中国的食品质量安全状况
China's Food Quality and Safety

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

2007年8月·北京

August 2007, Beijing

目　　录

Contents

一、食品生产和质量概况

I. Food Production and Food Quality

二、食品监管体制和监管工作

II. Food Safety Regulatory System and Work

三、进出口食品的监管

III. Supervision of Imported and Exported Food

四、食品安全法律法规和技术保障体系

IV. Law Regime and Technological Guarantee System for Food Safety

五、食品安全的国际交流与合作

V. International Exchanges and Cooperation Regarding Food Safety

食品质量安全状况是一个国家经济发展水平和人民生活质量的重要标志。中国政府坚持以人为本，高度重视食品安全，一直把加强食品质量安全摆在重要的位置。多年来，中国立足从源头抓质量的工作方针，建立健全食品安全监管体系和制度，全面加强食品安全立法和标准体系建设，对食品实行严格的质量安全监管，积极推行食品安全的国际交流与合作，全社会的食品安全意识明显提高。经过努力，中国食品质量总体水平稳步提高，食品安全状况不断改善，食品生产经营秩序显著好转。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The quality and safety of food is a major benchmark of the economic development and people's living conditions of a country. Adhering to the people-oriented approach, the Chinese government has always attached great importance to food quality and safety. Moreover, sticking to the principle of nipping problems in the bud, it has built and improved a supervisory system and mechanism for food safety, strengthened legislation and the setting of relevant standards, exercised strict quality control regarding food, actively promoted international exchanges and cooperation in this respect, and has greatly raised public awareness of food safety. Thanks to such efforts, the overall level of food quality in China is being steadily enhanced, the situation of food safety is continuously improving, and the order in food production and operation have markedly turned for the better.

一、食品生产和质量概况

   I. Food Production and Food Quality

（一）加工食品质量和安全水平稳步提高

    1. The Quality and Safety Level of Processed Food Is Steadily Improving

　　1．食品加工业快速健康发展

(1) Rapid and Sound Development of the Food-processing Industry

　　近年来，中国食品工业持续快速健康发展，经济效益稳步提高。按照食品的原料和加工工艺不同，食品分为：粮食加工品，食用油、油脂及制品，调味品，肉制品，乳制品，饮料，方便食品，饼干，罐头，冷冻饮品，速冻食品，薯类和膨化食品，糖果制品（含巧克力及制品），茶叶，酒类，蔬菜制品，水果制品，炒货食品及坚果制品，蛋制品，可可及焙烤咖啡产品，食糖，水产制品，淀粉及淀粉制品，糕点，豆制品，蜂产品，特殊膳食食品及其他食品共28大类525种。目前，全国共有食品生产加工企业44.8万家。其中规模以上企业2.6万家，产品市场占有率为72%，产量和销售收入占主导地位；规模以下、10人以上企业6.9万家，产品市场占有率为18.7%；10人以下小企业小作坊35.3万家，产品市场占有率为9.3%（见图1）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In recent years, China's food industry has maintained fast and sound growth, with a steady increase in economic benefits. Foodstuffs can be classified by their raw materials and processing techniques into 525 kinds in 28 categories: processed grain products; edible oil, fat and fat products; seasonings; meat products; dairy products; soft drinks; convenient food; biscuits; canned food; iced drinks; fast-frozen food; potato and dilated food; candies (including chocolate and chocolate products); tea; alcoholic beverages; vegetable products; fruit products; roasted seeds and nuts; egg products; cocoa and bakery coffee products; sugar; processed aquatic products; starch and starch products; pastries; bean products; bee products; special diet food, and others. At present, China has 448,000 enterprises engaged in foodstuff production and processing. Among them, 26,000 enterprises of designated scale occupy 72 percent of the market, taking the leading role in terms of output and sales revenue; 69,000 are enterprises not up to the designated scale and those with more than ten employees, taking up a market share of 18.7 percent; and 353,000 are small businesses or workshops with fewer than ten employees, with a market share of 9.3 percent.

据统计，2006年全国规模以上食品工业企业实现总产值21586.95亿元人民币（不含烟草），占全国工业总产值的6.8%，同比增长23.5%。其中，粮油加工、肉类加工、乳制品加工等行业的工业增加值和利润增长率均超过20%。2006年，中国食品工业主要产品的产量分别达到：小麦粉5193万吨、食用植物油1985.5万吨、鲜冷藏冻肉1112.5万吨、乳制品1459.6万吨、啤酒3515.2万千升、软饮料4219.8万吨，同比分别增长28.2%、17.5%、24.0%、23.5%、14.7%和21.5%。2007年1月至6月，食品工业总产值累计12816.2亿元人民币，同比增长29.9%。啤酒、食用油、饮料、味精等食品的总产量位居世界前列。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Statistics show that, in 2006, industrial food enterprises of designated scale generated 2,158.695 billion yuan of output value (excluding tobacco), accounting for 6.8 percent of the national industrial output value, and up 23.5 percent year on year. The average annual industrial added value and profit of processing enterprises of grain, oil, meat and dairy products all exceeded 20percent. The output of major foodstuffs in 2006 were: wheat flour, 51.93 million tons; edible vegetable oil, 19.855 million tons; fresh frozen meat, 11.125 million tons; dairy products, 14.596 million tons; beer, 35.152 million kl; and soft drinks, 42.198 million tons. These figures show rises of 28.2 percent, 17.5 percent, 24.0 percent, 23.5 percent, 14.7 percent and 21.5 percent year on year, respectively. In the first six months of 2007, the accumulated output value of the food industry amounted to 1,281.62billion yuan, up 29.9 percent as compared with the corresponding period last year. The output of beer, edible oil, soft drinks and gourmet powder led the world.

当前，中国食品工业的发展呈现出以下特点：一是部分食品企业加工技术和装备接近或达到国际领先水平。肉制品、乳制品、饮料、啤酒等行业的大型企业普遍拥有世界一流水平的生产设备和检验设备，产品质量得到了保证。膜分离、物性修饰、无菌冷灌装、浓缩、冷加工等加工关键技术的开发和应用，缩短了中国食品加工技术和装备与国际先进水平的差距。二是企业质量管理更加科学规范。共有10.7万家食品生产企业获得质量安全市场准入资格，2675家食品生产企业获得了危害分析与关键控制点（HACCP）认证。三是产品结构趋于优化，有效满足了消费者日益增长的多层次需求。精深加工食品的比重均有不同程度的上升，如液体乳产量占到乳制品总量的85%以上；软饮料制造业打破过去一直以碳酸饮料为主的局面，形成了包装饮用水、碳酸饮料、果蔬饮料、茶饮料等多元化发展的态势；粮油行业中，特制二等以上的精制小麦粉占小麦粉总产量的65%；标准一等米以上的精米占大米总产量的88%，特等大米在大米中所占比重达到33.9%；一级油、二级油（分别相当于原国家标准中的色拉油和高级烹调油）在食用植物油中所占比重合计达到58.5%。

At present, the development of China's food industry displays the following features:

    One, the processing techniques and equipment of some food enterprises reach or approach the advanced international level. Large meat, dairy product, beverage and beer producers all have world first-class production and testing facilities, which guarantees the quality of their products. The development and application of such key processing techniques as membrane-separation technology, physical property modification, cold-aseptic filling, concentration and cold processing has narrowed China's gap with the world advanced level in terms of processing technology and equipment.

    Two, quality control of the enterprises has become more scientific and standard. So far, 107,000 food producers have obtained market access permits regarding quality and safety, and 2,675 have been granted hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) certificates.

    Three, the structure of products is being improved to cater to the increasingly diverse demands of consumers. The proportion of intensively or deeply processed foodstuffs to the total output of foodstuffs keeps increasing. For instance, liquid dairies now account for more than 85 percent of the total output of dairy products; colas no longer dominate the market, as a result of the mushrooming of packed drinking water and fruit, vegetable and tea drinks; special flour above second grade accounts for 65 percent of the total output of wheat flour; standard rice above first grade accounts for 88 percent of the total output of rice, and special rice for 33.9 percent of the total output of rice; and Grades I and II oil (salad oil and quality culinary oil according to previous national standards) accounts for 58.5 percent of the total output of edible vegetable oil.

　2．食品质量不断提高

   (2) Continuous Improvement of Food Quality

　　一是食品总体合格率稳步提升。2006年全国食品国家监督抽查合格率达到77.9%。2007年上半年，食品专项国家监督抽查合格率达到了85.1%。食品质量安全水平保持稳定，并呈上升态势（见图2）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

One, the acceptance rate of foodstuffs on the whole is steadily rising. The rate was 77.9 percent in the 2006 national foodstuffs sample survey, and it rose to 85.1 percent in a similar survey in the first half of 2007. The level of food quality and safety remains stable, with a gradual upturn.

　　二是全国各省、自治区、直辖市食品质量呈共同提高的格局。2007年上半年全国31个省、自治区、直辖市食品质量平均合格率为89.2%，其中有14个省达到90%以上。

Two, the quality of food produced nationwide is improving. In the first half of 2007, the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government on the mainland of China reported an average 89.2-percent acceptance rate of foodstuffs, and the figure in 14 of them surpassed 90 percent.

　　三是重点行业的食品质量达到较高水平。经过对食品生产加工企业的专项整顿，中国28大类525种食品质量安全水平都有不同程度的提高，特别是日常大量消费的重点行业的食品质量提高显著。据统计，中国消费量最大的前10类食品分别为：食用油、油脂及制品，酒类，水产制品，粮食加工品，饮料，肉制品，乳制品，调味品，淀粉及淀粉制品，食糖。2007年上半年，除水产制品抽样合格率为85%外，其余9类食品专项抽查合格率均在90%以上，肉制品抽样合格率达到97.6%（见图3）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Three, the quality of food in key sectors is fairly high. Thanks to the country's endeavors to improve the work of food producers and processors, the quality of 525 kinds of foodstuffs in 28 categories has been enhanced to various degrees, with remarkable progress in the quality of food with a large daily consumption. According to statistics, the ten foodstuffs with the largest consumption are edible oil, fat and fat products; alcoholic beverages; aquatic products; processed grain products; soft drinks; meat products; dairy products; seasonings; starch and starch products; and sugar. In the first half of 2007, sample surveys showed a 90-percent or higher acceptance rate of all the above ten foodstuffs except aquatic products, whose acceptance rate was 85 percent. That of meat products was 97.6 percent.

3．优质食品成为市场主导产品

(3) Quality Food Dominating the Market

　　随着食品产业的发展，食品企业规模不断扩大，生产集中度不断提高，大中型企业产品质量优良。2006年，销售收入排名前100家的食品企业销售总额占全行业比重达24.9%；乳制品行业10强企业销售收入占全行业的54.7%；饮料行业10强企业产量占全行业的39.5%；制糖行业10强企业产量占全行业的43.6%；肉制品50强企业的生产能力和销售量占整个行业的70%；啤酒行业中100万千升以上的8家企业集团产量占全国总产量的57%；葡萄酒产量前10位的企业占全国葡萄酒产量的62.1%；方便面行业中最大的3家中国名牌企业占据中国国内市场份额的76%。

Along with the development of the food industry, the scale of food producers keeps growing, production is becoming more concentrated, and the quality of foodstuffs of large and medium-sized producers is sound. In 2006, the top 100 revenue earners held 24.9 percent of the total sales of the food industry; the top ten dairy producers generated 54.7 percent of the total revenue of the dairy industry; the top ten soft-drink producers generated 39.5 percent of the total output of that industry; the top ten sugar makers produced 43.6 percent of the total output of the sugar industry; the top 50 meat producers accounted for 70 percent of that industry in terms of production capacity and sales; the eight beer brewery groups, each with a production capacity of over one million kl, produced 57 percent of the national beer output; the ten largest wineries produced 62.1 percent of the national output; and the three largest instant noodle producers occupied 76 percent of the Chinese market.

（二）农产品质量安全稳步提高

    2. The Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products Is Steadily Improving

1．安全优质的品牌农产品快速发展

(1) Fast Growth of High-quality and Safe Brands

优质品牌农产品市场占有率稳步提高。农业标准化能力显著提高，促进了农民增收和农业生产方式的转变。无公害、绿色、有机等品牌农产品已成为出口农产品的主体，占到出口农产品的90%。近5年来，绿色食品出口以年均40%以上的速度增长，已得到40多个贸易国的认可。截至目前，全国有无公害农产品28600个，认定无公害农产品产地24600个，面积2107万公顷；有5315家企业使用绿色食品标志，产品14339个，实物总量7200万吨，认证产地面积1000万公顷；经认证的有机食品标志使用企业600家，产品总数2647个，实物总量1956万吨，认证面积311万公顷；有国家级农业标准化示范区539个，农业标准化示范县（场）100个，省级标准化示范区近3500个，带动种植面积超过3333万公顷。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Quality agricultural products are steadily expanding their market. Agricultural standardization has been notably enhanced, which increases farmers' income and changes their farming patterns. Hazard-free, green and organic products make up 90 percent of all agricultural-product exports. Over the past five years, the export of green food has shot up 40 percent annually, and has been accepted by over 40 of China's trading partners. So far, China has developed 28,600 kinds of hazard-free agricultural products, and set up 24,600 hazard-free production bases with a total area of 21.07 million hectares. Five thousand three hundred and fifteen Chinese enterprises use the green food logo on their 14,339 kinds of products totaling 72 million tons and grown on 10 million hectares of land. In addition, 600 producers use the organic food logo on their 2,647 kinds of products totaling 19.56 million tons and grown on 3.11 million hectares of land. Altogether, there are 539 state-level agricultural demonstration zones, 100 demonstration counties (farms) and nearly 3,500 provincial-level demonstration zones, with a combined growing area exceeding 33.33 million hectares.

2．农产品质量合格率持续上升

(2) Acceptance Rate of Agricultural Products Rising Continuously

根据2007年上半年的监测结果，蔬菜中农药残留平均合格率为93.6%；畜产品中“瘦肉精”污染和磺胺类药物残留监测平均合格率分别为98.8%和99.0%；水产品中氯霉素污染的平均合格率为99.6%，硝基呋喃类代谢物污染监测合格率为91.4%，产地药残抽检合格率稳定在95%以上。

Inspections in the first half of 2007 showed that the average acceptance rate regarding pesticide residues in vegetables was 93.6 percent; those regarding clenbuterol hydrochloride contamination and sulfa drug residues in livestock products was 98.8 percent and 99.0 percent respectively; and that regarding chloromycetin in aquatic products was 99.6 percent, of nitrofuran 91.4 percent, and of pesticide residue over 95 percent in sample surveys done at production bases.

（三）进出口食品质量保持高水平

3. The Quality of Imported and Exported Foodstuffs Stays High

中国是食品进出口大国，多年来食品进出口不断增长。2006年，食品进出口贸易总额为404.48亿美元（不包括小麦、玉米、大豆等农产品，下同），同比增长了21.45%（见图4）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is a large importer and exporter of foodstuffs, with the amount of each growing steadily in recent years. The import and export volume in 2006 totaled US$40.448 billion-worth (excluding wheat, corn and soybean, same below), up 21.45 percent year on year.

1． 出口食品安全得到保障

(1) Safety of Export Food Guaranteed

2006年，中国出口食品2417.3万吨，货值266.59亿美元，同比分别增长了13.29%和16.0%；出口食品货值列前10位的品种分别为：水产品、水产制品、蔬菜、罐头、果汁及饮料、粮食制品、调味料、禽肉制品、酒、畜肉及杂碎（见图5）。

In 2006, China exported 24.173 million tons of food, worth US$26.659 billion, up 13.29 percent and 16.0 percent year on year, respectively. The top ten varieties in terms of export value were aquatic products, processed aquatic products, vegetables, canned food, juices and drinks, processed grain products, seasonings, poultry products, alcoholic beverages, and livestock meat and chopped entrails.

中国食品出口到200多个国家和地区，按贸易额排序前10位的国家和地区依次是：日本、美国、韩国、香港、俄罗斯、德国、马来西亚、荷兰、印度尼西亚、英国（见图6）。

Foodstuffs of the mainland of China have been exported to more than 200 countries and regions, of which the top ten in terms of trade volume are Japan, the US, the ROK, Hong Kong, Russia, Germany, Malaysia, Holland, Indonesia and the UK.

多年来，中国出口食品合格率一直保持在99%以上。据统计，2006年和2007年上半年，出口到美国的食品分别为9.4万批和5.5万批，被美国检出的不合格食品分别为752批和477批，合格率分别为99.2%和99.1%；出口到欧盟的食品分别为9.1万批和6.2万批，被欧盟检出的不合格食品分别为91批和135批，合格率分别为99.9%和99.8%。日本是中国最大的食品进口国，2007年7月20日，日本厚生劳动省公布的日本2006年进口食品监控统计报告显示，日本对中国食品的抽检率最高，达15.7%，但中国输日食品的抽检合格率也最高，达99.42%；其次是欧盟（99.38%）；第三是美国（98.69%）。中国香港特别行政区的食品主要来自内地。香港特区食物环境卫生署2007年上半年两次大规模食品抽样检测表明，香港地区食品整体合格率分别为99.2%和99.6%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

For many years, over 99 percent of China's exported foodstuffs have been up to standard. In 2006 and the first half of 2007, China exported to the US some 94,000 batches and 55,000 batches of foodstuffs, respectively, and 752 batches and 477 batches of each were found by the US to be substandard, making the acceptance rate99.2 percent and 99.1 percent, respectively. In the case of the EU, the figures were 91,000 batches and 62,000 batches, with 91 batches and 135 batches found by the EU to be substandard, making the acceptance rate 99.9 percent and 99.8 percent, respectively. On July 20, 2007, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan, the largest importer of Chinese food, released an examination report on food imported from China in 2006, which showed that Japan conducted more sample surveys on Chinese food (15.7 percent) than on food from anywhere else, but Chinese food had the highest acceptance rate (99.42 percent), followed by that imported from the EU (99.38 percent) and the US (98.69 percent). The mainland of China is a major supplier of food for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Two large food sample surveys conducted by Hong Kong's Food and Environmental Hygiene Department in the first half of 2007 showed that the acceptance rate stood at99.2 percent and 99.6 percent, respectively.

2．进口食品质量安全水平保持稳定

    (2) Quality of Imported Food Stable

2006年，中国进口食品2027.3万吨，货值133.96亿美元，同比分别增长了7.94%和25.11%。进口食品货值列前10位的品种分别是：植物油、水产品、谷物、食糖、乳制品、酒、烟草及制品、禽肉及杂碎、油料作物、粮食制品（见图7）。

In 2006, China imported 20.273 million tons of food, worth US$13.396 billion, up 37.94 percent and 25.11 percent year on year, respectively. The top ten varieties in terms of import value were vegetable oil, aquatic products, cereals, sugar, dairy products, alcoholic beverages, tobacco and associated products, poultry and chopped entrails, oil crops, and processed grain products.
　　中国的进口食品来自世界上143个国家和地区，向中国出口食品货值列前10位的国家分别为：马来西亚、俄罗斯、美国、印度尼西亚、阿根廷、泰国、澳大利亚、新西兰、巴西、法国（见图8）。

China imports foodstuffs from 143 countries and regions, and the top ten in terms of trade value are Malaysia, Russia, the US, Indonesia, Argentina, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil and France.
　　多年来，中国进口食品的质量总体平稳，没有发生过因进口食品质量安全引起的严重质量安全事故。2004年、2005年、2006年和2007年上半年，进口食品口岸检验检疫合格率分别为99.29%、99.46%、99.11%和99.29%。

For many years, the quality of food China imports has been fairly stable, and no serious hazard has been caused by imported food. During the period from 2004 to the first half of 2007, the acceptance rate of imported food, according to statistics released by the ports of entry, were 99.29 percent (2004), 99.46 percent (2005), 99.11 percent (2006) and 99.29 percent (first half of 2007), respectively.

二、食品监管体制和监管工作

    II. Food Safety Regulatory System and Work

为保障食品安全，中国政府树立了全程监管的理念，坚持预防为主、源头治理的工作思路，形成了“全国统一领导，地方政府负责，部门指导协调，各方联合行动”的监管工作格局。根据中国国情，2004年国务院发布了《国务院关于进一步加强食品安全监管工作的决定》，按照一个监管环节由一个部门监管的分工原则，采取分段监管为主、品种监管为辅的方式，进一步理顺了有关食品安全监管部门的职能，明确了责任。该决定将食品安全监管分为四个环节，分别由农业、质检、工商、卫生等四个部门实施。其中初级农产品生产环节的监管由农业部门负责，食品生产加工环节的质量监督和日常卫生监管由质检部门负责，食品流通环节的监管由工商部门负责，餐饮业和食堂等消费环节的监管由卫生部门负责，食品安全的综合监督、组织协调和依法组织查处重大事故由食品药品监管部门负责，进出口农产品和食品监管由质检部门负责。各食品安全监管部门分工明确，密切配合，相互衔接，形成了严密、完整的监管体系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To ensure food safety, the Chinese government adheres to the principle of giving priority to prevention and control at its root by monitoring and controlling the whole process, and has formed a regulatory format in which the local governments take the responsibility, related departments provide guidance and conduct coordination, and different sectors make concerted efforts under the unified national leadership. In response to the circumstances in China, the State Council issued the Decision on Further Strengthening Food Safety Supervision in 2004, according to which one monitoring link is supervised by one department; sectional supervision is adopted as the main means while supervision of different varieties as the supplementary means, making clearer the functions and responsibilities of the food safety supervisory departments. The Decision divided food safety supervision into four links, managed by the departments of agriculture, quality supervision and inspection, industry and commerce, and health, respectively. The production of primary agricultural products is supervised by the agriculture department, the quality and daily hygiene supervision of food processing is overseen by the quality supervision and inspection department, supervision of food circulation and distribution is done by the department of industry and commerce, and that of the catering industry and canteens is taken care of by the health department. The integrated food-safety supervision and coordination, and investigation of and penalties imposed for major incidents in this regard are the responsibility of the department of food and drug administration, while imported and exported agricultural products and other foodstuffs are supervised by the quality supervision and inspection department. In this way, there is a strict, complete regulatory system for food safety supervision in which the departments concerned work in close cooperation, with clearly defined functions and responsibilities.
　　加强食品安全监管是一项长期艰巨的任务，必须立足当前，规划长远，标本兼治，着力治本，建立健全监管制度和长效机制。中国政府坚持从源头狠抓食品质量安全，完善食品监管的各项基本制度，强化食品安全监管。

As it is a prolonged and arduous task to strengthen food safety control, a regulatory system and a lasting efficiency mechanism should be established and improved, and planned with consideration given to both present and future needs to deal with both the symptoms and root causes of food safety problems, especially the latter. The Chinese government stresses food safety from the source, improvement of the related basic regulatory systems, and strengthening of food safety supervision.
　　（一）强化农产品质量安全工作

1. Intensifying Supervision on the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products
　　2001年中国启动实施了“无公害食品行动计划”，以蔬菜中高毒农药残留和畜产品中“瘦肉精”污染控制为重点，着力解决人民最为关心的高毒农药、兽药违规使用和残留超标问题；以农业投入品、农产品生产、市场准入三个环节管理为关键点，推动从农田到市场的全程监管；以开展例行监测为抓手，推动各地增强质量安全意识，落实管理责任；以推进标准化为载体，提高农产品质量安全生产和管理水平。目前，农产品质量安全保障体系日益完善，监管能力逐步增强，农业标准化水平显著提高，以确保农产品质量安全为目标的服务、管理、监督、处罚、应急五位一体的工作机制逐步形成。

In 2001, China started to implement the Hazard-free Food Action Plan, focusing on the control of residue of high-toxic pesticides in vegetables and clenbuterol hydrochloride contamination in livestock products, to address the most concerned problems of illegal use of high-toxic pesticide and veterinary medicines, as well as violations of residue standards. The Plan stipulates a complete supervisory process from farmland to market by emphasizing the three key aspects of materials used in farming, production and market excess. By carrying out regular monitoring and inspection, the Plan aims at enhancing people's awareness of food quality and safety, ensuring management responsibility, and improving the levels of management and quality and safety of agricultural products by means of standardization. Today, the system for securing the quality and safety of agricultural products is improving, with steadily strengthened supervisory capacity and notable progress in agricultural standardization, leading to the formation of a work mechanism integrating service, management, supervision, penalty and emergency response, to ensure the quality and safety of agricultural products.
　　（二）建立并严格实施食品质量安全市场准入制度

2. Establishing and Strictly Implementing Market Access Systems for Food Quality and Safety
　　中国政府于2001年建立了食品质量安全市场准入制度。这项制度主要包括三项内容：一是生产许可制度，即要求食品生产加工企业具备原材料进厂把关、生产设备、工艺流程、产品标准、检验设备与能力、环境条件、质量管理、储存运输、包装标识、生产人员等保证食品质量安全的必备条件，取得食品生产许可证后，方可生产销售食品；二是强制检验制度，即要求企业履行食品必须经检验合格方能出厂销售的法律义务；三是市场准入标志制度，即要求企业对合格食品加贴QS（质量安全）标志，对食品质量安全进行承诺。按照分步实施的原则，截止到2007年上半年，共向生产企业颁发了10.7万张食品生产许可证，获证企业食品的市场占有率达到同类食品的90%以上。同时，加强对获得食品生产许可证企业的监管。截止到2007年6月底，共撤回、撤销、吊销和注销了1276张达不到标准的食品生产许可证。根据食品生产企业取得生产许可证的进度，国家质检总局分批公布了获证产品的生产企业名单，分期公告了未获证和无QS标志食品不得进入市场销售，警示消费者不要使用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The food quality and safety market access systems established by the Chinese government in 2001 comprise three major ones. One, the production license system, which requires that food-processing enterprises cannot produce and market their products without having the capability to control the source materials' quality, and the adequate conditions to ensure food quality and safety in terms of production equipment, technological flow, product standardization, testing equipment and capability, environment, quality control, storage and transportation, packaging and labeling, and production staff. Enterprises can produce and sell food only after obtaining a food production license. Two, the compulsory inspection system, which means that enterprises have the legal obligation to ensure that their food products pass quality inspection before entering the market. Three, the market access labeling system, i.e., enterprises are required to put on food products the QS label, guaranteeing their quality and safety. Following the principle of phased implementation, by the end of June 2007, some 107,000 food production licenses had been issued to enterprises, which took up over 90 percent of the market of their trades. Meanwhile, supervision has been strengthened over enterprises with food production licenses. By the end of June 2007,1,276 food production licenses had been withdrawn, cancelled, revoked or nullified for substandard food products. In pace with the growing number of enterprises obtaining the license, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has released lists of such enterprises, making clear that producers without the license and products without the QS label must not enter the market, and warning consumers not to use such products.
　　（三）加大食品质量国家监督抽查力度

3. Intensifying State Supervision by Sample Survey for Food Quality
　　中国政府对食品实行以抽查为主要方式的监督检查制度。这项制度自1985年建立以来，不断加大力度，突出重点，提高有效性。近年来，重点抽查了乳制品、肉制品、茶叶、饮料、粮油等日常消费的主要食品，重点对食品生产集中地的企业、小作坊进行了抽查，重点检验了食品的微生物、添加剂、重金属等卫生指标，并对质量不稳定的小企业重点进行了跟踪抽查。通过加大抽查频次，扩大抽查覆盖面，基本实现了抽查一类产品、整顿一个行业的目标。2006年至2007年上半年，共对7880家企业的11104批次食品进行了国家监督抽查。同时，对抽查中发现有问题的产品和生产企业，加大了整改、处罚的力度。一是严格执行公告制度。对抽查中发现质量问题严重的355家企业355批次产品公开曝光，同时，积极宣传“优秀企业、优质产品、优良品牌”，240家获得“中国名牌”和548家获得“国家免检”称号的产品得到消费者的普遍赞誉。二是严格执行整改制度。对不合格产品的生产企业，督促严格整改，按时复查，复查不合格的，责令停产整顿，整顿期满后再次复查仍不合格的，吊销营业执照。三是严格实行处罚制度。对在食品中掺杂、掺假、以假充真、以次充好的，责令停止生产，没收违法生产的食品，情节严重的移送司法机关追究法律责任。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government carries out a food supervision and inspection system mainly by means of sample survey. Since it was set up in 1985, the system has been strengthened and become more focused to enhance its efficiency. In recent years, daily-consumption food items, such as dairy products, meat products, tea, beverages, grain and edible oil, have become the major targets of sample surveys, especially those produced in workshops and enterprises located in concentrated food-producing areas. Special attention has been given to the hygienic indices of microorganisms, additives and heavy metals in food, and to follow-up inspections of small enterprises with unstable product quality. By increasing sample survey frequency and coverage, the goal of rectifying producers of the same type of food by means of sample survey has been by and large met. The state supervisory sample surveys were carried out on 11,104 batches of foodstuffs produced by 7,880 enterprises from 2006 to June 2007. Meanwhile, greater efforts have been made to rectify and punish enterprises turning out substandard products, and to set things straight by means of the following: First, strictly implementing the public announcement system. Three hundred and fifty-five batches of food with serious quality problems produced by 355 enterprises were found in sample surveys and publicly announced. At the same time, publicity is given to good enterprises, quality products and sound brands. Two hundred and forty products winning the title of "Famous Chinese Brand" and 548 freed-from-inspection products have become popular among consumers. Second, strictly carrying out the rectification system. Enterprises with substandard products are urged to rectify themselves strictly, to be examined again in due course. If problems persist, they will be ordered to stop production for an overhaul. If they still cannot pass the inspection after the overhaul, their business licenses will be revoked. Third, strictly implementing the penalty system. Producers who mix impurities or imitations with their products, or pass fake or defective products off as genuine ones will be ordered to stop production, and their products be confiscated. Legal liabilities will be imposed in serious cases by the judicial organs.
　　（四）加强对食品小作坊的专项整治力度

 4. Intensifying Rectification of Food Workshops
　　中国存在的地区差异、城乡差异等决定了对食品生产加工小作坊的监管是一项长期、艰巨的工作。目前，10人以下的食品生产加工小作坊是食品质量安全监管的重点和难点。对从事传统、低风险食品加工的小作坊，中国坚持“监管、规范、引导、便民”的工作原则，一方面通过关停并转等方式，让小作坊尽快达到市场准入条件；另一方面强化监管措施，防止食品安全事故发生。近年来对小企业小作坊重点实施了四个方面的监管：一是基本条件改造，达不到要求的不得生产；二是限制销售范围，小作坊生产加工的食品销售范围不得超出乡镇行政区域，不准进入商场、超市销售；三是严格限制预包装，小作坊生产的食品在获得市场准入资格之前不得使用相应包装，防止其乔装打扮混入市场；四是公开承诺，小作坊必须向社会公开承诺不使用非食品原料，不滥用添加剂，不使用回收食品作原料，产品不进入商场、超市销售，不超出承诺区域销售，确保食品达到最基本的安全卫生要求。经过整治，2006年食品小作坊的平均抽样合格率提高到70.4%；截至2007年6月底，已取缔5631家，强制停产8814家，5385家整改后达到准入要求。

Regional differences and disparities between urban and rural areas in China make the supervision of food workshops a prolonged and arduous task. At present, food workshops with fewer than ten employees are the ones that pose the most difficult problem for ensuring food quality and safety. For workshops engaged in traditional, low-risk food processing, the government sticks to the principle of supervision and standardization while giving guidance to such workshops for consumers' convenience. On the one hand, the government has tried to upgrade them to the market-access requirements by means of shutdown, stoppage of production, merging or changing line of business; on the other, more stringent supervisory measures have been taken to prevent food safety accidents. In recent years, supervision of workshops and small enterprises has been conducted mainly in four aspects: One, transformation of basic work conditions. Workshops cannot start production without meeting the requirements. Two, restrictions on market scope. Food products processed by such small workshops are not allowed to sell outside the administrative areas of townships or towns in which they are located, not allowed to enter shopping centers and supermarkets. Three, restrictions on food packaging. Before obtaining a market access permit, food products from the workshops are not allowed to have marketing package, so that they cannot enter the market disguised as licensed goods. Four, public undertaking. Food workshops must undertake to the public that they do not use any non-food materials, misuse additives, use recycled food, send their products to shopping centers or supermarkets, or market their products beyond the approved region, and guarantee that their food products meet the basic safety and hygienic standards. After such rectifications, the average acceptance rate in sample surveys of food workshops rose to 70.4 percent in 2006. By the end of June 2007, 5,631 workshops had been closed down, 8,814 had been made to suspend production, and 5,385 had reached the requirements after rectification.
　　（五）推行食品安全区域监管责任制

5. Promoting the Responsibility System for Regional Food Safety Control
　　建立并实施了以“三员四定、三进四图、两书一报告”为主要内容的食品安全区域监管责任制。“三员四定”即按照定人、定责、定区域、定企业的方式，确定质检部门食品安全监管员到乡镇（办事处）负责食品生产加工企业的具体监管工作，乡镇政府协管员协助开展食品质量安全监管工作，社会信息员收集提供各种食品质量安全违法信息。“三进四图”即进村、进户、进企业，调查摸底，建立食品生产加工企业档案，制定企业变化动态图、食品行业分布图、监管责任落实图、食品安全警示图，实施动态监管。“两书一报告”即政府签订责任书，企业签订承诺书，质检部门定期写出食品安全报告。截至2007年6月底，全国31个省、自治区、直辖市共建立食品安全监管责任区16030个，确定食品安全专职监督员25346人，聘请政府协管员72474人，聘请社会信息员106573人。2006年，各级质检部门共对食品生产加工企业进行了90万次巡查。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The responsibility system for regional food safety control mainly comprises the following aspects. First, to have specified persons responsible for specified regions and enterprises. The system requires that food safety inspectors of the quality supervision and inspection department go to the townships to supervise the food-processing enterprises; township government coordinators assist the inspectors in supervising food quality and safety; and local reporters bring to attention anything illegal regarding food quality and safety. The number of inspectors, coordinators and local reporters must be fixed, their duties defined, and their working areas and inspecting enterprises designated. Second, the system requires "three enters" and "four graphs." The former refers to entering villages, households and enterprises to find out their working conditions and set up files of food producers and processors; the latter refers to drawing up a graph showing dynamic changes in enterprises, a graph showing the distribution of food producers and processors, a graph showing the implementation of supervisory duties, and a graph giving food safety precautions, so as to carry out proactive monitoring and control. Third, the system requires local governments to sign documents of responsibility, enterprises to sign letters of undertaking, and quality supervision and inspection departments to submit regular food safety reports. By the end of June 2007, a total of 16,030 food-safety supervision regions had been set up, 25,346 full-time food-safety inspectors had been put to work, 72,474 local government coordinators had been appointed, and 106,573 food-safety reporters had been recruited in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. In 2006, the quality supervision and inspection departments at various levels made 900,000 inspections of food producing and processing enterprises.
　　（六）加强食品流通领域的监管

6. Stepping up Supervision of the Food Circulation Sector
　　深入实施以“提倡绿色消费、培育绿色市场、开辟绿色通道”为主要内容的“三绿工程”，倡导现代流通组织方式和经营方式，大力发展连锁经营和物流配送；推进经销企业落实进货检查验收、索证索票、购销台账和质量承诺制度，以及市场开办者质量责任制；全面落实市场巡查制度，完善食品质量监测制度，严格实行不合格食品的退市、召回、销毁、公布制度；加强畜禽屠宰行业管理；打破地方封锁，鼓励质量优、信誉好、品牌知名度高的食品在全国流通；健全社区食品加工流通服务体系；强化食品安全标识和包装管理，集中力量整治食品假包装、假标识、假商标印制品。

The "Three Green Projects" have been vigorously promoted in China, advocating "green consumption, green markets and green channels." The government encourages modern modes of organization and management for circulation, positively supports the development of chain management and logistics provision; urges marketing enterprises to examine materials before accepting them, check business licenses, require invoices for purchases, keep accounts of transactions and honor their undertakings for food quality, as well as promotes market managers' food quality responsibility system; implements market inspection system in an all-around way; improves the food quality monitoring system, and strictly implements the system that substandard food must be withdrawn from the market and destroyed and made known to the public; strengthens administration over butchering of livestock and fowls, breaks down regional barriers and encourages the nationwide circulation of high-quality foodstuffs with good credit standing and prestigious brand names; improves food processing, circulation and service systems in communities; strengthens the management of the use of genuine food safety labels and standard packaging, and concentrates efforts to crack down on printing of fake packaging, labels and trademarks.
　　（七）加大餐饮等消费环节的食品安全监管力度

7. Intensifying Supervision of Food Safety in Catering Industry
　　餐饮卫生是食品安全的重要环节。中国政府在餐饮业卫生监管方面所做的主要工作包括，一是加大对餐饮卫生的监管力度，制定并落实《餐饮业和集体用餐配送单位卫生规范》，实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度，加强餐饮环节监管。二是推进餐饮业、食堂全面实施食品卫生监督量化分级管理制度，完善和加强食品污染物监测和食源性疾病监测体系建设。三是加大对违法犯罪行为的打击力度，查处大案要案，并及时向社会通报。据不完全统计，2006年全年，卫生部门检查各类餐饮单位和学校集体食堂204万余户次，查处涉嫌非法生产经营食品案件4.5万余件，取缔无卫生许可证生产经营单位2.5万余户。四是加强学校卫生工作，部署开展全国学校食品卫生、饮用水卫生、传染病防治专项检查工作，预防食物中毒和肠道传染病。五是开展食品危险性评估，科学发布食品安全预警和评估信息。

Hygiene in the catering industry is vital for food safety. In this regard, the Chinese government has primarily done the following: One, it has intensified supervision on hygiene in the catering industry, promulgated and put into effect the Hygienic Standards for the Catering Industry and Group Food Service Providers, adopted a quantified and classified supervisory system for food hygiene management, and strengthened supervision on each link of the catering industry. Two, it has urged the catering industry and canteens to implement the quantified and classified supervisory system for food hygiene management in an all-around way, improved and strengthened monitoring of food contamination and building of a monitoring system on diseases caused by contaminated food. Three, it has intensified crackdown on activities in violation of food safety law, investigated and dealt with serious cases and timely made them known to the public. In 2006, the health departments inspected 2.04 million catering entities of various types and school canteens, dealt with 45,000 cases of illegal food processing and sale and closed down 25,000 food processors and sellers that had been operating without hygiene permits. Four, it has strengthened efforts on hygienic work in schools, directed and carried out special inspections on food and drinking water hygiene, and prevention and treatment of contagious diseases in schools all over the country, as well as prevention of food poisoning and the spread of communicable intestinal diseases. Five, it has conducted food-related jeopardy assessment and issued early warnings for food safety problems on a scientific basis and provided food assessment information.
　　（八）全面开展食品质量安全专项整治

8. Carrying out Rectification in Respect of Food Quality and Safety in an All-around Way
　　为解决一些地区、一些食品的假冒伪劣问题，全面开展了食品质量安全区域整治。组织实施了“百千万工程”，围绕确定的重点区域、重点加工点、重点加工户及加工的食品，采取构建食品安全监管网络、加强标准和检测等技术力量建设、加强对企业的技术服务、推动组建食品行业协会、加大执法打假力度等措施，解决了一批区域性制售假冒伪劣问题。同时，工商、质检部门不断加大食品执法打假工作力度，以食品质量安全为主线，突出生产加工源头，部署开展专项执法打假行动，严厉打击使用非食品原料生产加工食品和滥用食品添加剂的违法行为，严厉打击证照皆无的制假制劣黑窝点。2006年，质检部门立案查处食品违法案件4.9万起，查获假冒伪劣食品货值金额4.5亿元人民币。工商部门在食品安全专项整治中，共出动执法人员560万人次，检查重点食品市场1.6万个，检查食品经营主体1040万户次，取缔无照经营15.18万户，吊销营业执照4629户，查处制售假冒伪劣食品案件6.8万件，移送司法机关处理案件48件，对1.55万吨不合格食品实施了退市。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In order to crack down on the spread of counterfeit and shoddy foodstuffs in certain regions, special comprehensive rectification campaigns were launched in these regions for food quality and safety. The Chinese government has conducted a special project involving hundreds of regions, thousands of townships and tens of thousands of food producers and processors. Targeting key regions, food processing venues and households and their products, the project has resolved the regional problem of producing and selling fake and inferior goods by establishing a food safety monitoring network, stepping up efforts in building up the technological forces such as standardization and monitoring technology, improving technical services for enterprises, promoting the setting up of food industry associations, and intensifying law enforcement and making more stringent efforts to crack down on the production and sale of counterfeit and faulty food. Meanwhile, the departments of industry and commerce as well as quality supervision and inspection keep intensifying law enforcement and, with focus on food quality and safety, direct and conduct special law enforcement actions against activities in producing and processing counterfeit food-related items at the source, strictly crack down on illegal activities such as production of food with non-food materials and misuse of additives in food, as well as food producers with neither a business license nor food-processing permit. In 2006, the quality supervision and inspection departments handled 49,000 illegal operations in this field, confiscating counterfeit and shoddy foodstuffs worth 450 million yuan. In the same year, the departments of industry and commerce sent 5.6 million person/times for law enforcement and inspected 16,000 key food markets and 10.4 million food operating business/times, closed down 151,800 unlicensed businesses, revoked4,629 business licenses, investigated and dealt with 68,000 cases of production and sale of counterfeit and shoddy food, of which 48cases were referred to the relevant judicial organs, and ordered 15,500 tons of substandard foodstuffs off the market.
　　（九）强化风险预警和应急反应机制建设

9. Beefing up the Construction of a Risk-warning and Emergency-response System
　　建立了全国食品安全风险快速预警与快速反应系统，积极开展食品生产加工、流通、消费环节风险监控，通过动态收集和分析食品安全信息，初步实现了对食品安全问题的早发现、早预警、早控制和早处理。建立了一套行之有效的快速反应机制，包括风险信息的收集、分析、预警和快速反应，做到立即报告、迅速介入、科学判断、妥善处置。

The Chinese government has established a nationwide quick risk warning and responding system in respect of food safety, actively conducted risk monitoring and control in food production, processing, circulation and consumption, and preliminarily realized the early discovery, early warning, early control and early treatment of food-safety problems through efficient collection and analysis of information on food safety. It has also established a rapid and efficient response mechanism covering the collection and analysis of risk-related information, issuing warnings and rapid responses so that it is possible to provide prompt reports, take swift action, make accurate judgment and mete out appropriate measures.
　　（十）建立健全食品召回制度

10. Establishing and Improving a Food Recall System
　　这项制度分为主动召回和责令召回两种形式，规定食品生产加工企业是食品召回的责任主体，要求食品生产者如果确认其生产的食品存在安全危害，应当立即停止生产和销售，主动实施召回；对于故意隐瞒食品安全危害、不履行召回义务或生产者过错造成食品安全危害扩大或再度发生的，将责令生产者召回产品。近年来，国家质检总局在开展食品监督抽查和执法检查中，对发现存在致病菌、化学性污染、使用非食品原料等重大安全隐患的食品加大了召回力度，对于造成严重后果的，吊销了生产企业的食品生产许可证，降低了不安全食品可能带来的危害，切实维护了广大消费者的健康安全。

This system comprises two aspects: active recall and instructed recall. The system stipulates that it is the responsibility of food producing and processing enterprises to recall their products if necessary, requires that food producers should instantly put a halt to the production and selling of their products if they suspect any safety risk in their food products, and take the initiative to recall such food products. Producers who purposely conceal food hazards or do not perform their recall obligations, or whose faulty production has extended such hazards or made them recur, will be instructed to recall their products. In recent years, in conducting food sample surveys and law enforcement, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has become more stringent in demanding food recall when major food-safety hazards, such as pathogenic bacteria, chemical pollutant or non-food materials, are found in food products. Toward those food producing enterprises causing serious consequences, the Administration has revoked their licenses, thus reducing hazards that might be caused by unsafe food and safeguarding the health and safety of consumers.
　　（十一）加强食品安全诚信体系建设

 11. Improving the Food Safety Credit System
　　中国政府重视食品质量安全诚信体系建设，初步建立了企业食品安全诚信档案，建立了食品生产加工企业红黑榜制度，并充分发挥各类商会、协会的作用，促进食品行业的自律。大力实施扶优扶强措施，采取政策、行政、经济的手段，对重信誉、讲诚信的企业给予激励，努力营造食品安全的诚信环境，创造食品安全诚信文化，增强全社会食品安全诚信意识。逐步完善食品安全诚信运行机制，全面发挥食品安全诚信体系对食品安全工作的规范、引导、督促功能。加强企业食品安全诚信档案建设，推行食品安全诚信分类监管，重点建立食品生产经营主体登记档案信息系统和食品生产经营主体诚信分类数据库，广泛收集食品生产经营主体准入信息、食品安全监管信息、消费者申诉举报信息，做到掌握情况，监管有效。近年来，采用最新网络技术，对食品质量安全实施电子监管网终端查询，及时、方便、快捷、有效地辨别食品真伪，维护了消费者利益，打击了假冒伪劣行为，促进了企业诚信建设。

The Chinese government pays great attention to the construction of the credit system for food safety, and has set up the preliminary credit records for food-producing enterprises, as well as a system to publicize the honor rolls and blacklists of food producers and processors. Meanwhile, the functions of chambers of commerce and trade associations have been brought into full play to promote self-discipline in the food industry. By giving backing to excellent and competent enterprises, the government supports and helps good and strong enterprises by legislative, administrative and economic means to create an honest environment for food safety, and to enhance people's awareness of honesty in this regard. It has made great efforts in gradual improvement of this mechanism for food safety, and given full scope to its role in regulating, guiding and supervising food safety. It has built up files of credit records of food safety and promoted classified credit monitoring in the food industry. Emphasis is laid on the establishment of a registration and information system and a classified database of credit records of food producers and sellers, which collects information on food producers' and sellers' market access, food-safety control, and consumers' complaints and reports, to ensure an effective control based on adequate information. In recent years, the latest network technology has been used for this purpose, so that consumers may timely, easily, quickly and effectively distinguish counterfeits from genuine ones, which greatly helps safeguard consumers' interests, discourages the production and sale of fake foodstuffs and promotes honesty among enterprises in this industry.
　　多年来，中国食品生产种类不断增加，数量不断扩大，质量不断提高，保障了人民日益增长的消费需求，提高了人民的生活水平，促进了国民经济的发展。同时中国政府也清楚地看到由于受发展水平的制约，中国食品安全仍存在一些问题，今后将重点打击生产加工中偷工减料，掺杂使假，以假充真，以非食品原料、发霉变质原料加工食品，不按标准生产，滥用添加剂等违法行为，不断提高食品质量安全保障水平。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Over the years, the continuous growth of the food industry in terms of variety and quantity as well as the improvement of quality have helped satisfy the people's ever-increasing consumption demands, raised their living standard and promoted national economic development. However, the Chinese government is well aware that there are still problems with food safety, owing to the country's limited socio-economic development. In the days to come, penalties will be focused on those who produce shoddy products or products containing inferior materials or impurities, palm off counterfeits as genuine ones, process foodstuff with non-food or moldy materials, produce foodstuff in disregard of required standards and misuse additives in foodstuff, so as to continuously guarantee food safety and quality.

三、进出口食品的监管

    III. Supervision of Imported and Exported Food

（一）进口食品的监管

1. Supervision of Imported Food
　　经过多年的探索与实践，中国建立了一整套进口食品质量安全监管制度和保障措施，确保了进口食品的安全。

Exploration and practice over the years have enabled China to set up a complete framework of food quality and safety supervisory system and guarantee measures to ensure the safety of imported food.
　　——科学的风险管理制度。按照WTO/SPS协定及国际通行做法，中国政府对肉类、蔬菜等高风险进口食品实行基于风险管理的检验检疫准入制度，包括：对出口国申请向中国出口的高风险食品开展风险分析，对风险可接受的食品与出口国主管部门签署检验检疫议定书，对国外生产企业实施卫生注册，对动植物源性食品实施进境检疫审批等。如果出口国发生了动植物疫情疫病或严重的食品安全卫生问题，及时采取相应的风险管理措施，包括暂停可能受到影响的食品进口等。

-- Scientific risk management system. According to the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS) and common international practice, the Chinese government adopts an inspection and quarantine entry system based on risk management for high-risk imported food, such as meat and vegetable, which includes: making a risk analysis on the high-risk food that the exporting country applies to export to China; signing an inspection and quarantine agreement with the exporting country on food involving acceptable risks; carrying out hygiene registration for foreign food enterprises; and quarantining, examining and approving the imported food of animal and plant origin. If epidemic animal or plant diseases or severe food safety problems occur in the exporting country, China shall take timely risk management measures, including suspending food imports from that country.
　　——严格的检验检疫制度。进口食品到达口岸后，中国出入境检验检疫机构依法实施检验检疫，只有经检验检疫合格后方允许进口。入境地海关凭检验检疫机构签发的入境货物通关单办理进口食品的验放手续，之后在中国市场上销售。在检验检疫时如发现质量安全和卫生问题，立即对存在问题的食品依法采取相应的处理措施。2006年，出入境检验检疫机构在进口口岸共检出不合格进口食品2458批。2007年上半年，共检出896批，均依法作出退货、销毁或改作它用处理，确保进入中国市场的进口食品质量安全。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Strict inspection and quarantine system. When imported food arrives at the port of entry, the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities carry out inspection and quarantine in accordance with law, and approve the foodstuffs to be imported only if they meet the required standards; and the customs house clears the imported food upon the strength of the Customs Clearance List of Inward/Outward Goods as issued by the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities. Only then can the food be sold in the Chinese market. If safety or hygienic problems are found in the food when inspected and quarantined, corresponding measures are immediately taken. In 2006, Chinese entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities altogether found 2,458 batches of foodstuffs not meeting the standards at ports of entry. In the first half of 2007, some 896 were found, which were returned, destroyed or used in other ways according to law. Thus is the safety of food imported for the Chinese market assured.
　　——完善的质量安全监控制度。在依法对进口食品实施检验检疫的同时，对风险较高的食品以及在口岸检验中发现问题较多的食品和项目实行重点监控。对发现严重问题或多次发现同一问题的进口食品及时发出风险预警，采取包括提高抽样比例、增加检测项目、暂停进口在内的严格管制措施。

-- Complete quality and safety supervisory system. While carrying out inspection and quarantine in accordance with law, the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities pay special attention to higher-risk food and problematic foodstuffs as found in the inspection and quarantine at the ports of entry. The authorities promptly issue early warnings of risks when finding imported food with serious problems or the same type of imported food with repeated problems, and take such measures as increasing the proportion of sample survey, adding more items for inspection, and suspending import.
　　——严厉的打击非法进口制度。中国国家质检总局与海关总署建立了关检合作机制，联合打击非法进口食品行为。2006年与欧盟委员会签署了《中欧联合打击非法进出口食品行为合作安排》，明确了双方将通过开展信息通报、技术合作、专家互访和联合专项打击行动措施等，共同打击欺诈、夹带、非法转口、走私等非法进出口食品行为。2006年至2007年上半年，仅非法进口肉类就查获12292吨。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Strict system against illegal import. The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and the General Administration of Customs have set up a cooperation mechanism to jointly fight illegal food imports. In 2006, China signed with the European Union Commission the Arrangement for Cooperation on Joint Prevention of Illegal Actions in the Import and Export of Food, making it clear that the two sides will crack down on such illegal activities as deception, undeclared carrying, illegal transit and smuggling through exchanges of information, technological cooperation, mutual visits of experts and special joint actions. In 2006 and the first half of 2007, 12,292 tons of illegally imported meat were seized.
　　（二）出口食品的监管

2. Supervision of Exported Food
　　中国政府按照“预防为主、源头监管、全过程控制”的原则，建立健全了以“一个模式，十项制度”为主要内容的出口食品安全管理体系。

Following the principle of "prevention first, supervision at the source, and control throughout the process," the Chinese government has set up and improved an export-food safety management framework composed of "one pattern and ten systems."
　　一个模式，就是出口食品“公司＋基地＋标准化”生产管理模式。这个生产管理模式符合中国的国情，符合出口食品的实际，是出口食品质量的重要保障，也是企业走规模化、集约化和国际化发展的必由之路。经过多年的不懈努力，中国的主要出口食品，特别是肉类、水产、蔬菜等高风险食品基本实现了“公司＋基地＋标准化”。

"One pattern" refers to the managerial pattern for the production of export food -- "enterprise + base + standardization." This pattern conforms to China's reality and the actual situation in the field of export food, and thus is an important guarantee for the quality of such food. Besides, it is the only way for enterprises to aim for scale and intensive development in the international market. With unremitting efforts over many years, China has basically put this pattern in place for major export food items, especially high-risk foodstuffs such as meat, aquatic products and vegetable.
　　十项制度，包括源头监管三项：对种植养殖基地实施检验检疫备案管理制度、疫情疫病监测制度和农兽药残留监控制度；工厂监管三项：严格实施卫生注册制度，全面实行企业分类管理制度，稳步推行高风险食品大型出口生产企业驻厂检验检疫官制度；产品监管三项：对出口食品的法定检验检疫制度、质量追溯与不合格品召回制度、风险预警与快速反应制度；诚信建设一项：对出口食品企业实施红黑名单制度。

The "ten systems" are: three for supervision at the source -- the archiving management system for the inspection and quarantine of planting and breeding bases, the epidemic disease monitoring system, and the supervisory system for pesticide and veterinary medicine residue; three for factory supervision -- the hygiene registration system, the classified management system for enterprises, and the resident quarantine official system for large enterprises producing high-risk food for export; three for product supervision -- the legal inspection and quarantine system for export food, the system of quality tracing and substandard products recalling, and the early risk warning and quick response system; and one for credit building -- a red list and a blacklist for food export enterprises.
　　——加强种植养殖源头监管。为有效控制动植物疫情疫病风险和农兽药残留，从源头保障食品的质量安全和可追溯性，出入境检验检疫机构对存在疫情疫病和农兽药残留风险的出口食品原料基地实行检验检疫备案管理。只有获准备案的种植、养殖场的原料才可用于加工出口食品，所有获准备案的原料基地在国家质检总局网站上公布。截至目前获准备案的养殖场6031个，种植基地38万公顷。对备案基地加强疫情疫病的监测和防控，加强农业投入品的管理，实行严格的农兽药残留监控制度，使备案基地的疫情疫病问题和农兽药残留问题均得到了有效控制。近几年，全球范围内禽流感疫情高发，中国实施备案管理的养殖场无一发生疫情。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Strengthening supervision of planting and breeding at the source. To effectively control the risks of animal epidemics, plant diseases and pesticide and veterinary medicine residue, and guarantee food quality and safety and traceability at the source, the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities adopt the archiving management system for the inspection and quarantine of export food material bases with such risks. Only the raw materials of planting and breeding bases with archiving approval can be used in processed export food, and all the raw material bases with archiving approval are publicized on the website of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine. So far, 6,031 breeding farms and 380,000 hectares of planting bases have obtained such approval. For these bases, the relevant agencies strengthen supervision, prevention and control of epidemic diseases, exercise tight management of agricultural input materials, and enforce a strict supervision system over pesticide and veterinary medicine residue, so that these problems are brought under effective control. In recent years, bird flu has been found in many places around the world, but none at the bases under archiving management in China.
　　——加强食品生产企业监管。中国对所有出口食品生产企业实施卫生注册登记管理制度，只有获准卫生注册登记的企业方可从事出口食品生产加工。截至目前，获准卫生注册登记的企业共12714家，其中有3698家企业的HACCP体系通过出入境检验检疫机构验证。对获准卫生注册的生产加工企业，由各地出入境检验检疫机构统一实施日常监督管理，确保原料来自备案种植、养殖基地，确保生产加工活动符合要求。对肉类等高风险食品大型出口生产企业，出入境检验检疫机构根据需要派驻检验检疫官，实行驻厂监督管理。出口食品的包装上还要加贴符合要求的具有可追溯性的标签或标识，确保产品的可追溯性和对问题产品的召回。

-- Strengthening supervision of food producing enterprises. China has adopted a hygiene registration system for all enterprises producing export food, and an enterprise has to be granted such registration before engaging in the production of export food. So far, 12,714 enterprises have been registered, among which 3,698 have passed the HACCP certification of the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities. The local entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities carry out routine supervision and administration of the registered food producing and processing enterprises in a unified way to ensure that the raw materials come from archived planting and breeding bases, and that the production and processing meet the required standards. As regards large enterprises producing or processing high-risk export food such as meat, the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities send resident officials to supervise them when needed. The packaging of export food should be labeled with traceable signs according to requirements, so as to ensure the traceability of the products and recall of substandard products.
　　——加强食品出口前检验检疫。中国法律规定，所有出口食品只有经过检验检疫机构检验检疫合格后方可出口，出境地海关凭检验检疫机构签发的出境货物通关单办理出口食品的验放手续。对经检验检疫合格的出口食品，如进口国有要求，出入境检验检疫机构还要出具卫生证书，证明该批食品已经出入境检验检疫机构检验检疫合格，并注明生产企业名称、地址、卫生注册号、生产日期、出口日期、启运口岸、到达口岸等追溯信息。货物到达离境口岸后，口岸检验检疫机构还要对出口货物进行查验，检查货物是否完好，货证是否相符，确保货物的可追溯性。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Strengthening inspection and quarantine before the food is exported. As prescribed by Chinese laws, all food should meet the standards set by the inspection and quarantine authorities before being exported, and the customs houses at the ports of exit should clear the export food upon the strength of the Customs Clearance List of Outward Goods issued by the entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities. If it is demanded by the importing country, the relevant entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities should issue a hygiene certificate to prove that the food meets the required standards, and enter on the certificate the name, address, number of hygiene registration of the producing enterprise, date of production, date of export, loading port and destination port. When the goods arrive at the port of exit, the inspection and quarantine authorities at the port should examine the goods again, making sure they are intact and conform to the information on the certificate. All these measures guarantee the traceability of the food.
　　——加强出口企业诚信体系建设。全面实行出口企业质量承诺和红黑名单制度，着力强化企业产品质量第一责任人的意识，促进企业形成自我管理、自我约束、自觉诚信经营的良好机制。对自控体系健全有效、诚信度好、产品安全风险能够得到有效控制、在进口国享有良好声誉的企业，列入“优良企业名单”，给予优惠和鼓励政策；对于被进口国家或地区通报发生严重质量违规问题或逃避检验检疫，以及有欺骗检验检疫机构行为的出口企业，在依法处罚的同时，列入“违规企业名单”上网公布，促进出口企业增强自律意识。截至目前，列入“违规企业名单”的企业共55家。

-- Strengthening the construction of the export enterprise credit system. An export enterprise quality undertaking system and a red list and blacklist system for export enterprises are implemented in a comprehensive way, and efforts are being made to increase the awareness of the persons primarily responsible for product quality and help enterprises to form a mechanism of self-management, self-discipline and consciousness of operation in good faith. Included on the List of Sound Enterprises are those with a complete and effective control system, good faith, effective control over safety risks, and a good reputation in the importing countries. Such enterprises are granted favorable policy treatment. Enterprises with serious quality problems as reported by the importing countries or regions, or which have avoided inspection and quarantine or cheated the inspection and quarantine authorities are punished in accordance with the law and included in the List of Unlawful Enterprises and publicized on the Internet so as to enhance the self-disciplinary awareness of enterprises producing export food. So far, 55 enterprises have been put on the list.
　　多年来，质检、商务、海关、工商、税务等部门密切协作，促进了中国出口食品质量安全水平不断提高，以质优、味美、价廉的食品满足了国内外众多消费者对美食的追求。但也存在着少数企业无视中国和进口国的法律法规和标准规定，采取弄虚作假、偷梁换柱的手法，逃避检验检疫监管，通过非正常渠道出口的情况，致使有些掺杂使假、假冒伪劣不合格食品流入国外市场。中国政府将进一步加大打击的力度，坚决不让不合格食品流出国门。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Over the years, the departments of quality supervision and inspection, trade, customs, industry and commerce, and taxation have worked closely to promote the quality and safety level of food exported from China and satisfy numerous Chinese and foreign customers with high-quality, delicious and inexpensive foodstuffs. Yet, there are still a tiny number of enterprises that disregard the law, regulations and standards of China and importing countries and, by deception or fraud, avoid supervision by the inspection and quarantine authorities, or export food by improper channels. Consequently, some adulterated, counterfeit or shoddy foodstuffs have found their way from China into foreign markets. The Chinese government is determined to step up the fight against such activities and prevent substandard foodstuffs from going overseas.

四、食品安全法律法规和技术保障体系

IV. Law Regime and Technological Guarantee System for Food Safety

（一）食品安全法律法规体系日趋完善

   1.Food Safety Law Regime Gradually Improved
　　目前，中国已建立了一套完整的食品安全法律法规体系，为保障食品安全、提升质量水平、规范进出口食品贸易秩序提供了坚实的基础和良好的环境。

China now has a complete law regime providing a sound foundation and good environment for guaranteeing food safety, improving food quality and regulating food imports and exports.
　　法律包括《中华人民共和国产品质量法》、《中华人民共和国标准化法》、《中华人民共和国计量法》、《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》、《中华人民共和国农产品质量安全法》、《中华人民共和国刑法》、《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》、《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法》、《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法》、《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》和《中华人民共和国动物防疫法》等。

The specific laws in this regard include the Product Quality Law, Standardization Law, Metrology Law, Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, Law on the Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, Criminal Law, Food Hygiene Law, Law on Import and Export Commodity Inspection, Law on Animal and Plant Entry and Exit Quarantine, Frontier Health and Quarantine Law and Law on Animal Disease Prevention.
　　行政法规包括《国务院关于加强食品等产品安全监督管理的特别规定》、《中华人民共和国工业产品生产许可证管理条例》、《中华人民共和国认证认可条例》、《中华人民共和国进出口商品检验法实施条例》、《中华人民共和国进出境动植物检疫法实施条例》、《中华人民共和国兽药管理条例》、《中华人民共和国农药管理条例》、《中华人民共和国出口货物原产地规则》、《中华人民共和国标准化法实施条例》、《无照经营查处取缔办法》、《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》、《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》和《中华人民共和国濒危野生动植物进出口管理条例》等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The specific administrative regulations in this regard include the Special Regulations of the State Council on Strengthening Safety Supervision and Administration of Food and Other Products, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Administration of Production Licenses for Industrial Products, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Certification and Accreditation, Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Commodity Inspection, Regulations for the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Animal and Plant Entry and Exit Quarantine, Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Veterinary Medicine, Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticides, Regulations for the Implementation of the Standardization Law of the People's Republic of China, Measures for Investigating, Punishing and Banning Unlicensed Business Operations, Regulations on the Administration of Feedstuffs and Feed Additives, Administrative Regulations on the Safety of Genetically Modified Agricultural Organisms and Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export of Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora.
　　部门规章包括《食品生产加工企业质量安全监督管理实施细则（试行）》、《中华人民共和国工业产品生产许可证管理条例实施办法》、《食品卫生许可证管理办法》、《食品添加剂卫生管理办法》、《进出境肉类产品检验检疫管理办法》、《进出境水产品检验检疫管理办法》、《流通领域食品安全管理办法》、《农产品产地安全管理办法》、《农产品包装和标识管理办法》和《出口食品生产企业卫生注册登记管理规定》等。

The specific departmental rules include the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Measures for the Administration of the Supervision of Quality and Safety of Food of Food Producing and Processing Enterprises (Trial), Measures for the Implementation of the Regulations of the People's Republic of China for the Administration of Production Licenses for Industrial Products, Measures for the Hygiene Administration of Food Additives, Measures for the Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Entry and Exit Meat Products, Measures for the Administration of Inspection and Quarantine of Entry and Exit of Aquatic Products, Measures for the Administration of Food Safety in the Circulation Sector, Measures for the Administration of the Safety of Places of Origin of Agricultural Products, Measures for the Administration of the Packaging and Marks of Agricultural Products and Regulations for the Administration of Hygiene Registration of Export Food Production Enterprises.
　　（二）食品质量安全标准体系建设逐步加强

2.Construction of Food Quality and Safety Standard System Gradually Strengthened
　　国家标准化管理委员会统一管理中国食品标准化工作，国务院有关行政主管部门分工管理本部门、本行业的食品标准化工作。食品安全国家标准由各相关部门负责草拟，国家标准化管理委员会统一立项、统一审查、统一编号、统一批准发布。目前，中国已初步形成了门类齐全、结构相对合理、具有一定配套性和完整性的食品质量安全标准体系。食品安全标准包括了农产品产地环境，灌溉水质，农业投入品合理使用准则，动植物检疫规程，良好农业操作规范，食品中农药、兽药、污染物、有害微生物等限量标准，食品添加剂及使用标准，食品包装材料卫生标准，特殊膳食食品标准，食品标签标识标准，食品安全生产过程管理和控制标准，以及食品检测方法标准等方面，涉及粮食、油料、水果蔬菜及制品、乳与乳制品、肉禽蛋及制品、水产品、饮料酒、调味品、婴幼儿食品等可食用农产品和加工食品，基本涵盖了从食品生产、加工、流通到最终消费的各个环节。目前，中国已发布涉及食品安全的国家标准1800余项，食品行业标准2900余项，其中强制性国家标准634项。

  The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China administers the country's food standardization work, while relevant departments under the State Council are in charge of specific food standardization work in respective sectors. The departments concerned are responsible for drafting different national standards for food safety, while the Standardization Administration initiates projects, examines them, marks the serial numbers, gives formal approval and promulgates them. Now, a food quality and safety standard system covering all categories, featuring a relatively rational structure and being fairly complete, has taken initial shape in China. Food safety standards cover the place of origin of agricultural products, quality of irrigation water, rules for the rational use of materials put into agriculture, rules and procedures for animal and plant quarantine, good agricultural practices (GAP), standards of maximum amount of pesticides, veterinary drugs, pollutants and spoilage organisms allowed in food, standards for food additives and their use, hygiene standards for food packaging materials, standards for special dietary food, standards for signs or labels on food packages, standards for the management and control of the safe production of food and standards for testing methods concerning food. These standards apply to edible agricultural products and processed food, such as grain, oil, fruit and vegetable, milk and dairy products, meat, poultry, eggs and related products, aquatic products, soft and alcoholic drinks, condiments and infant food; and cover each sector from food production, processing and distribution to final consumption. So far, China has promulgated over 1,800 national standards concerning food safety, and over 2,900 standards for the food industry, among which 634 national standards are compulsory.
　　为解决食品安全标准之间存在的交叉重复、层次不清等问题，共对1800余项国家标准、2500余项行业标准、7000余项地方标准及14万多项企业标准进行了清理，废止了530多项国标和行标。与此同时，加快了标准制修订工作，对2460余项国家和行业标准组织开展了修订，新制定了200多项国家标准，下达了280余项国家标准制定计划。加大标准的宣传、推行力度，促进食品生产企业严格执行标准。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To solve such problems as food safety standards overlapping each other and poorly organized, China has sorted out the over 1,800 national standards, over 2,500 industrial standards, over 7,000 local standards and over 140,000 enterprise standards, repealing more than 530 national and industrial standards. Meanwhile, it has speeded up the revision of over 2,460 national and industrial standards, issued over 200 new national standards, and worked out plans to enact over 280 national standards. It also works hard to promote and enforce these standards, and urges food producing enterprises to strictly abide by them.
　　（三）食品认证认可体系基本建立

3.Food Certification and Accreditation System Basically Established
　　中国国家认证认可监督管理委员会统一管理、监督和综合协调全国的认证认可工作，加强认证市场整顿，规范认证行为，现已基本形成了统一管理、规范运作、共同实施的食品、农产品认证认可工作局面，基本建立了“从农田到餐桌”全过程的食品、农产品认证认可体系。认证类别包括饲料产品认证、良好农业规范（GAP）认证、无公害农产品认证、有机产品认证、食品质量认证、HACCP管理体系认证、绿色市场认证等。目前，中国有机产品认证面积达203万公顷，已进入世界前10位；与国际接轨的GAP认证已在18个试点省286家出口企业及农业标准化示范基地开展认证试点工作；2675家食品生产企业获得了HACCP认证；28600个初级农产品获得无公害农产品认证；饲料产品认证、酒类产品质量等级认证、绿色市场认证等工作不断取得进展。国家不断加强对认证产品和企业的监管，提高认证工作的权威性、有效性。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China is responsible for administering, supervising and coordinating certification and accreditation work throughout the country, putting in order the certification market and regulating certification activities. A pattern of uniform administration, standardized operation and common implementation for the certification and accreditation of food and agricultural products has come into being, basically establishing a certification and accreditation system covering the entire process "from the farming field to dining table." The certification categories include certification of feeds, GAP certification, certification of hazard-free agricultural products, certification of organic products, certification of food quality, certification of the HACCP management system, and certification of green markets. At present, China ranks among the top ten countries in the world in this regard, with 2.03 million hectares producing certificated organic products. The country has been experimenting with GAP certification geared to international standards in 286 export enterprises and agricultural standardization demonstration bases in 18 pilot provinces; 2,675 food producing enterprises have received HACCP certificates; 28,600 primary agricultural products have passed the certification tests for hazard-free agricultural products; and continuous progress is being made in the certification of feeds, alcoholic beverages by quality grade, and green markets. The government continuously strengthens its supervision of certificated products and enterprises, and increases the authoritativeness and effectiveness of certification.
　　（四）食品安全检验检测体系框架基本形成

4.Food Safety Inspection and Testing Framework Taken Initial Shape
　　在国内食品监管方面，建立了一批具有资质的食品检验检测机构，初步形成了“国家级检验机构为龙头，省级和部门食品检验机构为主体，市、县级食品检验机构为补充”的食品安全检验检测体系。检测能力和水平不断提高，能够满足对产地环境、生产投入品、生产加工、储藏、流通、消费全过程实施质量安全检测的需要，基本能够满足国家标准、行业标准和相关国际标准对食品安全参数的检测要求。中国对食品实验室实行了与国际通行做法一致的认可管理，加强国际互认、信息共享、科技攻关，保证了检测结果的科学、公正。中国认定了一批食品检验检测机构的资质，共有3913家食品类检测实验室通过了实验室资质认定（计量认证），其中食品类国家产品质检中心48家，重点食品类实验室35家，这些实验室的检测能力和检测水平达到了国际较先进水平。在进出口食品监管方面，形成了以35家“国家级重点实验室”为龙头的进出口食品安全技术支持体系，全国共有进出口食品检验检疫实验室163个，拥有各类大型精密仪器10000多台（套）。全国各进出口食品检验检疫实验室直接从事进出口食品实验室检测的专业技术人员有1189人，年龄结构、专业配置合理。各实验室可检测各类食品中的农兽药残留、添加剂、重金属含量等786个安全卫生项目以及各种食源性致病菌。截至2006年，已经建设国家级（部级）农产品质检中心323个、省地县级农产品检测机构1780个，初步形成了部、省、县相互配套、互为补充的农产品质量安全检验检测体系，为加强农产品质量安全监管提供了技术支撑。

Regarding the supervision of foodstuffs for the domestic market, China has established a number of qualified food inspection and testing institutions, bringing into initial being a food safety inspection and testing framework with "state-level inspection institutions playing the leading role, provincial- and ministerial-level food inspection institutions forming the main body, and city- and county-level food inspection institutions acting as supplement." With the improvement of their testing capability and level, these institutions can satisfy the demands for quality and safety tests throughout the entire process – from the environment of place of origin, input materials, production and processing, storage and circulation to consumption, and can basically meet the requirements of national, industrial and relevant international standards for food safety parameters. China adopts the certification management that is in line with the international practice for food laboratories, and strengthens international mutual recognition, information sharing and joint tackling of key scientific and technological problems, ensuring the accuracy and fairness of test results. China has accredited the qualifications of some food inspection and testing institutions. Altogether, 3,913 food testing laboratories have passed the laboratory accreditation (similar to metrology certification) of China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) among which 48 are state-level quality inspection centers for foodstuffs and 35 are key food laboratories. The testing capability and level of these laboratories have reached a relatively advanced international standard. As regards the supervision of import and export foodstuffs, a technical support system ensuring food safety has taken shape, with the 35 state-level key laboratories playing the leading role. There are 163 inspection and quarantine laboratories for import and export foodstuffs throughout China, possessing more than 10,000 sets of large precision instruments of various types. Altogether, 1,189 professionals are directly engaged in the laboratory testing of import and export foodstuffs in these laboratories, with a rational age structure and allocation of staff according to their specialized fields. These laboratories can detect all kinds of food-borne pathogens and 786 safety or hygienic items, such as residue of pesticides and veterinary medicines, additives and heavy metals. By 2006, China had set up 323 state- and ministerial-level quality inspection centers and 1,780 provincial-, prefecture- and county-level testing institutions concerned with agricultural products. Thus, a quality and safety inspection and testing framework for agricultural products, with these institutions at different levels supplementing each other, has taken shape, providing technical support for strengthening the supervision of the quality and safety of agricultural products.

五、食品安全的国际交流与合作

V. International Exchanges and Cooperation Regarding Food Safety

中国政府重视发展同其他国家、地区和有关国际组织在食品安全领域的友好合作关系，注重借鉴国际先进管理经验和检测技术，促进本国食品质量总体水平的提高。　

The Chinese government sets great store by cooperating with other countries, regions and international organizations regarding food safety, as well as by learning advanced management expertise and monitoring technology, to improve the overall quality of its foodstuffs.
　　（一）加强食品安全技术交流与合作

1. Strengthening Exchanges and Cooperation Regarding Food Safety Technology
　　中国积极创造条件，鼓励和支持技术专家参与各类食品安全技术培训、研讨、交流和水平比对等活动，并欢迎国外技术专家来访、学习和培训。除积极参与世界卫生组织的相关活动外，自2001年以来，先后同美国、欧盟、意大利、加拿大、德国、英国、瑞士、丹麦、澳大利亚、新西兰和泰国等国家开展了一系列食品安全和实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定（SPS）领域的技术培训与交流项目。2006年8月，为14个南太平洋国家的专家代表举行了食品安全培训。为了及时了解国外食品相关法规要求，保障出口食品安全，组织编译了美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、韩国等国家和地区的食品安全卫生法规和要求，并先后邀请美国、欧盟、日本的专家来华举行HACCP指南及应用、贝类卫生控制计划、残留监控、肯定列表制度等专题培训。进出口食品检验检疫实验室还多次参与英国食品分析能力测试（FAPAS）等国际比对实验，定期参加亚太实验室认可合作组织（APLAC）、澳大利亚国家测试认可委员会（NATA）等知名认可机构组织的国际间能力验证活动。国家级和十几个省级疾病预防控制中心参加并通过了世界卫生组织的食品安全检测能力考核。截至2006年11月，共有22家检测机构获得韩国“国外公认检测机关”的认可，经过上述22家检测机关检测的输韩食品，入境时韩国予以免检。日本承认中国国家质检总局垂直管理的35个直属检验检疫局所属实验室的检测结果。其中许多实验室是开放性实验室，多次接待了美国、加拿大、英国、法国、意大利、德国、瑞士、澳大利亚、新西兰、日本、韩国、新加坡、香港等国家和地区的专家团组访问和考察。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China encourages and supports its technical experts to participate in various food safety technological training programs, seminars, exchanges and comparative reviews. It also welcomes overseas experts to visit China for study or training. Besides the activities organized by the World Health Organization (WHO), China has, since 2001, conducted many rounds of technological training and exchanges on food safety, especially the implementation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS), with the US, the EU, Italy, Canada, Germany, the UK, Switzerland, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand and Thailand. In August 2006, China sponsored food safety training for people from 14 South Pacific countries. To furnish itself with timely information to ensure the foodstuffs it exports are up to the relevant standards, China has translated the laws on food safety and hygiene of the US, the EU, Russia, the ROK and other countries and regions. It has also invited experts from the US, the EU and Japan to offer training on HACCP application, the National Shellfish Sanitation Program (NSSP), residue control and Positive List System. China's laboratories for import and export food inspection and quarantine have taken part in several comparative experiments, such as the Food Analysis Performance Assessment Scheme (FAPAS) of the UK, and joined on regular intervals the international proficiency testing conducted by established certification agencies, such as the Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (APLAC) and the Australia's National Association of Testing Authorities (NATA). The national center for disease control and prevention and a dozen provincial ones have passed the WHO food safety inspection capacity verifications. By November 2006, a total of 22 inspection agencies had been granted by the ROK to be "Acknowledged Overseas Official Inspection Agencies," which means that the food items that pass their checks will be free from entry inspection in that country. The testing results of the laboratories of the 35 quality inspection and quarantine agencies directly under the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine have also won acknowledgement from Japan, and many of the laboratories are open ones and have hosted delegations of experts from the US, Canada, the UK, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, the ROK, Singapore, Hong Kong, as well as other countries and regions.
　　（二）积极参与国际食品安全活动

2. Actively Participating in International Activities Regarding Food Safety
　　中国政府一贯倡导并积极参加各类国际食品安全组织活动，包括派团参加各类国际食品法典委员会（CAC）、国际植物保护公约（IPPC）会议以及其他相关国际性会议，并在亚太经济合作组织（APEC）会议上正式倡导开展区域性食品安全合作，得到了澳大利亚、新西兰和东南亚等国家的积极呼应，成立了APEC食品安全合作论坛，由中国和澳大利亚共同主持。中国积极参与食品安全国际标准化活动，是国际标准化组织（ISO）技术管理局和合格评定委员会成员。2007年5月，中国正式加入世界动物卫生组织（OIE）。2007年10月20日至21日，中国政府将在广西南宁同东南亚国家召开“中国—东盟质检部长会议”，会议的主题为“强化食品安全管理与合作保护消费者权益”，目的是研究建立中国与东盟食品安全合作机制，增进中国与东盟和各成员国食品安全主管部门间的交流与合作，确保相互进出口食品的质量、安全和卫生。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government has always been a keen advocator of and participant in international food safety activities. It has dispatched delegations to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and other international conferences. Its call for regional cooperation on food safety at a meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has received positive responses from Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asian countries, as a result of which the APEC Food Safety Cooperation Forum was established, co-chaired by China and Australia. China actively participates in international standardization activities for food safety. It is a member of the Technical Management Board and Committee on Conformity Assessment of International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In May 2007, it formally joined the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). On October 20-21, 2007, it will host, in Nanning, the China-ASEAN Ministerial Conference on Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, with the theme of "Strengthening Cooperation on Food Safety Management and Protecting Consumer's Rights." The event will discuss the establishment of a cooperative mechanism on food safety, so as to increase exchanges and cooperation among the relevant departments of China and ASEAN to ensure the quality, safety and sanitation of the foods traded among them.
　　（三）注重发展国际食品安全合作

3. Striving to Promote International Cooperation Regarding Food Safety
　　截至目前，中国国家质检总局同日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰、新加坡、挪威、俄罗斯、香港等国家和地区定期、不定期地举行研讨会或专家互访。中国国家质检总局同美国、欧盟、俄罗斯、日本、韩国、新加坡、泰国、蒙古国、越南、菲律宾、丹麦、法国、荷兰、爱尔兰、匈牙利、波兰、意大利、挪威、瑞士、加拿大、巴西、阿根廷、智利、墨西哥、乌拉圭、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非、香港、澳门等30个国家和地区签署了33个涉及食品安全领域的合作协议或备忘录，签署了48个进出口食品检验检疫卫生议定书，从而确立了中国与有关进出口食品贸易伙伴国家或地区的长效合作机制。在此基础上，中国国家质检总局与许多国家和地区在食品安全合作机制下建立了年会制度。其中，规格为正部级的第二次中欧食品和消费品安全合作会议将于2007年9月12日在北京召开；规格为副部级的第三次中美食品安全会议将于2007年9月11日至12日在美国召开。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

While organizing regular and irregular seminars or mutual visits of experts with Japan, the ROK, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Norway, Russia, Hong Kong, and other countries and regions, China's General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has signed 33 cooperative agreements or memorandums on food safety and 48 import and export food inspection and quarantine protocols with 30 countries and regions, namely the US, the EU, Russia, Japan, the ROK, Singapore, Thailand, Mongolia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Ireland, Hungary, Poland, Italy, Norway, Switzerland, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Hong Kong and Macao. Thus, a long-term and effective cooperative mechanism between China and its food trade partners has been established. And, based on this, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine has built a system of annual meetings with many countries and regions. The second China-EU meeting on safety of food and consumer products at the ministerial level is scheduled to be held on September 12, 2007 in Beijing, and the third China-US food safety meeting at the vice-ministerial level is scheduled on September 11-12, 2007 in the US.

（四）推动食品贸易发展

4. Promoting Food Trade
　　中国与有关国家建立的食品安全合作机制在促进双边和多边食品安全合作，保证进出口食品安全、解决各方关注的食品安全问题方面发挥了积极作用。如中日合作机制为保证中国输日食品安全发挥了重要作用。日本“肯定列表制度”出台后，中国政府一方面加强同日方的沟通与磋商，使日方接受中方的合理化建议，调整了一些项目；一方面与日方合作，举办了3期说明会和8期专题培训班，帮助出口食品生产企业进一步规范农兽药使用管理，完善质量追溯体系，有效地保证了对日本出口食品的质量安全。中美食品安全合作机制同样发挥了良好的作用，如2005年年底以来，中国出入境检验检疫机构不断从美国输华肉类产品中检出禁用药物残留、环境污染物超标和致病微生物等安全卫生问题，由于中方及时向美方通报相关信息，帮助美方掌握和了解中国的食品安全法规要求，不仅有效地保护了中国消费者的健康安全，也保障了美国肉类产品输华贸易的健康发展。2004年至2005年，中美还在该合作机制下完成了对中国出口熟制禽肉安全卫生体系的等效评估。同样，中欧食品安全合作机制也有力地促进了双方关注问题的解决。一方面通过及时沟通信息，在风险评估的基础上，中方解决了欧盟个别成员国受二恶英问题影响的可食用猪产品输华问题；另一方面，中方在不断完善食品安全管理，加强疫情疫病防控的基础上，积极配合欧方的卫生体系考察和风险评估工作，帮助欧方树立了对中国熟制禽肉产品的质量安全信心，欧方已经制定了时间表，将于2007年内恢复进口中国的熟制禽肉产品。

The food safety cooperative mechanisms established between China and other countries have greatly promoted bilateral and multilateral cooperation to ensure the safety of foodstuffs traded among them and ease the wide concerns about food safety. For instance, the Sino-Japanese cooperative mechanism plays a key role in ensuring the safety of Chinese food exported to Japan. After Japan's release of its Positive List System, the Chinese government, through communications and negotiations, persuaded Japan to accept its reasonable proposals and adjust some projects accordingly, and co-sponsored three demonstrations and eight special training workshops to help China's food export enterprises further standardize the use and administration of pesticide and veterinary medicines, improve the quality tracing system and guarantee the quality and safety of food exported to Japan. The China-US food safety cooperative mechanism plays a similar role. Since the end of 2005, China's entry-exit inspection and quarantine authorities have continuously found residues of prohibited medicines, pollutants and pathogenic microbes in US meat products exported to China. Their timely notification of such information let the US learn of China's legal requirements concerning food safety, thus effectively protecting Chinese consumers as well as ensuring healthy development of US export of meat products to China. In 2004 and 2005, the two countries, under this cooperative mechanism, evaluated the safety and sanitation of China's exported cooked poultry products. The China-EU food safety cooperative mechanism also works well in solving problems both sides are concerned about. Through timely communication and on the basis of risk assessment, China has solved problems in the import of pork products from some dioxin-affected EU countries. While continuously improving its own food safety management and epidemic prevention and control work, it has actively cooperated with the EU in undertaking hygienic system inspection and risk appraisal which helps build confidence in China's cooked poultry products. The EU has worked out a timetable to resume imports of China's cooked poultry products in 2007.
　　民以食为天。食品是人类最直接、最重要的消费品。中国是一个负责任的国家，中国政府是为人民谋利益的政府，多年来为提高食品质量、确保食品安全作出了积极的努力，维护了中国人民和各国消费者的利益。但同时必须看到，中国还是一个发展中国家，食品安全的总体水平，包括标准水平和食品生产的工业化水平，与发达国家相比还有一定的差距，提高食品质量任重道远。实现食品质量安全是人类共同的追求，也是国际社会共同的责任，作为进出口贸易大国，中国愿与世界各国一道，加强交流与合作，在食品安全控制和促进全球食品贸易健康发展方面继续作出不懈的努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Food is the first necessity of man, and it is the most direct and most important consumption product of mankind. China is a responsible country, and the Chinese government is devoted to working for the benefits of the people. Over the years, the Chinese government has endeavored to improve food quality, ensure food safety and protect consumers around the world. But, it must be pointed out that China is still a developing country, and the overall level of food safety, including the standards and the industrialization level of food production, still lags behind that of developed countries. China has a long way to go to improve the quality of foodstuffs. Food quality and safety is a common concern of the human society and a shared duty of the international community. As a large importer and exporter of food, China is keen to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries and make unremitting efforts to ensure the safety of food and promote the healthy growth of the global food trade.