中国知识产权保护的新进展
New Progress in China's Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

2005年4月·北京

April 2005, Beijing

目 录

Contents

前言

Foreword

一、知识产权保护的基本情况

I. Basic Situation of the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

二、专利保护

II. Patent Protection

三、商标保护

III. Trademark Protection

四、版权保护

IV. Copyright Protection

五、音像制品的知识产权保护

V. Intellectual Property Rights Protection for Audio and Video Products

六、植物新品种保护

VI. Protection of New Varieties of Agricultural and Forestry Plants

七、知识产权海关保护

VII. Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

八、公安机关打击侵犯知识产权犯罪

VIII. Public Security Organs Act on Criminal Infringement on Intellectual Property Rights

九、知识产权司法保护

IX. Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Foreword　

知识产权制度是促进人类经济发展、社会进步、科技创新、文化繁荣的基本法律制度。随着世界科学技术的迅猛发展和经济全球化进程的加快，知识产权制度在经济和社会生活中的地位得到历史性提升，知识产权保护受到国际社会的广泛关注。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The intellectual property system is a basic legal system that promotes mankind's economic development, social progress, scientific and technological innovation, and cultural prosperity. As science and technology is developing rapidly worldwide and the pace of economic globalization is accelerating, the status of the intellectual property system in economic and social life has reached a historical high. The protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) has drawn wide attention of the international community.

中国是一个有着悠久历史的文明古国，数千年来众多杰出的科学家、发明家、文学家、艺术家，曾以其辉煌的智力成果为人类的发展和进步作出过巨大贡献。中国政府和人民深知发明创造和科学技术的可贵。

China is a country with a long history of civilization. Over the past several thousand years, vast numbers of outstanding Chinese scientists, inventors, men of letters and artists have made enormous contributions to mankind's development and progress with their splendid intellectual achievements. The Chinese government and people are keenly aware of the value of inventions, creations, and science and technology.

中国知识产权制度建设起步较晚，发展很快。从20世纪70年代末实行改革开放政策以来，中国知识产权保护取得重大进展，知识产权制度逐渐建立起来，推动了经济的健康发展和社会的全面进步。

The IPR protection system was established at a comparatively late date in China, but has developed rapidly. Major progress has been made in IPR protection since the late 1970s, when China initiated the reform and opening-up policies. An IPR system has been gradually established, and is promoting healthy economic development and overall social progress.

为有助于国际社会了解中国知识产权保护的真实状况，作出正确判断，这里作些介绍和说明。

In order to help the international community have a better understanding of the real situation regarding China's IPR protection and make a proper judgment, we hereby give a brief introduction to and explanation of related issues.  

一、知识产权保护的基本情况

I. Basic Situation of the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

中国一贯以负责任的态度积极推动知识产权保护工作，在坚持遵循知识产权国际保护规则的同时，按照国情确定相应的知识产权保护水平，努力平衡知识产权创造者、应用者与社会公众之间的利益关系，使知识产权的创造与应用形成良性循环。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has always adopted a responsible attitude to actively promoting IPR protection. While adhering to the international rules on IPR protection, China has decided on a level of IPR protection appropriate for its own national situation, and made great efforts to balance the interests among intellectual property creators, users and the general public, so as to create a benign circle for the creation and use of intellectual property.

多年来，在全社会的共同努力下，中国保护知识产权取得重大进展。

Major progress has been made on IPR protection in China over the past years thanks to concerted efforts made by people from all walks of life.

———建立健全符合国际通行规则、门类比较齐全的法律法规体系。上世纪80年代以来，国家颁布实施了《中华人民共和国专利法》、《中华人民共和国商标法》、《中华人民共和国著作权法》和《计算机软件保护条例》、《集成电路布图设计保护条例》、《著作权集体管理条例》、《音像制品管理条例》、《植物新品种保护条例》、《知识产权海关保护条例》、《特殊标志管理条例》、《奥林匹克标志保护条例》等涵盖知识产权保护主要内容的法律法规，并颁布一系列相关的实施细则和司法解释，使中国知识产权保护的法律法规体系不断趋于完善。为对知识产权实行切实有效的法律保护，2001年中国加入世界贸易组织前后，对知识产权保护相关法律法规和司法解释进行了全面修改，在立法精神、权利内容、保护标准、法律救济手段等方面更加突出促进科技进步与创新的同时，做到了与世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》以及其他知识产权保护国际规则相一致。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- A relatively complete system of laws and regulations that covers a wide range of subjects and is in line with generally accepted international rules has been established and keeps improving.Since the 1980s, the state has promulgated and put into effect a number of laws and regulations covering the major contents in IPR protection. These include the "Patent Law of the People's Republic of China," "Trademark Law of the People's Republic of China," "Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software," "Regulations on the Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits," "Regulations on the Collective Management of Copyright," "Regulations on the Management of Audio-Video Products," "Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants," "Regulations on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights by the Customs," "Regulations on the Protection of Special Signs," and "Regulations on the Protection of Olympic Logos." China has also promulgated a series of relevant rules for the implementation of these laws and regulations, and their legal interpretation. As a result, the system of laws and regulations on IPR protection in China has been continuously improved. In 2001, around the time when China was admitted into the WTO, in order to provide effective legal protection to IPR, the country made comprehensive revisions to the laws and regulations regarding IPR protection and their legal interpretation. While more emphasis is given to promoting the progress of science and technology and innovation with regard to legislative intent, content of rights, standards of protection and means of legal remedy, the revisions brought the laws and regulations into conformity with the WTO's "Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights" and other international rules on IPR protection.

———建立健全协调、高效的工作体系和执法机制。在知识产权保护实践中，中国形成了行政保护和司法保护“两条途径、并行运作”的知识产权保护模式。在中国，有多个部门分别履行保护知识产权的职能，主要包括国家知识产权局、国家工商行政管理总局、新闻出版总署、国家版权局、文化部、农业部、国家林业局、公安部、海关总署、最高人民法院、最高人民检察院等。多年来，这些部门在各自领域开展了卓有成效的工作。为进一步加大知识产权保护力度，2004年中国成立了以国务院副总理为组长的国家保护知识产权工作组，负责统筹协调全国知识产权保护工作。国家保护知识产权工作组办公室设在商务部，承担工作组日常工作。

- A coordinated and efficient work system and a law enforcement mechanism have been established and improved. In its practice of IPR protection, a two-way parallel protection mode, namely, administrative and judicial protection, has emerged in China. Several departments in China are assigned with the duty to protect IPR. They include primarily the State Intellectual Property Office, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, Press and Publication General Administration, State Copyright Bureau, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Agriculture, State Forestry Administration, Ministry of Public Security, General Administration of Customs, Supreme People's Court and Supreme People's Procuratorate. For many years these departments have done effective work in their respective fields. To further strengthen IPR protection, in 2004 China established the State IPR Protection Work Team headed by a vice-premier of the State Council, responsible for planning and coordinating the work regarding IPR protection throughout the country. Its office, located in the Ministry of Commerce, handles the routine work of the team.

近年来，国家加强了行政执法机关与公安机关、人民检察院保护知识产权的工作联系。2000年10月，有关部门共同下发《关于在查处侵犯知识产权违法犯罪案件工作中加强协作配合的通知》，就查处侵犯知识产权犯罪涉及的协作配合问题作出明确规定。2001年7月，国务院发布《行政执法机关移送涉嫌犯罪案件的规定》，就行政执法机关向公安机关及时移送涉嫌犯罪案件作出明确规定。2004年3月，有关部门又联合下发《关于加强行政执法机关与公安机关、人民检察院工作联系的意见》，初步建立起行政执法与刑事执法相衔接配合的工作机制，形成打击侵犯知识产权违法犯罪活动的合力，有效保证涉嫌犯罪案件及时进入刑事司法程序。近年来，司法机关依法审理了一大批侵犯知识产权的各类案件，知识产权民事案件中被侵犯人的经济损失及时得到赔偿，侵犯知识产权的违法犯罪行为得到有效打击。

In recent years, the state has increased work contacts between administrative law enforcement organs and public security organs and people's procuratorates with respect to IPR protection. In October 2000, the relevant departments jointly issued the "Notice on Strengthening Cooperation and Coordination in the Work of Investigating and Dealing with Criminal Cases that Infringe Intellectual Property Rights," which contains clear provisions on relevant issues. In July 2001, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations on the Transfer of Suspected Criminal Cases by Administrative Law Enforcement Organs," which includes clear provisions on how the administrative law enforcement organs should transfer suspected criminal cases to public security organs in a timely fashion. In March 2004, the relevant departments jointly issued the "Opinions on Increasing Work Contacts between Administrative Law Enforcement Organs and Public Security Organs and People's Procuratorates." A work mechanism involving the coordination of administrative law enforcement and criminal law enforcement has been established, creating a joint power to deal with IPR infringements. This ensures that suspected criminal cases enter the judicial process promptly. In recent years, the judicial organs have adjudicated a large number of IPR infringement cases according to law. In civil cases, the infringed parties have received timely compensation for their financial losses, and IPR-related crimes have been effectively combated.

———加大知识产权保护的行政执法力度。随着知识产权保护法律制度的逐步完善，中国知识产权保护工作重点逐渐由立法转向执法，通过日常监管与专项治理相结合，加大知识产权保护的行政执法力度。2004年8月，中国政府决定从2004年9月到2005年8月，在全国范围内组织开展为期一年的保护知识产权专项行动。2005年3月31日国务院召开的全国整顿和规范市场经济秩序电视电话会议，决定把保护知识产权专项行动延期到2005年底。按照统一部署，各有关部门在商标权、著作权、专利权保护等重点领域，在货物进出口、各类展会和商品批发市场等重点环节，在制假售假相对集中地方等重点地区，以查处重大侵权案件作为突破口，积极行动，严格执法，打击侵犯知识产权的违法分子，取得积极成效。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Administrative law enforcement has been strengthened in IPR protection. As gradual improvements are made in the legal system on IPR protection, China has shifted its focus from legislation to law enforcement. Administrative law enforcement has been enhanced through the combination of routine management and supervision with special crackdown campaigns. In August 2004, the Chinese government decided to launch a special one-year campaign to protect IPR across the country from September 2004 to August 2005. It was decided at the national TV and telephone conference on rectification and standardization of the market economic order convened by the State Council on March 31, 2005 that the campaign was extended to the end of 2005. With unified planning, the relevant departments have investigated and dealt with major IPR infringement cases, focusing on major fields in the protection of trademark rights, copyrights and patent rights, on major links in the import and export of goods, all types of exhibitions and wholesale markets of commodities, and on key places where producers and sellers of counterfeit goods were known to be concentrated. Their quick action and strict law enforcement efforts have dealt a blow on IPR offenders, achieving positive results.

———努力提高全社会的知识产权意识。中国政府高度重视知识产权的宣传普及工作。从2004年开始，国家将每年4月20日至26日确定为“保护知识产权宣传周”，利用报刊、电视、广播、互联网等各种媒体，通过举办研讨会、知识竞赛以及制作公益广告等多种形式，在全社会开展知识产权保护宣传教育活动，形成尊重劳动、尊重知识、尊重人才、尊重创造的良好社会氛围，提高广大公众的知识产权意识。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Efforts are being made to heighten the awareness of the general public about IPR. The Chinese government attaches great importance to publicity concerning IPR. Beginning in 2004, the state designated the week from April 20 to 26 every year as the "week for publicizing the importance of IPR protection." By making wide use of newspapers, magazines, television, radio and the Internet, and through holding seminars and knowledge contests, and making public interest advertisements, the government carries out publicity and education among the general public regarding IPR protection. The aim is to create a social atmosphere in which labor, knowledge, talent and creation are respected, and heighten the awareness of the general public regarding IPR.

———积极履行知识产权国际保护义务。中国积极参加国际保护知识产权的主要公约和条约。自1980年加入世界知识产权组织后，中国相继加入《保护工业产权巴黎公约》、《专利合作条约》、《国际承认用于专利程序的微生物菌种保藏布达佩斯条约》、《工业品外观设计国际分类洛迦诺协定》、《商标国际注册马德里协定》、《商标注册用商品和服务国际分类尼斯协定》、《商标国际注册马德里协定有关议定书》、《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》、《国际植物新品种保护公约》、《保护文学和艺术作品伯尔尼公约》、《世界版权公约》和《保护录音制品制作者防止未经许可复制其录音制品公约》等10多个国际公约、条约、协定或议定书。

- Actively fulfilling the international obligations to protect IPR. China has taken an active approach to joining major international conventions and agreements on IPR protection. Following its accession to the World Intellectual Property Organization in 1980, China joined in succession more than ten international conventions, treaties, agreements and protocols, such as the "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property," "Patent Cooperation Treaty," "Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure," "Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs," "Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks," "Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purpose of the Registration of Marks," "Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks," "Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights," "International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants," "Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works," "Universal Copyright Convention," and "Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication."

在严格履行自身所承担的保护知识产权国际义务的同时，中国积极致力于知识产权保护国际规则的调整与完善，使其有利于世界各国共享科技进步带来的成果和利益。近年来，中国与其他国家、国际组织和外商投资企业在知识产权领域广泛开展对话、交流与合作。应美国提议，从2003年起中美双方每年举行一次知识产权圆桌会议，至今已举办两届，就有关知识产权问题达成了广泛共识。2004年，中欧第一次知识产权对话在北京举行，就有关知识产权合作事宜达成初步意向。中国各有关部门与多个国家的相应机构和世界知识产权组织、国际新品种保护联盟等国际组织也建立了良好的合作关系。2003年9月，中国有关部门建立了与外商投资企业定期沟通协调机制，每季度召开一次会议，听取外商投资企业在知识产权保护方面的意见和建议。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

While strictly executing its international obligations in IPR protection, China has devoted great efforts to adjusting and improving international rules regarding IPR protection in order to let all countries of the world share the fruits and benefits brought about by the progress of science and technology. In recent years, China has held talks, and engaged in exchanges and cooperation with other countries, international organizations and foreign-invested enterprises in the field of IPR. At the suggestion of the United States, starting in 2003, China and the US have held a round-table conference on IPR every year, and reached agreement on many IPR-related issues at the two round-table conferences. In 2004, China and Europe held their first round of talks on IPR in Beijing. Initial agreement was reached between the two sides on matters of cooperation related to IPR. Relevant Chinese departments have established good cooperative relations with corresponding departments in several countries, and international organizations such as World Intellectual Property Organization and International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants. In September 2003, a mechanism was established for regular contact and coordination between relevant Chinese departments and foreign-invested enterprises. Under the mechanism, a meeting is held every three months to solicit comments and suggestions from the foreign-invested enterprises on issues related to IPR protection.

二、专利保护

II. Patent Protection　

以1980年中国专利局成立为标志，中国专利事业已走过了25年的历程。1985年4月1日，中国开始实施《专利法》，此后相继颁布《专利法实施细则》和《专利代理条例》，以及《专利行政执法办法》和《关于实施专利权海关保护问题的若干规定》等法规规章，并根据社会经济发展需要对《专利法》两次予以修改，使之不断趋于完善。

With the establishment of the China Patent Office in 1980, China's patent work has developed continuously over 25 years. In April 1, 1985, the "Patent Law of the People's Republic of China" went into effect. Following that, China promulgated several patent-related laws and regulations, such as the "Rules for the Implementation of the Patent Law," "Regulations on Patent Commissioning," "Procedures for the Administrative Enforcement of Laws Concerning Patents," and "Regulations on the Implementation of Customs Protection of Patent Rights." China has twice made revisions to the "Patent Law" in the light of the requirements of social and economic development so as to enable it to improve continuously.

中国在较短时间内主要依靠自己力量建立起比较完整、独立的专利审查体系。从1994年1月1日起，中国成为《专利合作条约》成员国，中国专利局成为专利合作条约的受理局、国际检索单位和国际初步审查单位。同时，中国建立起较为完善的专利工作体系，根据《专利法》的规定，国务院有关部门和地方设立了专利管理机构。中国还建立了5000余人的专利代理人队伍，初步形成了以专利代理、专利信息服务、专利技术转让中介、专利技术评估为主要内容的服务体系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

By mainly relying on its own resources, China has established a relatively complete and independent patent examination system in a short period of time. On January 1, 1994, China became a member state of the "Patent Cooperation Treaty." The China Patent Office is China's agency dealing with cases involving the Patent Cooperation Treaty, performing international patent searches and preliminary examinations. Meanwhile, China has established a fairly comprehensive system for patent work. Relevant departments of the State Council and local governments have established patent administrative organs in accordance with the provisions of the "Patent Law." China now has more than 5,000 people working in patent agencies, and a service system mainly providing patent commissioning, patent information, patent technology transfer intermediary and patent technology evaluation services has taken initial shape.

中国专利事业实现了跨越式发展。从1985年4月1日至2004年底，国家知识产权局共受理专利申请2284925件，年均增长率达18．9％。其中国内申请1874358件，国外申请410567件，分别占总量的82％和18％。截至2004年3月17日，中国专利申请总量突破200万件大关。中国的专利申请总量达到第一个100万件用了15年时间，第二个100万件仅用4年多时间。2004年，国家知识产权局共受理专利申请353807件，比上年的308487件增长14．7％。其中国内申请278943件，比上年的251238件增长11％，占总量的78．8％；国外申请74864件，比上年的57249件增长30．8％，占总量的21．2％。从1994年到2004年，国家知识产权局共受理国际申请7131件，其中2004年受理1592件；国外通过《专利合作条约》途径进入中国国家阶段的国际申请157770件，其中2004年达32438件。

China's patent work has realized leapfrogging development. From April 1, 1985 to the end of 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office handled 2,284,925 patent applications with an average annual increase of 18.9 percent. Of these, 1,874,358 were domestic applications, and 410,567 came from other countries, accounting for 82 and 18 percent, respectively. Patent applications in China had exceeded two million by March 17, 2004. It took China 15 years for patent applications to reach one million. But it took only four years for the number to double. In 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office handled 353,807 applications, an increase of 14.7 percent over the previous year, which saw 308,487 applications. Of these, 278,943 were domestic applications, accounting for 78.8 percent of the total and an increase of 11 percent over the previous year, which saw 251,238 applications. Foreign applications numbered 74,864, accounting for 21.2 percent of the total and an increase of 30.8 percent over the previous year, which saw 57,249 applications. From 1994 to 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office handled, in total, 7,131 international applications for patent rights, of which 1,592 such applications were handled in 2004. International patent applications that entered China via the channel of the Patent Cooperation Treaty totaled 157,770. Of these, 32,438 applications were submitted in 2004.

截至2004年底，国家知识产权局授权专利总量为1255499件。其中国内1093268件，国外162231件，分别占总量的87．1％和12．9％；发明、实用新型、外观设计专利授权总量分别为185412件、651224件和418863件，在总量中的比重分别为14．8％、51．9％、33．3％。2004年，国家知识产权局共授予专利权190238件，比上年的182226件增长4．4％。其中国内专利授权151328件，比上年的149588件增长1．2％；国外专利授权38910件，比上年的32638件增长19．2％。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

By the end of 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office had approved 1,255,499 patents. Of these, 1,093,268 were domestic ones, and 162,231 were from other countries, accounting for 87.1 and 12.9 percent of the total number of approved patents, respectively. The numbers of invention patents, utility model patents and exterior design patents that had been approved were 185,412, 651,224 and 418,863, accounting for 14.8, 51.9 and 33.3 percent respectively. In 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office approved 190,238 patents, an increase of 4.4 percent over the previous year, which had 182,226. It approved 151,328 domestic patents, an increase of 1.2 percent, compared with 149,588 in the previous year. At the same time, it approved 38,910 foreign patents, an increase of 19.2 percent over the previous year, which saw 32,638.

中国从2001年10月1日起开始实施《集成电路布图设计保护条例》。截至2004年底，国家知识产权局共收到集成电路布图设计登记申请682件，登记公告并发出证书571件。其中，2004年国家知识产权局收到集成电路布图设计登记申请244件，予以登记公告并发出证书205件。

The "Regulations on the Protection of Layout Design of Integrated Circuits" went into effect in China on October 1, 2001. By the end of 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office had received 682 applications for the registration of layout design of integrated circuits. It registered 571 of them, and issued related public notices as well as certificates to the applicants. In 2004 alone, the State Intellectual Property Office received 244 applications for the registration of layout design of integrated circuits. It registered 205 of them, and issued related public notices as well as certificates to the applicants.

近年来，各级专利管理部门加强了专利行政执法力度，依法严厉打击食品、药品等关系人民群众生命安全的专利违法行为，着力查办侵犯核心关键技术专利权的案件和具有较大影响的案件，认真查处涉及发明、实用新型和外观设计专利权的侵权、假冒和冒充行为。根据国务院的统一部署，国家知识产权局2004年8月印发了《关于加强知识产权行政执法开展专项执法行动的工作方案》，及时组织本系统的专项执法行动，到当年年底各地方知识产权局检查产业场所10251个，检查商品2081537件。截至2004年底，全国各地专利管理部门共受理专利侵权、专利纠纷案件12058件，结案10411件，结案率达86．3％。其中，2004年受理专利纠纷1455件，结案1215件，查处冒充专利案件3965件，查处假冒他人专利案件358件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In recent years, patent administration departments at all levels have strengthened administrative enforcement of the law in this respect. In particular, they have launched crackdowns on infringements of patent rights of food and medicines, which are closely connected with people's health and lives. They have made great efforts to investigate and deal with cases that infringe upon the patent rights of key technologies and cases that had widespread repercussions. They have also conscientiously investigated and dealt with infringements and counterfeits of patent rights of inventions, utility models and exterior designs. Following the State Council's unified plan, in August 2004, the State Intellectual Property Office issued the "Work Program on Strengthening Enforcement of the Laws on Intellectual Property Rights and Launching a Special Law Enforcement Campaign." All subsidiary departments under the State Intellectual Property Office were mobilized to participate in the campaign. By the end of that year, local intellectual property offices had checked 10,251 industrial venues and examined 2,081,537 commodity items. By the end of 2004, local patent administration departments across the country had accepted 12,058 cases involving patent infringement and patent disputes, and 10,411 of the cases, or 86.3 percent, were resolved. In 2004, local patent administration departments accepted 1,455 cases involving patent disputes, and 1,215 of them were resolved. They also dealt with 3,965 cases of patent counterfeits, and 358 cases of unauthorized use of others' patents.

三、商标保护

III. Trademark Protection

中国于1979年11月1日恢复商标统一注册工作后，商标保护事业取得长足的发展。1983年3月1日，《商标法》开始实施。为配合该法的实施，中国政府于1983年3月颁布了《商标法实施细则》，并于1988年对其进行了第一次修改。1993年2月，全国人大常委会对《商标法》作了第一次修改，将服务商标纳入商标保护范围，加大了对商标侵权假冒行为的打击力度，进一步完善了商标注册程序。1993年7月，中国政府对《商标法实施细则》进行了第二次修改，将集体商标和证明商标纳入商标法律保护范围，增加了对“公众熟知的商标”的保护规定。

Great progress has been made in China's trademark protection work since November 1, 1979, when China resumed the unified registration of trademarks. The "Trademark Law" went into effect on March 1, 1983. The Chinese government promulgated the "Rules for the Implementation of the Trademark Law" in March 1983 to help with the implementation of the law, and in 1988 revised it for the first time. In February 1993, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) made the first revision to the "Trademark Law" to include service trademarks in the work of trademark protection, strengthen efforts to crack down on trademark infringement and counterfeiting, and improve the trademark registration procedures. In July 1993, the Chinese government made revisions to the "Rules for the Implementation of the Trademark Law" for the second time to bring collective trademarks and certification trademarks into the scope of legal protection of trademarks, and added to it provisions on the protection of "trademarks well known to the public."

2001年10月，全国人大常委会对《商标法》作出第二次修改，将立体商标和颜色组合商标纳入商标保护范围，加大对驰名商标的保护力度，规定以商标制度来保护地理标志，增加商标确权程序的司法审查，进一步加大对商标侵权假冒行为的打击力度，使得中国《商标法》的有关规定与世界贸易组织《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》的原则相一致。2002年8月，中国政府对《商标法实施细则》进行了修改，并将其更名为《商标法实施条例》。

In October 2001, the NPC Standing Committee made revisions to the "Trademark Law" for the second time to include three-dimensional trademarks and color combination trademarks in the scope of trademark protection and offer greater protection to well-known trademarks. The revised "Trademark Law" also stipulates that the trademark system shall be used to protect geographical marks, judicial examination shall be added for the certification process of trademark rights, and greater efforts shall be made to crack down on trademark infringement and counterfeiting, thus bringing the relevant provisions of China's "Trademark Law" in line with the principles of WTO's "Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights." In August 2002, the Chinese government again revised the "Rules for the Implementation of the Trademark Law" and renamed it "Regulations for the Implementation of the Trademark Law."

根据《商标法》及《商标法实施条例》的规定，国家工商行政管理总局先后制定或修改了《商标评审规则》、《驰名商标认定和保护规定》、《集体商标、证明商标注册和管理办法》、《马德里商标国际注册实施办法》、《商标印制管理办法》等部门规章。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In accordance with the provisions of the "Trademark Law" and the "Regulations for the Implementation of the Trademark Law," the State Administration for Industry and Commerce formulated or revised several administrative rules and regulations, including the "Trademark Assessment Rules," "Provisions on the Recognition and Protection of well-known Trademarks," "Procedures for the Management and Registration of Collective Trademarks and Certification Trademarks," "Procedures for the Implementation of Madrid Agreement for the International Registration of Trademarks," and "Procedures for the Administration of the Printing of Trademarks."

随着中国商标法制的不断完善和全社会商标意识的日益提高，近年来中国的商标注册申请量迅猛增长。1980年商标注册申请量仅为2万多件，1993年达到13．2万件。2000年至2004年的5年时间里，商标注册申请量分别连续跃过20万件、30万件、40万件和50万件四个大关，申请总量达190．6万件，比1980年至1999年20年申请总量还多25．6万件，占1980年至2004年25年申请总量的53．6％。2004年商标注册申请量达58．8万件，比上年增加13．6万件，增长约30％，是中国加入世界贸易组织当年的2．17倍。截至2004年底，中国的注册商标累计总量已达224万件。

As improvements are made in the legal system concerning trademarks and as the general public's awareness about trademarks is heightened, applications for trademark registration in China have soared in recent years. In 1980, applications for trademark registration were only a little more than 20,000. The number reached 132,000 in 1993. In the five years from 2000 to 2004, applications for trademark registration quickly exceeded the key marks of 200,000, 300,000, 400,000 and 500,000, and came to 1,906,000 finally. It means an additional 256,000 applications were submitted in these five years over the total submitted during the 20 years from 1980 to 1999. It accounts for 53.6 percent of the total number of applications submitted from 1980 to 2004. In 2004, 588,000 applications were filed for trademark registration, 136,000 more than the previous year and an increase of 30 percent. The number of applications in 2004 was 2.17 times that in 2001, when China joined the WTO. By the end of 2004, China had had 2,240,000 registered trademarks.

伴随着中国投资环境的不断改善，特别是加入世界贸易组织后，外国在中国申请和注册商标的数量不断增长。1982年外国来华商标注册申请量为1565件，到1993年超过2万件，2004年则超过6万件。1979年前，来中国注册商标的国家或地区仅为20个，注册商标总计5130件；到2004年底，来中国注册商标的国家或地区已增加到129个，累计注册商标达40．3万件，比1979年增长近79倍，约占中国注册商标累计总量的18％。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

As the investment environment in China is constantly improved, especially after China joined the WTO, both the number of applications for trademark registration from foreigners and the number of registered foreign trademarks have kept increasing. In 1982, there were 1,565 foreign applications for trademark registration in China. The number exceeded 20,000 in 1993 and exceeded 60,000 in 2004. Before 1979, only 20 countries and regions had 5,130 trademarks registered in China. By the end of 2004, 129 countries and regions had had 403,000 trademarks registered in China. This represents almost an 80-fold increase over that in 1979, accounting for 18 percent of the total number of registered trademarks in China.

自中国加入《保护工业产权巴黎公约》以来，中国积极履行保护驰名商标的国际义务，国家工商行政管理总局先后在商标异议案件、商标争议案件和商标管理案件中认定了400多件驰名商标，依法保护了国内外驰名商标权所有人的合法权益。仅2004年，国家工商行政管理总局先后认定保护了153件驰名商标，其中有外国企业驰名商标28件。同时，中国各级工商行政管理机关把驰名商标作为商标保护工作的重点，加大对驰名商标的保护力度，严厉打击了侵犯驰名商标权益的各种违法行为。

China has actively fulfilled its obligations to protect internationally well-known trademarks since it joined the "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property." In handling cases involving objections and disputes over ownership of trademarks as well as trademark management, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce has certified more than 400 well-known trademarks, effectively protecting according to law the legitimate rights and interests of owners of foreign and Chinese well-known trademarks. In 2004 alone, it certified and offered protection to 153 well-known trademarks, of which 28 were brand-names of foreign enterprises. Meanwhile, administrative organs of industry and commerce at all levels regard the protection of well-known trademarks as their priority and have made greater efforts to protect them. They have severely cracked down on all kinds of illegal acts that have infringed upon the rights and interests of well-known trademarks.

多年来，中国各级工商行政管理机关充分发挥商标行政执法网络健全、程序简便、快捷高效的优势，以保护注册商标专用权为核心，积极履行行政执法职责，查处了大批商标侵权假冒案件，有效地保护了国内外商标权人的注册商标专用权，切实维护了广大消费者的合法权益。仅2001年至2004年，全国各级工商行政管理机关共查处各类商标违法案件16．96万件，其中商标一般违法案件5．66万件，商标侵权假冒案件11．3万件（含涉外商标侵权假冒案件1．2万件），收缴和消除侵权假冒商标标识约5．29亿件（套），移送司法机关追究刑事责任286件共300人。尤其是2004年，根据国务院保护知识产权专项行动和国家工商行政管理总局开展保护注册商标专用权行动方案的部署，全国工商行政管理机关以保护驰名商标、涉外商标，查处食品、药品商标侵权案件为重点，组织开展了三次保护注册商标专用权专项整治行动，有效保护了注册商标专用权。据统计，2004年全国各级工商行政管理机关共查处各类商标违法案件51851件，其中查处涉外商标案件5494件，比2003年增加了1．6倍。在查处的51851件商标违法案件中，商标一般违法案件11680件，商标侵权假冒案件40171件，比2003年增加51．66％，收缴和消除商标违法标识3895．18万件，收缴专门用于商标侵权的模具、印版等工具28．08万件，没收、销毁侵权物品5638．53吨，移送司法机关追究刑事责任案件96件共82人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

For years, administrative organs of industry and commerce at all levels across China have fully exploited their advantages in trademark administrative law enforcement - complete networks, simple procedures and high efficiency. Focusing on the protection of the right to exclusive use of registered trademarks, and dutifully carrying out their responsibilities, they have investigated and dealt with a large number of trademark infringement and counterfeiting cases, effectively protecting the right to exclusive use of registered trademarks of both foreign and domestic trademark owners, and safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of consumers. From 2001 to 2004, administrative organs of industry and commerce at all levels across China dealt with 169,600 cases that violated the trademark laws and regulations. Of these, 113,000 cases involved trademark infringement and counterfeiting (12,000 cases involved foreign trademarks), and 56,600 cases were other types of violations of trademark laws and regulations. They confiscated and destroyed 529 million pieces (sets) of counterfeiting trademark logos, and transferred 286 cases involving 300 people to judicial organs to pursue their criminal responsibilities. In 2004, in accordance with the unified plan and arrangement of the State Council on IPR protection and that of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce on the protection of the right to exclusive use of registered trademarks, administrative organs of industry and commerce at all levels across China launched three special campaigns that focused on the protection of well-known and foreign-related trademarks, and on dealing with infringements of trademarks of food and medicine. The campaigns effectively protected the right to exclusive use of registered trademarks. According to statistics, in 2004, administrative organs of industry and commerce across China investigated and dealt with 51,851 law-violation cases involving trademarks. Of these, 5,494 concerned foreign trademarks, a 2.6-fold increase of that in 2003. Of the 51,851 cases they investigated, 11,680 were common violations of the trademark laws and regulations. The rest of the cases, altogether 40,171, involved trademark infringement or counterfeiting, an increase of 51.66 percent over 2003. They confiscated and disposed of 38,951,800 pieces (sets) of illegal trademark logos, confiscated 280,800 tools such as moulds and press plates used for the infringement, and confiscated and destroyed 5638.53 tons of items that had been used for the infringement. They transferred to judicial organs 96 cases involving 82 people to pursue their criminal responsibilities.

四、版权保护

IV. Copyright Protection　　

以1991年6月《著作权法》实施为标志，自上世纪90年代起，中国逐步建立起著作权法律制度。近年来，中国对《著作权法》进行了修改，并公布实施《计算机软件保护条例》、《著作权法实施条例》、《著作权行政处罚实施办法》和《著作权集体管理条例》等一系列法规规章，使著作权保护有了较为完善的法律基础。

China's legal system for copyright protection was gradually established in the 1990s, with the implementation of the "Copyright Law" as a hallmark in this process. In recent years, China has made revisions to the "Copyright Law." It has also promulgated a number of regulations with legal effect, such as "Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software," "Regulations for the Implementation of the Copyright Law," "Procedures for the Implementation of Administrative Sanctions Concerning Copyright," and "Regulations on the Collective Management of Copyright." The promulgation and implementation of these legal documents have laid a solid legal foundation for copyright protection.

目前，中国已初步形成国家版权局、省级版权局和地市版权局的三级著作权行政管理体系。各省、自治区、直辖市政府不断加强版权行政管理部门的力量，使版权行政管理与行政执法体系不断健全。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

At present, China has formed a three-level copyright administrative management system: the State Copyright Bureau, copyright bureaus at the provincial level and the prefectural (city) level. Governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have constantly consolidated their copyright administrative management departments and made improvements to the system of copyright administrative management and law enforcement.

近年来，中国各级版权行政管理部门加大了著作权行政执法力度，在执法过程中加大与公安、工商、海关、新闻出版、文化等部门的合作，逐步形成相互配合打击侵权盗版的执法机制。版权行政管理部门对打击侵权盗版活动始终保持高压态势，在全国范围内多次开展打击盗版光盘、盗版教材教辅读物、盗版软件、非法复制和销售音像制品、经营走私盗版音像制品以及网络侵权等侵权盗版行为，取得积极成效。据不完全统计，1995年至2004年，各级版权行政管理部门共收缴侵权盗版复制品3．5亿件，受理侵权案件51368起，结案49983起。2004年共受理侵权案件9691起，结案9497起，处罚7986起，其中包括查处两家中国企业侵犯美国微软公司著作权等重大案件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In recent years, China's copyright administrative management departments at all levels have strengthened their administrative enforcement of the copyright law. They have increased cooperation with other government departments, such as the departments of public security, industry and commerce, the customs, press and publications, and cultural departments. As a result, a mechanism of law enforcement whereby different departments are coordinated in combating copyright infringement and piracy has gradually taken shape. The copyright administrative management departments have always maintained the pressure on copyright infringement and piracy. They have launched several campaigns to crack down on pirated discs, textbooks, reference books, software, illegal duplication and selling of audio-video products, selling of smuggled audio-video products and Internet infringement practices. Positive achievements have been made. According to incomplete statistics, from 1995 to 2004, copyright administrative management departments at all levels confiscated 350 million pirated copies, accepted 51,368 cases of infringement and resolved 49,983 of them. In 2004, they accepted 9,691 cases of infringement, resolved 9,497 of them and imposed administrative sanctions on the infringers in 7,986 cases. These included the investigation and punishment of two Chinese enterprises that had infringed upon the copyright of the Microsoft Corporation of the United States and other major cases.

中国在建立和完善版权法律制度，强化版权行政管理的同时，高度重视版权社会服务体系的建设。目前，已初步建立起由版权集体管理机构、版权代理机构、版权保护协会以及各相关行业协会和权利人组织等组成的版权社会管理和服务体系。1988年成立了中华版权代理总公司；1990年成立了中国版权研究会，并于2002年更名为中国版权协会；1993年成立了中国音乐著作权协会；1998年成立了中国版权保护中心。目前，中国文联、中国作协、中国电影家协会等作者协会团体和图书出版、音像制作、软件开发等版权产业的行业协会，成立了专门的版权维权组织，全国20多个省（自治区、直辖市）以及一些中心城市成立了版权协会，中国文字作品版权集体管理组织和中国音像制品版权集体管理组织也正在筹建中。

While establishing and improving its copyright legal system and strengthening its copyright administrative management, China also attaches great importance to the establishment of a copyright public service system. At present, China has established a copyright public management and service system consisting of copyright collective management organs, copyright agencies, copyright protection associations, professional associations and organizations of copyright holders. In 1988, the Copyright Agency of China was established. In 1990, the Copyright Research Society of China was established and its name was changed to Copyright Society of China in 2002. In 1993 the China Copyright Society of Works of Music was established. And in 1998, the Copyright Protection Center of China was established. At present, writers' associations, such as China Federation of Literary and Art Circles, China Writers' Association and China Film Association as well as professional associations of book publishers, producers of audio-video products and software developers have established their own copyright protection organizations. Copyright societies have been established in more than 20 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and some major cities. Preparatory work is under way to establish China's collective copyright management organizations of works of the written language and of audio-video products.

五、音像制品的知识产权保护

V. Intellectual Property Rights Protection for Audio and Video Products

盗版音像制品屡禁不绝是一个世界性难题。中国政府高度重视音像制品的知识产权保护，将打击盗版音像制品作为知识产权保护的一项重要工作，常抓不懈。近年来，中国逐步建立起一整套音像制品管理制度，主要包括：保护知识产权制度、音像制品经营许可证制度、出版权专有制度、复制委托书制度、光盘来源识别码（SID码）制度、进口音像制品内容审查制度、奖励举报人制度、音像制品加贴统一防伪标识制度、音像制品仓库登记备案制度、非法音像制品监督举报公示制度，等等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Persistent piracy of audio and video products in spite of repeated bans is a problem of international significance. The Chinese government attaches great importance to IPR protection for audio and video products, treats crackdown on piracy of audio and video products as an important task in IPR protection and has made continuous efforts to carry it out. In recent years, China has gradually established a whole set of systems for the management of audio and video products, which mainly includes an IPR protection system, audio and video business license system, exclusive publication right system, duplication authorization system, SID code system, censorship system for imported audio and video products, the system of awards for informants, the system of uniform anti-counterfeit labels for audio and video products, the system of registration and filing of audio and video products in storehouses, and the system of inspection of, report on and keeping the public informed of illegal audio and video products.

1994年8月，国家颁布《音像制品管理条例》，并于2001年12月予以修订。根据《民法通则》、《著作权法》、《刑法》以及《音像制品管理条例》等有关法律法规的规定，新闻出版总署、文化部、海关总署、商务部等部门分别或共同发布了《音像制品出版管理规定》、《音像制品批发、零售、出租管理办法》、《音像制品进口管理办法》和《中外合作音像制品分销企业管理办法》等一系列行政规章，使音像制品的经营和保护做到有法可依、有章可循。

In August 1994, the government promulgated the "Regulations on the Administration of Audio and Video Products," and amended it in December 2001. In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations, including the "General Principles of the Civil Law," "Copyright Law," "Criminal Law" and "Regulations on the Administration of Audio and Video Products," the Press and Publication General Administration, Ministry of Culture, General Administration of Customs and Ministry of Commerce respectively and jointly issued a series of administrative regulations, such as the "Regulations on the Administration of Publication of Audio and Video Products," "Measures for the Administration of Wholesale, Retail and Renting of Audio and Video Products," "Measures for the Administration of Import of Audio and Video Products" and "Measures for the Administration of China-Foreign Cooperative Distribution Enterprises of Audio-video Products," providing both legal and administrative groundwork for the business and protection of audio and video products.

随着音像市场的快速发展，国家逐步调整对音像业的行政管理体制。《音像制品管理条例》中对音像业的行政管理职能分工作出规定。1998年国务院根据“精简、效能、统一”的原则进一步理顺管理体制，明确规定新闻出版总署负责音像制作、出版和复制管理，文化部负责音像批发、零售、出租、放映和进口管理。地方政府参照中央政府的职能分工，对当地管理体制也进行了调整。目前，中国已初步建立起中央、省、地、县四级音像市场管理网络，绝大多数地区还建立了包括音像市场在内的文化市场稽查队伍，认真履行音像市场监管职责。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In light of the rapidly developing audio-video market, the government has step by step readjusted its administration of the audio-video industry. The "Regulations on the Administration of Audio and Video Products" provides for the division of functions in the administration of the industry. In 1998, the State Council further sorted out the administrative system on the principle of "streamlining, efficiency and unification," clearly assigning the administration of audio-video products' production, publication and duplication to the Press and Publication General Administration; and that of wholesale, retail, renting, showing and import of audio-video products to the Ministry of Culture. Following the suit of the central government, the local governments have also readjusted their administrative systems in this regard. So far, China has initially established market management networks at the central, provincial, prefectural and county levels. In most areas, investigation squads have been set up to keep watch on cultural markets, including the market for audio and video products. They sincerely perform the duties of supervision and administration on the audio-video market.

上世纪90年代以来，国家出版物市场监管部门、文化行政管理部门与有关部门密切配合，通过开展持续不断的音像市场集中治理行动，使盗版音像制品明显减少，正版音像制品发行量大幅上升，音像市场秩序逐步好转。据不完全统计，1994年至2004年，全国给予吊销复制经营许可证处罚的光盘复制企业9家，查获非法光盘生产线200条。2004年8月，按照保护知识产权专项行动的统一安排，文化部对音像领域侵权行为集中打击工作进行了全面部署，督导和协调重点城市、重点地区加大执法工作力度，破获了一大批违法音像制品地下仓库和地下发行网络。2004年，全国文化市场稽查管理部门检查音像经营单位555368家次，查缴各类违法音像制品1．54亿张（盘）。2005年1月12日，文化部、国家保护知识产权工作组办公室在全国开展违法音像制品统一销毁活动，集中销毁6335万多张（盘）各类违法音像制品。

Since the 1990s, the publication market supervision authorities and cultural administration authorities have cooperated closely with other relevant departments in making sustained efforts to enforce order in the audio-video market. As a result, the order of the audio-video market has been gradually improved, the number of pirated audio-video products clearly reduced, and the circulation of original copies greatly increased. According to incomplete statistics, from 1994 to 2004, nine CD duplicating enterprises had their duplication business licenses revoked, and 200 illegal CD production lines were discovered. In August 2004, under the unified arrangement of the special IPR protection campaign, the Ministry of Culture drew up an overall plan for an intensive crackdown on infringements in the audio-video industry, in accordance with which it guided and coordinated with key cities and areas in strengthening law enforcement, and discovering and closing down a large number of underground storehouses and distribution networks of illegal audio-video products. In 2004, cultural market inspecting and management authorities throughout the country inspected audio-video businesses on 555,368 occasions, confiscating 154 million copies of audio-video works. On January 12, 2005, the Ministry of Culture and the Office of the National Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights Protection launched a nationwide campaign to destroy illegal audio-video products, during which over 63.35 million copies of such products were destroyed.

六、植物新品种保护

VI. Protection of New Varieties of Agricultural and Forestry Plants

中国政府从国情出发，认真借鉴国际经验，制定和实施了一系列保护植物新品种的制度措施，充分保证投资主体的合法权益。1997年10月1日国家开始实施《植物新品种保护条例》，大大扩展了中国知识产权的保护范围。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Proceeding from the actual conditions of China and on the basis of earnestly summing up and borrowing from international experience, the Chinese government has set up and carried out a series of systems and measures for the protection of new varieties of plants, thus fully guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of the investment bodies involved. On October 1, 1997, the government began implementing the "Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants," greatly expanding the scope of IPR protection in China.

为配合《植物新品种保护条例》的实施，中国政府陆续颁布实施了《植物新品种保护条例实施细则（农业部分）》、《植物新品种保护条例实施细则（林业部分）》、《农业植物新品种权代理规定》、《农业植物新品种权侵权案件处理规定》和《农业部植物新品种复审委员会审理规定》等规章，为植物新品种的快速发展提供了法律保障。

To supplement the implementation of the "Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants," the Chinese government has in succession promulgated and implemented such regulations as the "Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (Agriculture)," "Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations on the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (Forestry)," "Regulations on Agency of New Agricultural Plant Variety Rights," "Regulations on Handling Cases of Infringement of New Agricultural Plant Variety Rights," and "Regulations of the Ministry of Agriculture on the Work of the Reexamination Board for New Varieties of Plants," providing legal guarantees for the rapid development of new varieties of plants.

近年来，国家分别在农业部和国家林业局成立了植物新品种保护办公室、植物新品种复审委员会，形成了以审批机关、执法机关、中介服务机构和其他维权组织相结合的保护组织体系。同时，建立了由农业植物新品种繁殖材料保藏中心、植物新品种测试中心和14个测试分中心，以及林业植物新品种测试中心、5个测试分中心和2个分子测定实验室组成的技术支撑体系。为保证品种权审查的科学性和权威性，在借鉴国际植物新品种测试技术规范的基础上，结合中国实际，有关部门组织制定了玉米、水稻、杨树、牡丹等57种植物新品种测试指南，其中18种已以国家或行业标准予以公布实施。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In recent years, the government has set up the Office of Protection of New Varieties of Plants and the Reexamination Board for New Varieties of Plants at the Ministry of Agriculture and State Forestry Administration, respectively, forming an institutional protection system combining examination and approval agencies, law-enforcement organizations, intermediary service organizations and other rights protection organizations. Meanwhile, a technological support system has been established, which includes the Center for the Preservation of Breeding Materials of New Varieties of Agricultural Plants, Center for Testing of New Varieties of Plants and its 14 sub-centers, and the Center for the Testing of New Varieties of Forest Plants and its five sub-centers and two molecule determination labs. To ensure scientific and authoritative examination of plant variety rights, and drawing on the international standards for testing new varieties of plants, the relevant authorities have, based on the actual conditions of China, formulated guides for testing 57 new varieties of plants, including corn, rice, poplar and peony, of which 18 have been promulgated and implemented as national or industrial standards.

国家先后发布并实施了五批农业植物新品种保护名录和四批林业植物新品种保护名录，使受保护植物属和种的数量达到119个，其中农业植物品种41个、林业植物品种78个，远远高于《国际植物新品种保护公约》规定的最低数量。

The government has issued and implemented five lists of protected new varieties of agricultural plants and four lists of protected new varieties of forest plants, which cover 119 genera and species, including 41 agricultural plants and 78 forest plants. The numbers are far higher than the minimum numbers required by the "International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants."

截至2004年底，农业部共受理品种权申请2046件。按年度划分，1999年仅有115件，2004年达到735件，平均每年递增44．9％；按种类划分，有大田作物1875件，蔬菜87件，果树52件，观赏植物32件；按单位划分，有科研教学单位1274件，企业和个人772件（其中外国企业和个人32件）。经审查合格，共授予品种权503件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

By the end of 2004, the Ministry of Agriculture had handled 2,046 applications for plant variety rights. The number of applications handled in 1999 was 115, and by 2004 it reached 735, indicating an average annual increase of 44.9 percent. Among all the applications, there were 1,875 for field crops, 87 for vegetables, 52 for fruit trees and 32 for decorative plants. A total of 2,174 applications were from scientific, technological and educational institutions, and 772 from enterprises and individuals, which included 32 from foreign enterprises and individuals. After examination, 503 applications were granted the variety rights.

到2004年底，国家林业局受理品种权申请305件，其中来自法国、德国、荷兰、比利时、美国等国家的申请64件，授予植物新品种权72件。种类主要有月季、牡丹、一品红、杜鹃、杨树、板栗、杏、桉树、核桃等，其中木本观赏植物申请量253件，占申请总量的82．95％。申请人主要为国内研究机构、国外私人育种者和国内大学，分别占申请量的50．2％、14．4％和11．1％。

By the end of 2004, the State Forestry Administration had handled 305 applications for variety rights, including 64 from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and the United States, and granted 72 new plant variety rights. The involved plants included Chinese rose, peony, Christmas flower, azalea, poplar, Chinese chestnut, apricot, eucalyptus and walnut. Of them, 253 applications were for decorative arbors, accounting for 82.95 percent of the total. The applications were mainly from Chinese research institutions, foreign individuals engaging in breeding and Chinese universities, which respectively accounted for 50.2 percent, 14.4 percent and 11.1 percent of the total.

从2001年开始，国家选择12个省市开展植物新品种保护执法试点，并逐步在全国展开。截至2004年底，全国有17个省（自治区、直辖市）查处农业植物新品种侵权和假冒案件863件。

Since 2001, the government began experimental law enforcement on the protection of new varieties of plants in 12 selected provinces and municipalities, and then gradually spread the work across the country. By the end of 2004, 17 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had handled 863 cases of infringement of new agricultural plant variety rights and of faking new agricultural plant varieties.

七、知识产权海关保护

VII. Customs Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

1994年9月，中国开始对知识产权实施边境保护。目前，中国海关已经建立起一套包括报关单证审核、进出口货物查验、对侵权货物的扣留和调查、对违法进出口人进行处罚以及对侵权货物进行处置等环节在内的完善的知识产权执法制度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In September 1994, China began to carry out border protection of IPR. At present, the Chinese customs houses have established a complete system of IPR-related law enforcement measures, which includes such links as examination of customs declaration bills and certificates, inspection of imported and exported goods, detention and investigation of right-infringing goods, punishment of illegal importers and exporters, and disposal of right-infringing goods.

1995年10月，中国首次颁布实施《知识产权海关保护条例》，开始建立符合世界贸易组织规则的知识产权边境保护制度。2000年全国人大常委会修订《中华人民共和国海关法》，从法律层面确定了海关知识产权保护方面的职能。2003年12月中国政府颁布修订后的《知识产权海关保护条例》，强化海关调查处理侵权货物的权力，减轻知识产权权利人寻求海关保护的负担，明确海关和司法机关以及其他行政机关之间的职责。随后，国家海关总署制定新条例《实施办法》，就新条例有关保守商业秘密问题、国际注册商标的备案问题、担保金的收取和退还问题、权利人对有关费用的承担问题等予以明确规定。2004年9月，中国政府公布《行政处罚实施条例》，对进出口侵犯知识产权的行政处罚予以明确规定。2004年12月，最高人民法院和最高人民检察院公布实施的《关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》，进一步明确了代理进出口侵权货物的刑事责任。至此，适应经济和社会发展需要的知识产权海关保护法律体系基本建立起来。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In October 1995, China promulgated and implemented its first ever "Regulations on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights by the Customs," and began to establish its system of IPR customs protection in accordance with WTO rules. In 2000, the NPC Standing Committee amended the "Customs Law of the People's Republic of China," defining the functions of IPR customs protection from the legal perspective. In December 2003, the Chinese government promulgated the revised "Regulations on the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights by the Customs," which strengthened the customs houses' power in investigating and dealing with right-infringing goods, reduced the burden on the proprietors of intellectual properties in seeking customs protection, and defined the functions of the customs houses, the judicial and other administrative organizations. Later, the General Administration of Customs formulated the "Measures for Implementation" of the revised regulations, which clearly provided for such issues mentioned in the revised regulations as keeping business secrets, filing of international registered trademarks, collecting and returning of security deposit, and the payment of relevant fees by the proprietors. In September 2004, the Chinese government promulgated the "Regulations on Implementation of Administrative Penalties," which clearly provided administrative penalties for infringements on IPR in importation and exportation. The "Interpretations on Several Issues in Practical Application of Laws in Criminal Cases of Infringement on Intellectual Property Rights" was promulgated by the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate in December 2004, which further clearly stipulated the criminal responsibilities of agencies importing or exporting right-infringing goods. By then, a legal system for IPR customs protection geared to the needs of economic and social development had been basically established.

中国建立健全了知识产权海关保护执法机制。一是建立知识产权海关保护的中央备案制度。只要知识产权权利人事先将知识产权在海关总署备案，口岸海关就有权对侵犯有关备案的知识产权的进出口货物予以扣留，截至2004年底，海关总署共核准知识产权海关保护备案6257件。二是实行主动保护与被动保护相结合的执法模式。海关不仅根据知识产权权利人的申请扣留进出口的侵权嫌疑货物，而且主动依据职权对进出口侵权货物的违法行为进行查处。三是建立健全执法机构，加强知识产权执法队伍建设。截至2004年底，全国各直属海关均设立相关部门负责知识产权保护的管理工作，有11个海关还设立了专门的知识产权保护机构，一些具备条件的海关在业务现场设立了知识产权工作的联络员。海关总署—直属海关—隶属海关三级知识产权执法体系已初步形成。

China has established and improved its law enforcement mechanism for IPR customs protection. First, it has established a central filing system for IPR customs protection. As long as the IPR proprietors have filed their IPR with the General Administration of Customs, the port customs have the power to detain imported or exported goods that infringe on the filed IPR. By the end of 2004, the General Administration of Customs had confirmed 6,257 files of IPR for customs protection. Second, a model combining active protection with passive protection is implemented in law enforcement. Besides detaining import or export goods suspected of IPR infringement, the customs can also investigate and deal with illegal import and export of right-infringing goods within the scope of their powers and duties. Third, law enforcement organizations have been founded and improved, and the building of IPR law enforcement teams enhanced. By the end of 2004, all the customs houses directly under the General Administration of Customs had set up relevant departments for the management of IPR protection, and 11 of them had set up special organizations for IPR protection. Some customs houses with adequate conditions had stationed liaison officers on site. A system of IPR law enforcement has taken shape on three levels, namely, the General Administration of Customs, customs houses directly under it, and grass-roots customs posts.

为抑制进出口环节的侵权盗版活动，中国各口岸海关将查处进出口假冒和盗版产品作为海关执法的重点。1996年至2004年，全国海关共查获各类进出口侵权案件4361起，案值6．3亿元人民币；2000年以后，海关每年查获的案件都以30％左右的幅度增长，有力打击了进出口侵权货物的违法行为，净化了口岸秩序，维护了权利人的利益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To curb right infringements and piracy in import and export links, the port customs all over China focus law enforcement on import and export of fake and pirated products. From 1996 to 2004, the Chinese customs ferreted out 4,361 cases of right infringement in import and export, which involved 630 million yuan. Since 2000, the number of cases discovered by the customs has increased by 30 percent annually. The customs have effectively cracked down on the illegal import and export of right-infringing goods, preserving order at ports, and safeguarding the interests of proprietors.

中国海关在实施知识产权边境保护过程中，十分注重加强与权利人及有关权利人组织协会的联系和配合，加强与知识产权主管部门的沟通和协作，加强与其他国家边境执法部门的合作与交流。目前，中国海关已经与美国电影协会等权利人组织签订了知识产权保护合作备忘录，开展了卓有成效的合作；与知识产权管理部门、公安部门等知识产权行政、刑事执法部门多次开展执法合作，有效打击了侵权违法犯罪行为；与欧盟、美国等国家海关签署了包含开展知识产权海关保护内容的行政执法互助协议；与其他国家海关积极开展知识产权保护的情报交流和执法合作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In offering IPR border protection, the Chinese customs attach great importance to liaison and cooperation with proprietors and relevant organizations and associations of proprietors, and have enhanced their communication and coordination with IPR authorities and their cooperation and exchanges with foreign border law enforcement authorities. So far, the Chinese customs have signed memorandums of cooperation on IPR protection with such proprietors' organizations as the Motion Picture Association of America, and have cooperated with them successfully. The Chinese customs have cooperated on many occasions in law enforcement with IPR-related administrative and criminal law enforcement authorities, such as IPR management authorities and public security organs, effectively cracking down on illegal and criminal IPR infringement. The Chinese customs have signed agreements of mutual assistance in administrative law enforcement with the customs of the European Union countries, the United States and other countries, which contain the provisions on IPR customs protection. The Chinese customs have also actively conducted information exchange and law enforcement cooperation regarding IPR protection with the customs services of other countries.

八、公安机关打击侵犯知识产权犯罪

VIII. Public Security Organs Act on Criminal Infringement on Intellectual Property Rights

近年来，中国公安机关采取一系列举措，严厉打击各类侵犯知识产权犯罪活动，不断提升执法水平和能力，保障了社会主义市场经济健康发展。

In recent years, the Chinese public security organs have adopted a series of measures to crack down on all kinds of criminal IPR infringement, continuously enhanced their law enforcement standards and abilities, and safeguarded the sound development of the socialist market economy.

1998年，为进一步加大对侵犯知识产权犯罪行为的打击力度，根据《刑事诉讼法》的规定，公安部成立了专门机构，负责打击侵犯知识产权犯罪的组织、指导、协调和重大案件的督办工作。地方各级公安机关也自上而下地设立了专业侦查队伍，具体负责此类犯罪案件的受案、立案和侦查工作。2000年至2004年，全国公安机关共破获侵犯知识产权犯罪案件5305起，涉案总金额近22亿元人民币，抓获犯罪嫌疑人7100人。其中破获侵犯商标专用权案件4269起，涉案总价值11．8亿余元人民币，抓获犯罪嫌疑人5564人。一批侵犯知识产权犯罪案件被按照生产、销售伪劣产品罪和非法经营罪定罪处罚。

In 1998, to step up the fight against criminal IPR infringement, and in accordance with the provisions of the "Criminal Procedure Law," the Ministry of Public Security established a specialized department to organize, guide and coordinate the fight against criminal IPR infringement, and supervise over the handling of serious cases. Local public security organs at all levels, from the top downward, have set up specialized investigation teams for receiving, filing and investigating such criminal cases. From 2000 to 2004, the Chinese public security organs cracked 5,305 cases of criminal infringement on IPR, which involved nearly 2.2 billion yuan, and arrested 7,100 suspects. Among them, there were 4,269 cases concerning infringement on the exclusive rights of trademark ownership, which involved 1.18 billion yuan, and 5,564 suspects were arrested. A number of suspects were found guilty of the production and sale of fake or inferior products and illegal business operation, and sentenced accordingly.

2004年11月以来，公安部在全国部署开展为期一年的打击侵犯商标专用权犯罪专项行动，集中破获了一批涉及面广、影响恶劣、案值较大的侵犯知识产权犯罪案件。主要包括：浙江省公安机关破获有关生产假冒“吉列”剃须刀片案；福建省公安机关破获有关涉嫌生产假冒“阿迪达斯”、“耐克”等品牌运动鞋案；广东省公安机关破获生产假冒美国思科公司电子产品案；四川省公安机关破获有关涉嫌生产假冒“五粮液”等名酒案。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since November 2004, the Ministry of Public Security has launched a one-year national campaign against criminal infringement on the exclusive rights of trademark ownership, cracking some cases of criminal IPR infringement that were of widespread and baneful repercussions and involved large amounts of money. These cases included: production of fake Gillette razor blades cracked by the public security organs of Zhejiang Province, production of fake Adidas and Nike sports shoes cracked by the public security organs of Fujian Province, production of fake Cisco (USA) electronic products cracked by the public security organs of Guangdong Province, and production of fake brand-name liquors, including Wuliangye, cracked by the public security organs of Sichuan Province.

随着越来越多的外国公司在中国投资、销售产品、设立企业和研发中心，中国公安机关逐步与知识产权权利人建立起定期沟通协调制度，认真听取他们的意见和建议。2002年12月以来，公安部会同有关外商投资企业协会，分别在海南、广东、广西举办三次“知识产权刑事保护论坛”，并发表论坛宣言，为加强沟通与协调起到了良好作用。

As more and more foreign companies are investing, selling their products and building enterprises and R&D centers in China, the Chinese public security organs have gradually established a system of regular communication and coordination with IPR proprietors, earnestly listening to their opinions and suggestions. Since December 2002, together with relevant associations of enterprises with foreign investment, the Ministry of Public Security has held three forums on "Protection of Intellectual Property Rights against Crimes" and published forum declarations, improving communication and coordination in this field.

针对跨国跨境侵犯知识产权犯罪案件日益增多的状况，中国公安机关高度重视在打击侵犯知识产权犯罪领域的国际执法合作，与各国执法机构积极开展协助调查取证、通报犯罪线索、交流信息情报、提供司法协助等方面的合作。2004年7月，中国公安机关与美国国土安全部移民与海关执法局通力合作，在上海成功破获了一起涉嫌销售盗版DVD的重大案件，抓获了以一名美籍犯罪嫌疑人为首的7名犯罪嫌疑人，捣毁了3个盗版DVD存放窝点，缴获了21万余张盗版DVD。

In view of increasing transnational and trans-border criminal cases of IPR infringement, the Chinese public security organs attach great importance to international law enforcement cooperation in the fight against IPR infringement, and have conducted cooperation with the law enforcement organizations of various countries in assistance in investigation and collection of evidence, exchange of information and judicial assistance. In July 2004, working together with the Immigration and Customs Enforcement of the Department of Homeland Security of the United States, the Chinese public security organs successfully cracked a serious case of suspected sale of pirated DVDs in Shanghai, arrested seven suspects headed by an American citizen, raided three places where pirated DVDs were hidden, and confiscated over 210,000 pirated DVDs.

九、知识产权司法保护

IX. Judicial Protection of Intellectual Property Rights

近年来，中国检察机关认真履行对侵犯知识产权刑事案件审查逮捕、审查起诉和依法对有关刑事诉讼活动实行法律监督的职责，办理了一大批涉嫌侵犯知识产权犯罪的刑事案件。2000年至2004年，各级检察机关批准逮捕侵犯知识产权案件犯罪嫌疑人2533人，提起公诉2566人。其中，2004年批准逮捕侵犯知识产权案件犯罪嫌疑人602人，提起公诉638人。2004年，全国检察机关开展了打击制假、侵犯知识产权犯罪专项立案监督活动，督促有关行政执法机关依法向公安机关移交涉嫌犯罪案件，监督公安机关对应当立案而未立案的案件依法立案，确保涉嫌犯罪案件及时进入司法程序，同时查办了一批纵容、包庇制假售假、侵犯知识产权违法犯罪活动的国家工作人员职务犯罪案件。

In recent years, the Chinese procuratorial organs have earnestly exercised their duties of examination of arrests and prosecutions in cases of criminal IPR infringement, as well as legal supervision over relevant criminal lawsuits in accordance with law, handled a large number of cases of suspected criminal IPR infringement. From 2000 to 2004, the procuratorial organs at all levels approved the arrests of 2,533 people suspected of criminal IPR infringement, and instituted prosecutions against 2,566 suspects. In 2004, the arrests of 602 people suspected of criminal IPR infringement were approved, and prosecutions against 638 suspects were instituted. In the same year, procuratorial organs around China launched a special drive to supervise cases involving production of fake products and IPR infringement, during which they urged relevant administrative law enforcement organs to transfer suspected criminal cases to public security organs according to law, supervised the filing of cases that should have been filed by the public security organs according to law, made sure that suspected criminal cases entered judicial proceedings in time, and investigated some criminal cases of conniving and covering up production and sale of fake products and of IPR infringement involving government functionaries abusing their powers.

多年来，中国各级人民法院围绕“公正与效率”这一主题，不断加大知识产权民事、刑事审判力度。通过审理各类知识产权案件，平等保护中外知识产权权利人的合法权益，依法制裁侵犯知识产权的行为，严厉打击侵犯知识产权的犯罪活动，为实现社会公平和正义作出了不懈努力。

For many years, the Chinese people's courts at all levels have continuously strengthened work in IPR-related civil and criminal trials under the principle of "justice and efficiency." Through handling a large number of IPR-related cases, they have protected the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese and foreign IPR proprietors equally, punished acts of IPR infringement and severely cracked down on criminal IPR infringements, making unremitting efforts to realize social fairness and justice.

自1981年开始受理技术合同纠纷案件以来，中国法院不断拓宽知识产权审判领域，相继开展了著作权、商标、专利、不正当竞争、计算机软件、植物新品种、集成电路布图设计等各类知识产权案件的审判工作，确立了知识产权的审判地位。1998年至2004年，全国法院共审结知识产权民事一审案件38228件，审结侵犯刑法分则第三章第七节所列的知识产权犯罪一审案件2057件，判处犯罪分子2375人。其中，2004年全国法院共审结知识产权民事一审案件8332件，审结侵犯刑法分则第三章第七节所列的知识产权犯罪一审案件385件，判处犯罪分子528人。此外，2004年全国法院还审结生产、销售伪劣商品罪案件932件，判处犯罪分子1453人；审结非法经营罪案件1434件，判处犯罪分子2103人。这两种罪名的相当一部分案件，也属于侵犯知识产权犯罪的案件。

Since the handling of the first case of a technological contract dispute in 1981, the Chinese courts have continuously expanded the range of IPR-related trials to include cases concerning copyright, trademarks, patents, unfair competition, computer software, new varieties of plants and integrated circuit layout designs, thus establishing the status of court trials in the handling of IPR-related cases. From 1998 to 2004, courts throughout the country concluded 38,228 IPR-related civil cases of first instance and 2,057 criminal cases of first instance involving IPR infringement in accordance with Section Seven, Chapter III of the "Specific Provisions" of the "Criminal Law," handing down sentences to 2,375 criminals. Among these cases, in 2004, 8,332 civil IPR-related cases of first instance and 385 criminal cases of first instance involving IPR infringement in accordance with Section Seven, Chapter III of the "Specific Provisions" of the "Criminal Law" were concluded, and 528 criminals were punished. In the same year, the Chinese courts also concluded 932 criminal cases of production and sale of fake or inferior goods, punishing 1,453 criminals involved, and concluded 1,434 criminal cases of illegal business operation, punishing 2,103 criminals. A considerable proportion of the above two types of cases also involved criminal IPR infringement.

为准确适用法律、统一执法尺度，中国最高人民法院在总结知识产权案件审判经验的基础上，依法制定了一系列相关的司法解释，完善了一系列重要的知识产权法律适用原则，对及时解决知识产权审判工作中出现的新问题，指导各级人民法院正确审理知识产权案件，产生了重要作用。如：2001年6月最高人民法院公布的《关于对诉前停止侵犯专利权行为适用法律问题的若干规定》，为及时制止侵权行为、有效防止权利人损失扩大提供了诉讼措施；1998年12月最高人民法院公布的《关于审理非法出版物刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》，明确了有关侵犯著作权犯罪的定罪量刑标准；2004年12月最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合公布的《关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》，严格遵守刑法的规定，综合考虑中国国情和司法实际，适当降低了有关侵犯知识产权犯罪的定罪标准，提高了刑法相关条文的可操作性，为办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件提供了具体的适用法律依据，对有效打击侵犯知识产权的犯罪行为具有重要意义。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To correctly apply laws and make law enforcement standards coherent, and based on its experience in handling IPR-related cases, the Supreme People's Court of China has formulated a series of relevant judicial interpretations in accordance with the law, and improved a series of important IPR-related law application principles, which have played an important role in the timely settlement of new problems emerging from the handling of IPR-related cases and in guiding the correct handling of IPR-related cases by the people's courts at all levels. For example, the "Several Provisions on Law Application for Stopping Patent Infringement before Litigation" promulgated by the Supreme People's Court in June 2001 provided judicial measures for stopping right infringements and effectively preventing more losses on the part of proprietors. The "Interpretation of Several Issues Regarding Specific Law Application in Handling Cases of Illegal Publications" promulgated by the Supreme People's Court in December 1998 defined the standards of condemnation and penalty for criminal offences of copyright infringement. The "Interpretation of Several Issues Regarding Specific Law Application in Handling Criminal Cases of Intellectual Property Rights Infringement" jointly promulgated by the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate in December 2004 properly reduced the condemnation standards for the crimes of IPR infringement strictly in accordance with the provisions of the "Criminal Law" and in light of China's actual conditions and judicial reality, increased the applicability of the relevant provisions of the "Criminal Law," and provided a concrete applicable legal basis for handling criminal cases of IPR infringement, and was thus of great significance for effectively cracking down on crimes of IPR infringement.

中国法院高度重视知识产权法官的职业化建设。经过多年的审判实践和有计划的培训，造就了一支精通法律、熟悉外语、有丰富审判经验和科技专长的高素质知识产权法官队伍，并逐步建立了比较健全的知识产权审判组织，为知识产权审判工作的有效开展提供了有力的人员和组织保障。

The Chinese courts put special emphasis on the professional training of IPR judges. After many years of judicial practice and systematic training, a contingent has been formed of highly competent IPR judges who speak foreign languages, and have an intimate knowledge of the law, rich judicial experience and expertise in science and technology. Relatively complete IPR-related judicial departments have been gradually established, providing a strong personnel and organizational guarantee for effective IPR-related judicial work.

中国法院不断加强知识产权司法领域的国际交流与合作，学习和借鉴国外知识产权审判方面的有益经验和成功做法。最高人民法院积极开展与世界知识产权组织、欧盟等的友好合作，先后举办了多期知识产权研讨会和培训班，取得了良好效果，有力地促进了中国知识产权司法保护水平的提高，不断推动知识产权审判工作达到新的水平。

The Chinese courts have continuously enhanced international exchanges and cooperation in the field of IPR-related judicature, learning and borrowing from the useful experience and successful practices of foreign countries. The Supreme People's Court actively conducts friendly cooperation with the World Intellectual Property Organization and European Union, and has hosted several seminars and training courses on IPR, the results of which have been encouraging. These seminars and training courses have effectively promoted the enhancement of China's IPR judicial protection, and continuously pushed the level of its IPR-related judicial work to a new high.

结束语

Conclusion

事实表明，在过去短短二十几年时间里，中国政府为保护知识产权付出了艰苦的努力，中国的知识产权保护取得了有目共睹的重大进展，走过了发达国家通常需要几十年甚至逾百年的历程。但是，中国政府清醒地认识到，作为一个有13亿人口的发展中大国，在经济相对落后和科技水平不高的情况下，建立起完善的知识产权保护制度，绝非一朝一夕之事。在中国，保护知识产权还有很长的路要走，任务相当艰巨。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Practice over the past two decades and more has shown that the Chinese government has made arduous efforts to protect IPR. China has achieved a noticeably great improvement in IPR protection, which took the developed countries several decades and even over a century to attain. However, the Chinese government is clearly aware that, in a large developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, relatively backward economy and low level of science and technology, a complete IPR protection system cannot be established overnight. China has a long way to go in this regard, and is faced with heavy tasks in IPR protection.

目前，在中国部分地区和领域侵犯知识产权行为依然存在，甚至还相当突出。全社会的知识产权意识有待进一步提高。同时，经济全球化和世界科学技术日新月异的发展也使知识产权保护面临新的挑战。为此，中国政府将按照科学发展观的要求，在推进全面建设小康社会和构建和谐社会过程中，采取更为有效的政策措施，努力把中国的知识产权保护推进到新的水平。

At present, there are still IPR infringements in certain areas and fields in China, some of which are very serious. The awareness of the importance of IPR in Chinese society as a whole needs to be further enhanced. Meanwhile, China's IPR protection work is facing new challenges in the course of economic globalization and rapid development of science and technology worldwide. In accordance with the requirements of the concept of scientific development, the Chinese government will adopt more effective policies and measures in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way and developing a harmonious society, exerting efforts to raise its IPR protection work to a new level.

多年来，在建立知识产权制度的过程中，中国得到了国际社会的积极支持和帮助。在今后的日子里，中国政府将继续认真履行自己承担的保护知识产权国际义务，以更加积极开放的姿态，加强与世界各国和国际组织的合作，共同推动在世界范围内建立知识产权保护的良好制度和环境。

For many years China has received active support and assistance from the international community in the establishment of its IPR protection system. In the future, the Chinese government will continue to earnestly execute its international obligations in this regard, enhance its cooperation with various countries and international organizations with a more active, open attitude, and join hands with them in promoting the establishment of a sound system and environment favorable for IPR protection worldwide.