西藏文化的发展
The Development of Tibetan Culture

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China
二○○○年六月·北京
June 2000, Beijing

目　　录
Contents
前　　言
Foreword
一、藏语文得到广泛的学习、使用和发展
I. The Spoken and Written Tibetan Language Is Widely Studied and Used, and Being Developed
二、文物、典籍得到有效保护和积极利用
II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized
三、风俗习惯与宗教信仰自由得到尊重和保护
III. Folk Customs and Freedom of Religious Belief Are Respected and Protected
四、文化艺术得到全面继承和发展
IV. Culture and Art Are Being Inherited and Developed in an All-Round Way
五、藏学研究全面展开，藏医藏药重放异彩
V. Tibetan Studies Are Flourishing, and Tibetan Medicine and Pharmacology Have Taken On a New Lease of Life
六、人民教育事业实现历史性跨越
VI. Popular Education Makes a Historic Leap
七、新闻出版和广播影视事业发展迅速
VII. The News and Publishing, Broadcasting, Film and Television Industries Are Developing Rapidly
结束语
Conclusion

前言

Foreword

中国是一个统一的多民族国家。藏族作为中华民族大家庭中的一员，在与其他民族不断交流和相互吸收与促进的漫长历史中创造和发展了具有特色的灿烂文化。藏民族文化至今仍然是中华文化和世界文化宝库中的一颗璀璨的明珠。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is a united multi-ethnic country. As a member of the big family of the Chinese nation, the Tibetan people have created and developed their brilliant and distinctive culture during a long history of continuous exchanges and contacts with other ethnic groups, all of whom have assimilated and promoted each other's cultures. Tibetan culture has all along been a dazzling pearl in the treasure-house of Chinese culture as well as that of the world as a whole.

藏族本土文化原本是位于雅鲁藏布江流域中部雅砻河谷的吐蕃文化和位于青藏高原西部的古象雄文化逐渐交融而形成的。到了公元七世纪松赞干布时期，佛教从中原、印度、尼泊尔传入吐蕃，逐渐形成和发展为独具特色的藏传佛教。与此同时，南亚的印度、尼泊尔文化以及西亚的波斯文化、阿拉伯文化等，特别是中原的汉文化，对西藏文化的发展产生了较大的影响。在西藏文化的历史发展过程中，藏族建筑艺术和雕塑、绘画、装饰、工艺美术等造型艺术以及音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、语言文字、书面文学、民间文学、藏医藏药、天文历算均达到了很高的水平。

The gradual merger of the Tubo culture of the Yalong Valley in the middle part of the basin of the Yarlung Zangbo River, and the ancient Shang-Shung culture of the western part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau formed the native Tibetan culture. In the period of the reign of Songtsen Gampo in the seventh century, Buddhism was introduced to the Tubo people from the Central Plain of China, India and Nepal, and gradually developed into Tibetan Buddhism with its distinctive characteristics. At the same time, the Indian and Nepalese cultures of South Asia, the Persian and Arabic cultures of West Asia and especially the Han Chinese culture of the Central Plain had considerable influence on the development of Tibetan culture. In the long process of Tibetan cultural development, Tibetan architecture art and the plastic arts such as sculpture, painting, decoration and handicrafts, as well as music, dance, drama, spoken and written language, literature in written form, folk literature, Tibetan medicine and pharmacology, astronomy and the calendar all reached very high levels.

由于历史的原因，西藏后来发展成为一个极少数上层僧侣贵族掌权的政教合一的封建农奴制的地方政权，使得藏传佛教文化在一个较长的时期内处于西藏文化的主导地位。这种情况一直延续到1959年实行民主改革前。当时，西藏的生产资料和文化教育为极少数上层僧侣贵族所垄断，文化艺术只供少数上层僧侣和达官贵人消遣，占西藏人口95%的广大农奴和奴隶生活极度贫困，连基本的生存权都毫无保障，根本谈不上享受文化教育的权利。长期的政教合一的封建农奴制的统治不仅严重束缚了西藏生产力的发展，而且使西藏传统文化包括文物古迹、道场胜迹处于自我封闭和萎缩的状态。至于现代科学技术和文化教育，则更是一片空白。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibet later became a local regime practicing a system of feudal serfdom under a theocracy, and ruled by a few upper-class monks and nobles. This ensured that Tibetan Buddhist culture gained the dominant position in Tibetan culture for a long period of time, until the Democratic Reform was carried out in 1959. Throughout this period, a handful of upper-class lamas and aristocrats monopolized the means of production, culture and education. Cultural and artistic pursuits were regarded as their exclusive amusements, while the serfs and slaves, who constituted 95 percent of the Tibetan population, lived in extreme poverty and were not guaranteed even the basic right of subsistence, let alone the right to enjoy culture and education. The long reign of feudal serfdom under theocracy not only severely fettered the growth of the productive forces in Tibet, but also resulted in a hermetically sealed and moribund traditional Tibetan culture, including cultural relics, historic sites and sites for Buddhist worship. As for modern science, technology, culture and education, they did not get any chance to develop at all.

中华人民共和国成立后，中央人民政府十分重视藏民族优秀传统文化的保护和发展。1951年，中央人民政府在与西藏地方政府签订的关于和平解放西藏办法的“十七条协议”中明确规定：要“依据西藏的实际情况，逐步发展西藏的民族语言、文字和学校教育。”1959年，在中央政府的支持下，西藏实行民主改革，废除封建农奴制度，解放百万农奴和奴隶，逐步实行了民族区域自治制度，使西藏的社会和文化发展迈入了崭新的时代。西藏文化从此结束了为少数上层封建僧侣贵族所垄断的历史，成为西藏全体人民继承和发展的共同文化遗产。

After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, the Central People's Government attached great importance to the protection and development of the fine aspects of traditional Tibetan culture. The "Seventeen-Article Agreement" on measures for the peaceful liberation of Tibet signed by the Central People's Government and the local government of Tibet in 1951 clearly stipulates: "In accordance with the actual conditions of Tibet, the spoken and written Tibetan language and school education will be progressively developed." In 1959, with the support of the Central Government, Tibet carried out the Democratic Reform to abolish the feudal serf system and liberate the million serfs and slaves, and implemented the ethnic regional autonomy system there step by step. This marked the advent of a brand-new era in the social and cultural development of Tibet, and ended the monopoly exercised over Tibetan culture by the few upper-class feudal lamas and aristocrats, making it the common legacy for all the people of Tibet to inherit and carry on.

40多年来，中央人民政府和西藏自治区人民政府根据《宪法》和《民族区域自治法》的规定，为满足西藏人民日益增长的物质文化生活需要，在促进西藏社会经济发展的同时，投入巨大的人力、财力和物力，运用法律、经济和行政等多种手段，保护和弘扬藏族优秀传统文化，大力开创和发展现代科学文化教育事业，取得了举世瞩目的成就。西藏全体人民作为新时代的主人共同继承、发展和分享藏民族传统文化，共同创造现代文明生活和文化事业，使西藏文化出现了前所未有的繁荣与发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and the Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the Central People's Government and the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have made great efforts in the past 40-plus years to promote the social and economic development of Tibet, to satisfy the Tibetan people's increasing needs for rich material and cultural lives. At the same time, they have devoted large amounts of human, financial and material resources to protecting and carrying forward the fine aspects of traditional Tibetan culture, as well as initiating and developing modern science, culture and education by employing legal, economic and administrative means. As a result, considerable achievements attracting worldwide attention have been attained. All the people in Tibet, as masters of the new era, jointly carry on, develop and enjoy the traditional Tibetan culture, and jointly create modern civilized life and culture, bringing unprecedented prosperity and development to Tibetan culture.

一、藏语文得到广泛的学习、使用和发展

    I. The Spoken and Written Tibetan Language Is Widely Studied and Used, and Being Developed

西藏自治区是藏族聚居地区，藏族人口占95%以上，藏语言文字是全区通用的语言文字。西藏自治区高度重视依照《宪法》和《民族区域自治法》维护和保障藏族人民学习、使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利，先后于1987年和1988年颁布实施《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的若干规定(试行)》和《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的若干规定(试行)的实施细则》，将学习、使用和发展藏语文的工作纳入法制化的轨道。西藏各级政府依法落实保护和发展藏民族语言文字的规定，在保障藏族人民学习和使用本民族语言文字权利的同时，使藏语言文字随着政治、经济、文化事业的发展而得到不断的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Tibet Autonomous Region is an area where Tibetan people live in concentrated communities, constituting more than 95 percent of the population of the region. In Tibet, the spoken and written Tibetan language is universally used. In accordance with the stipulations of the Constitution and the Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the Tibet Autonomous Region has paid great attention to maintaining and safeguarding the Tibetan people's right to study, use and develop their spoken and written language. It promulgated and implemented Some Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Study, Use and Development of the Spoken and Written Tibetan Language (Draft) and the Rules for the Implementation of "Some Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Study, Use and Development of the Spoken and Written Tibetan Language (Draft)" in 1987 and 1988, respectively. These two laws put the work related to the study, use and development of the spoken and written Tibetan language on a legal track. The governments at all levels in Tibet have implemented the provisions on protecting and developing the spoken and written Tibetan language according to law, safeguarding the Tibetan people's right to study and use their native language, and making the language develop continuously together with the development of politics, economy and culture.

藏语言文字在西藏社会生活各个方面得到广泛使用。1959年民主改革以来，西藏自治区人民代表大会通过的决议、法规，西藏各级政府和政府各部门下达的正式文件、发布的公告都使用藏汉两种文字。在司法诉讼活动中，对藏族诉讼参与人，都使用藏语文审理案件，法律文书都使用藏文。各单位的公章、证件、表格、信封、信笺、稿纸、标识以及机关、厂矿、学校、车站、机场、商店、宾馆、影剧院、体育馆的标牌和街道名称、交通路标等均使用藏汉两种文字。

The spoken and written Tibetan language is widely used in every aspect of social life in Tibet. Since the Democratic Reform in 1959, the Tibetan and Han Chinese languages have been used for all the resolutions, laws and regulations adopted by the People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and the official documents and proclamations issued by the governments at all levels or their departments in Tibet. In judicial proceedings, the spoken and written Tibetan language is used in trying cases and in the relevant legal documents if the litigant participants are Tibetans. Both the Tibetan and Han Chinese languages are used for all work units' official seals, certificates, forms, stationery, and signs, and signboards of institutions, factories, mines, schools, railway stations, airports, stores and shops, hotels, cinemas, theaters and gymnasiums, street and road signs, and traffic signs.

目前，西藏自治区的广播电视每天藏语播出时间达20多小时。1999年10月1日西藏电视台卫视频道开播之后，每天都播放藏语节目和藏语译制片。电影坚持面向基层、面向农牧区，每年保证有25部新译制的藏语电影在各地放映。藏文图书报刊发展很快，仅1989年以来的10年间就出版藏文图书441种，许多高质量的藏文图书还在国内外获奖。据统计，西藏现有藏文杂志14种，藏文报纸10种。《西藏日报》藏文版每天出版，大量稿件直接用藏语文采写、编辑，此外还投巨资建立了计算机藏文编辑排版系统，结束了铅字排版的历史。《西藏科技报》和《西藏科技信息报》都创办了藏文版，深受广大农牧民欢迎。西藏所有文艺团体都用藏文创作节目，用藏语表演。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

At present, the radio and TV stations in the Tibet Autonomous Region broadcast in the Tibetan language for over 20 hours per day. On October 1, 1999, The Tibet Television started its satellite broadcasting channel, which broadcast telefilms and other programs in the Tibetan language every day. The cinema is oriented toward grassroots and farming and pastoral areas, guaranteeing that at least 25 movies newly dubbed into the Tibetan language are shown in the various places in Tibet every year. Meanwhile, the publication of Tibetan books, magazines and newspapers has made rapid progress. Since 1989 alone, 441 titles of books have been published in the Tibetan language, of which many have won domestic or international awards. There are altogether 14 magazines and 10 newspapers published in the Tibetan language in Tibet. The Tibetan edition of the Tibet Daily is published every day, with a large number of articles and news dispatches written or edited in the Tibetan language directly. The newspaper has said good-bye to sort typesetting by investing a considerable sum of money to establish Tibetan computer editing and typesetting systems. Both Tibet Science and Technology News and Tibet Scientific and Technological Information have their Tibetan-language editions, which are very popular among the farmers and herdsmen. All the art troupes in Tibet create programs and perform in the Tibetan language.

藏语文学习依法得到保障。西藏自治区教育系统全面推行以藏语文授课为主的双语教育体系，已经编译出版了从小学至高中所有课程的藏文教材和教学参考资料。

The study of the Tibetan language is protected by law. Educational institutions in the Tibet Autonomous Region universally practice a bilingual educational system whereby teaching is done principally in the Tibetan language. Furthermore, the teaching and reference materials for all the courses from primary school to senior high school have been edited in or translated into the Tibetan language.

随着时代的进步和社会的发展，藏语文的词汇和语法得到不断充实、丰富和发展。藏文专业术语规范化及信息技术标准化工作取得了重大进展。藏文编码已正式通过中国国家标准和国际标准，藏文的信息化正在走向世界。

As the times progress and society advances, the Tibetan language develops in tandem, with its vocabulary and grammar continuously enriched. Much headway has been made in the normalization of technical terms and standardization of information technology in the Tibetan language. The encoded Tibetan language has been formally recognized by the Chinese state and international standards, and the promotion of the Tibetan language as an Internet communication tool is proceeding apace.

二、文物、典籍得到有效保护和积极利用

    II. Cultural Relics and Ancient Books and Records Are Well Preserved and Utilized

在旧西藏，文物保护几乎是空白。西藏实行民主改革以后，文物保护工作受到中央人民政府的高度重视。早在1959年6月，中国就成立了西藏文物古迹文件档案管理委员会，集中收集和保护了大量的文物和档案典籍。同时，中央人民政府专门组织工作组分赴拉萨、日喀则、山南等地，对重点文物进行实地调查。布达拉宫、大昭寺、甘丹寺、藏王墓、江孜宗山抗英遗址、古格王国遗址等9处被列入1961年国务院公布的第一批全国重点文物保护单位。即使是在“文化大革命”这样一个特殊的时期，周恩来总理还亲自指示对布达拉宫等重点文物保护单位采取特殊措施加以保护，使之免遭破坏。“文化大革命”之后，中央人民政府投资3亿多元人民币，修复开放了1400多座寺庙，及时修缮和保护了大批文物。特别是1989年到1994年之间，中央人民政府拨出5500万元巨款以及大量黄金、白银等贵重物资维修了布达拉宫，这在中国文物保护史上是空前的。1994年5月，联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会委托的专家对维修竣工的布达拉宫进行了实地考察，认为维修的设计和施工都达到了国际先进水平，是“古建筑保护史上的奇迹”，“对藏文化乃至世界文化保护做出了巨大贡献”。随后，在1994年12月，布达拉宫由于其本身价值与保护状况，被世界遗产委员会一致同意列入《世界遗产名录》。同时，各国代表还支持将拉萨大昭寺列入同一世界遗产项目。现在，中央人民政府每年对西藏文物保护事业的经费投入达400—500万元人民币。1994年到1997年，中央人民政府投资近1亿元人民币援建了占地面积52479平方米、建筑面积21000平方米的西藏自治区博物馆，成为全国屈指可数的现代化博物馆之一。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In old Tibet, cultural relic protection was virtually nonexistent. But since the Democratic Reform, the Central People's Government has attached great importance to the protection of cultural relics in Tibet. As early as in June 1959, the Tibet Cultural Relics, Historical Sites, Documents and Archives Management Committee was established to collect and protect a large number of cultural relics, archives, and ancient books and records. At the same time, the Central People's Government assigned work teams to Lhasa, Xigaze and Shannan to conduct on-the-spot investigations of major cultural relics. A total of nine historical sites were listed among the first batch of important cultural relic sites under state-level protection by the State Council in 1961, including the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Ganden Monastery, Tibetan King's Tomb, Mount Dzong (Dzongri) Anti-British Monument in Gyangze County, and the Guge Kingdom ruins. Even in such a special period as the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976), Premier Zhou Enlai gave instructions personally that special measures be taken to protect major cultural relics like the Potala Palace from destruction. After the "Cultural Revolution," the Central People's Government took prompt measures to repair and protect a lot of historical relics, investing more than 300 million yuan to repair and open 1,400-odd monasteries and temples. In particular, between 1989 and 1994, the Central People's Government allocated 55 million yuan and a great quantity of gold, silver and other precious materials to repair the Potala Palace, which was unprecedented in China's history of historical relic preservation. In May 1994, experts entrusted by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inspected the repaired Potala Palace and said that the design and construction of the repairs had both the attained advanced world levels. They considered it "a miracle in the history of ancient building protection" and "a great contribution to the protection of Tibetan, and even world, culture." In December 1994, in view of its importance and condition of protection the World Heritage Committee unanimously agreed to place the Potale Palace on the World Heritage List. Meanwhile, representatives from various countries also expressed their support for the proposal on including the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa in the same list. Now, the Central People's Government allocates four to five million yuan every year for cultural relic protection in Tibet. From 1994 to 1997, the Central Government invested nearly 100 million yuan to construct the Tibet Autonomous Region Museum, one of the leading modern museums in China, with an area of 52,479 square meters and a floor space of 21,000 square meters.

西藏自治区人民政府于1965年成立自治区文物管理委员会，专司全区文物保护管理工作，并公布小昭寺、热振寺、楚布寺等11处自治区级重点文物保护单位，对其中急需维修的进行了维修。进入八十年代以后，西藏自治区先后颁布了《西藏自治区人民政府关于加强文物保护的布告》、《西藏自治区流散文物管理暂行规定》、《西藏自治区文物保护管理条例》、《布达拉宫保护管理办法》等一系列文物保护法规和规定，使西藏的文物保护工作走上了法制化、规范化的管理轨道。与此同时，西藏的文物保护队伍从无到有，不断发展壮大。据统计，西藏现有专业文物考古工作者270余人，其中95%是藏族。

In 1965, the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region set up the Cultural Relics Administration Committee to take charge of the preservation and administration of cultural relics in Tibet. It named 11 historical sites, such as Ramoche Monastery, Radreng Monastery and Tsurpu Monastery, as important cultural relic sites under autonomous region-level protection, and repaired those that urgently needed repair. Beginning in the 1980s, the Tibet Autonomous Region has issued successively the Proclamation of the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region on Improving the Preservation of Cultural Relics, the Interim Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Administration of Scattered Cultural Relics, the Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection and Administration of Cultural Relics, and the Measures for the Protection and Administration of the Potala Palace. These laws and regulations have brought the work of preserving cultural relics in Tibet within the orbit of legalization and standardization. At the same time, a large contingent of cultural relic protection staff has been formed, and the ranks of such personnel are constantly growing. According to statistics, there are now more than 270 archeologists in Tibet, among whom 95 percent are Tibetans.

文物考古工作成效卓著。西藏昌都卡若遗址的考古发掘，为中外文物界所瞩目。七十年代以来，中国的考古工作者在西藏进行了多次文物考古发掘，发现了新、旧石器时代的多处人类生存的遗迹，逐步揭开了西藏社会历史和民族传统文化的神秘面纱。从八十年代中期到九十年代初开展的全区文物普查，调查和发现文物点1700余处，采集、征集和发掘出土各类文物数千件，初步整理文字资料600多万字，线图670余张，拍摄照片3万多张，临摹碑文、石刻造像和壁画400余幅，从而勾勒出西藏从古至今的演变和发展轮廓，揭示了藏族文化与汉族以及周边各民族源远流长的文化交流，为当代和后代文物考古工作者加强西藏文物保护和考古工作提供了翔实可靠的依据。目前，西藏有全国重点文物保护单位18处，国家级历史文化名城3座，自治区级文物保护单位64处，县市级文物保护单位20余处。近年来，西藏在日本、法国、意大利、阿根廷等国成功地举办了西藏文物展览，促进了藏民族文化与国际上其他民族文化的交流，增进了国际社会对西藏的了解。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Remarkable achievements have been gained in archeological work in Tibet. Among them, the excavation of the Karuo ruins, Qamdo, attracted the attention of archeologists both at home and abroad. Since the 1970s, China has conducted archeological work extensively in Tibet and unearthed many Old and New Stone Age sites, gradually unveiling the mystery of the origins of the society, history and traditional culture of Tibet. A general survey made from the mid-1980s to the beginning of the 1990s discovered 1,700-odd sites of cultural remains, and unearthed and collected several thousand cultural relics. In addition, over six million words of archeological documents were edited, along with 670-odd diagrams, more than 30,000 photos were taken, and some 400 pictures of tablet inscriptions, stone statues and murals were copied. These materials have helped outline the changes and development of Tibet from ancient to modern times, and revealed the long-standing cultural exchanges between the Tibetan, Han and other neighboring ethnic groups. Moreover, they furnish a full and reliable basis for archeological workers of the present and later times to better preserve cultural relics and strengthen archeological work in Tibet. Currently, there are 18 important cultural relic sites under state-level protection, three famous historical and cultural cities under state-level protection, 64 cultural relic sites under autonomous region-level protection, and 20-odd cultural relic sites under county- or city-level protection in Tibet. In recent years, Tibet has successfully held Tibetan cultural relic exhibitions in Japan, France, Italy, Argentina and other countries, promoting cultural exchanges between Tibet and other nations worldwide, and helping the international community better understand Tibet.

西藏的文献档案得到妥善保护。西藏藏文文献档案数量巨大，门类繁多，在中国仅次于汉文文献档案。1959年6月，根据国务院的指示，西藏自治区筹备委员会颁发了《关于加强文物古迹、文件档案管理工作的若干规定》，并着手整理、抢救、收集、保管原西藏地方政府及其下属各个部门的文件档案材料以及各寺庙和贵族收藏的文件档案，建立了比较完整的馆藏档案。1984年，中央人民政府拨出巨款，新建了功能较为齐全，设施较为现代化的西藏自治区档案馆，极大地改善了档案的管理条件。目前，西藏自治区档案馆馆藏档案达300多万卷。由西藏自治区档案馆编辑的《西藏历史档案荟萃》、《铁虎清册》等大型图书的出版，成为一部部“铁券文书”。西藏各级各部门共收藏纸质、缣帛和木、金属、石、叶等质地的档案400余万卷，除90%多的藏文外，还有汉、满、蒙、印地、梵、尼泊尔、英、俄等10余种文字，档案内容上起元朝，下迄当代，是一个时代体系完整的历史档案宝库。

Ancient documents and archives are well preserved in Tibet. There are enormous numbers of Tibetan-language documents and archives in various categories, next in number only to the Han-Chinese language ones. In June 1959, the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region, on the instructions of the State Council, issued Some Provisions on Strengthening the Administration of Cultural Relics, Historical Sites, Documents and Archives, and started to edit, preserve, collect and store the documents and archives of the former local government of Tibet and its subordinate departments, as well as those collected by monasteries, temples and aristocrats. As a result, a fairly complete collection of archives was established. In 1984, the Central People's Government allocated a large amount of money to build the new Tibet Autonomous Region Archives, with improved functions and modern facilities. At present, there are over three million volumes in the Archives. Large-format books such as A Selection of Tibetan Historical Archives and An Inventory of the Year of the Iron-Tiger edited by the Tibet Autonomous Region Archives have been published, furnishing precious materials for research. The government institutions at all levels in Tibet have collected over four million volumes of archives on paper, silk, wood, metal, stone and Pattra leaf. Among them, more than 90 percent are in Tibetan, and the others in a variety of languages such as Han Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepalese, English and Russian. These archives, which date from the Yuan Dynasty to contemporary times, constitute a treasure-house of chronolog- ically complete historical records.

三、风俗习惯与宗教信仰自由得到尊重和保护

III. Folk Customs and Freedom of Religious Belief Are Respected and Protected

国家尊重和保障西藏各民族人民特别是广大藏族人民按照自己传统的风俗习惯生活和进行社会活动的权利，尊重和保障他们按照自己的意愿进行正常的宗教信奉、祭祀活动和参加重大的宗教和民间节日活动的自由。与此同时，一些与封建农奴制相伴随的腐朽、落后、蔑视劳动群众的旧习俗，随着社会的进步与发展而被群众所摒弃，这既反映了藏族人民对现代文明、健康生活的追求，也是藏族文化在新时代不断进步的一种表现。藏族群众在保持藏族服饰、饮食、住房的传统方式和风格的同时，在衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶各方面也吸收了不少新的现代文化习俗，极大地丰富了西藏人民的生活。每年各地群众的节庆集会，既有大量的传统节日，如拉萨的藏历新年、萨噶达瓦节、望果节、雪顿节、沐浴节、酥油灯节、达玛节、煨桑节、噶尔恰钦节、赛马会等和拉萨以外其他地区的各种节日，以及许多寺庙的宗教节日，如扎什伦布寺的什莫钦布节、甘丹寺的昂觉节，桑耶寺的经藏跳神节、萨迦寺的七月金刚节、楚布寺的树经幡杆节、热振寺的帕蚌唐郭节等等，又有全国乃至世界性的新兴节庆集会，如三八妇女节、五一劳动节、五四青年节、六一儿童节、十一国庆节等。现代文明的新思想、新文化与藏族传统的优秀文化相结合，使西藏形成了既有民族特色又有时代精神的新风俗、新习惯。　微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The state respects and safeguards the rights of the Tibetans and other ethnic groups in Tibet to live their lives and conduct social activities in accordance with their traditional customs, and their freedoms to engage in normal religious activities and major religious and folk festival celebrations. As society progresses, some decayed, backward old customs despising laboring people that bear a strong tinge of the feudal serf system have been abandoned, which reflects the Tibetans' pursuit of modern civilization and a healthy life as well as the continuous development of Tibetan culture in the new era. The Tibetan people, while maintaining their traditions, have greatly enriched their lives by absorbing many new cultural customs, as displayed in dress and adornments, diet, residence, weddings and funerals. There are many traditional festivals and fairs in Tibet, including the Tibetan New Year, Sakadawa Festival, Ongkor (Bumper Harvest) Festival, Shoton (Yogurt) Festival, Bathing Festival, Butter Lamp Festival, Dharma Festival, Burning Offerings Festival, Garchachen Festival, and Horse Race Fair of Lhasa and many festivals of other places. Religious festivals celebrated by monasteries include the Shimo Chento Festival of Tashilhunpo Monastery, Nganjo Festival of Ganden Monastery, Collecting Sutras and Religious Dance festivals of Samye Monastery, July Vajra Festival of Sakya Monastery, Erecting the Prayer Banner Pole Festival of Tsurpu Monastery, and Paltung Tanbo Festival of Radreng Monastery. In addition, the Tibetans also celebrate some national and international festivals such as International Working Women's Day (March 8th), International Labor Day (May 1st), Chinese Youth Festival (May 4th), International Children's Day (June 1st) and National Day (October 1st). Combining new concepts and the new culture of modern civilization with the fine aspects of traditional Tibetan culture, Tibet has formed new customs and habits with the characteristics of both the ethnic group and the times.

中央人民政府和西藏自治区人民政府特别注意尊重和保护藏族人民的宗教信仰自由和正常的宗教活动。民主改革以后，按照大多数僧尼的意愿和人民群众宗教信仰的需要，有关宗教的文物、古迹、寺庙都得到了妥善保护。中央政府把布达拉宫、拉萨三大寺、大昭寺、日喀则扎什伦布寺等列为国家重点文物保护单位。这些寺院的壁画、雕刻、塑像、唐卡、工艺装饰、经卷、供品、法器、佛龛，包括经堂、殿宇、寺庙、塔刹等宗教文化的载体，都尽力保护或修缮复原。特别是八十年代以来，国家拨出巨款，重修了甘丹寺、雍布拉康、桑嘎果托寺等著名寺庙，抢救维修了年久失修的桑耶寺、夏鲁寺、萨迦寺、昌珠寺、强巴林寺、托林寺等一批著名寺庙。布达拉宫、罗布林卡、萨迦寺等所藏经卷和典籍获得了很好的保护，《布达拉宫典籍目录》、《雪域文库》和《德吴宗教源流》等文献古籍得到及时抢救、整理、出版。目前，西藏共有1700多座寺庙和各类宗教活动场所，僧尼46000多人，各种宗教活动正常举行，每年都如期举行各种重大宗教节日或活动。中国佛教协会西藏分会，是西藏藏传佛教各教派的组织，现有地(市)级佛教协会7个，并有藏文版会刊《西藏佛教》以及1所西藏佛学院和1所藏文印经院。

The Central People's Government and the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have all along paid special attention to respect for and protection of the freedom of religious belief and normal religious activities of the Tibetan people. Since the Democratic Reform, religion-related cultural relics and historical sites, monasteries and temples have been well preserved at the behest of both the clerical and secular masses. The Potala Palace, the Three Grand Monasteries in Lhasa, Jokhang Temple and Tashilhunpo Monastery in Xigaze have been listed as important cultural relic sites under state-level protection by the Central Government. The murals, sculptures, statues, Thangkas (scroll paintings), artistic decorations, scriptures, offerings, ritual musical instruments and shrines of Buddha of those monasteries, as well as the scripture halls, worship halls, monasteries, temples and pagodas, the carriers of religious culture, have been preserved as far as possible or have been repaired or restored to their original condition. Especially beginning in the 1980s, the state has allocated large amounts of money for the reconstruction of some famous monasteries, including the Ganden, Yumbulagang and Sanggagorto monasteries, and the repairing of well-known but dilapidated monasteries, such as the Samye, Shalu, Sakya, Changzhug, Qamba Ling and Toling monasteries. The scriptures and classics of the Potala Palace, the Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery have been well preserved, with some edited and published as the Catalogue of the Classics of the Potala Palace, Ancient Books of the Snowland, and Origin of Religions by Deu. Now, Tibet is home to more than 1,700 monasteries, temples and other sites of religious activity, with over 46,000 Buddhist monks and nuns. Each year, religious activities are held and important religious festivals are celebrated on schedule in the Autonomous Region. The Tibet Branch of the Buddhist Association of China, an umbrella organization of the various sects of Tibetan Buddhism, now has seven prefecture (city)-level sub-branches, the journal Buddhism in Tibet in the Tibetan language, an institute of Buddhist theology and a Tibetan scripture printing house.

四、文化艺术得到全面继承和发展

    IV. Culture and Art Are Being Inherited and Developed in an All-Round Way

中央人民政府和西藏自治区人民政府一贯重视藏民族文化艺术的继承和发展。早在五十年代，一批进藏的各族文艺工作者与藏族文艺工作者一道，到民间采风，收集了一批音乐、舞蹈、民间故事、谚语、民谣等，陆续整理出版了《西藏歌谣》等一批书籍。七十年代末开始，国家又对西藏民族民间文化艺术遗产进行了大规模、有系统的普查、搜集、采录和整理工作。八十年代以来，自治区及各地、市成立了民族文化遗产抢救、整理和研究机构，展开了历史上规模空前的抢救、搜集、整理、研究、编辑、出版民族民间文学艺术遗产的工作。西藏自治区先后派出调查组，深入全区城镇、乡村和寺院进行全面调查和采录，搜集了藏汉文资料两三千万字，录制了大量的音像资料，拍摄图片近万幅。先后编辑出版了《中国戏曲志·西藏卷》、《中国民间歌谣集成·西藏卷》、《中国民族民间舞蹈集成·西藏卷》、《中国谚语集成·西藏卷》。有关西藏曲艺、民族民间歌曲、戏曲音乐、民间故事的文艺集成也正在编纂之中，即将出版。这些文艺集成志书的编纂和出版，是对西藏优秀民族传统文化、民间文艺进行全面抢救和有效保护的创举。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Central People's Government and the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have all along attached importance to the inheritance and development of Tibetan culture and art. As early as in the 1950s, a group of literary and art workers from different ethnic groups went to Tibet to collect music, dance, folk stories, proverbs and folk songs together with their Tibetan counterparts, and edited them for publication. One fruit of their labors was the book Tibetan Folk Songs. Beginning at the end of the 1970s, the state conducted a large-scale systematic survey, collection and edition of the Tibetan folk cultural and art heritage. Since the 1980s, a group of region-, prefecture- and city-level institutions have been set up to save, collect, research, edit and publish the Tibetan folk literary and art heritage, on a scale without parallel in history. The regional government has assigned survey teams to go to the towns, villages and monasteries to make extensive investigation and collection of this heritage. These efforts have resulted in the collection of about 30 million words of written materials in the Han Chinese and Tibetan languages, the making of a large amount of video tapes and the taking of nearly 10,000 pictures. On this basis, the History of Chinese Operas and Story-telling Ballads: Tibet Volume, Collection of Chinese Folk Songs: Tibet Volume, Collection of Folk Dances of Chinese Ethnic Groups: Tibet Volume, and Collection of Chinese Proverbs: Tibet Volume have been published, and a series of collections of Tibetan ballads, folk songs, opera music and folk stories are now under compilation and will be published very soon. The editing and publishing of these books reflects the regional government's achievements in the protection of the fine aspects of traditional Tibetan culture and folk literature and art.

世界著名的《格萨尔王传》是藏族人民在漫长历史长河中创造出来的一部珍贵的长篇英雄史诗，是中国乃至世界文学宝库中少有的珍品，但一直是通过民间说唱艺人口头流传。为了保护藏民族的这一文化瑰宝，西藏自治区于1979年成立了抢救、整理《格萨尔王传》的专门机构，进行全面搜集、采录、整理、研究和出版工作。国家将《格萨尔》列入“六五”、“七五”、“八五”三个五年计划的重点科研项目。经过20年的努力，共搜集藏文手抄本、木刻本近300部，除去异文本约有100部，现已正式出版藏文本70余部，总印数达300余万册，使这一长期零散传唱的口头文学变成了一部系统完整、被称为“世界史诗之王”的文学巨著。同时还出版了20多部汉译本，并有若干种译成英、日、法文出版。这在藏族民间文艺遗产的保护以及出版史上都是前所未有的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The world-famous Life of King Gesar, a lengthy and valuable heroic epic created by the Tibetan people over a considerable length of time, is a rare literary treasure of China and the whole of mankind. However, it has all along been passed down by folk artists orally. To better protect it, the regional authorities set up special bodies in 1979 for the collection, research, editing and publishing of the Life of King Gesar. The state placed it on the key scientific research project lists of the Sixth, Seventh and Eighth Five-Year Plans. After 20 years of effort, nearly 300 handwritten or block-printed Tibetan volumes have been collected. Among them, except 100 variant volumes, about 70 volumes have been formally published in the Tibetan language, with a total print run of well over three million copies. Thus, this epic, which had for long centuries been known only to a few folk artists, has come out as a systematically complete literary masterpiece that is called "the king of world epics." In addition, over 20 volumes of the Chinese edition have been published, and some have been translated into English, Japanese and French, and distributed all over the world. This was an unprecedented achievement in protecting the Tibetan literary and art heritage, as well as in publishing history.

西藏的现代文学艺术事业在同民族传统形式、风格和特色相结合的过程中得到了巨大发展。西藏和平解放后，一批从内地进藏的各族文艺工作者一边深入现实生活，一边发掘继承优秀的民族文艺传统，创作了一批诗歌、小说、歌舞、美术、电影、摄影等作品，给处于封闭和半封闭状态的西藏带来了新的文艺思想和文艺创作经验。一大批爱好文艺的藏族知识分子参加到新的文艺队伍中，创作了一批新的具有鲜明民族特色的现代文艺作品。1959年民主改革以后，西藏更涌现了一批优秀的文艺作品，如歌曲《北京的金山上》和《翻身农奴把歌唱》、表演唱《逛新城》、歌舞《洗衣歌》、音乐舞蹈史诗《翻身农奴向太阳》、话剧《文成公主》、电影《农奴》等，在国内外都产生了一定影响。近50年来，西藏专业文学艺术工作者共创作和演出了569个具有浓郁民族风格和强烈时代气息的新编文学艺术作品和舞台剧(节)目，其中获全国性奖51项，全区性奖121项。全区各专业艺术表演团体近5年来共演出4887场，观众达279万人次，每年为基层群众演出达400余场。

Modern Tibetan literature and art have developed greatly in the process of combining with the traditional formats, styles and characteristics. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, a group of literary and art workers from different ethnic groups went into the thick of life in Tibet to explore and inherit the fine aspects of the local literature and art tradition. They created a lot of poems, novels, songs, dances, fine art works, films and photos, introducing new literary and artistic ideas and creation experience to the then closed or semi-closed parts of Tibet. A large body of Tibetan intellectuals loving literature and art joined the new ranks of literary and art workers, and created a batch of modern works with distinctive ethnic features. Particularly after the Democratic Reform in 1959, a number of excellent literary and art works emerged in Tibet and, to a certain degree, influenced people both at home and abroad. These works include the songs "On the Golden Hill of Beijing" and "Liberated Serfs Sing," the song with actions "Strolling Around the New Town," the song and dance combination "Washing Clothes," dance epic with music "Emancipated Serfs Turn Toward the Sun," drama "Princess Wen Cheng" and movie "The Serfs." Over the past half century, professional literary and art workers in Tibet have created and performed a total of 569 literary and art works and theatrical programs with distinctive ethnic features and a strong feel of the times, of which 51 have won national awards, and 121 regional awards. In the past five years, professional theatrical troupes in Tibet have presented 4,887 performances, attracting audiences totaling 2.79 million. In addition, they have presented over 400 performances for ordinary people every year.

群众性的文化艺术事业蓬勃发展。1959年以后，翻身农奴在广大城乡纷纷成立业余歌舞队和藏戏队，以群众喜闻乐见的文艺形式，自编自演了众多反映翻身解放后新生活的节目。1963年举行了全区第一次群众文艺汇演，并组成代表团赴京参加全国少数民族业余文艺汇演，演出了一批既有新内容又有鲜明民族特色的好节目，展示了群众文艺创作的新水平。近5年来，在中央人民政府和兄弟省、市的支援下，西藏的文化设施建设力度显著加大，累计投资1.4046 亿元。目前，西藏已建成各级群众艺术馆、综合文化馆和文化站400多个，这些文化场所可以开展内容丰富、形式多样的文娱、体育活动。西藏图书馆于1996年7月开馆，现已接待藏族读者10余万人次。西藏现有县级乌兰牧骑演出队17个，业余文艺演出队和藏戏演出队160余个，他们常年活跃在农牧区，深受群众喜爱，不少节目在全国性和自治区文艺汇演中获奖。各地、市、县还举办不定期的群众文艺汇演，促进了群众文化活动的繁荣。近几年，每逢藏族传统节日“雪顿节”，西藏都举行藏戏、歌舞演出，开展丰富多彩的群众自娱性传统文化活动。洛扎县(藏戏、歌舞)、比如县(民间造型艺术)、贡嘎县昌果乡(民间舞蹈)、昂仁县窘日吾齐(藏戏)、江孜县(藏毯纺织)还被国家正式命名为民间艺术之乡。国家投资260多万元在堆龙德庆县建成了国家级农村儿童文化园，并于1996年成立了西藏少年儿童艺术团。西藏少年儿童艺术团两度赴北京演出，并于1998年赴美国参加国际儿童艺术节演出，均获得巨大成功。1995年至1999年，西藏自治区先后派出包括藏族群众业余演出团在内的40个艺术团组360人次，到世界五大洲20多个国家和地区进行演出、展览和学术交流活动，所到之处无不引起轰动。

Popular culture and art have developed energetically. Beginning in 1959, the emancipated serfs set up amateur song and dance and Tibetan opera teams one after another in cities and townships. They composed, wrote and performed a number of programs reflecting the people's new life since the liberation in the forms loved by the masses. In 1963, Tibet, for the first time, held a regional popular theatrical festival, and formed a delegation to participate in the National Amateur Theatrical Festival of Ethnic Minorities in Beijing. The delegation performed a number of excellent programs with new contents and distinctive ethnic characteristics, displaying the new level of popular literary and artistic creation. In the past five years, with the support of the Central People's Government and other autonomous regions, provinces and municipalities, Tibet has intensified its efforts for the construction of cultural facilities, investing a total of 140.46 million yuan in this sphere. So far, Tibet has constructed more than 400 mass art centers, where rich recreational and sports activities of diverse forms can be carried out. The Tibet Library was opened in July 1996, and has been visited by over 100,000 Tibetan readers so far. Now Tibet has 17 mobile performance teams and some 160 amateur theatrical performance teams and Tibetan opera teams at the county level. These teams always perform for the people of the farming and pastoral areas, and are very popular there. Many of their performances have won awards at national or regional theatrical festivals. In addition, the various prefectures, cities and counties hold mass theatrical festivals from time to time to promote popular cultural activities. On the traditional Tibetan Shoton Festival in recent years, Tibetan opera and song and dance performances have been given in Tibet, together with a wide range of other colorful traditional cultural activities of popular appeal. Lhozhag County, Biru County, Chenggo Township in Gonggar County, Jiongriwuqi Township in Ngamring County and Gyangze County, which are famous for their Tibetan opera, song and dance performances, folk plastic art, folk dances, Tibetan opera and Tibetan carpets, respectively, have received official recognition from the state, which invested over 2.6 million yuan to construct the state-level cultural garden for rural children in Doilungdeqen County and established the Tibet Children's Art Ensemble in 1996. The Tibet Children's Art Ensemble has performed twice in Beijing, and participated in the International Children's Art Festival in the United States in 1998, both times with great success. From 1995 to 1999, a total of 40 professional and amateur art ensembles made up of 360 people were sent by the Tibet Autonomous Region to perform or hold exhibitions in or conduct academic exchanges with more than 20 countries and regions worldwide, and wherever they went, they were enthusiastically welcomed.

五、藏学研究全面展开，藏医藏药重放异彩

    V. Tibetan Studies Are Flourishing, and Tibetan Medicine and Pharmacology Have Taken On a New Lease of Life

旧西藏没有任何现代意义的藏学研究。如今西藏的藏学研究已取得很大进展。藏学已成为一门公认的世界性新兴学科，受到国际学术界的高度重视。它大大突破了藏族传统文化“大小五明”的范围，涵盖了政治、经济、历史、文学艺术、宗教、哲学、语言文字、地理、教育以及考古、民俗、藏医藏药、天文历算和生态保护、经济可持续发展、农业、牧业等社会科学和自然科学的大部分基本学科，成为对西藏社会进行全面研究的一个宏大的学科体系。据统计，中国现有50余家藏学研究机构，1000多名专家学者。

Old Tibet had no Tibetan studies in the modern sense. But today, great progress has been made in Tibetan studies in Tibet, and Tibetology has been universally acknowledged as a newly developed discipline worldwide, being highly valued in international academic circles. It covers most of the basic subjects in the social and natural sciences, including political science, economics, history, literature and art, religion, philosophy, spoken and written language, geography, education, archeology, folk customs, Tibetan medicine and pharmacology, astronomy, the calendar, ecological protection, sustainable economic development, and agriculture and animal husbandry, breaking the narrow bounds of the "Five Major and Five Minor Treatises of Buddhist Doctrine" of traditional Tibetan culture. Thus Tibetology has become a grand system of comprehensive studies of Tibetan society. According to statistics, there are over 50 institutions of Tibetan studies and more than 1,000 experts and scholars in this field in China at present.

西藏的藏学研究是从和平解放后开始起步的。七十年代起，西藏陆续组建了以西藏社会科学院为代表的一批藏学研究专门机构。在过去的几年里，西藏社会科学院先后完成了《西藏通史》(藏、汉文)、《夏格巴——西藏政治史(批注)》、《西藏古代近代交通史》(汉文)、《藏族哲学的理智》(藏文)、《西藏哲学词典》(藏文)、《藏学文献目录索引》等一批重要专著的编写，在藏学研究方面取得了突破性的进展。《西藏研究》已成为全国中文期刊社科类百种优秀期刊之一。特别是近几年来，西藏社会科学研究事业获得了空前发展，涌现出了一批有成就的专家、学者，很多科研成果不断地填补藏学研究领域各专业的重大学术空白，为整理、发掘、抢救藏民族珍贵历史文化遗产，继承、弘扬藏民族优秀传统文化，丰富中华民族传统文化宝库作出了重要贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibetan studies in Tibet started after the peaceful liberation of the region in 1951. A number of special organizations on Tibetan studies have been established in Tibet since the 1970s, represented by the Tibet Academy of Social Sciences. In the past few years, the Academy has made a breakthrough in Tibetan studies by completing a sequence of important monographs, including A General History of Tibet (Tibetan and Chinese editions), A Political History of Tibet by Xagaba (Annotated), A Communications History of Ancient and Modern Tibet (Chinese edition), The Reasoning Theory in Tibetan Philosophy (Tibetan edition), A Dictionary of Tibetan Philosophy (Tibetan edition), and Index of the Catalogues of Tibetan Studies Documents. Tibetan Studies has become one of the 100 leading Chinese periodicals on the social sciences. Especially in recent years, unprecedented development has been made in social sciences research in Tibet, a great number of experts and scholars with outstanding accomplishments have emerged, and many scientific research achievements have filled important academic gaps in various fields of Tibetan studies, making important contributions to collating, exploring and saving the precious Tibetan historical and cultural heritage, promoting and carrying forward the fine aspects of traditional Tibetan culture, and enriching the treasure-house of traditional Chinese culture.

藏学汉文文献史料的搜集、整理工作也取得巨大成绩，目前已编辑出版了200多部共500多万册，在国内外产生了巨大影响，为研究藏学及汉藏关系史、中央政府和西藏地方关系史提供了丰富的佐证和可信的史料。同时，藏学界与国外开展了广泛的学术交流与合作，先后接待了国外专家学者200多人，并经常派出专家学者出国讲学，开展合作研究。

Great achievements have also been made in the collection and collation of Chinese documents and historical materials relating to Tibetan studies. A total of over 200 works in more than five million copies have been compiled and published, producing a great impact both at home and abroad, and providing rich evidence and reliable historical materials for research in Tibetology, the history of Han-Tibetan relations, and the history of the relations between the central and Tibetan local authorities. Extensive academic exchanges and cooperation have been carried out between Tibetologists in China and foreign countries, with China receiving more than 200 foreign experts and scholars, and often sending experts and scholars to other countries to give lectures and carry out cooperative research.

藏医藏药具有突出的藏民族特色，在藏族传统文化中占有重要的地位，在中华民族医药学宝库中独树一帜。然而，在1959年前，西藏的医疗机构仅有拉萨“门孜康”(即藏医星算学院)和药王山医学利众院两所，门诊建筑面积总共才500平方米，从业人员不足50人，条件十分简陋，日门诊量30—50人次，主要是为贵族、领主和上层喇嘛服务的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibetan medicine and pharmacology, with distinctive Tibetan characteristics, occupies an important position in traditional Tibetan culture, and forms a unique part of the treasure-house of Chinese medicine and pharmacology. However, there were only two medical organs in Tibet before 1959-the "Mantsikhang" (Institute of Tibetan Medicine and Astrology) and the "Chakpori Zhopanling" (Medicine King Hill Institute for Saving All Living Beings) in Lhasa, the conditions at which were very simple and crude. They had a combined floor space of only 500 square meters for the outpatient clinics and a total staff of fewer than 50. They handled 30-50 outpatients a day, and mainly served the nobles, feudal lords and upper-strata lamas.

西藏实行民主改革40多年来，国家拨款8亿多元发展西藏的藏医藏药事业，促进了藏医藏药的蓬勃发展。目前，西藏的藏医机构已发展到14所，同时还有60多个县医院的藏医科。1959年，西藏各类藏医药人员只有434人，而到1999年，西藏在编藏医药从业人员已发展到1071名，其中主任、副主任医师61名，主治医师166名，医师和医士844名。由“门孜康”和“药王山医学利众院”合并发展而成的西藏自治区藏医院，现有建筑面积十几万平方米，工作人员438人，其中卫生技术人员290人，病床250张，对广大藏族群众实行免费医疗政策，年门诊量达23万人次。该院建立了门诊部、住院部、制药厂和藏医研究所、天文历算研究所，设有内科、外科、妇产科、肿瘤科、胃肠病科、小儿科等门诊科室，还建立了预防保健、口腔、眼科、藏医外治科等20多个专科门诊，并设有放射、检验、B超、心电、胃镜等现代化的医技科室，除采用传统藏医医疗手段治疗疾病外，还采用西医与藏医相结合的方法治疗疾病，丰富和发展了藏医诊治手法和理论。

The state has allocated over 800 million yuan to promote the development of Tibetan medicine and pharmacology since Tibet carried out the Democratic Reform over 40 years ago, giving a great boost to this sector. At present, there are a total of 14 Tibetan medical institutions in Tibet, and over 60 county-level hospitals have established Tibetan medicine sections. In 1959, the working personnel involved in Tibetan medicine in Tibet numbered only 434, while in 1999 the number had increased to 1,071, including 61 chief physicians and associate chief physicians, 166 attending physicians and 844 resident physicians and doctors. The "Mantsikhang" and "Chakpori Zhopanling" have been amalgamated to become the Tibet Autonomous Regional Hospital of Tibetan Medicine, with a floor space of over 100,000 square meters and a staff of 438, of whom 290 are health technicians. The hospital has 250 beds and provides free medical care for the broad masses of the Tibetan people, receiving 230,000 outpatients annually. The hospital has set up outpatient and inpatient departments, a pharmaceuticals factory, and research institutes of Tibetan medicine, astronomy and the calendar. It has a department of medicine, surgical department, department of gynecology and obstetrics, tumor department, gastrointestinal department and department of pediatrics to cater to outpatients. In addition, it has set up more than 20 special outpatient departments, such as the department for disease prevention and health protection, oral hygiene department, ophthalmological department and department of external Tibetan therapeutic medicine, and some modern medical and technical departments such as the departments of radiation, ultrasonic wave examination, electrocardioscopy and gastroscopy. The hospital has adopted the method of combining Western and Tibetan medicine to treat diseases, thereby enriching and developing Tibetan medical therapies and theories.

藏医药学科学研究和教育工作得到重视。各级藏医机构积极开展藏医药科学研究，搜集整理近百部藏医学文献、专著，在继承前辈藏医学家的实践经验和理论精华的基础上，在藏医史、藏医药文献、医药学理论、医德与师承、藏医本草等方面的研究都有新的成果问世。《四部医典》(藏汉文版)、《蓝琉璃》、《四部医典系列挂图全集》、《藏医诊断学》、《藏医新剂学》、《藏医名医列传》等32部专著已付梓出版。西藏藏医学院建立10年来共输送各级各类藏医药人才615名。藏药生产走上标准化、规范化和科学化的管理轨道。目前西藏有10多家藏药制药厂，其中自治区藏药厂拥有两条生产线，产品共有110多种，年产值4610万元。

Due attention has been paid to scientific research and education concerning Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medical institutions at all levels are actively carrying out scientific research on Tibetan medicine, and have collected and collated nearly 100 related documents and monographs. New achievements have been made in studies relating to the history of Tibetan medicine, medical documents, pharmacological theories, medical ethics, the inheritance of the teachings of the masters, and Tibetan materia medica. Thirty-two monographs have been published, including the Four Medical Classics (Tibetan-Chinese bilingual edition), Blue Glaze, A Complete Collection of Wall Charts of the Four Medical Classics, Diagnostics of Tibetan Medicine, Newly Compiled Tibetan Medicaments and Biographies of Famous Tibetan Doctors. The College of Tibetan Medicine has trained 615 qualified personnel of various levels and categories since it was established 10 years ago. The production of Tibetan medicine has been put on a standardized, normalized and scientific administration track. The Tibetan Pharmaceuticals Factory of the Tibet Autonomous Region, one of a dozen similar factories in Tibet, has two production lines, turning out over 110 varieties of products and boasting an annual output value of 46.1 million yuan.

藏医药正在走向世界，引起国际医学界的关注。每年有大批外国专家、学者到西藏考察藏医学，美、英、德等国还引进了藏医藏药，一些国家派出留学生到西藏学习。随着时代的发展和进步，藏医药学这门古老的科学，正在焕发出勃勃生机，为提高西藏人民的身体健康水平，造福人类，发挥着重要的作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibetan medicine is now taking its place in the world, arousing the attention of international medical circles. Many foreign experts and scholars come to Tibet every year to study Tibetan medicine. Tibetan medicine and pharmacology has also been introduced to the United States, Britain and Germany, and some countries have sent students to Tibet to study Tibetan medicine. With the development and progress of the times, the old science of Tibetan medicine and pharmacology is now full of vigor and vitality, playing an important role in improving the health conditions of the Tibetan people and bringing benefits to mankind as a whole.

六、人民教育事业实现历史性跨越

    VI. Popular Education Makes a Historic Leap

旧西藏没有一所近代意义的学校。寺院垄断着教育，仅有的极少数官办的僧官和俗官学校，绝大多数学生是贵族子弟。广大农奴根本没有接受教育的机会，文盲占95%。1937年国民政府教育部开办的国立拉萨小学，盛时学生也不足300人，办学10多年，仅有12人高小毕业。

There were no proper schools in old Tibet. Monasteries monopolized education, and there were only a few government schools for training only clerical and secular officials, where most of the students were children of the nobility. The masses of serfs and slaves had no chance to receive education at all and illiterate persons accounted for 95 percent of their total number. Less than 300 students studied in the state-run Lhasa Primary School, which was established by the Ministry of Education of the National Government in 1937, even during its period of full bloom, and only 12 students graduated from higher primary school during its 10 or so years of operation.

西藏实行民主改革以来，西藏自治区人民政府一直把发展人民教育事业，提高藏民族整体科学文化素质作为一个重要任务。为依法保障人民的受教育权利，西藏自治区于1994年颁布实施了《西藏自治区义务教育办法》和《西藏自治区义务教育规划》，同时在资金投入上对教育实行倾斜政策，明确规定自治区年度财政预算和年度基本建设投资计划中教育部分所占的比例均要达到17%。1990—1995年，自治区地方预算内教育事业费累计投入10.3亿元。目前，西藏已初步形成了比较完备的教育体系，教职员工微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

已达到22279人，其中专职教师19276人，以藏族为主的少数民族师资占80%以上。

The People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region has always regarded it as an important task to develop popular education to enhance the scientific and cultural qualities of all the Tibetans since Tibet carried out the Democratic Reform. To guarantee the people's right to receive education in accordance with the law, the autonomous region promulgated for implementation the Measures of Compulsory Education in the Tibet Autonomous Region and A Plan for Compulsory Education in Tibet Autonomous Region in 1994, and adopted a policy which favored investment in education, providing in explicit terms that the proportion of education to either its annual financial budget or annual investment plan in capital construction should reach 17 percent. The investment in education within the local budget totaled 1.03 billion yuan from 1990 to 1995. At present, a fairly complete educational system has taken initial shape in Tibet. The teaching and administrative staff have reached 22,279, among whom 19,276 are full-time teachers, and the teachers of ethnic minorities, with most being Tibetans, account for over 80 percent.

西藏的教育事业发展迅速。据统计，目前西藏已拥有中学101所，小学820所，教学点3033个，中小学在校生354644人，其中区内初中在校生34756人，普通高中在校生9451人。西藏的适龄儿童入学率达到83.4%，实现了在牧区普及三年义务教育、农区普及六年义务教育、主要城镇普及九年义务教育。同时，建立了16所中等专业学校，在区内外学习的中等专业学校学生达到8161人。随着成人教育的发展，西藏的青壮年文盲率由1951年前的95%下降到1999年的42%。高等教育发展很快，先后创办了西藏民族学院、西藏农牧学院、西藏大学、西藏藏医学院4所高等院校，现有在校学生共计5249人。

Education in Tibet has made great strides. According to statistics, Tibet now boasts 820 primary schools, 101 middle schools and 3,033 teaching centers, with a total enrollment of 354,644 in primary and middle schools, including 34,756 junior middle school students and 9,451 senior middle school students within the region itself. The enrollment ratio of school-age children has reached 83.4 percent. A three-year compulsory education system has been popularized in pastoral areas; in agricultural areas, six years; and in major cities and towns, nine years. Sixteen secondary vocational schools have been set up in the region, and the number of students attending such schools both within and outside Tibet has reached 8,161. With the development of adult education, the illiteracy rate of Tibetan young and middle-aged people declined from 95 percent before 1951 to 42 percent in 1999. Higher education has also been developed rapidly. Tibet has now established four universities-the Tibet Ethnic Institute, Tibet Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tibet University, and Tibet College of Tibetan Medicine, with a total enrollment of 5,249.

几十年来，西藏已培养大学毕业生2万余人，中专毕业生2.3万余人，有了一批藏族博士、硕士，并已拥有一大批藏族科学家、工程师、教授、名医、文学艺术家等专业人才。

In the last few decades in Tibet, over 20,000 students have graduated from universities, and more than 23,000 from secondary vocational schools. Some Tibetans have received master's or doctor's degrees. A large number of Tibetan professionals have thus been trained, including scientists, engineers, professors, doctors, writers and artists.

七、新闻出版和广播影视事业发展迅速

    VII. The News and Publishing, Broadcasting, Film and Television Industries Are Developing Rapidly

西藏和平解放前，没有现代意义上的新闻出版事业，仅有的若干个木刻印经院印出的几乎是清一色的经书。西藏和平解放以来，西藏的新闻出版业从无到有逐步发展。特别近20年来，图书、报刊、音像出版业发展迅速，现已初步形成了一个遍布全区的新闻出版体系。

There was no genuine news and publishing industry in Tibet before its peaceful liberation, and the materials printed by the few wood-block printing houses were almost all scriptures. Tibet's news and publishing industry has grown gradually from nothing since its peaceful liberation. Especially in the past 20 years, the publishing of books, newspapers and audio-visual materials has made rapid progress, and a news and publishing system covering the whole region has already taken initial shape.

出版事业繁荣发展。西藏先后建立了4家出版社和1家音像复录加工厂。西藏人民出版社成立近30年来，共出版图书6600余种，发行7890余万册，其中藏文图书占80%左右，有近百种图书先后获全国和地区性奖励。目前，西藏有包括西藏新华印刷厂在内的各类印刷厂25个，电子排版、平版胶印、电子分色、多色印刷等新技术逐步进入印刷企业。西藏和平解放前根本没有现代意义上的图书发行事业，如今已有自治区、地市、县三级新华书店67个，基本形成了覆盖全区的图书发行网络，近20年来为广大藏族读者提供各种藏文图书8000多种共9000多万册。报刊出版事业稳步发展。从1956年《西藏日报》创刊、1977年《西藏文艺》创刊发展到现在，西藏公开发行的报刊已达52种。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Publishing is flourishing. Tibet has established four publishing houses and an audio-visual products duplication and manufacturing plant. The Tibet People's Publishing House has published over 6,600 titles of books, with a total distribution of over 78.9 million copies since it was founded some 30 years ago, among which Tibetan-language books accounted for approximately 80 percent, and nearly 100 titles won national or regional prizes. At present, the region has the Tibet Xinhua Printing House and another 24 printing houses, and new technologies have been gradually introduced to printing enterprises, such as electronic composition, offset lithography, electronic color separation and polychrome printing. There was no system of book distribution in Tibet before its peaceful liberation. But now, the region has 67 Xinhua bookstores at regional, prefectural (city) and county levels. A network of book distribution covering the whole region is now basically in place, offering a total of 90-odd million Tibetan-language books in over 8,000 titles to the masses of Tibetan readers over the past 20 years. The publishing of newspapers and periodicals has also been developed steadily. The Tibet Daily started publication in 1956, and Tibetan Literature and Art in 1977. Now, a total of 52 newspapers and periodicals are published for the general public in Tibet.

西藏广播影视事业也是在和平解放后逐渐发展起来的。1953年建立拉萨有线广播站；1958年开始播出无线广播；1959年西藏人民广播电台正式成立；1978年试播黑白电视节目；1979年试播彩色电视节目；1985年西藏电视台正式成立；1995年西藏广播电视译制制作中心工程投入使用。40多年来，国家和自治区用于西藏广播影视业建设的资金达5.3亿元，中央和全国各兄弟省(市)还支援了大量的器材和物资，支援的技术人员和干部有5批200多人，并为西藏培养了大批广播影视专业人才。目前，西藏已有广播电台2座、中短波广播发射台和转播台36座、县级调频转播台45座、无线电视台2座、电视转播台354座；卫星地面站1475座。广播和电视的人口覆盖率分别达到65%和55%。拉萨市及周边地区的电视人口覆盖率达75%。电影是西藏广大农牧区目前主要的文化活动之一。西藏现有电影院436个，基层电影放映队650个，放映点9300多个，年放映13万多场，观众达2850万人次，农牧民群众人均每月至少能观看一场电影。在广大农牧区实现了电影藏语化，基本解决了农牧民看电影的问题。广播影视已成为西藏各族人民文化生活中不可缺少的重要内容。

Tibet's broadcasting, film and television industries have also been developed gradually since its peaceful liberation. The Lhasa Cable Broadcasting Station was established in 1953; wireless broadcasting was started in 1958; the Tibet People's Broadcasting Station was formally founded in 1959; black-and-white and color television programs were trial-broadcasted in 1978 and 1979, respectively; the Tibet Television was established formally in 1985; and the project of the Production Center of the Tibet Dubbed Radio and Television Programs was put in use in 1995. In the last four decades and more, the state and the autonomous region have invested a total of 530 million yuan in Tibet's radio, film and television industries. The Central Government as well as provinces and municipalities have also given their support to Tibet by supplying it with a large number of equipment and materials, more than 200 technicians and cadres in five groups, and training a galaxy of broadcasting, film and television professionals for it. At present, Tibet has two radio broadcasting stations, 36 medium- and short-wave radio transmitting and relay stations, 45 county-level FM relay stations, two wireless television stations, 354 television relay stations and 1,475 ground satellite stations, bringing radio and TV programs to 65 and 55 percent of the people in Tibet, respectively, and TV programs to 75 percent of the residents in Lhasa and its vicinity. Seeing films is one of the main cultural activities of the broad masses of people in agricultural and pastoral areas. Tibet now has 436 cinemas, 650 grassroots film projection teams and over 9,300 projection centers, giving more than 130,000 movie shows to 28.5 million people annually, averaging at least one show per farmer or herdsman per month. Films are dubbed in Tibetan in agricultural and pastoral areas so that farmers and herdsmen can understand them. Radio, film and television have become indispensable parts of the cultural lives of the people of various ethnic groups in Tibet.

结　束　语

    Conclusion

40多年来，西藏文化在继承传统优秀文化和保持藏民族文化特色的基础上得到了巨大的发展。这种发展突出地表现在：一是西藏文化的主体发生了根本变化，彻底改变了极少数封建农奴主垄断西藏文化的局面，西藏全体人民成为共同继承、发展和分享西藏文化的主体；二是西藏文化的内涵发生了深刻的变化，一些与封建农奴制相伴随的腐朽、落后的东西随着社会的进步与发展而被抛弃，藏族信教群众的宗教信仰得到充分的尊重和保护，藏族传统优秀文化得到妥善保护和继承，并被赋予反映人民群众新生活和社会发展新需要的时代内容，在内容和形式上都得到了不断弘扬和发展；三是西藏文化的发展态势发生了实质性的变化，打破了封闭、停滞和萎缩状态，形成了面向现代化、面向世界的开放和发展态势，在传统文化得到弘扬的同时，现代科技教育和新闻传播文化从无到有，获得了空前发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Over the past four decades and more, Tibet has made much headway in carrying forward the fine aspects of its traditional culture, while maintaining Tibetan cultural traits, which is revealed prominently in the following aspects: First, the main body of Tibetan culture, which was monopolized by a small handful of feudal serf-owners in the past, has been changed completely, and the entire Tibetan people have become the main body jointly carrying forward and developing Tibetan culture and sharing its fruits; second, Tibetan culture has undergone deep changes-with social progress and development, decadent and backward things inherent in feudal serfdom have been abandoned, the religious beliefs of Tibetan religious followers enjoy full respect and protection, and the fine aspects of traditional Tibetan culture have been carefully preserved and carried forward. Improvement has been steadily made both in its contents and forms, adding some topical contents to reflect the new life of the people and the new needs of social development; and third, a substantive shift has taken place in the development stance of Tibetan culture, from the self-enclosed, stagnating and shrinking situation to a new stance-the stance of opening-up and development oriented to modernization and the outside world. While developing and promoting its traditional culture, Tibet is also developing modern scientific and technological education and news dissemination at an unprecedented rate.

令人深思的是，在西藏文化不断发展的今天，达赖集团却在国际上到处散布和大肆鼓噪“西藏的文化遭到了灭绝”，并在一些国际敌对势力的支持下借此不断掀起反华舆论。从西藏民主改革40多年来的历史可以清楚地看出，达赖集团所谓的“文化灭绝”不是别的，恰恰是西藏文化真正的发展。

It deserves careful reflection that, although Tibetan culture is developing continuously, the Dalai Lama clique is clamoring all over the world that "Tibetan culture has become extinct," and, on this pretext, is whipping up anti-China opinions with the backing of international antagonist forces. From the 40-odd years of history following the Democratic Reform in Tibet it can be clearly perceived that what the Dalai clique is aiming at is nothing but hampering the real development of Tibetan culture.

首先，文化属于社会的意识形态，它是随着社会的经济基础和上层建筑的其他部分的变化而变化发展的。现代西方文化的形成和发展，是与消灭中世纪封建农奴制和政教合一的专制制度的近代欧洲资产阶级革命以及与之相伴随的宗教改革和思想文化领域的巨大变革分不开的。同样，西藏40多年来文化的发展是在消灭比欧洲中世纪还要黑暗的政教合一的封建农奴制这样一个巨大的社会变革的条件下出现的。随着封建农奴制的消灭，由极少数农奴主垄断西藏文化这种与旧制度相伴随的文化特性势必遭到“灭绝”，政教合一、由宗教支配整个社会政治生活这种旧的文化专制主义也势必遭到“灭绝”，这是西藏历史发展的必然，也是西藏文化发展的必然。因为没有这种“灭绝”，西藏社会和西藏文化就无法得到解放和发展，西藏广大人民就不可能获得掌握和分享西藏文化发展成果的权利，西藏人民的宗教信仰就不可能变成个人的私事，获得真正的自由。但是，这种“灭绝”对于封建农奴制的总代表达赖集团来说却是致命的，是他们的文化统治权的灭绝。他们因此大叫“西藏传统文化遭到了灭绝”也就不足为奇了。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

First, as a social ideology, culture varies with the changes in the other parts of the social economic foundation and superstructure. The formation and development of modern Western culture are inseparable from the modern European bourgeois revolution, in which the dictatorial system of feudal serfdom and theocracy in the Middle Ages was eliminated, along with the religious reforms and great changes in the ideological and cultural fields caused by it. The development of Tibetan culture in the last four decades and more has been achieved in the course of the same great social change marked by the elimination of feudal serfdom under theocracy that was even darker than the European system in the Middle Ages. With the elimination of feudal serfdom, the cultural characteristics under the old system, in which Tibetan culture was monopolized by a few serf-owners was bound to become "extinct," and so was the old cultural autocracy marked by theocracy and the domination of the entire spectrum of socio-political life by religion, which was an inevitable outcome of both the historical and cultural development in Tibet. Because without such "extinction," it would be impossible to emancipate and develop Tibetan society and culture, the ordinary Tibetan people would be unable to obtain the right of mastering and sharing the fruits of Tibet's cultural development, and it would be impossible for them to enjoy real freedom, for their religious beliefs would not be regarded as personal affairs. However, such "extinction" was fatal to the Dalai Lama clique, the chief representatives of feudal serfdom, for it meant the extinction of their cultural rule. Therefore, it is not surprising at all that they clamor about the "extinction of traditional Tibetan culture."

其次，一种文化的发展从来不是孤立进行的，它势必随着时代的进步和社会的发展而不断获得新的内容和形式，势必在与其他文化的相互融合和吸收中不断滋养和丰富自己。西藏文化40多年的发展就是西藏社会逐步摆脱愚昧落后走向改革开放和现代化的过程中，在与现代文明包括现代西方文明的相互融合和吸收中实现的。随着西藏生产方式、生活方式的变化，人们的思维方式和思想观念也必然发生变化。在这一过程中，一些西藏传统文化中所没有而为现代文明生活所必需的新文化如现代科技教育和新闻传播等得到发展，一些具有藏民族特色的优秀文化传统在新时代下得到弘扬和光大，同时，一些传统文化中与社会发展和人民生活不相适应的陈腐、落后的东西逐渐被淘汰，这是符合文化发展规律的自然现象，也正是西藏文化在新形势下不断繁荣发展的表现。因为西藏文化获得新的时代内容、取得进步和发展而指责“西藏文化灭绝”，其实质是要求现代西藏人民原封不动地保留旧西藏封建农奴制下的生活方式和文化价值，是完全违背时代进步潮流和西藏人民的根本利益的，也是极端荒谬的。

Second, the development of a culture has never been achieved in isolation, and it is bound to acquire new contents and forms ceaselessly with the progress of the times and development of the society, and nourish and enrich itself while adapting to and absorbing other cultures. The development of Tibetan culture in the last four decades and more has been achieved while Tibetan society is gradually putting an end to ignorance and backwardness, and heading for reform, opening-up and modernization, and while Tibetan culture and modern civilization, including modern Western civilization, are absorbing and blending with each other. The people's mode of thinking and concepts are bound to change with the changes of the modes of production and life in Tibet. During this process, some new aspects of culture which are not contained in the traditional Tibetan culture but are essential in modern civilization have been developed, such as modern scientific and technological education and news dissemination. The fine cultural traditions with Tibetan features are being carried forward and promoted in the new age, and the decayed and backward things in the traditional culture that are not adapted to social development and people's life are being gradually sifted out. It is a natural phenomenon in conformity with the law of cultural development, and a manifestation of the unceasing prosperity and development of Tibetan culture in the new situation. To prattle about the "extinction of Tibetan culture" due to its acquisition of the new contents of the new age and to its progress and development is in essence to demand that modern Tibetan people keep the life styles and cultural values of old Tibet's feudal serfdom wholly intact. This is completely ridiculous, for it goes against the tide of progress of the times and the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people.

当前，人类已经迈入新的千年，经济全球化和社会生活信息化发展迅速，正在日益改变着人类的物质文化生活。随着中国改革开放和现代化建设的深入发展，特别是随着西部大开发战略的实施，西藏正以崭新的姿态走向现代化、走向世界，西藏的文化也必将在这一过程中迎来新的更大的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

At present, as mankind has marched into the new millennium, economic globalization and informationization in social life are developing rapidly, increasingly changing people's material and cultural lives. With the deepening development of China's reform and opening-up and the modernization drive, especially the practice of the strategy of large-scale development of the western region, Tibet is striding toward modernization and going global with a completely new shape, and new and still greater development will certainly be achieved in Tibetan culture in this process.