structure and transforming the pat-terns of economic growth; building e-government while enhancing the capability of governance; and spurring the informationization of social services while building a harmonious society.

In March 2006 the National People’s Congress (NPC) reviewed and adopted the Outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan for National Eco-nomic and Social Development, which envisaged the speeding up of the integration of the networks of telecommunication, radio, television and the Internet, to build the next-generation Internet and accelerate its commercial application. In April 2007 the Politburo of the CPC Cen-tral Committee decided to build up a cyber culture industry and the production of relevant facilities. In October 2007 the 17th National Congress of the CPC developed the strategy of “developing a modern industrial system, integrating IT application with industrialization, and turning scale-oriented industries into strength-oriented industries.” In January 2010 the State Council decided to accelerate the integration of the networks of telecommunication, radio, television and the Internet, so as to promote the development of the information and culture in-dustries. Thanks to government support and definite policy guidance, the Internet has been led onto a track of comprehensive, sustained and rapid development in China.

中国投入大量资金建设互联网基础设施。1997年至2009年，全国共完成互联网基础设施建设投资4.3万亿元人民币，建成辐射全国的通信光缆网络，总长度达826.7万公里，其中长途光缆线路84万公里。到2009年底，中国基础电信企业互联网宽带接入端口已达1.36亿个，互联网国际出口带宽达866，367Gbps，拥有7条登陆海缆、20条陆缆，总容量超过1，600Gb。中国99.3%的乡镇和91.5%的行政村接通了互联网，96.0%的乡镇接通了宽带。2009年1月，中国政府开始发放第三代移动通信（3G）牌照，目前3G网络已基本覆盖全国。移动互联网正快速发展，互联网将惠及更广泛的人群。

China has injected enormous sums of money into Internet infra-structure construction. From 1997 to 2009 a total of 4.3 trillion yuan was invested in this regard, building a nationwide optical communication network with a total length of 8.267 million km. Of that, 840,000 km was long-distance optical cables. By the end of 2009 Chinese basic telecommunications companies had 136 million broadband Internet access ports, and international outlet bandwidth was 866,367 Gbps, with seven land-submarine cables and 20 land cables, that had a combined capacity exceeding 1,600 Gb. That ensured Internet access to 99.3% of Chinese towns and 91.5% of villages, and broadband to 96.0% of the towns. In January 2009 the government began to issue third-generation (3G) licenses to mobile service suppliers. Today, 3G network covers almost the whole country. Along with the swift expansion of the mobile Internet, more people will benefit from this technical advance.

互联网基础设施的建设和完善促进了互联网的普及和应用。截至2009年底，中国网民人数达到3.84亿，比1997年增长了618倍，年均增长3，195万人，互联网普及率达到28.9%，超过世界平均水平。中国境内网站达323万个，比1997年增长了2，152倍。中国拥有IPv4地址约2.3亿个，已成为世界第二大IPv4地址拥有国。中国使用宽带上网的网民达到3.46亿人，使用手机上网的网民达到2.33亿人。中国网民上网方式已从最初以拨号上网为主，发展到以宽带和手机上网为主。中国互联网发展与普及水平居发展中国家前列。

The construction and improvement of the Internet infrastructure has beefed up the spread and application of the Internet. By the end of 2009 the number of Chinese netizens had reached 384 million, 618 times that of 1997 and an annual increase of 31.95 million users. In addition, the Internet had reached 28.9% of the total population, higher than the world average. At the same time, there were 3.23 million websites running in China, which was 2,152 times that of 1997. The number of IPv4 addresses approached 230 million, making China the second-largest owner in the world. Of all the netizens, 346 million used broadband and 233 million used mobile phones to access the Internet. They had moved on from dialing the access numbers to broadband and mobile phones. These statistics make China among the top of the developing countries in developing and popularizing the Internet.

中国政府积极推动下一代互联网研发。20世纪90年代后期，中国开始下一代互联网的研发，实施“新一代高可信网络”等一系列科技重大项目。2001年，中国第一个下一代互联网地区试验网（NFCNET）在北京建成。2003年，“中国下一代互联网示范工程”（CNGI）正式启动，标志着中国进入下一代互联网的大规模研发和建设阶段，现已建成世界上最大的IPv6示范网络，试验网所用的中小容量IPv6路由器技术、真实IPv6源地址认证技术和下一代互联网过渡技术等处于国际先进水平。中国提出的有关域名国际化、IPv6源地址认证、IPv4-IPv6过渡技术等技术方案，获得互联网工程任务组（IETF）的认可，成为互联网国际标准、协议的组成部分。

The Chinese government vigorously supports the R&D of the next-generation Internet, beginning in the late 1990s, when it launched the “Next-Generation High Credibility Network” and relevant techno-logical projects. In 2001 the first NFCNET was completed in Beijing. In 2003 the China Next-Generation Internet (CNGI) began, signaling the start of a massive R&D program in China and the construction of the next-generation Internet. So far, it has built the world largest IPv6 demonstration network, which uses world-level technologies such as IPv6 router technology with small and medium capacity, true IPv6 source address validation technology, and next-generation Internet transition technology. The technical proposals China raised regarding domain names internationalization, IPv6 source address validation, and IPv4-IPv6 transition technology have been accepted by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and incorporated into the Internet international standards and protocol.

中国互联网发展、普及和应用存在区域和城乡发展不平衡问题。受经济发展、教育和社会整体信息化水平等因素的制约，中国互联网呈现东部发展快、西部发展慢，城市普及率高、乡村普及率低的特点。截至2009年底，东部地区互联网普及率为40.0%，西部地区为21.5%；城市网民占网民总数的72.2%，农村网民占27.8%。弥合地区之间、城乡之间的“数字鸿沟”，中国还需要付出艰苦努力。

However, Internet development and application in China is imbalanced regionally, and between urban and rural areas. Hindered by different levels of economic development, education and informationization progress, the Internet has been developing more rapidly in the eastern than in the western parts of the country, and has a higher popularization rate in cities than in the countryside. By the end of 2009 it had reached 40% of the population in eastern China but only 21.5% in western China; and urban Internet users made up 72.2% of the national total, leaving the other 27.8% in rural areas. China still needs to make arduous efforts to bridge the “digital gap” between different regions and between the urban and rural areas. {1}

中国互联网是在改革开放的大潮中发展起来的，它顺应了中国改革开放的要求，推进了改革开放的进程。随着中国经济社会的快速发展以及人们精神文化需求的日益增长，互联网在中国将更加普及，人们对互联网应用水平的要求将会更高。中国政府将继续致力于推动互联网的发展和普及，努力在未来5年使中国互联网的普及率达到45%，使更多人从互联网受益。

The Internet in China has been developing along with the country’s reform and opening-up. It conforms to the requirements and promotes the progress of China’s reform and opening-up. As China’s economy and society continue to make swift progress, and people’s demands for cultural products keep increasing, the Internet will reach more people, who in turn will make higher demands on it. The Chinese government is determined to further promote Internet development and application, and raise its accessibility to 45% of the population in the coming five years, so that more people can benefit from the Internet.

二、促进互联网广泛应用

II. Promoting the Extensive Use of the Internet

互联网推进了中国经济社会发展。在经济领域，互联网加速向传统产业渗透，产业边界日益交融，新型商务模式和服务经济加速兴起，衍生了新的业态。互联网在促进经济结构调整、转变经济发展方式等方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。互联网也日益成为人们生活、工作、学习不可或缺的工具，正对社会生活的方方面面产生着深刻影响。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Internet is helping promote the economic and social development of China. In the economic sector, the Internet has spread its influence into traditional industry, which leads to the emergence of new business models and service economy, generating new types of industries. The Internet is playing an increasingly important role in promoting economic restructuring and transforming the pattern of economic development. It has become an indispensable tool in people’s life, work and studying, exerting a profound influence on every aspect of social life.　

互联网成为推动中国经济发展的重要引擎。包括互联网在内的信息技术与产业，对中国经济高速增长作出了重要贡献。过去16年，中国信息产业增加值年均增速超过26.6%，占国内生产总值的比重由不足1%增加到10%左右。互联网与实体经济不断融合，利用互联网改造和提升传统产业，带动了传统产业结构调整和经济发展方式的转变。中国的工业设计研发信息化、生产装备数字化、生产过程智能化和经营管理网络化水平迅速提高。互联网发展与运用还催生了一批新兴产业，工业咨询、软件服务、外包服务等工业服务业蓬勃兴起。信息技术在加快自主创新和节能降耗，推动减排治污等方面的作用日益凸显，互联网已经成为中国发展低碳经济的新型战略性产业。2008年，中国互联网产业规模达到6，500亿元人民币，其中互联网制造业销售规模接近5，000亿元人民币，相当于国内生产总值的1/60，占全球互联网制造业销售总额的1/10；软件运营服务市场规模达198.4亿元人民币，比2007年增长了26%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Internet has become an engine promoting the economic development of China. IT including the Internet and its industry has made significant contributions to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy. In the past 16 years the average growth rate of the added value of Chinese IT industry grew at over 26.6% annually, with its proportion in the national economy increasing from less than 1% to 10%. The combination of the Internet and the real economy, the reform and enhancement of traditional industry through IT, have given an impetus to the restructuring of traditional industry and changing of the pattern of its development. In China, the application of informationization in industrial design R&D, digitalization of production equipment, intelligent production processes and network-based operation and management are rapidly enhanced. The development and application of the Internet has given rise to the emergence of many new industries. Services for the development of industries such as industrial counseling, software ser-vice and outsourcing are mushrooming. The role of IT in promoting independent innovation, energy conservation, emission reduction and environmental protection has become ever more prominent. The Inter-net has emerged as a new strategic industry in China’s development of low-carbon economy. In 2008 Internet-related industries generated a turnover of 650 billion yuan, with sales of Internet-related equipment reaching 500 billion yuan-worth, accounting for 1/60 of China’s GDP, and 1/10 of its global trade. Its software operations had a turnover of 19.84 billion yuan, up 26% over 2007.

中国电子商务快速发展。大型企业电子商务正在从网上信息发布、采购、销售等基础性应用向上下游企业间网上设计、制造、计划管理等全方位协同方向发展。中小企业电子商务应用意识普遍提高，应用电子商务的中小企业数量保持较高的增长速度。网上零售规模增长迅速，市场逐步规范。据调查，建立了电子商务系统的大型企业已超过50%，通过互联网寻找供应商的中小企业超过30%，通过互联网从事营销推广的中小企业达24%，中国网络购物用户已超过1亿人。2009年，中国电子商务交易额超过3.6万亿元人民币。电子商务专业化服务体系正在形成，数字认证、电子支付、物流配送等电子商务应用支撑体系正在逐步形成。

E-commerce is undergoing rapid development. The e-commerce of large enterprises has expanded from online information release, purchase and sales to integrated online web design, manufacture and management between upstream and downstream enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises have strengthened their awareness of the application of e-commerce, and the number of enterprises using e-commerce is on a steady increase. Online retailing is expanding quickly, and its market is being gradually regulated. According to a sample survey, over 50% of big enterprises have established e-commerce system, over 30% of small and medium-sized companies find their product suppliers through the Internet, 24% of them are engaged in marketing via the Internet, and there are over 100 million online buyers in China. In 2009 the trade volume of e-commerce in China surpassed 3.6 trillion yuan-worth. Specialized e-commerce services are taking shape. The supporting systems such as digital authentication, e-payment and logistics are being gradually formed.

互联网促进了文化产业发展。网络游戏、网络动漫、网络音乐、网络影视等产业迅速崛起，大大增强了中国文化产业的总体实力。过去5年，中国网络广告市场始终保持约30%的年均增长速度，2009年市场规模达到200多亿元人民币。2009年中国网络游戏市场规模为258亿元人民币，同比2008年增长39.5%，居世界前列。中国网络文学、网络音乐、网络广播、网络电视等均呈快速发展态势。持续扩张的网络文化消费催生了一批新型产业，同时直接带动电信业务收入的增长。截至2010年3月，中国已有各种经营模式的上市互联网企业30多家，分别在美国、香港和中国内地上市。网络文化产业已成为中国文化产业的重要组成部分。中国政府大力推动优秀民族文化的网络化传播，实施了一系列文化资源共享工程，全国在线数据库总量达到30多万个，初步构建起具有一定规模的文化信息资源库群，有效满足了人们多样化的精神文化需求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Internet also helps promote the development of the culture industry. Online gaming, animation, music and videos are emerging rapidly, greatly multiplying the overall strength of the Chinese culture industry. In the past five years, the average annual increase rate of online advertisement has maintained a level of 30%, with its turnover reaching 20 billion yuan in 2009. The online gaming industry in China had a turnover of 25.8 billion yuan in 2009, an increase of 39.5% over 2008, ranking top in the world. Online literature, music, radio and television in China have all witnessed rapid development. The increasingly expanding cyber culture consumption is encouraging the birth of many new industries and spurring the growth of the business income of telecommunications services. By March 2010 more than 30 Chinese Internet-related companies had been listed in the United States and Hong Kong, as well as on China’s mainland. Cyber culture has become an important component of the Chinese culture industry. The Chinese government puts great efforts into spreading China’s splendid national culture via the Internet, by initiating a series of projects for the sharing of cultural resources and establishing over 300,000 online databases nationwide so as to effectively satisfy the varied spiritual and cultural needs of the people.

互联网促进了政府信息公开。20世纪90年代中期，中国政府全面启动“政府上网工程”。截至2009年底，中国已建立政府门户网站4.5万多个，75个中央和国家机关、32个省级政府、333个地级市政府和80%以上的县级政府都建立了电子政务网站，提供便于人们工作和生活的各类在线服务。中国电子政务建设有效提高了各级政府工作效率和政务公开水平。2008年颁布实施的《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》第十五条规定，“行政机关应当将主动公开的政府信息，通过政府公报、政府网站、新闻发布会以及报刊、广播、电视等便于公众知晓的方式公开”。中央政府要求各级政府建立相应制度，针对公众关注的问题，及时作出解答。各级政府正不断完善新闻发言人制度，通过包括互联网在内的各类媒体及时发布权威信息，向公众介绍相关政策的执行情况，以及自然灾害、公共卫生和社会突发事件等的处置进展。互联网在满足公众知情要求等方面的作用日益凸显。

The Internet serves to publicize government information. In the mid-1990s the Government Online Project was launched. By the end of 2009 China had established more than 45,000 government portals. Seventy-five central and state organs, 32 provincial governments and 333 prefectural governments and over 80% county-level governments had set up their websites, providing various online services to facilitate people’s work and life. The building of e-government has substantially improved the work efficiency and transparency of government information. Article 15 of the Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on the Disclosure of Government Information, which was promulgated and put into force in 2008, stipulates, “Government agencies should take the initiative to disclose government information and should be disclosed by means of government gazettes, government websites and press conferences, as well as through newspapers and magazines, radio, television and other methods that make it convenient for the public to be informed.” The central government requires governments at all levels to establish corresponding mechanisms and give prompt explanations to issues of public concern. Governments at all levels are making every effort to improve the government spokesman system. By promptly releasing authoritative information through all kinds of media including the Internet, government spokesmen brief the public on the implementation of related policies, and on responses to natural disasters, and public health and social emergencies. The role of the Internet in satisfying people’s right to know has become increasingly prominent.

互联网成为人们社会生活的重要工具。据抽样调查统计，2009年，中国约有2.3亿人经常使用搜索引擎查询各类信息，约2.4亿人经常利用即时通信工具进行沟通交流，约4，600万人利用互联网学习和接受教育，约3，500万人利用互联网进行证券交易，约1，500万人通过互联网求职，约1，400万人通过互联网安排旅行。在中国，越来越多的人通过互联网获取信息、丰富知识；越来越多的人通过互联网创业，实现自己的理想；越来越多的人通过互联网交流沟通，密切相互间的关系。在四川汶川地震、青海玉树地震、西南地区旱灾等重大自然灾害发生后，中国网民充分利用互联网传递救灾信息，发起救助行动，表达同情关爱，充分展示了互联网不可替代的作用。互联网正在成为一种新的工作和生活方式。

The Internet has become an indispensable tool in people’s every-day life. According to a sample survey, in 2009 alone about 230 mil-lion people in China gathered information using search engines, 240 million communicated through real-time telecommunications devices, 46 million received education with the help of the Internet, 35 million conducted securities trading on the Internet, 15 million sought jobs through the Internet, and 14 million arranged trips via the Internet. In China more and more people are collecting information, enriching their knowledge, establishing businesses and realizing their aspirations, and communicating to know each other better through the Internet. Soon after earthquakes hit Wenchuan in Sichuan Province and Yushu in Qinghai Province, and a severe drought plagued southwest China, netizens used the Internet to spread disaster relief information, initiate rescue efforts and express sympathy and concern, fully demonstrating the irreplaceable role of the Internet. The Internet has revolutionized our way of work and lifestyle.

中国政府鼓励发展有利于促进经济社会发展、提升公共服务水平、便利人们工作生活的互联网应用，努力构建结构合理、发展均衡的互联网应用格局，提高互联网整体发展和应用水平。中国政府将大力推动电子商务类、教育类网站发展，积极推进电子政务建设，支持发展网络广播、网络电视等新兴媒体，倡导提供形式多样、内容丰富的互联网信息服务，以满足人们多样化、多层次的信息消费需求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government encourages the use of the Internet in ways which aim to promote economic and social progress, to improve public services and facilitate people’s work and life, and steps up its efforts to build a well-structured and balanced use of the Internet, improves its advancement and application. The Chinese government will vigorously promote the development of websites featuring e-commerce and education, give impetus to the building of e-government, advocate the development of emerging media such as online radio and online television, and call for the provision of varied and rich Internet information services to satisfy the diversified, multi-leveled needs of in-formation consumption.

三、保障公民互联网言论自由

III. Guaranteeing Citizens’ Freedom of Speech on the Internet

互联网在中国新闻信息传播领域得到充分应用。中国政府鼓励和支持发展网络新闻传播事业，为人们提供了丰富的新闻信息，同时依法保障公民在互联网上的言论自由，保障公众的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权。

The Internet is given full scope in the news communication field of China. The Chinese government encourages and supports the development of Internet news communication undertakings, provides the public with a full range of news, and at the same time guarantees the citizens’ freedom of speech on the Internet as well as the public’s right to know, to participate, to be heard and to oversee in accordance with the law. {1}

互联网成为人们获取新闻信息的重要途径。自从互联网进入中国，人们就充分运用互联网传播新闻信息。中国的通讯社、报社、广播电台、电视台等利用资源优势和品牌优势开展网络新闻传播，满足人们的新闻信息需求，已形成人民网、新华网、央视网、中国广播网等一批综合新闻信息服务网站，不仅扩大了权威新闻信息传播的广度，而且为传统媒体自身发展拓展了新的空间。一批著名的商业网站也成为人们获取新闻信息的重要渠道。据统计，80%以上的网民主要依靠互联网获取新闻信息。网络媒体的发展不仅提高了新闻传播的时效性、有效性，而且在报道重要新闻事件中发挥了独特作用，充分满足了人们的信息需求。网络媒体直播中国共产党全国代表大会、全国人民代表大会和中国人民政治协商会议等已成为惯例。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Internet has become an important channel for people to obtain news. Ever since its introduction to China, the Chinese people have been making full use of the Internet to disseminate news. The news agencies, newspaper offices, radio and television stations in China have used their resources and brand advantages to carry out Internet news communication so as to meet the people’s needs for news, and a number of websites providing comprehensive news ser-vices, such as People’s Daily Online, Xinhuanet, CCTV.com and CNR.cn，have been set up, which has not only extended the reach of authoritative news, but also explored new space for the traditional media’s own development. A number of well-known commercial websites have also become major channels for people to obtain news. According to statistics, over 80% of China’s netizens mainly rely on the Internet for news. The development of the Internet media has not only enhanced the time-effectiveness and validity of news communication, but also played a unique role in the reporting of important news events, fully satisfying people’s need for information. It has become a common practice for the online media to make live broadcasts of the National Congresses of the CPC, NPC, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), etc.

公民依法享有互联网上充分的言论自由。《中华人民共和国宪法》赋予公民言论自由的权利。中国公民在互联网上的言论自由受法律保护，可以通过各种形式在网上发表言论。网上交流活跃是中国互联网发展的一大特点，论坛帖文、博客文章数量之巨大，在世界各国都是难以想象的。中国的网站十分注重为网民提供发表言论的服务，约80%的网站提供电子公告服务。中国现有上百万个论坛，2.2亿个博客用户，据抽样统计，每天人们通过论坛、新闻评论、博客等渠道发表的言论达300多万条，超过66%的中国网民经常在网上发表言论，就各种话题进行讨论，充分表达思想观点和利益诉求。互联网新应用新服务为人们表达意见提供了更广阔的空间。博客、微博客、视频分享、社交网站等新兴网络服务在中国发展迅速，为中国公民通过互联网进行交流提供了更便捷的条件。网民踊跃参与网上信息传播、参与网上内容创造，大大丰富了互联网上信息内容。

Chinese citizens fully enjoy freedom of speech on the Internet. The Constitution of the People’s Republic of China confers on Chinese citizens the right to free speech. With their right to freedom of speech on the Internet protected by the law, they can voice their opinions in various ways on the Internet. Vigorous online ideas exchange is a major characteristic of China’s Internet development, and the huge quantity of BBS posts and blog articles is far beyond that of any other country. China’s websites attach great importance to providing netizens with opinion expression services, with over 80% of them providing electronic bulletin service. In China, there are over a million BBSs and some 220 million bloggers. According to a sample survey, each day people post over three million messages via BBS, news commentary sites, blogs, etc., and over 66% of Chinese netizens frequently place postings to discuss various topics, and to fully express their opinions and represent their interests. The new applications and services on the Internet have provided a broader scope for people to express their opinions. The newly-emerging online services, including blog, microblog, video-sharing and social networking websites, are developing rapidly in China, and provide greater convenience for Chinese citizens to communicate online. Actively participating in online information communication and content creation, netizens have greatly enriched Internet information and content.

充分发挥互联网的监督作用。中国政府积极创造条件让人民监督政府，十分重视互联网的监督作用，对人们通过互联网反映的问题，要求各级政府及时调查解决，并向公众反馈处理结果。绝大多数政府网站都公布了电子邮箱、电话号码，以便于公众反映政府工作中存在的问题。近几年，一大批通过互联网反映出来的问题得到了解决。为便于公众举报贪污腐败等问题，中央纪检监察机构和最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等开设了举报网站。中央纪委监察部举报网站、国家预防腐败局网站等开通后，为惩治和预防贪污腐败发挥了重要作用。据抽样调查，超过60%的网民对政府发挥互联网的监督作用予以积极评价，认为这是中国社会民主与进步的体现。

The Internet’s role in supervision is given full play. The Chinese government has actively created conditions for the people to supervise the government, and attaches great importance to the Internet’s role in supervision. Governments at all levels are required to investigate and resolve in a timely manner all problems reported to the government by the public via the Internet, and to inform the public of the results. On the great majority of government websites, relevant email addresses and telephone numbers are made public, so that the governments can be informed of problems in their work. Over the past few years a great number of the problems reported through the Internet have been re-solved. In order to facilitate the public’s reporting of corrupt and de-generate officials and suchlike, the central discipline inspection and supervision authorities, the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate and other relevant bodies have set up informant websites. The informant website of the Department of Supervision of the CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the website of the National Bureau of Corruption Prevention are playing an important role in preventing and punishing corruption and degeneration among officials. According to a sample survey, over 60% of netizens have a positive opinion of the fact that the government gives wide scope to the Internet’s role in supervision, and consider it a manifestation of China’s socialist democracy and progress.

高度重视互联网上反映的社情民意。互联网在政府与公众之间架起了直接沟通的桥梁。通过互联网了解民情、汇聚民智，成为中国政府执政为民、改进工作的新渠道，互联网上的公众言论正受到前所未有的关注。中国领导人经常上网了解公众意愿，有时直接在网上与网民交流，讨论国家大事，回答网民的问题。各级政府出台重大政策前，通过互联网征求意见已成为普遍做法。每年全国人民代表大会和中国人民政治协商会议期间，都通过互联网征求公众意见。近三年来，每年通过互联网征求到的建议多达几百万条，为完善政府工作提供了有益参考。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The authorities attach great importance to social conditions and public opinion as reflected on the Internet, which has become a bridge facilitating direct communication between the government and the public. The Internet has become a new channel for the Chinese government to get to know the people’s situation and amass the public’s wisdom, and consequently exercise governance for the people and improve its work. The opinions expressed by the public online are receiving unprecedented attention. The leaders of China frequently log onto the Internet to get to know the public’s wishes, and sometimes have direct online communication with netizens to discuss state affairs and answer their questions. It has become a common practice for governments at all levels to consult the public via the Internet before formulating policies of particular importance. The public’s opinions have been sought through the Internet during the annual sessions of the NPC and CPPCC. For each of the past three years, as many as several million items of ad-vice and suggestions have been received through the Internet, providing valuable reference for the government to improve its work.

互联网为人们享有知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权提供了前所未有的便利条件和直接渠道，为政府了解人民意愿，满足人民需要，维护人民利益发挥了日益重要的作用。中国政府将坚定不移地维护公民依法享有的互联网上言论自由。

The Internet provides unprecedented convenience and a direct channel for the people to exercise their right to know, to participate, to be heard and to oversee, and is playing an increasingly important role in helping the government get to know the people’s wishes, meet their needs and safeguard their interests. The Chinese government is determined to unswervingly safeguard the freedom of speech on the Internet enjoyed by Chinese citizens in accordance with the law. {1}

四、管理互联网的基本原则与实践

IV. Basic Principles and Practices of Internet Administration

中国坚持依法管理、科学管理和有效管理互联网，努力完善法律规范、行政监管、行业自律、技术保障、公众监督和社会教育相结合的互联网管理体系。中国管理互联网的基本目标是，促进互联网的普遍、无障碍接入和持续健康发展，依法保障公民网上言论自由，规范互联网信息传播秩序，推动互联网积极有效应用，创造有利于公平竞争的市场环境，保障宪法和法律赋予的公民权益，保障网络信息安全和国家安全。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China adheres to scientific and effective Internet administration by law, strives to improve an Internet administration system combining laws and regulations, administrative supervision, self-regulation, technical protection, public supervision and social education. The basic goals of China’s Internet administration are to promote general and hassle-free Internet accessibility, and sustainable and healthy development, guarantee citizens’ freedom of speech online, regulate the order of Internet information transmission, promote the positive and effective application of the Internet, create a market environment for fair competition, guarantee the citizens’ rights and interests vested in the Constitution and law, and guarantee safety for Internet information and state security.

中国依法管理互联网。1994年以来，中国颁布了一系列与互联网管理相关的法律法规，主要包括《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》、《中华人民共和国电子签名法》、《中华人民共和国电信条例》、《互联网信息服务管理办法》、《中华人民共和国计算机信息系统安全保护条例》、《信息网络传播权保护条例》、《外商投资电信企业管理规定》、《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》、《互联网新闻信息服务管理规定》、《互联网电子公告服务管理规定》等。《中华人民共和国刑法》、《中华人民共和国民法通则》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》、《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》、《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》等法律的相关条款适用于互联网管理。中国坚持审慎立法、科学立法，为互联网发展预留空间。相关法律法规涉及互联网基础资源管理、信息传播规范、信息安全保障等主要方面，对基础电信业务经营者、互联网接入服务提供者、互联网信息服务提供者、政府管理部门及互联网用户等行为主体的责任与义务作出了规定。法律保障公民的通信自由和通信秘密，同时规定，公民在行使自由和权利的时候，不得损害国家、社会、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利，任何组织或个人不得利用电信网络从事危害国家安全、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益的活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China regulates the Internet by law. Since 1994 China has enacted a series of laws and regulations concerning Internet administration, including the Decision of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee on Guarding Internet Security, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Electronic Signatures, Regulations on Telecommunications of the People’s Republic of China, Measures on the Administration of Internet Information Services, Regulations on the Protection of Computer Information System Security of the People’s Republic of China, Regulations on the Protection of the Right to Online Dissemination of Information, Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-funded Tele-communications Enterprises, Measures on the Administration of Security Protection of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks, Provisions on the Administration of Internet News Information Services, and Provisions on the Administration of Electronic Bulletin Services via the Internet, among others. Relevant provisions of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, General Principles of the Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China, Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China, Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Minors, Law of the People’s Republic of China on Punishments in Public Order and Security Administration and other laws are applicable in the case of Internet administration.

China adheres to rational and scientific law-making, and reserves space for Internet development. Relevant laws and regulations pertaining to basic Internet resource management, information transmission regulation, information security guarantee and other key aspects define the responsibilities and obligations of basic telecommunication business operators, Internet access service providers, Internet information service providers, government administrative organs, Internet users and other related bodies. The citizens’ freedom and privacy of correspondence is protected by law, which stipulates at the same time that while exercising such freedom and rights, citizens are not allowed to infringe upon state, social and collective interests or the legitimate freedom and rights of other citizens. No organization or individual may utilize telecommunication networks to engage in activities that jeopardize state security, the public interest or the legitimate rights and interests of other people.

政府在互联网管理中发挥主导作用。政府有关部门根据法定职责，依法维护公民权益、公共利益和国家安全。国家通信管理部门负责互联网行业管理，包括对中国境内互联网域名、IP地址等互联网基础资源的管理。依据《互联网信息服务管理办法》，中国对经营性互联网信息服务实行许可制度，对非经营性互联网信息服务实行备案制度。国家新闻、出版、教育、卫生等部门依据《互联网信息服务管理办法》，对“从事新闻、出版、教育、医疗保健、药品和医疗器械等互联网信息服务”实行许可制度。公安机关等国家执法部门负责互联网安全监督管理，依法查处打击各类网络违法犯罪活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government plays the leading role in Internet administration. Relevant government bodies, according to their statutory du-ties, safeguard Chinese citizens’ rights and interests, public interests and state security by law. The state telecommunications administration department is responsible for the administration of the Internet industry, including the administration of basic resources of the Internet such as domain names, IP addresses within China. Abiding by the Measures on the Administration of Internet Information Services, the state practices a licensing system for commercial Internet information services and a registration system for non-commercial Internet information services. According to the Measures, state press, publication, education, health and other administrative departments practice licensing systems for “Internet information services concerning press, publication, education, medical care, medicines and medical instruments.” Public security organs and other state law-enforcement agencies bear the responsibility for Internet security supervision and administration, and investigate and punish all types of network crimes.

积极倡导行业自律和公众监督。2001年5月，中国互联网协会成立，这是全国性互联网行业组织，其宗旨是服务于互联网行业发展、网民和政府的决策。该协会先后制定并发布了《中国互联网行业自律公约》、《互联网站禁止传播淫秽色情等不良信息自律规范》、《抵制恶意软件自律公约》、《博客服务自律公约》、《反网络病毒自律公约》、《中国互联网行业版权自律宣言》等一系列自律规范，促进了互联网的健康发展。中国互联网协会为治理垃圾邮件作出了不懈努力，使中国的垃圾邮件占全球垃圾邮件的比例从2002年的23%下降到2009年的4.1%。为加强公众对互联网服务的监督，2004年以来，中国先后成立了互联网违法和不良信息举报中心、网络违法犯罪举报网站、12321网络不良与垃圾信息举报受理中心、12390扫黄打非新闻出版版权联合举报中心等公众举报受理机构，并于2010年1月发布了《举报互联网和手机媒体淫秽色情及低俗信息奖励办法》。中国政府将进一步支持互联网行业组织的工作，为行业组织发挥作用提供服务，并依法保障公众举报网上违法信息和行为的正当权利。

The state proactively promotes industry self-regulation and public supervision. The Internet Society of China (ISC) was founded in May 2001. It is a national organization of the Internet industry with a remit for serving the development of that industry, netizens and the decisions of the government. The ISC has issued a series of self-disciplinary regulations, including the Public Pledge of Self-regulation and Professional Ethics for the China Internet Industry, Provisions of Self-regulation on Not Spreading Pornographic and Other Harmful In-formation for Internet Websites, Public Pledge of Self-regulation on Anti-malicious Software, Public Pledge of Self-regulation on Blog Service, Public Pledge of Self-regulation on Anti-Internet Virus, Declaration of Self-regulation on Copyright Protection of China’s Internet Industry, and other regulations, which greatly promote the healthy development of the Internet. The ISC makes unremitting efforts to counter spam, reducing the global spam percentage of Chinese e-mails from 23% in 2002 to 4.1% in 2009. In order to strengthen public supervision of Internet services, the state has established the China Internet Illegal Information Reporting Center (CIIRC), Network Crimes Reporting Website, 12321 Harmful and Spam Internet Information Reporting and Reception Center, 12390 Pornography Crack-down and Press and Publication Copyright Joint Reporting Center and other public reporting and reception organizations since 2004. The Society issued the Measures for Encouraging the Reporting of Porno-graphic and Vulgar Information on the Internet and Mobile Media in January 2010. The Chinese government will further support the work of Internet industry self-disciplinary organizations, provide services to facilitate the organizations’ roles and protect the public’s legitimate rights to online reporting of illegal information and acts.

主张合理运用技术手段遏制互联网上违法信息传播。根据互联网的特性，从有效管理互联网的实际需要出发，中国政府主张依据相关法律法规，参照国际通行做法，发挥技术手段的防范作用，遏制违法信息对国家安全、社会公共利益和未成年人的危害。《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》、《中华人民共和国电信条例》、《互联网信息服务管理办法》、《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》等法律法规明确规定，严禁传播含有颠覆国家政权、破坏国家统一、损害国家荣誉和利益、煽动民族仇恨、破坏民族团结、宣扬邪教以及淫秽色情、暴力、恐怖及侵害他人合法权益等内容的信息。根据这些法律法规，基础电信业务经营者、互联网信息服务提供者等应建立互联网安全管理制度，采取技术措施，阻止各类违法信息的传播。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China advocates the rational use of technology to curb dissemination of illegal information online. Based on the characteristics of the Internet and considering the actual requirements of effective administering of the Internet, it advocates the exertion of technical means, in line with relevant laws and regulations and with reference to common international practices, to prevent and curb the harmful effects of illegal information on state security, public interests and minors. The Decision of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee on Guarding Internet Security, Regulations on Telecommunications of the People’s Republic of China, Measures on the Administration of Internet Information Services, Measures on the Administration of Security Protection of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks, and other laws and regulations clearly prohibit the spread of information that contains contents subverting state power, undermining national unity, infringing upon national honor and interests, inciting ethnic hatred and secession, advocating heresy, pornography, violence, terror and other information that infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of others. Ac-cording to these regulations, basic telecommunication business operators and Internet information service providers shall establish Internet security management systems and utilize technical measures to prevent the transmission of all types of illegal information. {1}

主张加强互联网法制和道德教育。全社会的法制和道德素养关系互联网环境建设。中国政府支持开展互联网法制和道德教育工作，鼓励各类媒体和社会组织积极参与，积极推动把互联网法制和道德教育纳入中小学日常教学内容。中国政府十分重视青年组织、妇女组织等在提高全民网络素养中的作用，鼓励相关组织开展有利于普及互联网知识和正确使用互联网的公益活动。

The state advocates strengthening Internet legal and ethical education. The level of legal and ethical education of the whole society is closely connected with the construction of the Internet environment. It supports the work of Internet legal and ethical education, encourages the active participation by various media and social organizations, and proactively pushes forward the inclusion of Internet legal and ethical education in the curriculums of primary and middle schools. It attaches great importance to youth and women’s organizations in their roles of elevating national network morals, and encourages relevant organizations to carry out activities for the public good to spread Internet knowledge and promote the correct use of the Internet.

确保未成年人上网安全。未成年人已成为中国网民的最大群体，截至2009年底，中国3.84亿网民中，未成年人约占1/3，互联网对未成年人成长的影响越来越大。同时，网络淫秽色情等违法和有害信息严重危害青少年的身心健康，成为社会普遍关注的突出问题。中国政府高度重视依法保护未成年人上网安全，始终把保护未成年人放在维护互联网信息安全的优先地位。《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》规定，国家采取措施，预防未成年人沉迷网络；禁止任何组织、个人制作或者向未成年人出售、出租或者以其他方式传播淫秽、暴力、凶杀、恐怖、赌博等毒害未成年人的电子出版物以及网络信息等。国家鼓励研究开发有利于保护未成年人上网安全的网络工具，鼓励提供适合未成年人的网络产品和服务。保护未成年人上网安全，家庭、学校和社会各界应共同努力，营造有利于未成年人健康成长的网络环境。中国政府将积极推进“母亲教育计划”，帮助家长引导未成年人正确使用互联网。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The state guarantees online safety for minors. Minors have become China’s biggest online group. By the end of 2009, a third of the country’s 384 million Internet users were minors. The Internet is playing an increasingly important role in the development of minors. Meanwhile, online pornographic, illegal and harmful information is seriously damaging the physical and psychological health of young people, and this has become recognized as a prominent issue of public concern. The Chinese government attaches great importance to online safety for minors, and has always prioritized the protection of minors in the overall work of Internet information security programs. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Minors stipulates that the state shall take measures to prevent minors from overindulging in the Internet; prohibit any organization or individual from producing, selling, renting or providing by other means electronic publications and Internet information containing pornography, violence, murder, terror, gambling or other contents harmful to minors. The state encourages research and development of Internet tools that are conducive to the online protection of minors, as well as Internet products and services suitable for minors. Families, schools and all other social units shall work together to protect minors online and create a healthy online environment for the development of minors. The Chinese government will actively push forward the “Mothers’ Education Program” to help parents guide their children in using the Internet correctly.

积极保护数字知识产权。2000年以来，中国修订了《中华人民共和国著作权法》，制定了《互联网著作权行政保护办法》，以及审理涉及计算机网络著作权纠纷案件的相关司法解释，为保护数字知识产权提供了基本法律依据。国家著作权行政管理部门负责查处互联网侵权盗版行为。针对反复侵权、群体性侵权以及大规模假冒、盗版等行为，政府有关部门联合开展了一系列管理行动。中国将继续探索互联网环境下的知识产权保护工作，努力实现保障公共利益和促进创新之间的平衡。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The state proactively protects digital intellectual property. Since 2000 China has revised the Copyright Law of the People’s Republic of China, promulgated the Measures for the Administrative Protection of Internet Copyright and offered relevant judicial interpretations for the trial of cases involving computer and network copyrights disputes, thus providing a legal basis for digital intellectual property protection. The state copyright administrative department is in charge of the investigation and punishment of Internet copyright infringement and pirating activities. To combat repeated copyright infringement, group infringement and large-scale pirating activities, relevant government organs have taken a series of administrative actions. China will continue to explore intellectual property protection work in the Internet environment, and strive to realize a balance between public interest protection and the promotion of innovation.

依法保护公民网上隐私。保护互联网上的个人隐私关系到人们对互联网的安全感和信心。中国政府积极推动健全相关立法和互联网企业服务规范，不断完善公民网上个人隐私保护体系。《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》规定，非法截获、篡改、删除他人邮件或其他数据资料，侵犯公民通信自由和通信秘密，构成犯罪的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。依据互联网行业自律规范，互联网服务提供者有责任保护用户隐私，在提供服务时应公布相关隐私保护承诺，提供侵害隐私举报受理渠道，采取有效措施保护个人隐私。

The state protects citizens’ online privacy. The protection of online privacy is closely connected with the people’s sense of security and confidence in the Internet. The Chinese government proactively pro-motes the improvement of relevant legislation and Internet corporate service regulations, in order to steadily enhance online privacy protection systems. The Decision of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee on Guarding Internet Security stipulates that illegal interception, tampering with or deletion of others’ e-mails or other data and infringement upon citizens’ freedom and privacy of correspondence that constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal liability. According to the self-disciplinary public pledges of the Inter-net industry, Internet service providers are responsible for protecting users’ privacy. The providers shall announce their relevant privacy protection commitment when providing services, provide reporting and reception channels for privacy infringement and take effective measures to protect uses’ privacy.

中国政府积极探索依法管理、科学管理、有效管理互联网的途径和方法，已初步形成符合中国国情、符合国际通行做法的互联网管理模式。互联网管理是一个不断实践的过程，中国政府将在实践中进一步完善互联网管理。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government actively explores channels and methods of scientific and effective Internet administration by law, and has formed a preliminary Internet administration model that is suitable for China’s conditions and consistent with international practices. Internet administration is a process of continuous practice, and the Chinese government is determined to further improve its Internet administration work.

五、维护互联网安全

V. Protecting Internet Security

维护互联网安全是互联网健康发展和有效运用的前提。当前，互联网安全问题日益突出，成为各国普遍关切的问题，中国也面临着严重的网络安全威胁。有效维护互联网安全是中国互联网管理的重要范畴，是保障国家安全、维护社会公共利益的必然要求。中国政府认为，互联网是国家重要基础设施，中华人民共和国境内的互联网属于中国主权管辖范围，中国的互联网主权应受到尊重和维护。中华人民共和国公民及在中华人民共和国境内的外国公民、法人和其他组织在享有使用互联网权利和自由的同时，应当遵守中国法律法规、自觉维护互联网安全。

Internet security is a prerequisite for the sound development and effective utilization of the Internet. Internet security problems are pressing nowadays, and this has become a problem of common concern in all countries. China also faces severe Internet security threats. Effectively protecting Internet security is an important part of China's Internet administration, and an indispensable requirement for protecting state security and the public interest. The Chinese government believes that the Internet is an important infrastructure facility for the nation. Within Chinese territory the Internet is under the jurisdiction of Chinese sovereignty. The Internet sovereignty of China should be respected and protected. Citizens of the People's Republic of China and foreign citizens, legal persons and other organizations within Chinese territory have the right and freedom to use the Internet; at the same time, they must obey the laws and regulations of China and conscientiously protect Internet security.

依法维护互联网安全。为维护互联网安全，《中华人民共和国刑法》、《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》、《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》、《中华人民共和国电信条例》、《计算机信息系统安全保护条例》、《互联网信息服务管理办法》、《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》等法律法规作出了相关规定，以促进中国互联网的健康发展，维护国家安全和社会公共利益，保护个人、法人和其他组织的合法权益。《中华人民共和国电信条例》第六条规定，“电信网络和信息的安全受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得利用电信网络从事危害国家安全、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益的活动”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Protecting Internet security in accordance with the law. In order to protect Internet security, related rules are included in laws and regulations, including the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China, Decision of the National People's Congress Standing Committee on Guarding Internet Security, Law of the People's Republic of China on Punishments in Public Order and Security Administration, Regulations on Telecommunications of the People's Republic of China, Regulations on the Protection of Computer Information System Security of the People's Republic of China, Measures on the Administration of Internet Information Services and Measures on the Administration of Security Protection of the International Networking of Computer In-formation Networks, in order to promote the sound development of China's Internet, protect state security, social and public interests, and lawful rights and interests of individuals, legal persons and other organizations. Article 6 of the Regulations on Telecommunications of the People's Republic of China stipulates that "The security of telecommunications networks and information shall be protected by law. No organization or individual may utilize telecommunication networks to engage in activities that jeopardize state security, the public interest or the legitimate rights and interests of other people."

维护互联网信息的安全流动。互联网信息的自由流动与安全流动是相互依存的整体，应在保障互联网信息安全流动的前提下，实现互联网信息的自由流动。中国政府高度重视维护互联网信息的安全流动，积极引导人们依法办网、文明上网、正确用网。《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》、《中华人民共和国电信条例》、《互联网信息服务管理办法》明确规定，任何组织或者个人不得利用互联网等电信网络制作、复制、发布、传播含有下列内容的信息：反对宪法所确定的基本原则的；危害国家安全，泄露国家秘密，颠覆国家政权，破坏国家统一的；损害国家荣誉和利益的；煽动民族仇恨、民族歧视，破坏民族团结的；破坏国家宗教政策，宣扬邪教和封建迷信的；散布谣言，扰乱社会秩序，破坏社会稳定的；散布淫秽、色情、赌博、暴力、凶杀、恐怖或者教唆犯罪的；侮辱或者诽谤他人，侵害他人合法权益的；含有法律、行政法规禁止的其他内容的。上述法律法规是维护中华人民共和国境内互联网信息安全的基本法律依据，所有中国公民和在中华人民共和国境内的外国公民、法人和其他组织都必须遵守。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Secure information flow. The free and safe flow of Internet information is integrated as a whole. On the premise of protecting the safe flow of Internet information, the free flow of Internet information may be realized. The Chinese government attaches great importance to protecting the safe flow of Internet information, actively guides people to manage websites in accordance with the law and use the Internet in a wholesome and correct way. The Decision of the National People's Congress Standing Committee on Guarding Internet Security, Regulations on Telecommunications of the People's Republic of China and Measures on the Administration of Internet Information Services stipulate that no organization or individual may produce, duplicate, announce or disseminate information having the following contents: being against the cardinal principles set forth in the Constitution; endangering state security, divulging state secrets, subverting state power and jeopardizing national unification; damaging state honor and interests; instigating ethnic hatred or discrimination and jeopardizing ethnic unity; jeopardizing state religious policy, propagating heretical or superstitious ideas; spreading rumors, disrupting social order and stability; disseminating obscenity, pornography, gambling, violence, brutality and terror or abetting crime; humiliating or slandering others, trespassing on the lawful rights and interests of others; and other contents forbidden by laws and administrative regulations. These regulations are the legal basis for the protection of Internet information security within the territory of the People's Republic of China. All Chinese citizens, foreign citizens, legal persons and other organizations within the territory of China must obey these provisions.

依法打击网络犯罪。近年来，中国的网络犯罪呈上升趋势，各种传统犯罪与网络犯罪结合的趋势日益明显，网络诈骗、网络盗窃等侵害他人财产的犯罪增长迅速，制作传播计算机病毒、入侵和攻击计算机与网络的犯罪日趋增多，利用互联网传播淫秽色情及从事赌博等犯罪活动仍然突出。据统计，1998年公安机关办理各类网络犯罪案件142起，2007年增长到2.9万起，2008年为3.5万起，2009年为4.8万起。为有效打击网络违法犯罪活动，中国法律规定，对利用互联网和针对互联网的犯罪行为，依照《中华人民共和国刑法》的相关规定追究刑事责任；对不构成犯罪的，依照《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚法》、《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》等法律法规予以行政处罚。

Combating computer crime in accordance with the law. In recent years, computer crimes in China have been on the increase. The tendency of the combination of various traditional crimes and computer crimes has become gradually more obvious. Online fraud, online theft and other forms of crimes which encroach on the property of others are increasing rapidly. Crimes such as producing and spreading computer viruses, and computer and network hacking are increasing. Criminal activities such as disseminating obscenity, pornography and gambling are still pressing problems. Public security departments dealt with 142 computer crime cases in 1998, 29,000 in 2007, 35,000 in 2008 and 48,000 in 2009. In order to effectively combat computer crimes, the Chinese laws stipulate that criminal activities conducted by making use of the Internet or against the Internet shall be investigated and dealt with in accordance with the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China; if such activities are not serious enough to constitute crimes, administrative punishment shall be meted out in accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on Punishments in Public Order and Security Administration and Measures on the Administration of Security Protection of the International Networking of Computer Information Networks. {1}

反对任何形式的网络黑客攻击行为。中国同世界其他国家一样，面临黑客攻击、网络病毒等违法犯罪活动的严重威胁。中国是世界上黑客攻击的主要受害国之一。据不完全统计，2009年中国被境外控制的计算机IP地址达100多万个；被黑客篡改的网站达4.2万个；被“飞客”蠕虫网络病毒感染的计算机每月达1，800万台，约占全球感染主机数量的30%。中国法律禁止任何形式的网络黑客行为。《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》明确规定，对“故意制作、传播计算机病毒等破坏性程序，攻击计算机系统及通信网络，致使计算机系统及通信网络遭受损害”等破坏网络安全的行为，构成犯罪的，依照刑法有关规定追究刑事责任。《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百八十五条、二百八十六条对非法获取计算机信息系统中存储、处理或者传输的数据，对提供专门用于侵入、非法控制计算机信息系统的程序、工具等违法行为的刑事处罚作出了具体规定。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Opposing all forms of computer hacking. Like other countries, China faces a severe challenge of online criminal activities such as computer hacking and viruses. China is one of the countries suffering most from hacking. According to incomplete statistics, more than one million IP addresses in China were controlled from overseas in 2009, 42,000 websites were distorted by hackers, 18 million Chinese computers are infected by the Conficker virus every month, about 30% of the computers infected globally. Chinese laws prohibit all forms of hacking. The Decision of the National People's Congress Standing Committee on Guarding Internet Security stipulates that acts deconstructing Internet security which constitute crimes, such as "intention-ally inventing and spreading destructive programs such as computer viruses to attack the computer system and the communications net-work, thus damaging the computer system and the communications network," shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with the relevant provisions in the Criminal Law. Articles 285 and 286 of the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China contain concrete provisions on the criminal punishment of illegal activities such as illegally obtaining data stored in or handled or transmitted by the computer information system, or providing destructive programs or tools for invasion and illegal control of computer information systems.

各国国情和文化传统不同，对互联网安全的关切也有差异，应充分尊重各国对互联网安全的不同关切，在差异中求和谐，在交流中促发展，共同维护国际互联网安全。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

National situations and cultural traditions differ among countries, and so concern about Internet security also differs. Concerns about Internet security of different countries should be fully respected. We should seek common ground and reserve differences, promote development through exchanges, and jointly protect international Internet security.

六、积极开展国际交流与合作

VI. Active International Exchanges and Cooperation

各国互联网彼此相联，同时又分属不同主权范围，这决定了加强国际交流与合作的必要性。中国主张，各国在平等互利的基础上，积极开展互联网领域的交流与合作，共同承担维护全球互联网安全的责任，促进互联网健康有序发展，分享互联网发展的机遇和成果。

Though connected, the Internet of various countries belongs to different sovereignties, which makes it necessary to strengthen international exchanges and cooperation in this field. China maintains that all countries should, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, actively conduct exchanges and cooperation in the Internet industry, jointly shoulder the responsibility of maintaining global Internet security, promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry, and share the opportunities and achievements brought about by this development.

中国政府始终支持并积极开展互联网领域的国际交流与合作。中国派代表参加了历届信息社会世界峰会（WSIS）及与互联网相关的其他重要国际或区域性会议。中国高度重视在维护互联网安全方面的区域合作，2009年分别与东盟和上合组织成员国签订了《中国－东盟电信监管理事会关于网络安全问题的合作框架》和《上合组织成员国保障国际信息安全政府间合作协定》。在打击网络犯罪领域，中国公安机关参加了国际刑警组织亚洲及南太平洋地区信息技术犯罪工作组（The Interpol Asia-South Pacific Working Party on IT Crime）、中美执法合作联合联络小组（JLG）等国际合作，并先后与美国、英国、德国、意大利、香港等国家或地区举行双边或多边会谈，就打击网络犯罪进行磋商。2006年以来，中国公安机关共办理了来自40多个国家和地区有关网络犯罪的协查函件500余件，涉及黑客攻击、儿童色情、网络诈骗等多种案件类型。中国积极推动建立互联网领域的双边对话交流机制，2007年以来先后与美国、英国举办了“中美互联网论坛”和“中英互联网圆桌会议”。为学习借鉴其他国家互联网发展与管理的有益经验，2000年以来中国政府先后组织数十个代表团，访问了亚洲、欧洲、北美、南美、非洲等40多个国家，将相关国家的成功经验应用到中国互联网发展与管理的实践之中。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government has always supported and conducted international exchanges and cooperation in the field of the Internet. Representatives have been sent to all previous sessions of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and other important inter-national and regional meetings related to the Internet. It attaches great importance to regional cooperation in maintaining Internet security. In 2009 China signed the ASEAN-China Coordination Framework for Network and Information Security Emergency Responses and the Agreement among the Governments of the SCO Member States on Cooperation in the Field of Ensuring International Information Security with the ASEAN and SCO member states, respectively. In combating network crimes the Chinese public security organ has participated in the Interpol Asia-South Pacific Working Party on IT Crime, China-US Joint Liaison Group and other forms of international cooperation, and has conducted bilateral and multilateral meetings successively with such countries or regions as the US, the UK, Ger-many, Italy and Hong Kong. Since 2006 the Chinese public security organs have handled more than 500 letters of assistance in case handling from more than 40 countries and regions concerning network crimes, which cover many types of cases, including hacker attacks, child pornography and network fraud. China actively promotes the establishment of bilateral dialogue and exchange mechanisms in the field of the Internet. Since 2007 it has held meetings of the US-China Internet Industry Forum and the Sino-British Internet Round Table with the US and the UK, respectively. In order to draw on the experience of other countries in developing and administering the Internet industry, the Chinese government has organized dozens of delegations since 2000 to pay visits to more than 40 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Africa, and has applied some of their successful experiences to its own Internet development and administration.

中国主张发挥联合国在国际互联网管理中的作用。中国支持建立一个在联合国框架下的、全球范围内经过民主程序产生的、权威的、公正的互联网国际管理机构。互联网基础资源关系到互联网的发展与安全。中国认为，各国都有参与国际互联网基础资源管理的平等权利，应在现有管理模式的基础上，建立一个多边的、透明的国际互联网基础资源分配体系，合理分配互联网基础资源，促进全球互联网均衡发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China holds that the role of the UN should be given full scope in international Internet administration. China supports the establishment of an authoritative and just international Internet administration organization under the UN system through democratic procedures on a worldwide scale. The fundamental resources of the Internet are vitally connected to the development and security of the Internet industry. China maintains that all countries have equal rights in participating in the administration of the fundamental international resources of the Internet, and a multilateral and transparent allocation system should be established on the basis of the current management mode, so as to allocate those resources in a rational way and to promote the balanced development of the global Internet industry.  {1}

各国应在平等互利的基础上开展多形式、多渠道、多层次的交流与合作。各国政府可建立双边交流机制，就互联网政策、互联网立法、互联网安全等问题交流观点、经验和做法，平等协商解决分歧。各国政府应支持互联网行业组织开展国际交流活动，鼓励互联网行业组织通过交流增进共识，共同解决互联网业界面临的问题。互联网的发展带来了一系列新的科学和伦理问题，应鼓励各国专家学者开展学术交流，分享研究成果。面对日益突出的跨国网络犯罪问题，各国执法机构应加强共同防止和打击网络犯罪的侦查协作，建立多边或双边的合作机制。

All countries should conduct multi-form, multi-channel and multi-level exchanges and cooperation in this regard on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Their governments can establish bilateral exchange mechanisms, exchange views, experiences and practices on matters such as the policies, legislation and security of the Internet industry, and settle differences through consultations on an equal footing. The governments of all countries should support the Internet industry in holding international exchange activities, encourage its efforts to ex-pand consensus through exchanges, and resolve problems facing the Internet industry with joint efforts. The development of the Internet industry brings with it a series of new scientific and moral problems. Experts and scholars of various countries should be encouraged to con-duct academic exchanges and share their research findings. In the face of the increasingly serious problem of transnational network crimes, the law-enforcement agencies of all countries should enhance their co-ordination in preventing and combating network crimes, and establish multilateral or bilateral cooperation mechanisms.

中国愿与世界各国分享中国互联网发展机遇。中国将坚定不移地实行对外开放政策，始终依法开放中国互联网市场，欢迎各国企业依据《外商投资电信企业管理规定》进入中国互联网市场，分享中国互联网发展机遇。中国恪守世界贸易组织成员应履行的普遍性义务和具体承诺义务，依法保护外资企业在华合法权益，并积极为在华外资企业依法开展与互联网相关的经营业务提供良好的服务。

China would like to share with other countries the opportunities brought by the development of the Chinese Internet industry. It will unswervingly stick to its opening-up policy, open the Chinese Internet market in accordance with the law, welcome enterprises from other countries to enter the Chinese Internet market in accordance with the Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-funded Telecommunication Enterprises and share the opportunities brought by the development of the Internet in China. China abides by the general obligations and any specific commitment as a WTO member, protects the legitimate rights and interests of foreign enterprises in China, and provides proper services to those enterprises in their legal business operations concerning the Internet.

结束语

Concluding Remarks

中国互联网的快速发展，得益于中国的改革开放政策，得益于中国经济的持续发展，也得益于国际先进技术和经验。中国互联网的发展极大地促进了中国科技、经济、政治、社会、文化的发展，促进了中国社会文明进步和人民生活水平的提高。中国政府将一如既往地促进互联网发展，鼓励运用新技术提供新服务，满足人们不断增长的多样化需求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The rapid development of China's Internet industry benefits from China's policy of reform and opening-up, from the sustainable development of the Chinese economy, and from advanced global technology and experience. The development of the Chinese Internet industry has greatly promoted the development of China's science and technology, economy, politics, society and culture, as well as the enhancement of the social civilization and the well-being of its people. The Chinese government will continue to promote Internet development, and en-courage the use of new technology in providing new services and meeting the growing diversified needs of the people.

中国互联网仍在快速发展过程中，新情况、新问题不断出现，中国政府将坚持依法管理互联网的基本原则，坚持立足本国国情，努力遵循互联网自身特点和发展规律，以有效管理促进科学发展，为世界互联网的繁荣发展作出贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese Internet industry is still in a state of rapid expansion, with new situations and new problems emerging constantly. The Chinese government will stick to the basic principle of administering the Internet in accordance with the law, try to follow the nature and law of development of the Internet in the light of the national conditions, and promote the scientific development of the Internet with effective administration so as to contribute to the development of the Internet worldwide.