西藏的生态建设与环境保护
Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection in Tibet
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
二零零三年三月·北京
March 2003, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前 言
Foreword
一、西藏生态建设与环境保护事业的发展
I. Progress of the Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection Work in Tibet
二、生态建设与生物多样性保护
II. Ecological Improvement and Biodiversity Protection
三、经济发展中的生态建设和环境保护
III. Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection amid Economic Development
四、建设生态环境保护型铁路——青藏铁路
IV. Building an Ecology-Friendly Railway Line - the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
五、可持续发展的战略选择
V. The Strategic Choice for Sustainable Development
前 言
Foreword
中国西藏自治区位于青藏高原的主体，地势高峻，地理特殊，野生动植物资源、水资源和矿产资源丰富，素有“世界屋脊”和“地球第三极”之称。这里不仅是南亚、东南亚地区的“江河源”和“生态源”，还是中国乃至东半球气候的“启动器”和“调节区”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China's Tibet Autonomous Region is situated on the main body of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. With high altitude, unique geographical features and rich wildlife, water and mineral resources, it has been called the "Roof of the World" and the "Third Pole of the Earth." It is not only the "source of rivers" and the "ecological source" for the areas in South and Southeast Asia, but is also the "starter" and "regulating area" of the climate of China and indeed of the Eastern Hemisphere as a whole.
中国政府高度重视西藏的生态建设与环境保护，为加强西藏的生态建设与环境保护，促进西藏经济、社会可持续发展，提高各族人民的生活质量，做出了巨大的努力。半个多世纪以来，西藏的生态建设与环境保护作为西藏现代化建设的一项重要内容，与经济发展、社会进步、人民生活的提高同步推进，取得了重大成就。回顾西藏生态建设与环境保护事业发展的历程，展示西藏生态建设与环境保护的现状，昭示西藏可持续发展的前景，有助于澄清人们对西藏生态环境问题的误解，增进对西藏的了解。
The Chinese government attaches great importance to ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet. It has made tremendous efforts to strengthen ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet, promote the sustainable development of its economy and society, and improve the quality of life of the people of its various ethnic groups. For over half a century, ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet, as an important part of the effort to modernize Tibet, has, together with economic development, social progress and enhancement of people's living standards, pressed forward and made great achievements. It would help clarify some people's misunderstanding concerning Tibet's eco-environmental problem and enhance their understanding of Tibet to review the progress of the ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet, to present the status quo of this undertaking, and to envisage the prospects of sustainable development for the region.
一、 西藏生态建设与环境保护事业的发展
I. Progress of the Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection Work in Tibet
西藏自治区面积122万平方公里，平均海拔在4000米以上,有着独特的自然生态和地理环境。西藏的气候自东南向西北由暖热湿润向寒冷干旱呈递次过渡，自然生态由森林、灌丛、草甸、草原到荒漠呈带状更迭。复杂多样的地形地貌和特殊的生态系统类型，为生物多样性营造了天然乐园。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Tibet Autonomous Region is 1.22 million sq km in area, with an average altitude of well over 4,000 m above sea level. It boasts a unique natural ecology and geographical environment. The climate in Tibet turns gradually from being warm and moist to cold and dry from its southeast toward its northwest. Ecologically, the changes are manifested in belts from forest, bush, meadow and steppe to desert. The complex and varied terrains and landforms as well as the unique type of ecological system have created a natural paradise for biodiversity.
二十世纪五十年代以前的旧西藏，长期处于封建农奴制的统治之下，生产力发展水平极其低下，基本处于被动适应自然条件和对自然资源的单向索取状态，根本谈不上对西藏生态环境客观规律的认识，也谈不上生态建设和环境保护问题。十九世纪下半叶起，一些外国探险家和科学家在青藏高原进行过各种考察和调查；二十世纪三十年代，中国科学家也在青藏高原进行过考察和调查，但总体上说，他们对青藏高原特殊自然生态环境的认识还不全面、不系统。
The old Tibet before the 1950s had long been under the rule of feudal serfdom. The development level of its productive forces was extremely low, and it was, by and large, in a state of passive adaptation to natural conditions and one-way exploitation of natural resources. It was absolutely impossible to discuss the objective law of the ecological environment of Tibet, or to talk about ecological improvement and environmental protection. From the latter half of the 19th century, some foreign explorers and scientists conducted various surveys and investigations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In the 1930s, Chinese scientists also carried out some surveys and investigations there. But, generally speaking, their knowledge of the unique natural eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was incomplete and unsystematic.
西藏生态建设和环境保护起步于西藏和平解放以后，并随着西藏现代化建设的发展而得到发展。
It was after the peaceful liberation of Tibet that ecological improvement and environmental protection started there, and began to progress along with the modernization of Tibet.
——和平解放开启了科学认识、主动保护和积极建设西藏生态环境的进程。1951年西藏和平解放之初，为了揭开青藏高原的奥秘，促进西藏的社会进步与发展，中央人民政府就组织“政务院西藏工作队”（1958年，在此基础上成立“中国科学院西藏综合考察队”），对西藏的土地、森林、草场、水利和矿产资源进行考察和评价，提出了科学开发利用的意见，从而开启了科学认识、利用和保护西藏生态环境的进程。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- The peaceful liberation initiated the process of scientific understanding, voluntary protection and active improvement of the ecological environment in Tibet. Shortly after the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, in order to unveil the mysteries of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and promote Tibet's social progress and development, the Central People's Government organized the "Tibet Work Team of the Government Administration Council" (on the basis of which the "Tibet Comprehensive Exploration Team of the Chinese Academy of Sciences" was established in 1958), to explore and assess land, forest, pastureland, water conservancy and mineral resources in Tibet. The work team put forward a proposal for scientific development and utilization, which started the process of scientific understanding, utilization and protection of the ecological environment in Tibet.
与此同时，改善西藏高原生存条件的生态建设和环境保护逐步开展起来。国家派遣林业技术人员对雅鲁藏布江流域部分地区进行考察，并在拉萨市西郊七一农场开展育苗造林试验，为在西藏开展大规模植树造林、改善生态奠定基础。1959年实行民主改革以后，西藏以乡土树种为主，掀起了大规模的群众性义务植树活动。植树造林工作的开展，使西藏人民实现了由千百年来被动适应自然，进入主动改造自然的质的飞跃。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
At the same time, ecological improvement and environmental protection work gradually unfolded, with the aim of improving the subsistence conditions on the Tibet Plateau. The State sent forestry specialists to explore parts of the Yarlungzangbo River Valley, and carried out experiments in the cultivation of tree saplings and afforestation at the July 1 Farm in the western suburbs of Lhasa, which laid the foundation for large-scale afforestation and ecological improvement in Tibet. After the implementation of the Democratic Reform in 1959, a mass voluntary tree-planting drive using local tree species as the main breeds was launched in a big way in Tibet. Such afforestation efforts enabled the Tibetan people to achieve a qualitative leap from the centuries-old passive adaptation to natural conditions to remaking nature on their own initiative.
1965年9月西藏自治区人民政府正式成立以后，生态建设和环境保护工作伴随着人民民主政权各方面工作的开展纳入议事日程，得到组织上的保证。1975年西藏自治区环境保护领导小组和办公室成立，1983年正式成立自治区城乡建设环境保护厅，此后，组织机构和管理体制不断完善，西藏的生态建设和环境保护工作逐步走上良性发展轨道。
After the founding of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region in September 1965, ecological improvement and environmental protection were put on government agenda and thus organizationally guaranteed, along with the progress of work in all spheres achieved by the people's democratic government. In 1975, the Leading Group for Environmental Protection of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its General Office were established. In 1983, the Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection Department under the government of the Autonomous Region was established. Since then, the organizational structure and administrative systems have kept improving, and ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet has gradually got onto the track of sound development.
有关青藏高原的科学考察活动全面铺开，对西藏自然生态环境的认识更加系统、深入，生态建设开始取得实质性进展。中国科学院制定了《青藏高原1973—1980年综合科学考察规划》。1972年中国科学院在兰州首次召开了“珠穆朗玛峰地区科学考察学术研讨会”，其后，有关青藏高原自然生态环境的各类综合性、专题性学术会议不断召开。一大批学术成果相继问世，仅一套《青藏高原综合科学考察丛书》就达31部42册，约1700万字。这些科研成果，为西藏在经济建设和发展中更好地利用自然资源，不断改善人类生存环境提供了科学依据。1977年，国家农林部组织了对西藏全区的第一次全面森林资源清查。1978年起，为适应造林绿化的需要，各地先后建立苗圃近50个，引进、驯化、培养了数十种适宜西藏生长的造林绿化树种。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The comprehensive scientific surveys on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have helped people to learn about Tibet's natural eco-environment in a more systematic and profound manner. As a result, ecological improvement work in Tibet began to make substantial headway. The Chinese Academy of Sciences formulated the "Comprehensive Scientific Survey Plan for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for 1973-1980." In 1972, the Academy held the "Symposium on Scientific Survey in the Mt. Qomolangma Area," the first ever, in Lanzhou. In the wake of this symposium, all types of comprehensive or specialized academic conferences in respect of the natural eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were held one after the other, accompanied by a large number of academic achievements. TheQinghai-Tibet Plateau Comprehensive Scientific Survey Seriesalone contains 31 titles in 42 volumes, amounting to a grand total of some 17 million characters. These scientific achievements have provided a scientific basis for making better use of natural resources in the economic development of Tibet, and for continuous improvement of the human living environment. In 1977, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry organized for the first time an all-round survey of the forestry resources across Tibet. Since 1978, to meet the requirements of afforestation, some 50 sapling farms have been set up in various places, introducing, naturalizing and cultivating scores of tree breeds suitable for Tibet.
——改革开放使西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业的发展走上法制化的道路。改革开放后，生态建设和环境保护随着西藏现代化的发展日益受到重视，西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业在法制化的轨道上不断得到发展。1982年到1994年的十三年间，西藏自治区人民代表大会常务委员会、西藏自治区人民政府及政府各部门颁布实施的生态建设和环境保护类地方性法规、政府规范性文件、部门规章等共计30余件，形成了比较系统的地方性环境保护法规体系。从内容上看，既有涉及生态与环境保护的综合性法规，如《西藏自治区环境保护条例》，也有涉及生态与环境保护各个领域的，如土地管理、矿产资源管理、森林保护、草原保护与管理、水土保持、野生动物保护、自然保护区管理、污染治理等方面的专项法规，基本上涵盖了生态与环境保护的各个领域，做到了有法可依。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- The reform and opening-up has enabled ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet to progress in a law-governed manner. After the reform and opening policy was adopted some two decades ago, as Tibet has grown more modern, greater attention has been given to the Autonomous Region's ecological improvement and environmental protection, which is progressing steadily in a law-governed manner. In the 13 years from 1982 to 1994, the Standing Committee of the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region and its various departments enacted and implemented more than 30 relevant local regulations, governmental standardization documents, and departmental rules and regulations, which formed a relatively systematic local legal regime concerning environmental protection. As far as the contents were concerned, they included comprehensive regulations concerning ecological and environmental protection, such as the "Regulations for Environmental Protection in the Tibet Autonomous Region," as well as special regulations for different areas of ecological and environmental protection, such as land management, mineral resources administration, forest protection, grassland protection and control, water and soil conservation, wild animals protection, nature reserves administration, and pollution treatment. These rules and regulations covered almost all areas in ecological and environmental protection, so that there were laws to go by in all these spheres.
国家直接投资建设了以改善生态环境为重点的“一江两河”（雅鲁藏布江、拉萨河、年楚河）中部流域农业综合开发工程项目，取得了明显的生态效益。政府专门制定了在荒山、荒坡、荒滩地区植树种草实行“谁开发，谁经营，谁受益，长期不变，允许继承”的政策，鼓励人民群众植树造林和种草，保证了人民群众在改善生态方面应有的权益。西藏相继开展并完成了对土地资源、野生动物资源、植物资源和昆虫资源、湿地资源等生态环境现状的调查。生态环境科学研究开始关注人类活动对生态环境影响的监测和跟踪，开展了如西藏“一江两河”中部流域农业综合开发生态环境遥感动态监测、西藏粮食中有机氯残毒污染普查、工业污染源调查等方面的工作，并提出了污染防治的相关政策措施。
The State has directly invested in comprehensive agricultural development projects on the middle reaches of the "three rivers" (the Yarlungzangbo, Lhasa and Nyangqu rivers), with the emphasis on the improvement of the ecological environment, and has achieved noticeable ecological results. With regard to tree-planting and grass-growing on barren mountains, hillsides and beaches, the government has enacted a special policy featuring "the lasting and inheritable practice of whoever reclaims the land shall be entitled to operate and get benefit from it." This has encouraged local people to plant trees and grow grass, and guaranteed the rights and interests due to them in eco-environmental amelioration. Investigations on the current status of the ecological environment in the areas of land, wild fauna and flora, plant, insect and wetland resources have been successfully carried out. Eco-environment researchers have begun to monitor and trace the impact of human activities on the ecological environment, carried out various projects such as dynamic remote-sensing monitoring of the eco-environment for comprehensive agricultural development on the middle reaches of the "three rivers," overall survey of the grain pollution caused by residual organochlorine, and investigation on the sources of industrial pollution, and have proposed relevant policies and measures for pollution prevention and control.
改善生态、保护环境的宣传教育广泛开展、深入人心。广播、电视、报纸、互联网等宣传媒体都把造林绿化、保护野生动植物、保护环境作为重要栏目，加大宣传报道力度。世界湿地日、植树节、地球日、世界环境日、世界防治荒漠化与干旱日等重要纪念日受到西藏各界的关注。生态建设和环境保护的知识进入课堂，“绿色学校”创建活动全面开展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Publicity and education concerning ecological improvement and environmental protection have been widely carried out, striking deep roots in the hearts of the people. The media, including radio, television, newspapers and the Internet, have given wide coverage to afforestation, wild animals and plants preservation, and environmental protection. Important commemorative events, such as World Wetlands Day, Arbor Day, Earth Day, World Environment Day and World Desertification and Drought Control Day have drawn the attention of people from all walks of life in Tibet. Lessons on ecological improvement and environmental protection are given in schools, and an effort to establish "green schools" is in full swing.
——中央政府的关心、全国人民的支持，使西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业进入新的阶段。1994年，中央政府召开第三次西藏工作座谈会，做出了中央关心西藏、全国支援西藏的重大决策，有力地推动了西藏生态建设和环境保护事业的快速发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Concern from the Central Government and support from people throughout the country have enabled Tibet to embark upon a new phase in its ecological improvement and environmental protection undertakings. The Central Government called the Third Forum on Work in Tibet in 1994, and made an important decision to extend the support of the whole nation to Tibet under the care of the Central Government, which has given a powerful impetus to accelerating the ecological improvement and environmental protection work there.
国家环保总局自二十世纪九十年代以来组织全国环保系统支援西藏环保能力建设，帮助建设了自治区、拉萨市、日喀则市、昌都地区环境监测站，帮助培训了大批环保技术、管理人员，帮助编制了生态保护与污染治理规划。国务院在1998年和2000年制定的《全国生态环境建设规划》和《全国生态环境保护纲要》，对西藏的生态建设和环境保护工作给予了高度重视，将青藏高原冻融区作为全国八大生态建设区之一，进行专门规划，提出明确的建设任务和建设原则。据此，西藏自治区人民政府于2000年制定了《西藏自治区生态环境建设规划》，对西藏的生态环境建设进行全面规划和部署。国家实施西部大开发战略后，中央政府于2001年召开第四次西藏工作座谈会，进一步加大了对西藏生态建设投资力度，西藏从实现可持续发展的角度出发，明确把发展旅游、绿色农业等作为推动地区经济增长的支柱产业。
Since the 1990s, the State Environmental Protection Administration has organized environmental protection depart-ments throughout the country to support Tibet in enhancing its environmental protection capability, helped build environment monitoring stations in the Autonomous Region, in the cities of Lhasa and Xigaze and in Qamdo Prefecture, helped train large numbers of technical and administrative personnel in the field of environmental protection, and helped formulate an ecological protection and pollution control plan. In the "National Plan for Eco-environmental Improvement" and the "National Program for Eco-environmental Protection" formulated by the State Council respectively in 1998 and 2000, great attention has been paid to ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet, and a separate plan has been drawn up to make the freeze thawing zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau one of the country's eight major areas for ecological improvement, complete with the proposition of a suite of explicit tasks and principles for work in this regard. On the basis of this, the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region formulated the "Eco-environmental Improvement Plan of the Tibet Autonomous Region" in 2000, which has provided an overall program and arrangement for Tibet's eco-environmental improvement. After the State decided to adopt the great western development strategy, the Central Government held the Fourth Forum on Work in Tibet in 2001, and further increased investment in ecological improvement projects in Tibet. From the perspective of attaining sustainable development in Tibet, it has been expressly stipulated that tourism and green agriculture be developed as the pillar industries for promoting economic growth in Tibet.
国家加大对西藏生态建设和环境保护的投入，加强了生态环境领域的执法监督。统计表明，1996年以来，中央政府仅在西藏生态建设项目方面的投资就达3.68亿元。与此同时，天然林资源保护工程、退耕还林还草工程、拉萨市及周边地区造林绿化工程、野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程等一大批生态工程项目相继实施，有效地改善了西藏的生态环境。
The State has increased its input in ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet, and intensified supervision on the law enforcement connected with the ecological environment. Statistics show that since 1996 the total investment contributed by the Central Government in items concerning ecological improvement in Tibet has come to RMB 368 million. At the same time, a plethora of ecological engineering projects, such as natural forest protection, restoration of farmland to forest and pasture, afforestation in Lhasa and its vicinity, wildlife protection, and nature reserves construction, have been put into operation, which have effectively improved the eco-environment in Tibet.
半个多世纪以来，西藏的生态建设和环境保护事业从无到有，不断发展，实现了从自发到自觉，从被动到主动，从盲目到科学的质的飞跃。据国家有关部门2000年公布的生态环境状况公报，西藏的环境质量保持在良好状态，大部分地区基本处于原生状态，是世界天然环境最好的地区之一。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Ecological improvement and environmental protection work, which had nothing to start with in Tibet, has grown incessantly in the past half century or more, and has undergone a process from voluntariness to conscientiousness, from passiveness to activeness, and from an unplanned to a scientific approach. According to the bulletin on the eco-environmental situation published by the relevant State authorities in 2000, the environmental quality in Tibet is in a sound state, and most parts are basically in a primordial state. Tibet is one of the best areas in the world as far as natural environment is concerned.
二、 生态建设与生物多样性保护
II. Ecological Improvement and Biodiversity Protection
半个多世纪以来，西藏自治区为生态建设和生物多样性保护做出了积极的努力，取得了显著成就。
The positive efforts made by the Tibet Autonomous Region for ecological improvement and biodiversity protection in the past five decades or more have been crowned with signal success.
——天然草地得到合理利用，草原生态保护积极有效。西藏是中国五大牧区之一，有天然草地8207万公顷，约占全国天然草地面积的21%，占西藏土地总面积的68.11%。根据全国首次统一草地资源调查，西藏拥有草地种类居全国各省、自治区之首，在全国18个草地类中，西藏就占有17个草地类。保护好草原生态，是保持青藏高原生态链完整有序的重要一环。
- Natural grassland is rationally utilized and the active grassland ecological protection is effective. Tibet contains one of the five largest pasturelands in China. It has 82.07 million ha of natural grassland, representing about 21% of the total natural grassland of the country and 68.11% of the total land area of Tibet. According to the first national survey of grassland resources, the variety of grassland in Tibet ranks first among all provinces and autonomous regions. Of the 18 types of grassland in the country, Tibet has 17. To protect the grassland ecology is an important link in preserving a complete and orderly chain of ecology on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
西藏的草地面积虽大，但载畜能力较低。在旧西藏，由于人口增长处于停滞状态，自然灾害频繁，每逢雪灾等天灾来临，往往造成大量人畜死亡，草场超载现象并不突出。西藏和平解放后，西藏的人均寿命显著提高，人口数量不断增加，草畜矛盾开始出现，保持草原生态平衡成为日渐突出的问题。为解决好人畜和草畜矛盾，西藏采取了一系列措施，加强天然草地的合理利用和生态保护。一是重点对天然草地开展围栏和水利建设，全面提高草地的产出水平和单位面积的载畜能力；二是实施草场责任制，按照以草定畜的原则，划定轮牧期、轮牧区和禁牧区，加大牲畜出栏，严禁草场的超载过牧，使天然草地得到有效保护；三是建设人工草地，减轻牲畜数量增加对自然草地的压力；四是运用科学手段，采取人工和生物等技术，加大对鼠害、虫害、毒草的预防和治理，维护草地的自然生态平衡 ;五是为加强西藏牧区草原建设，转变游牧民生产方式，加快牧区经济发展，提高牧民生活水平，从2001年起开始在西藏实施牧区草原建设、游牧民定居工程以及天然草原恢复和建设项目。这些措施既保障了农牧民收入和生活水平的稳步提高，又确保了草原生态的良性发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Though the grassland area in Tibet is very large, its carrying capacity is low. Grassland overload was not significant in the old days in Tibet, because of stagnant population growth, frequent natural calamities, and massive human and livestock deaths in times of snowstorms and other natural disasters. Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the average life-span of the local population has expanded remarkably, the population has kept increasing, and as a result the issue of insufficient grass to feed the ever-growing livestock population has begun to appear. Consequently, to keep an ecological balance on the pastureland has gradually become a prominent problem. To ease the contradictions between human beings and farm animals and between grass supply and farm animals, Tibet has taken a succession of measures to strengthen the rational utilization and ecological protection of natural grassland. First, emphasis has been placed on fencing and building water conservancy projects on natural grassland, and raising both the output level of grassland and its carrying capacity per unit area. Secondly, a pasture responsibility system has been implemented. In line with the principle of limiting the number of grazing animals by the size of the pasture, rotation grazing periods, rotation grazing areas and "no-grazing areas" have been designated. Efforts have been made to increase the market availability rate of the livestock and to effectively protect natural pastures by strictly prohibiting over-grazing. Thirdly, man-made grassland is being promoted so as to ease the pressure brought to bear on natural grassland by the ever-growing livestock population. Fourthly, efforts are being intensified to prevent or control hazards caused by mice, insects and poisonous weeds, and to maintain the natural ecological balance of the grassland by utilizing scientific means, and artificial and biological technologies. Fifthly, to enhance grassland amelioration in the pastoral areas, change the nomadic way of production, speed up economic development in pastoral areas and improve herdsmen's living standards, projects to construct grassland in the pastoral areas, build permanent settlements for roving herdsmen, and restore and improve natural grassland have been launched since 2001. These measures not only have steadily raised the income of farmers and herdsmen and enhanced their living standards, but also ensured the sound development of the grassland ecology.
——保护天然林资源，开展植树造林，改善生态环境。西藏森林面积717万公顷，活立木蓄积量达20.91亿立方米，保存有中国最大的原始森林。为了保护西藏的生态环境，政府实行限额采伐，以严格控制森林的采伐规模，每年的商品性采伐量一直控制在15万立方米以内。同时，对采伐基地进行及时更新，恢复森林植被。在影响长江下游生态的江达、贡觉、芒康三个县实施西藏长江上游天然林资源保护工程，总面积达3.1万平方公里。在风沙危害和水土流失严重的金沙江、澜沧江、怒江上游及雅鲁藏布江流域的28个县实施退耕还林工程，规划退耕地造林5.2万公顷，宜林荒山荒地造林5.3万公顷，2002年已实施退耕地造林0.67万公顷，宜林荒山荒地造林0.67万公顷。政府还大力推行能源替代建设，营造薪炭林，推广太阳能以保护天然灌木植被。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Protecting natural forest resources, carrying out afforestation and improving the ecological environment. Tibet boasts 7.17 million ha of forest, and the stocking volume has reached 2.091 billion cu m. Tibet has the largest primitive forest in China. To protect Tibet's ecological environment, the government exercises a "felling by quota" policy, and strictly controls the scale of tree-felling in forests. The annual felling amount for commercial purpose is limited to 150,000 cu m. Simultaneously, a rotation system is in place for lumbering bases so as to help restore vegetation. A project for the protection of natural forest resources on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Tibet, with a total area of 31,000 sq km, has been implemented in the three counties of Jomda, Gonjo and Markam that have a weighty bearing on the ecology of the lower Yangtze valley. In 28 counties along the upper reaches of the Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang rivers and the catchment area of the Yarlungzangbo River, where the hazards of sandstorm and soil erosion are serious, a project to restore farmland to forest is being undertaken, under which 52,000 ha of cultivated land will be restored to forest and trees planted on 53,000 ha of barren mountains and wasteland. By 2002, some 6,700 ha of cultivated land had been restored to forest and 6,700 ha of barren mountains and wasteland afforested. The government is also striving to promote the development of energy substitutes and fuel forests, and popularize solar energy in order to protect natural bush vegetation.
植树造林已成为西藏广大人民的自觉行动。西藏自治区先后制定了《西藏自治区造林绿化规划》和《关于加快造林绿化步伐的意见》，全区人民共同努力，从改善人们的周边生活环境做起，从绿化庭院、街道、城市环境，到建设人类活动集中的河谷地带及各主要公路沿线绿色走廊，植树造林成效显著。据统计，五十多年来，西藏人工造林7万多公顷，“四旁”（村旁、宅旁、路旁、水旁）植树9000多万株，种植经济林木150多万株。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
It has become the conscious action of the Tibetan people to join afforestation efforts. The government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has formulated the "Forestation Plan of the Tibet Autonomous Region" and the "Opinions on Acceleration of Afforestation." The people of the whole region are making efforts by starting with the improvement of their living environments, first of all by greening their courtyards, streets and urban environment in general, and eventually building green belts in river catchment areas where human activities are concentrated, and along major highways. The results have been remarkable. According to a survey, over the past 50-plus years some 70,000 ha of land have been afforested in Tibet, 90 million trees have been planted beside villages, houses, roads and waterways, and 1.5 million cash trees have been grown.
工程造林和生态工程项目不断实施。拉萨及周边地区造林绿化工程、雅鲁藏布江防护林体系建设工程、芒康长江防护林体系建设试点示范工程、日喀则林业治沙示范工程等重点项目的实施，在很大程度上改善了所在区域的自然生态环境。从1996年开始，国家开始在西藏实施长江上中游防护林体系建设工程，截止2000年，共投入资金370多万元，积极支持西藏地方因地制宜地开展人工造林、封山育林，累计造林面积达1.3万多公顷，为改善当地群众生产生活条件发挥了良好的作用。隶属“一江两河”农业开发重点项目的雅鲁藏布江防护林体系建设工程实施后，形成了从上游的日喀则到泽当几百公里的人工林带，成为西藏一道新的亮丽景观，对雅鲁藏布江的水土保持起到了积极的作用。
Afforestation and ecological projects have been launched steadily. Implementation of the key projects, such as the afforestation project in Lhasa and its outskirts, the construction of the shelter-forest system of the Yarlungzangbo River, the pilot project of the Yangtze River shelter-forest system in Markam and the pilot project for controlling sand by afforestation in Xigaze, has, to a great extent, improved the natural eco-environment of those localities. Since 1996, the State has begun to build a shelter-forest system along the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River. By 2000, it had invested more than 3.7 million yuan in the project, actively supporting Tibet in building man-made forests and sealing off mountainous areas to facilitate afforestation as appropriate to local conditions. The afforested area has topped 13,000 ha, which, as a result, has played a positive role in improving local residents' working and living conditions. Following implementation of the project for the construction of the shelter-forest system of the Yarlungzangbo River, which is part of the key "three rivers" agricultural development undertaking, a man-made forest belt measuring several hundred km from Xigaze to Zetang on the upper reaches of the Yarlungzangbo River has been formed. Now, a new spectacular scene, the belt plays a positive role in conserving water and topsoil along the Yarlungzangbo River.
通过对西藏天然林资源的有效保护和植树造林，西藏的森林覆盖率不断增加，从二十世纪五十年代的不足1%，上升到目前的5.93%，对生态环境改善起到了积极作用。据有关部门监测，由于人工植被增加，西藏的风沙天气明显减少，如：目前拉萨比三十年前减少了32天；日喀则比三十年前减少了34天；泽当比三十年前减少了32天。
Due to the effective protection of natural forest resources and afforestation, the forest coverage in Tibet has kept growing. It has grown from less than 1% in the 1950s to 5.93% today, and has played a positive role in improving the Autonomous Region's ecological environment. According to reports from relevant monitoring departments, due to the increase in man-made vegetation, the number of sandstorm days has decreased noticeably in Tibet. Currently, it is 32 days fewer in Lhasa, 34 days fewer in Xigaze and 32 days fewer in Zetang, than 30 years ago.
——水土流失综合治理成效显著。西藏高原属高寒草甸和草原区，水土保持能力差，水土流失问题较为严重。近五十年来，通过植树造林和兴修水利等综合措施，西藏的水土流失得到有效治理。特别是近年来，国家和西藏自治区加大了治理水土流失的投资，并取得了良好的效果。截止2001年底，国家在西藏已投入3680多万元，种植水土保持林5.3万公顷，种草6.7万公顷，治理水土流失面积1166平方公里，并启动了拉萨市曲水县热堆沟小流域综合治理工程，开展了江孜、尼木等县的水土保持综合治理工作。同时，西藏自治区制定了《西藏水土保持规划》等多部水土保持和水土流失综合治理规划，颁布了《西藏自治区水土保持项目管理办法》，把预防、监督、保护放到水土保持工作的首位，防止因人为活动而造成新的水土流失。为了使水土流失的综合治理更加科学，2001年，西藏自治区启动了投资6000多万元的水土保持监测网络建设，对全区的水土流失进行全面监测。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Comprehensive control of soil erosion has brought noticeable achievements. The Tibet Plateau belongs to the alpine cold meadow and steppe landscape, which is characterized by poor water and soil conservation and vulnerability to serious soil erosion. Over the past 50 years, soil erosion has been effectively controlled by afforestation and construction of water conservancy projects. In recent years in particular, the State and the Tibet Autonomous Region have increased their investment in soil erosion control, which has yielded highly desirable results. By the end of 2001, the State had invested more than 36.8 million yuan in Tibet, built 53,000 ha of forests to conserve water and topsoil, grown grass on 67,000 ha, harnessed soil erosion on 1,166 sq km, and launched a comprehensive control project in the Radoigou small catchment area in Quxu County, Lhasa, and implemented comprehensive control projects for conserving water and topsoil in Gyangze and Nyemo counties. Simultaneously, the Tibet Autonomous Region has formulated the "Plan for Conservation of Water and Topsoil in Tibet" and several other plans in respect of water and soil conservation and soil erosion control, promulgated the "Measures of Administration for Water and Soil Conservation Projects in the Tibet Autonomous Region," and made prevention, supervision and protection the top priority of the water and soil conservation work, in order to prevent new soil erosion caused by human activities. To enable the comprehensive control of soil erosion to be carried out in a more scientific way, the Tibet Autonomous Region launched, in 2001, the construction of a water and soil conservation monitoring network with an investment of more than 60 million yuan to provide overall monitoring for soil erosion across Tibet.
——防沙治沙工作取得积极效果。西藏的风沙活动历史悠久，特别是受全球气温变暖、造成臭氧空洞扩大的影响，近几年西藏出现雪线上升、湖泊干涸、草场退化的问题，局部地区出现草地退化、石质化、低质化等自然退化现象。为了有效遏制和治理草场退化、土地沙化，西藏以江河整治为基础，以小流域治理和退化草场荒漠化治理为重点，以建立比较完备的林业和草场生态体系为目标，采取乔、灌、草以及造林、封山育林和飞播相结合的措施，在江河周围以及草场退化、沙化严重的地区，大规模植树种草，恢复植被。在长江上游实施天然林保护工程，退耕还林、还草和湿地保护工程2002年共安排退耕还林任务1.3万多公顷，当年中央补助种苗林费1000万元，给退耕还林农牧户补助粮食1500万公斤，生活费200万元。在拉萨周边地区实施造林绿化工程，在重要农业区推广农田林网化，降低风沙对土壤的侵蚀。这些治理措施，有效地控制了西藏土地沙化扩展的趋势。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Achievements have been made in desertification prevention and control. Sandstorms have afflicted Tibet throughout its history. Now, as a result of the expansion of the hole in the ozone layer caused by global warming, Tibet has been facing problems of rising snowlines, dried-up lakes, and deteriorated grassland in recent years. In some areas in Tibet, pastureland has suffered a natural deterioration, and some of it has been reduced to sand and stone. To control pastureland deterioration and desertification, Tibet has begun to improve the environment of its rivers, with the emphasis on improving small river valleys and the desertification of deteriorated pastureland. With the goal of establishing a relatively good ecological system of forestry and grassland, Tibet has adopted measures consisting of afforestation, aerial sowing and closing off hillsides to facilitate afforestation. It has planted trees, bushes and grass on a large scale near rivers and in areas that have been hit most seriously by pastureland deterioration and desertification. Projects to protect the natural forests and wetlands, and to reconvert farmland into forest or pasture have been carried out on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. In 2002, the goal was to reconvert some 13,000 ha of farmland into forest. The Central Government provided 10 million yuan as subsidy for seedlings, and 15 million kg of grain and two million yuan as allowance for families of farmers and herdsmen whose farmland had been restored to forest. Trees were planted in the vicinity of Lhasa, and in important agricultural areas forest shelter belts were built around the fields to reduce soil erosion by sand. These measures have brought the ever-expanding desertification threat under control.
——生物多样性保护取得重大进展。西藏是世界上生物多样性最典型的地区之一，是保障地球生物多样性的重要基因库。目前，西藏有野生植物9600多种，被列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》（CITES）和国家重点保护的野生珍稀、濒危植物39种。西藏现有各类脊椎动物798种，昆虫类近4000种，已有125种被列为国家重点保护野生动物，占全国重点保护野生动物的三分之一以上。约有600余种高等植物、200余种陆栖脊椎动物为青藏高原所特有。
- Great progress has been made in protection of biodiversity. Tibet is one of the most typically biodiverse regions in the world. It is an important gene pool for the biodiversity of the globe. At present, there are over 9,600 wild plants in Tibet, 39 of which are listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora and are under special State protection as rare and endangered species. There are 798 species of vertebrates and nearly 4,000 species of insects in Tibet, 125 of which are under special State protection, accounting for more than one third of the wild animals under special State protection. Approximately 600 species of higher plants and more than 200 species of terrestrial vertebrates are endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
五十多年来，国家和西藏地方对西藏生物资源状况进行了详细的调查，摸清了情况，制定了科学的保护西藏野生动植物资源的规划和方案，并采取多种措施，有效保护珍稀野生动植物资源。按照国家有关法律法规，西藏自治区建立了森林公安执法机构，成立了武警西藏森林总队，在青海、新疆、西藏三省区交界处组织开展了以保护藏羚羊为主的“可可西里一号行动”等专项行动，有效地打击了破坏野生动物资源的违法犯罪活动和盗猎行为。同时，国家每年投资数百万元用于西藏森林公安和森林防火基础设施建设，2002年还从国债投资中投入366万元专门用于打击盗猎藏羚羊重点整治工程建设，并加强保护野生动物的宣传。如今，保护野生动物已经成为西藏人民群众的自觉行动，一度十分猖獗的盗猎藏羚羊活动已基本得到控制。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past 50-plus years, the Central Government and the Tibetan local government have conducted extensive surveys on Tibet's biological resources. They have worked out scientific plans and programs for the protection of wild animals and plants. They have also adopted a sequence of measures for effective protection of the rare and endangered species. In accordance with the relevant State laws and regulations, the Tibet Autonomous Region has established forest law enforcement organs and the Tibet Armed Police Forestry Contingent. They have conducted the "Hohxil Action Number One" and other special campaigns in the border areas of Qinghai, Xinjiang and Tibet to protect the Tibetan antelope and other rare animals. These campaigns have dealt a heavy blow to poachers and curbed law-violation activities that have done damage to wild animal resources. Meanwhile, the State has invested millions of yuan each year in infrastructure facilities for forest security and forest fire prevention in Tibet. In 2002, the State set aside 3.66 million yuan from its national debt revenue for a special project aimed at cracking down on poachers of Tibetan antelopes. It has also strengthened publicity on the protection of wild animals. Now people in Tibet are highly conscious of the importance of protecting wild animals, and the once rampant hunting of Tibetan antelopes has been brought under control.
五十多年来，西藏没有任何物种遭到灭绝，生物多样性得到有效保护，生物种类不断丰富。国际动物研究界认为二十世纪就已经绝种的西藏马鹿，二十世纪九十年代被重新发现，并且种群不断扩大。随着西藏不断扩大开放，一些过去没有的物种，如鲤鱼、鲫鱼、鳝鱼、泥鳅等水生动物，一些高产、优质的牛、羊、猪、鸡、鸭等家禽家畜，玉米、西瓜及各种蔬菜等高效农作物，都已从内地引进并在西藏蓬勃生长。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past 50 years or more, not one species in Tibet has suffered extinction. Biodiversity is effectively maintained, and biological types are continuously enriched. Red deer, generally considered by the international animal research community to have vanished in the 20th century, were discovered again in Tibet in the 1990s, and their numbers are increasing. As Tibet opens wider to the outside world, non-native creatures such as carp, crucian carp, eel and loach, high-productivity and quality cattle, sheep, pigs, chicken, ducks, as well as corn, watermelons and vegetables have been introduced from the inland areas to Tibet, where they are thriving today.
——自然保护区建设取得重大成就。建立自然保护区，是西藏加强生态建设与环境保护、实施可持续发展战略的重要举措。自二十世纪八十年代以来，西藏相继建立了70多处不同类型的自然保护区，其中国家级自然保护区3处（西藏还将新建国家级自然保护区4处），自治区级（省级）自然保护区15处。这18个自然保护区总面积为40.1万平方公里，占全区土地面积的33.4%，占全国自然保护区总面积的30.8%。此外，各地（市）还建立了50余个地市级自然保护区，初步形成了一个类型比较齐全，分布比较合理的自然保护网络。根据国家的总体规划和要求，西藏自治区人民政府正在实施《西藏自治区自然保护区发展规划（1996—2010）》，预计在2010年前在西藏建立28个自治区级以上自然保护区，届时，除海洋和海岸生态系统类型外的自然保护区在西藏均有分布。
- Great achievements have been made in the establishment of nature reserves. Establishing nature reserves is an important method used by Tibet to strengthen ecological improvement and environmental protection work and implement the strategy of sustainable development. Since the 1980s, Tibet has established more than 70 nature reserves of different types. Of these, three are on the national level (four more national-level nature reserves are being planned) and 15 are on the autonomous region (provincial) level. The total area of the 18 nature reserves is 401,000 sq km, accounting for 33.4% of the land area of Tibet and 30.8% of the total area of China's nature reserves. In addition, prefectures and prefecture-level cities in Tibet have established over 50 nature reserves of the corresponding level. A rationally distributed nature protection network of different types is basically in place. In light of the general program and requirements of the State, the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region is carrying out the "Development Plan for Nature Reserves in the Tibet Autonomous Region for 1996-2010." It is expected that 28 new nature reserves at or above the autonomous region level will be established before 2010. By then, all types of nature reserves other than sea and seashore ecosystem ones will be found in Tibet.
在已建立的自然保护区内，严格限制经济开发等人为活动的影响，恢复自然生态系统，多数保护区的生态环境趋于稳定，并逐渐向良性循环的方向发展，使珍稀濒危物种的繁殖地、栖息地以及重要的生态系统，候鸟迁移的重要湿地以及具有重要科研价值的自然景观、地质遗迹和生物遗迹等得到了很好的保护。西藏拥有的125种国家重点保护野生动物，39种国家重点保护野生植物，以及典型的地质遗迹，在已建的自然保护区中均得到了很好的保护。西藏自治区有湿地面积600多万公顷，约占全区土地面积的4.9%，名列中国首位，其高山湿地是世界上独一无二的。根据有关部门监测，保护区内野生动物和植物种群数量明显增多，野生动物资源储量增长30%以上。一些消失多年的珍稀动物，又开始重返家园。在羌塘自然保护区，根据近几年的监测，西藏野驴、盘羊、藏羚羊等野生动物数量都有了不同程度增加，尼玛核心保护区藏羚羊就达4—5万头。雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地区黑颈鹤自然保护区建立后，到此越冬的黑颈鹤数量逐年增加，约占全球黑颈鹤数量的80%左右。
In order to restore the natural ecosystem, human activities such as economic development are strictly limited in the established nature reserves. As a result, the ecological environment in most of the nature reserves has become stable and the prospects are quite good. Breeding grounds, habitats and important ecosystems for rare and endangered species, important wetlands for migratory birds, as well as the natural landscapes, geological sites and biological sites of scientific importance are now well protected. All the 125 wild animals, 39 wild plants and typical geological features in Tibet that are on the State protection list are well preserved in the established nature reserves. The Tibet Autonomous Region has more than six million ha of wetland, accounting for about 4.9% of Tibet's total land area and ranking first in China. Its alpine wetlands are unique in the world. According to monitoring by the relevant departments, the number of both wild animals and plants in the nature reserves is obviously increasing, and the total reserves of wild animal resources have increased by upwards of 30%. Rare animals that had not been seen for many years have returned to their habitats. In the Changtang Nature Reserve, monitoring in the past few years has revealed that the numbers of wild animals such as Tibetan wild donkey, argali and antelope have increased to differing degrees. The number of Tibetan antelopes has reached 40,000 to 50,000 in the Nyima central reserve. After a nature reserve for black-necked cranes was established on the middle reaches of the Yarlungzangbo River, the number of black-necked cranes wintering there has increased each year, accounting for about 80% of the earth's total number of black-necked cranes.
三、 经济发展中的生态建设和环境保护
III. Ecological Improvement and Environmental Protection amid Economic Development
西藏地区生态系统十分脆弱，抗干扰能力低，自我更新能力差，一旦遭到破坏，在很长时间内难以恢复。五十多年来，西藏始终坚持可持续发展战略，坚持生态建设、环境保护和经济建设紧密结合、协调发展，在推动经济快速发展、人民生活水平稳步提高的同时，使生态环境也得到了有效保护。据最新监测结果，西藏目前的水环境、大气环境仍基本没有受到污染，城市大气中总悬浮微粒年均值浓度介于每立方米193—268之间。全区没有发生过大的环境污染事故，主要江河湖泊大多仍处于原生状态。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The ecosystem in Tibet is extremely fragile, and the ability to resist disturbance and regenerate is weak. Once the ecosystem is damaged, it is hard to restore it for a long period of time. For more than 50 years Tibet has adhered to the strategy of sustainable development, ensuring the close combination and coordinated development of ecological improvement, environmental protection and economic construction. While the economy develops rapidly and the people's living standards are constantly rising, the ecological environment is being effectively protected. In accordance with the latest monitoring findings, the environment of water and the atmosphere in Tibet are basically unpolluted. The average annual concentration of suspended particles in the atmosphere of Tibet's cities is between 193 and 268 per cu m. No major environmental pollution accident has occurred in Tibet, and most of its major rivers and lakes are in a primodial state.
——农业生产和开发注重与环境保护、生态建设同步进行。西藏农业自然条件差，基础设施薄弱，粮食产出水平低，抵御自然灾害的能力差。为此，加强农业基础建设，改造中低产田，把改善农业的生态水平作为农业生产和开发积极追求的目标，西藏注重通过改善农业发展的生态环境来努力提高粮食产量。政府帮助农民改变千百年来传统的撂荒式的“白色休耕”等不利于保持水土的耕种习惯，实行粮草轮作等生物手段，提高土壤的肥力和水分涵养能力。在搞好农田水利基本建设的同时，推广农田林网化，降低风沙对土壤的侵蚀。经过不懈努力，西藏中部农业主产区的土地利用率大幅度提高，土壤侵蚀程度明显下降，支撑农作物生长的水热等自然条件得到改善。2000年，专家测定，这一地区农业综合生态环境评价指数比十年前提高了1.5个百分点。生态环境的改善促进了农业发展水平的稳定提高，到2001年，西藏农业已经连续十四年获得丰收，粮食总产量达到 98.25万吨，基本实现了自给。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Environmental protection and ecological improvement are synchronized with agricultural production and development. In Tibet, the natural conditions for agriculture are poor, infrastructure is weak, grain productivity is low and the capability to withstand natural disasters is low. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen agricultural infrastructure construction, transform low- and medium-yield fields and improve the level of the agricultural ecosystem for agricultural production and development. With this aim in mind, the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has endeavored to raise grain yield by improving the eco-environment for agricultural development. The government is helping farmers change their traditional cultivation habits of letting land lie idle after harvest - a centuries-old practice known as "white fallow," which is detrimental to water and soil conservation. Rotation of grain and grass is adopted to increase the fertility of the soil and its ability to conserve water. While attention is paid to farmland water conservancy construction, a forest shelter network is being built to protect farmland from being eroded by sandstorms. As a result of persistent efforts, the rate of land usage in the major agricultural producers in central Tibet has increased greatly, and the level of soil erosion has declined markedly. Natural conditions like water and heat, which are fundamental to the growth of farm produce, have been improved. In 2000, surveys by experts found that the comprehensive eco-environment appraisal index of this area has gone up by 1.5 percentage points from 10 years ago. The improvement of the ecological environment has steadily increased agricultural productivity. By 2001, agriculture in Tibet had had bumper harvests for 14 years in a row. The total grain output had reached 982,500 tons, enough to make Tibet basically self-sufficient.
国家投入巨资在西藏先后建设了一批农业综合开发项目，始终注意土地开发与改善生态相结合，做到土地面积的扩大与生态环境的改善同步进行。由中央政府直接投资12亿元建设的“一江两河”中部流域农业综合开发工程等重大建设项目，都把环境保护与生态建设作为项目建设的重点。有关部门对“一江两河”地区农业综合开发十年来的生态环境跟踪监测结果显示，由于生物措施和工程措施的有机结合，使开发区内的土地利用类型、利用率和人工植被面积显著提高，土地沙化、土壤侵蚀得到有效控制，生态环境质量综合指数普遍提高1—3个等级。农业综合开发，不仅取得了良好的经济效益，而且取得了十分显著的社会效益和生态效益。
The State has invested a large sum of money on a series of comprehensive agricultural development projects in Tibet. It is making sure that while land areas are expanded, the ecological environment is improved at the same time. In the major construction projects, such as the comprehensive agricultural development project on the middle reaches of the "three rivers" with an investment of 1.2 billion yuan from the Central Government, environmental protection and ecological improvement are made key parts of the projects. Monitoring of the ecological environment in comprehensive agricultural development in the "three rivers" area in the past 10 years indicates that, due to an organic combination of biological and engineering measures, both the types and rate of land utilization and the acreage of man-made vegetation in the area have increased markedly. Desertification and soil erosion have been effectively checked, and the comprehensive index of the eco-environment quality has been raised by one to three grades. Comprehensive agricultural development has not only reaped significant economic benefits, but also resulted in good social and ecological benefits.
——择优选择工业项目，加强污染防治。西藏的工业是和平解放以后逐步发展起来的。至今工业企业仍然很少，工业污染问题并不突出。为了尽量减少工业发展对生态环境产生的不利影响，西藏自治区政府对工业发展始终坚持发展与保护并重的原则，在发展工业的同时，努力做到经济效益、社会效益和环境效益相统一，绝不为了单纯追求经济效益和填补空白而盲目上马工业项目。为了有效防治污染，政府积极采取了一系列污染防治措施，确保不因现代化工业的发展对生态环境造成破坏。一是通过调整产业结构、产品结构及技术改造进行工业污染治理，如拉萨皮革厂在从德国引进先进工艺设备的同时，配套引进了环保设施；拉萨重点水污染企业拉萨啤酒厂在技术改造中投入400多万元用于污水治理，现已实现达标排放。二是强化环境监督管理，对超标排放污染物的企业进行严格整顿。按照“上大关小”的产业结构调整原则，关闭了拉萨市区的六条污染严重的机立窑水泥生产线，并严格禁止污染严重的企业开工生产，淘汰国家明令禁止的落后工艺设备。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Industrial projects are selected carefully, and pollution prevention and control are strengthened. Industry was not developed at all in Tibet until after the region's peaceful liberation. Even today, there are few industrial enterprises in Tibet, and so industrial pollution is not much of a problem. In order to reduce the bad effects caused to the ecological environment by industrial development, the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has adhered to the principle of placing equal emphasis on both industrial development and environmental protection. As industries are developed in the region, Tibet has made every effort to ensure that while they bring about economic profits they have social and environmental benefits as well. No industrial project is to be launched just because of its envisaged economic benefit or just because it will fill a gap in the field. To effectively combat pollution, the government has adopted a series of pollution-prevention measures to ensure that the development of modern industry does not damage the ecological environment. First, industrial pollution is dealt with through industrial restructuring, product-mix adjustment and technological transformation. For instance, the Lhasa Leather Factory has imported environmental-protection facilities along with advanced technologies and equipment from Germany. The Lhasa Brewery, which used to be a big polluter, has spent more than four million yuan on equipment to treat industrial sewage as part of its technological transformation efforts. As a result, its sewage discharge has met the specified standard. Second, supervision and management of the environment has been tightened. Rectification has been carried out in respect of enterprises that fail to meet the requirements for pollutant discharge. In accordance with the guiding principle of "opening big enterprises and shutting down small ones" for industrial restructuring, six vertical-kiln cement production lines in Lhasa proper, which used to be serious polluters, have been shut down. Enterprises causing serious pollution are barred from production, and outdated technologies and equipment prohibited by the State have been winnowed out.
——加强对资源开发、重大基础设施建设项目的生态环境影响评价和管理。对一切新建、改建、扩建项目，一律实行环境影响评价后才能立项的政策，严格执行环境影响评价和“三同时”制度（指项目的污染防治设施与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投产使用），大中型建设项目的生态环境影响评价执行率达80%以上。西藏的罗布莎、香卡山铬铁矿产资源开发项目，都把生态环境保护措施作为资源开采的重点工作加以落实。举世瞩目的西藏羊卓雍湖水电站，从项目的确定、设计到施工建设，均充分考虑了生态环境保护。该电站自运行以来，没有因发电而造成湖水水位的下降，影响羊卓雍湖的自然生态环境。
- Strengthening evaluation and management of the impact of resources development and major infrastructure construction projects on the ecological environment. A policy is implemented ensuring that no new construction, reconstruction and expansion projects shall be authorized unless an evaluation of their impact on the environment has been conducted. This policy and the system of the "three simultaneouses" (pollution prevention facilities are designed, built and commissioned simultaneously with the main project) are strictly enforced. More than 80% of medium-sized and large construction projects have gone through evaluation of their impact on the ecological environment. The Norbusa and Shangkasam chromite mining projects include eco-environmental protection as a key task in resources development. With respect to the hydropower station at Yamzhoyumco Lake, which has attracted the attention of the world, full consideration was given to the protection of the ecological environment, starting from the decision to build the station to its design and construction. Since this hydropower station was put into operation, electricity generation has not caused the water level in the lake to drop, which would have harmed the natural eco-environment of the lake.
——重视城镇生态环境综合治理，改善人口密集区域人类生存环境。城镇生态环境综合整治工作历来是西藏生态建设和环境保护工作的重点之一。为保证大气环境质量，西藏在城镇中积极推广使用无污染能源，逐步淘汰柴草、牛粪、燃煤、燃油等居民生活燃料，大力提高民用燃料气化率。到2001年，拉萨市、日喀则市石油液化气用户已发展至4.46万户，用气普及率达83%。同时，西藏还积极利用水能、地热能、太阳能和风能等清洁能源，初步形成了以水能为主、多能互补的能源建设利用格局，对保护生态环境起到了积极作用。全区对太阳能的推广使用，目前年折合标准煤13万吨。在城市公共绿地建设方面，拉萨市、日喀则市的绿化覆盖面积已达1693.6公顷，公共绿地面积有47.48公顷，建成区绿化率为23.5%。加强城镇上下水管网道建设和废弃物的处理工作，建成供水管道679.46千米、排水管道392.77千米；投资5127.94万元建设拉萨市城市垃圾卫生填埋场，其他各城镇的垃圾处理设施也正在积极规划建设中。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Much attention has been paid to the comprehensive treatment of the ecological environment in urban areas in order to improve people's living environment in areas with dense population. The comprehensive management of the ecological environment in cities and towns has always been stressed in ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet. To guarantee the quality of the atmospheric environment, Tibet is actively popularizing the use of non-polluting energy sources in cities and towns, and phasing out fuels such as faggot, ox dung, coal and oil currently being commonly used by local residents. It encourages people to adopt natural gas as fuel for daily use. By 2001, the number of liquefied petroleum gas users in Lhasa and Xigaze had increased to 44,600 households, accounting for 83% of their combined total. At the same time, Tibet is actively using clean energy sources like water, geothermal, solar and wind energies. A pattern featuring water energy as the main energy source complemented by other types of energies has initially been formed, and has been a great help to the protection of the ecological environment. The amount of solar energy used in Tibet each year is equivalent to that provided by 130,000 tons of standard coal. In Lhasa and Xigaze, 1,693.6 ha of land are covered by trees or grass, and 47.48 ha are public green areas. The rate of green coverage in established districts is 23.5%. Construction of plumbing and treatment of sewage have been pushed ahead in urban areas, and 679,460 m of water supply pipes and 392,770 m of sewage pipes have been laid. The government has invested 51.2794 million yuan in building Lhasa's garbage disposal plants, and garbage disposal facilities for other cities are being actively planned.
——大力发展旅游业等有利于生态环境保护的特色产业。发展对生态环境影响相对较小的特色产业，一直是西藏加快经济发展中的一项重要政策。西藏具有独特的自然地理环境和人文环境，发展旅游等第三产业，有得天独厚的自然优势。西藏自治区人民政府于1996年做出了《关于加快发展旅游业的决定》，把作为支柱产业之一的旅游业摆在突出位置，大力发展。2001年，全区接待国内外旅游者68.61万人次，实现旅游收入7.5亿元人民币，创汇4638万美元；旅游业直接从业人员6506人，间接从业人员超过3万人。旅游业在西藏国民经济中的地位日趋提高。与此同时，对旅游业这类污染小的行业，西藏也十分重视其发展中带来的破坏生态和环境污染问题。对旅游景区（点）产生的垃圾，旅游和环保部门采取积极措施，通过收集、分类、处理，防止污染生态环境。就连条件极其恶劣的珠穆朗玛峰登山大本营，都专门修建了垃圾箱，收集登山者和旅游者带来的生活垃圾，定期由专人清运和处理。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Devoting major efforts to the development of tourism and other specialty industries that are beneficial to the protection of the ecological environment. Developing specialty industries with relatively little impact on the ecological environment has always been an important policy in accelerating the economic development of Tibet. With its unique natural geographical and cultural environments, Tibet enjoys a nature-endowed advantage in developing tourism and other tertiary industries. In 1996, the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region adopted the "Decision on Speeding Up the Development of Tourism," and put tourism - one of the Autonomous Region's pillar industries - in a prominent place and develop it vigorously. In 2001, Tibet played host to 686,100 domestic and foreign tourists, its earnings from tourism totaling 750 million yuan and its earning of foreign exchange reaching 46.38 million US dollars. Some 6,506 people are directly involved in the tourist industry, while more than 30,000 people are indirectly involved. The status of tourism in Tibet's economy is rising. Although tourism pollutes the environment to only a very small extent, the local government has paid much attention to problems arising from the damage to the ecosystem and from environmental pollution in the development of tourism. Tourism and environmental protection departments are actively taking measures to collect, classify and dispose of garbage left in scenic spots to prevent pollution of the eco-environment. Garbage bins have even been set up at the harsh Mt. Qomolangma mountaineering headquarters. Garbage left by climbers and tourists is collected, removed and disposed of periodically.
四、建设生态环境保护型铁路——青藏铁路
IV. Building an Ecology-Friendly Railway Line - the Qinghai-Tibet Railway
西藏和平解放以前没有一条公路，区内外的经济和社会交往全靠骡马驿道、人背畜驮。如今，西藏已建成了包括2.4万公里公路网、10多条空中航线、1000多公里运输管道的立体交通网。但是，西藏仍是目前全国唯一不通铁路的省区，交通一直是制约西藏经济和社会快速发展、人民生活水平提高的“瓶颈”。修建青藏铁路是西藏各族人民的夙愿，不仅是加强西藏与祖国内地的联系、推动西藏经济和社会的发展、提高西藏人民物质文化生活水平的需要，而且对于促进民族团结和共同繁荣具有十分重要的意义。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
There was no highway in Tibet before its peaceful liberation. Economic and social contacts in Tibet and its contacts with the outside world depended solely on human power and draft animals, as well as post roads. Now, a transportation network consisting of 24,000 km of highways, a dozen air routes and more than 1,000 km of pipelines has been completed. Still, Tibet remains the only autonomous region (province) in China inaccessible by rail. Transportation has long been a bottleneck holding back the economic and social development of Tibet and hindering the improvement of the people's living standards. Building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has been the long-cherished wish of people of all ethnic groups in Tibet. It is not only essential for strengthening links between Tibet and the hinterland, accelerating the economic and social development of Tibet and improving the local people's material and cultural well-being, but is also of great significance for enhancing ethnic unity and common prosperity.
2001年6月29日，经中央政府批准，青藏铁路二期工程格尔木至拉萨段正式动工修建。该铁路全长1142公里，预计总投资262.1亿元，工期六年。“建成一条生态环境保护型铁路”，是青藏铁路在建设论证之初就已确定的目标。
On June 29, 2001, with the approval of the Central Government, construction of the section between Golmud and Lhasa began as part of the second phase of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway project. This railway line will be 1,142 km long, and will involve an investment of 26.21 billion yuan. It will take six years to complete. Making the Qinghai-Tibet Railway an ecology-friendly railway line was the goal set at the time the project was appraised.
——在前期研究工作阶段，切实做好环境影响评价。在铁路建设前期，针对面临的生态环境问题，有关部门确定了多项课题，深入开展研究。在此基础上，中国政府组织各方面专家，按照环境保护法、水土保持法、野生动物保护法等法规及《全国生态环境建设规划》和《全国生态环境保护纲要》的要求，通过深入的实地考察，对青藏铁路建设的生态与环境影响进行了科学、严密的论证，分别编制了环境影响评价大纲、环境影响报告书，提出了生态环境保护方案，并进行了认真的环境影响评价。根据评价要求，确定了项目建设“以预防为主、保护优先、开发与保护并重”的原则，以生态环境评价的结果指导设计、施工、环境管理。为了保护好沿线的生态环境，青藏铁路全线用于环保工程的投资将达12亿元，创下中国铁路建设史上的最高纪录。
- During the initial research period, an appraisal of the impact of the railway line on the environment was carefully conducted. In the initial period of the project, relevant departments chose several aspects that would affect the ecological environment, and conducted intensive research. On the basis of this research and with arrangement by the Chinese government, specialists from various fields carried out in-depth on-the-spot investigations, and conducted a sound scientific appraisal of the impact of the railway building on Tibet's ecology and environment in light of the requirements of the environmental protection, water and soil conservation, and wild animals protection laws, and those of the "National Plan for Eco-environmental Improvement," and the "National Program for Eco-environmental Protection." They compiled a report and some other documents, offering their appraisals of the environmental impacts, together with proposals for protection of the ecological environment. In light of the requirements of the appraisal, a guideline for the construction of the project was worked out, i.e., "giving priority to prevention and protection and attaching equal importance to both development and protection." The result of the appraisal of the ecological environment was used to guide the designing and construction of the railway line and its environmental management. Some 1.2 billion yuan will be spent on environmental protection facilities for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, a record sum in this aspect for rail construction in China.
——铁路建设的设计阶段，生态环境保护成为工程方案的决定因素。生态环境保护成为青藏铁路设计的基本理念，在铁路的线路选择上，尽量避开野生动物栖息、活动的重点区域。如原设计路线要通过雅鲁藏布江中游河谷黑颈鹤自然保护区，为了避免对野生动物的干扰，经过多方论证，决定选择经过羊八井的线路方案，绕避了黑颈鹤保护区。对于无法避让，必须经过野生动物活动区域的路段，如穿过可可西里、楚玛尔河、索加等自然保护区的线路区段，在设计中进行了多方案比选，研究提出工程保护对策，尽量减少对自然保护区的干扰。在调查研究沿线野生动物的习性、迁徙规律的基础上，在不同地段布设了25处不同类型的野生动物通道，在桥涵和隧道的设计中充分考虑了野生动物穿越铁路的需要，在许多地段还专门架设了旱桥，作为野生动物迁徙过往的通道，以最大程度地保证铁路沿线野生动物的正常活动。分布在可可西里的国家濒危一级保护动物藏羚羊，每年6—7月都集结成群，长途跋涉前往卓乃湖、太阳湖等地产仔，青藏铁路有关参建单位为此停止施工四天，施工人员和施工机械撤离工地，拔掉让藏羚羊警觉和恐惧的彩旗，确保了藏羚羊顺利通过工地，前去繁衍生息。为了不破坏草地、湿地等自然环境，设计中大量采用了以桥代路的方法，仅在西藏自治区境内就为此专门设置了累计13公里的桥梁。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- At the design stage of this railway line, protection of the ecological environment was the deciding factor in the plan for the project. Protection of the ecological environment has been an essential concern in the design of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The routes were selected so that they would keep away from the major habitats of wild animals. The original design of the railway would have it passing through the black-necked crane nature reserve on the middle reaches of the Yarlungzangbo River. After many discussions, the designers decided to select a circuitous route via Yangbajain, to avoid disturbing the birds. But if avoidance was impossible, such as in the section cutting through the Hohxil, Qumar and Soga nature reserves, the planners would compare several designs, and put forward protection measures to minimize disturbance to the nature reserves. Based on the investigations and studies of the habits and migration patterns of the wildlife along the railway line, the planners established 25 passageways for wild creatures at different sections of the line. In designing bridges and tunnels, the designers gave full consideration to the needs of wildlife crossing the railway line. At many spots, special bridges were planned to provide passageways for migrating wildlife so that the normal life of these animals would be guaranteed as far as possible. Hohxil is one of the habitats of the Tibetan antelope, which faces the danger of extinction and is under the State's first-grade protection. In June and July each year, they form groups and travel long distances to Zhoine and Taiyang lakes to breed. The builders of the railway line stopped work for four days, withdrew workers and equipment from the construction site and removed the colored flags that would alert and frighten the Tibetan antelopes. The animals eventually passed through the construction site without being disturbed. To prevent damage to grasslands and wetlands, the planners designed many special bridges. The total length of bridges built for this railway line in Tibet alone would reach 13 km.
建成后的青藏铁路各车站，取暖使用以电能、太阳能、风能为主的环保型能源。车站的废弃物收集后集中处理；生活污水要经处理达标排放，尽量用于绿化；客车采用封闭式车体，车上垃圾装袋，运至高原下交车站集中处理。管理上适应高原特点，采取中心站的管理模式，全线设置七个中心站。每个中心站管理控制半径在80公里左右，对行车和维修全部负责。尽量采用远程自动化控制，机械化维修，减少高原上的组织机构和人员，最大限度地保护青藏高原的自然生态环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
When completed, the stations along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway will use environment-friendly energy sources such as electricity, solar energy and wind energy for heating. Garbage at the stations will be collected for batch treatment. Domestic sewage, after being treated to meet the State's discharge standard, will be used, whenever possible, to water green spaces. The passenger cars will be sealed. Garbage on the trains will be collected in plastic bags which will be handed over to stations along the plateau for batch treatment. To suit the characteristics of the plateau, the central station management mode will be adopted, with seven central stations established along the line. Each of these stations will be totally responsible for the trains' running and maintenance in an area within a radius of 80 km. Wherever possible, remote automatic control and mechanized maintenance will be adopted to reduce the number of both the organizations and their staff on the plateau, thereby giving maximum protection to the natural eco-environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
——在施工中，尽最大可能减少对生态环境的影响。为了把对生态环境带来的不利影响控制到最低程度，青藏铁路建设总指挥部与建设施工单位签订了生态环境保护责任书。要求各施工单位必须建立和健全生态环境保护制度和规章，设立环保管理部门并配置专、兼职管理人员。必须有落实生态环境保护的具体措施，所采取的措施必须科学，施工作业方案必须符合生态环境保护的要求。由国土、环保、水利行政主管部门和建设、设计、监理、施工各有关部门，联合确定取、弃土和砂石料场，并根据日照、冰溶情况，确定取、弃土场与铁路路基的合理间距，划定施工人员和车辆的行走路线，严格按指定范围施工及活动，以保持冻土层稳定。保护江河源头水源和沿线湿地，避免因施工引起水源区沙化、湿地萎缩、草场退化和水质污染。做好地表植被的保护与恢复，植被难以生长的地段、路基和施工车辆所经之处的草皮要保留下来，逐段移植，易地保存，待后覆盖到已完成的路基边坡或施工场地表面，使地表植被的损失减少到最小程度。对自然条件较好的地段，精选适合高原生长的草种，辅以适合的播种繁育技术，尽最大努力恢复地表植被。对自然条件稍好的地段进行人工培植草皮试验，辅以喷播、复膜等技术，在沱沱河长江源区，高原路基植草专项试验已取得了初步成功。建设者将采用一切可能的方法和措施，力争建成一条符合环保要求的铁路。
- Reducing the adverse impact of the railway construction on the ecological environment to the minimum. To achieve this goal, all the construction units have signed a responsibility pledge for eco-environmental protection with the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Construction Planning Office. The Office also requires all construction units to formulate or improve rules and regulations for protecting the ecological environment, and establish environmental protection sections run by full-time or part-time administrators. It is also imperative for the construction units to take specific scientific measures to protect the ecological environment; and their construction plans must meet the requirements for environmental protection. Competent governmental administration departments of land, environmental protection and water conservancy and relevant units responsible for design, supervision and construction must work together to decide on the sites for taking and discharging dirt and placing building materials such as sand and stone. They should determine, according to the availability of sunlight and hardness of ice, the appropriate distance between those sites and the railway roadbeds, as well as the traffic routes for workers and vehicles. Construction and relevant activities should be done within the designated areas to keep the permafrost stable. The headwaters and wetlands along the railway line are to be specially protected to avoid desertification in the headwaters areas, shrinkage of wetlands, deterioration of grasslands and water pollution that might be caused by the construction. Attention is to be paid to the protection and regeneration of ground vegetation. In places difficult for plants to grow and on the construction sites and transportation routes, the turf should be preserved and replanted in other places section by section, to be moved back to cover the slopes of the roadbeds and construction sites, so as to minimize the loss of ground vegetation. Where natural conditions are relatively good, grass seeds suitable for plateau areas should be carefully selected and planted with appropriate means of cultivation to restore as much as possible the ground vegetation that existed before the railway construction. Where the natural conditions are good enough, turf to be cultivated by manpower should be tried out, supported by the techniques of spray sowing and plastic film mulching. In the Tuotuo River area, where the Yangtze River originates, test-planting of grass on plateau roadbeds has been successful in the first stage. The railway builders will take all measures to meet the environmental requirements of the railway construction.
青藏铁路建设的关键是保护好铁路周边的生态环境，各参建单位在施工中都做出了极大的努力。例如中铁十四局在进行科技攻关的13个施工工艺难题中，涉及环保施工的就占了一半。他们设置了六名生态环境保护监管员，负责施工现场沿线的生态保护工作。要求在营地设置、人员设备进场、施工道路开设、采石、取土场、路堑开挖等施工活动中，尽量缩小工作面，对生活区范围进行划线监控，力求保护好高原的脆弱植被。
A key point in building the Qinghai-Tibet Railway is to protect the ecological environment along the railway line. All units involved in the construction are making great efforts in this respect. The China Railway No. 14 Engineering Bureau, for instance, has 13 key technical problems now undergoing scientific research, of which half concern environmental protection. There are six supervisors in this bureau who are in charge of eco-environmental protection on the railway construction sites. They are responsible for ensuring that the camp sites, work-site access roads and passageways, quarries, and sites for supplying dirt and digging trenches take up as little space as possible. They are also responsible for supervising accommodation facilities to ensure that the delicate plateau vegetation is properly protected.
——采取有效措施，最大程度地减少施工作业对高原生态环境的污染。为减少施工对环境的污染，建设单位尽量选用高性能、低噪音、污染小的设备，采用机械化程度高的施工方式，尽量减少现场的管理和施工人员，对混凝土结构尽量采用预制构件，运至现场拼装。桥梁施工中为减少泥浆对桥位处的环境污染，尽量采用旋转钻机干法成孔。为防止施工作业造成水的污染，建设指挥部要求所有施工污水和营地生活污水均经处理达到相应标准后排放；施工固体废物和营地生活垃圾分类收集，可回收成分尽量回收，不可降解成分运至环保条件允许的地点集中处理。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Taking effective measures to minimize the pollution that the railway construction might cause to the plateau's ecological environment. To achieve this goal, the construction units have tried to use high-efficiency, low-noise and low-pollution equipment. They have tried to adopt more mechanized ways of construction and use as few administrators and workers as possible on the work sites. Whenever possible, prefabricated concrete components are carried to the construction sites and assembled there. In order to avoid the pollution caused by slurry around bridge-building sites, they use dry-boring by rotary drills where possible. The Office requires that all waste water from construction and camp sites be processed to meet the corresponding sewage treatment standard before discharge. Solid waste from construction sites and trash from camp sites must be sorted out and recycled whenever possible. Waste and trash that cannot be degraded should be moved to appropriate places for batch treatment.
——加强环境保护监督检查，确保环保目标的实现。青藏铁路首次实行了全线环保监理制度，由总指挥部委托第三方对全线环境保护进行全过程监控。为加强全线全过程施工期环境保护监督检查，国家环保总局和铁道部联合下发了《关于加强青藏铁路建设生态环境监督管理工作的通知》，对施工期内的环境保护和监督检查工作做出了专门部署。国家环保总局、铁道部会同其他有关行政主管部门多次派出检查组检查施工中各项环保措施的落实情况，一旦发现违反环境保护规定的行为，即予以严厉处罚。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Strengthening supervision and inspection of environmental protection to meet the protection requirements. An environmental protection supervision system for a whole railway line was first adopted for the Qinghai-Tibet Railway. The Office entrusted a third party to supervise the environmental protection work all along the line during the whole period of the railway construction. To strengthen such supervision and inspection work, the State Environmental Protection Administration and the Ministry of Railways jointly issued the "Notification on Strengthening the Supervision and Management of the Eco-environment in the Building of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway," setting out specific requirements for the environmental protection and supervision work during the construction period. The State Environmental Protection Administration, the Ministry of Railways and other government departments concerned have repeatedly sent inspection groups to supervise the implementation of these environmental protection measures. Any violation of the environmental protection regulations is severely punished.
有理由相信，经过努力，青藏铁路将作为一条符合环保要求的高原铁路，真正造福于西藏各族人民。
With the concerted efforts of all concerned it is justifiable to believe that the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, as a plateau railway up to the environmental protection standard, will truly benefit the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet.
五、可持续发展的战略选择
V. The Strategic Choice for Sustainable Development
五十多年来，在中央政府的重视和全国人民的支持下，西藏各族人民经过努力奋斗，不仅使西藏的社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化，而且在生态建设与环境保护方面取得了举世瞩目的成就。如今的西藏，不仅经济发展、社会进步、人民安居乐业，而且山川秀美、河流清澈，动物多样、植物繁茂，成为名副其实的“香格里拉”。
For the past 50 years or so, benefiting from the concern of the Central Government and support from the whole nation, people of all ethnic groups in Tibet have pulled their full weight to give an earth-shaking new look to Tibet, and have made achievements in ecological improvement and environmental protection that have attracted attention worldwide. Tibetan people today live and work in peace not only with a booming economy and developing society, but also with their landscape kept beautiful, their rivers kept clean, their animal species kept diversified, and their vegetation kept lush. Tibet has truly become a "Shangri-la."
尽快摆脱落后面貌，迅速走向现代化，是西藏社会进步与发展的必然要求，也是西藏各族人民的强烈愿望。西藏地处青藏高原，地理环境特殊，生态环境比较脆弱，保护自然资源的再生能力，改善生态环境质量，确保自然生态系统的完整性及良好的调节能力，确保生态安全和经济、社会、生态的和谐统一、协调发展，是西藏现代化发展的重要内容和可持续发展的战略选择。
Rapidly shaking off its traditional backwardness and quickening its steps toward modernization are the natural requirements for the progress and development of Tibetan society and the fervent wish of all the ethnic groups in Tibet. Located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Tibet has a peculiar geographical environment and a fragile ecosystem. Therefore, it is an important part of Tibet's progress to modernization and a strategic choice for sustainable development that Tibet should protect the regenerative capacity of its natural resources, improve the quality of its ecological environment, preserve the integrity and self-adjustment ability of its natural ecosystem, and ensure the safety of the ecosystem and the harmonious unity and coordinated development of Tibet's economy, society and ecosystem.
西藏的生态建设与环境保护既不能用停止发展来维系，又不能用破坏生态环境来换取经济发展的短期效应，只能遵循社会发展的规律，坚持经济建设和生态环境保护并举，在发展中重保护，在保护中求发展，实施可持续发展战略。生态建设与环境保护必须是积极、主动、动态的，而不能是被动、保守、封闭的，不能以保持脆弱的原始自然状态为由，拒绝一切人与自然生态环境的交流互动，阻碍西藏经济社会的发展和人民生活水平的提高。
Ecological improvement and environmental protection in Tibet cannot be achieved if development steps falter, but nor should we attain short-term economic development at the cost of the ecological environment. We can only follow the law of social development, attach equal importance to both economic development and eco-environmental protection, giving attention to protection in the process of development and seeking development in the process of protection, and implement the strategy of sustainable development. Ecological improvement and environmental protection should be done in an active, thrusting and dynamic manner, and not in a passive, conservative and closed-door way. We cannot refuse any interaction between man and natural eco-environment on the excuse of preserving the fragile primitive natural state, because this will hamper the economic and social development and the improvement of people's living standard in Tibet.
西藏在走向现代化的进程中，必须始终正确处理好资源开发利用与生态环境保护的关系，促进经济增长方式的转变。西藏的发展经验昭示，资源的开发利用要遵循自然规律，兼顾长远利益与全局利益，避免急功近利，超出生态环境的承载能力。自然资源的开发和生态环境的保护都要本着科学的态度和方法，不该开发利用的绝不开发，需要开发的必须目标明确、方式科学，坚决防止对生态功能造成不必要的负面影响。只有这样，才能促进西藏自然资源的合理、科学利用，实现经济发展与生态环境改善的双赢。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The relationship between the exploration and utilization of natural resources and eco-environmental protection must be handled properly in the course of the modernization of Tibet, so as to promote changes in the mode of economic growth. It is clear from past experience in Tibet that the exploration and utilization of natural resources must follow the laws of nature, taking both long-term and overall interests into consideration, so as to avoid being too eager for quick success and instant benefits to the extent of over-burdening the ecological environment. A scientific attitude and methodology must be adopted in exploring natural resources and protecting the ecological environment. Natural resources that are not to be explored and used should be strictly protected, while the exploration and utilization of needed resources should be done scientifically with a definite goal, to prevent any unwanted impact on the ecological functions. Only in this way can the natural resources in Tibet be utilized rationally and scientifically, and can economic development and eco-environmental improvement be achieved simultaneously.
西藏的生态建设和环境保护，与经济社会发展一样，是西藏各族人民的根本利益所在，也关系到全中国人民的共同利益。西藏各族人民是西藏生态建设和环境保护事业的主要推动者和直接参与者，也是生态环境保护成果的主要受益者。发展西藏的生态建设与环境保护事业利国利民，功在当代，利及子孙。半个多世纪来，中国中央政府和西藏地方政府从西藏人民的根本利益和全国各族人民共同繁荣的根本要求出发，以对子孙后代和全世界高度负责的精神，为促进和发展西藏的生态建设与环境保护事业做出了巨大努力，取得了举世瞩目的成就。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Tibet's ecological improvement and environmental protection, just as its economic and social development, have a vital bearing not only on the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups in Tibet but also on the common interests of the whole nation. People of all ethnic groups in Tibet are the major motivators and direct participants in the ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet. They are also the main beneficiaries of a well-preserved ecological environment. Carrying forward such work will benefit both the State and the people for generations to come. Starting from the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people and the fundamental demand of the people of all ethnic groups across China for common prosperity, over the past five decades and more the Chinese Central Government and the local government of Tibet, in a spirit of being highly responsible for posterity and the world as a whole, have made tremendous efforts to promote and develop the ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet, and have made achievements that have captured worldwide attention.
达赖集团和国际反华势力无视西藏生态建设和环境保护事业发展的客观事实，在国际上到处散布谣言，指责中国政府“破坏西藏生态环境”，“掠夺西藏自然资源”，“剥夺西藏人的生存权”，等等，妄图借此欺骗国际舆论，丑化中国的形象。其实质是打着关心西藏生态环境保护的幌子，妄图阻碍西藏的社会进步与现代化发展，为其在西藏图谋恢复落后的封建农奴制社会和实现分裂祖国的政治目的制造舆论。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Dalai clique and the international anti-China forces shut their eyes to the progress in the ecological improvement and environmental protection work in Tibet. They have spread rumors all over the world that the Chinese government is "destroying Tibet's ecological environment," "plundering Tibet's natural resources" and "depriving the Tibetan people of their right to subsistence," and so on and so forth, in order to mislead world public opinion and deface the image of China. Camouflaging themselves with pretensions of concern about eco-environmental protection in Tibet, they want really nothing but to hamper the social progress and modernization of Tibet and to prepare public opinion for their political aim of restoring the backward feudal serfdom in Tibet and splitting the Chinese nation.
诚然，西藏在生态建设和环境保护方面还存在着不少问题。全球生态环境的恶化，使西藏脆弱的生态首当其冲，泥石流、山体滑坡、水土流失、雪灾等自然灾害时有发生，土地沙化正在威胁着西藏的生态环境，经济发展中一些人为破坏生态环境的行为也时有发生。中央政府和西藏地方政府对这些问题高度重视，为了确保生态环境和自然资源的永续利用，防患于未然，西藏在中央政府的支持下，已经制定并于2001年开始实施了一项大规模的生态建设和环境保护计划。从现在起到本世纪中叶，将投资220多亿元人民币，建设160多个生态环境保护项目，促进西藏生态环境的不断改善。毫无疑问，西藏人民在未来的发展中将创造更加优美的环境，迎来更加美好的生活。
It is true that there are still many problems in Tibet's ecological improvement and environmental protection efforts. As the whole global ecosystem is deteriorating, the fragile ecology in Tibet is particularly affected. Mud-rock flows, landslides, soil erosion, snowstorms and other natural calamities occur frequently in Tibet and desertification is threatening the region's eco-environment, compounded by man-made damage to the ecological environment as Tibet's economy develops. All these things have attracted much attention from the Central Government and the local government of Tibet. In order to ensure the permanent stability of the ecological environment and natural resources and to guard against possible new threats to them, the Tibetan local government, supported by the Central Government, has set up and put into practice since 2001 a mammoth plan for ecological improvement and environmental protection. From now until the mid-21st century, more than 22 billion yuan will be invested in over 160 eco-environmental protection projects aimed at steadily improving the ecosystem in Tibet. There is no doubt that the people in Tibet will create an even more beautiful environment and an even better life for themselves in the course of their future development.
