中国的能源状况与政策

China's Energy Conditions and Policies

前　　言

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Preface

　　能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会发展的历史，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了世界经济和人类社会的发展。

Energy is an essential material basis for human survival and development. Over the entire history of mankind, each and every significant step in the progress of human civilization has been accompanied by energy innovations and substitutions. The development and utilization of energy has enormously boosted the development of the world economy and human society.

　　过去100多年里，发达国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社会发展的客观必然。

Over more than 100 years in the past, developed countries have completed their industrialization, consuming an enormous quantity of natural resources, especially energy resources, in the process. Today, some developing countries are ushering in their own era of industrialization, and an increase of energy consumption is inevitable for their economic and social development.

　　中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国政府和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。

China is the largest developing country in the world, and developing its economy and eliminating poverty will, for a long time to come, remain the main tasks for the Chinese government and the Chinese people. Since the late 1970s, China, as the fastest growing developing country, has scored brilliant achievements in its economy and society that have attracted worldwide attention, successfully blazed the trail of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and made significant contributions to world development and prosperity.

　　中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的积极作用。

China is now the world's second-largest energy producer and consumer. The sustained growth of energy supply has provided an important support for the country's economic growth and social progress, while the rapid expansion of energy consumption has created a vast scope for the global energy market. As an irreplaceable component of the world energy market, China plays an increasingly important role in maintaining global energy security.

　　中国政府正在以科学发展观为指导，加快发展现代能源产业，坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，把建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会放在工业化、现代化发展战略的突出位置，努力增强可持续发展能力，建设创新型国家，继续为世界经济发展和繁荣作出更大贡献。

Guided by the Scientific Outlook on Development, the Chinese government is accelerating its development of a modern energy industry, taking resource conservation and environmental protection as two basic state policies, giving prominence to building a resource-conserving and environment-friendly society in the course of its industrialization and modernization, striving to enhance its capability for sustainable development and making China an innovative country, so as to make greater contributions to the world's economy and prosperity.

　　一、能源发展现状

I. Current Situation of Energy Development

　　能源资源是能源发展的基础。新中国成立以来，不断加大能源资源勘查力度，组织开展了多次资源评价。中国能源资源有以下特点：

Energy resources are the basis of energy development. Since New China was founded in 1949, it has made constant endeavors in energy resources prospecting, and conducted several resources assessments. China's energy resources have the following characteristics:

　　——能源资源总量比较丰富。中国拥有较为丰富的化石能源资源。其中，煤炭占主导地位。2006年，煤炭保有资源量10345亿吨，剩余探明可采储量约占世界的13%，列世界第三位。已探明的石油、天然气资源储量相对不足，油页岩、煤层气等非常规化石能源储量潜力较大。中国拥有较为丰富的可再生能源资源。水力资源理论蕴藏量折合年发电量为6.19万亿千瓦时，经济可开发年发电量约1.76万亿千瓦时，相当于世界水力资源量的12%，列世界首位。

-- Energy resources abound. China boasts fairly rich fossil energy resources, dominated by coal. By 2006, the reserves of coal stood at 1,034.5 billion tons, and the remaining verified reserves exploitable accounted for 13 percent of the world total, ranking China third in the world. The verified reserves of oil and natural gas are relatively small, while oil shale, coal-bed gas and other unconventional fossil energy resources have huge potential for exploitation. China also boasts fairly abundant renewable energy resources. In 2006, the theoretical reserves of hydropower resources were equal to 6,190 billion kwh, and the economically exploitable annual power output was 1,760 billion kwh, equivalent to 12 percent of global hydropower resources, ranking the country first in the world.

　　——人均能源资源拥有量较低。中国人口众多，人均能源资源拥有量在世界上处于较低水平。煤炭和水力资源人均拥有量相当于世界平均水平的50%，石油、天然气人均资源量仅为世界平均水平的1/15左右。耕地资源不足世界人均水平的30%，制约了生物质能源的开发。

-- China's per-capita average of energy resources is very low. China has a large population, resulting in a low per-capita average of energy resources in the world. The per-capita average of both coal and hydropower resources is 50 percent of the world's average, while the per-capita average of both oil and natural gas resources is only about one-fifteenth of the world's average. The per-capita average of arable land is less than 30 percent of the world's average, which has hindered the development of biomass energy.

　　——能源资源赋存分布不均衡。中国能源资源分布广泛但不均衡。煤炭资源主要赋存在华北、西北地区，水力资源主要分布在西南地区，石油、天然气资源主要赋存在东、中、西部地区和海域。中国主要的能源消费地区集中在东南沿海经济发达地区，资源赋存与能源消费地域存在明显差别。大规模、长距离的北煤南运、北油南运、西气东输、西电东送，是中国能源流向的显著特征和能源运输的基本格局。

-- The distribution of energy resources is imbalanced. China's energy resources are scattered widely across the country, but the distribution is uneven. Coal is found mainly in the north and the northwest, hydropower in the southwest, and oil and natural gas in the eastern, central and western regions and along the coast. But, the consumers of energy resources are mainly in the southeast coastal areas, where the economy is the most developed. Such a great difference of location between the producers and the consumers has led to the following basic framework of China's energy flow: large-scale transportation over long distances of coal and oil from the north to the south, and transmission of natural gas and electricity from the west to the east.

　　——能源资源开发难度较大。与世界相比，中国煤炭资源地质开采条件较差，大部分储量需要井工开采，极少量可供露天开采。石油天然气资源地质条件复杂，埋藏深，勘探开发技术要求较高。未开发的水力资源多集中在西南部的高山深谷，远离负荷中心，开发难度和成本较大。非常规能源资源勘探程度低，经济性较差，缺乏竞争力。

-- The development of energy resources is fairly difficult. Compared with other parts of the world, China faces severe geological difficulties in tapping its coal resources, and has to get most of its coal by underground mining, as only a small amount can be mined by opencast methods. Oil and gas resources are located in areas with complex geological conditions and at great depths, so advanced and expensive prospecting and tapping techniques are required. Untapped hydropower resources are mostly located in the high mountains and deep valleys of the southwest, far from the centers of consumption, entailing technical difficulties and high costs. Unconventional energy resources are insufficiently prospected, their development is neither economical nor competitive.

　　改革开放以来，中国能源工业迅速发展，为保障国民经济持续快速发展作出了重要贡献，主要表现在：

Since the reform and opening-up policies were introduced in China in the late 1970s, the country's energy industry has witnessed swift growth and made great contributions to the sustained and rapid growth of the national economy, with the following demonstrations:

　　——供给能力明显提高。经过几十年的努力，中国已经初步形成了煤炭为主体、电力为中心、石油天然气和可再生能源全面发展的能源供应格局，基本建立了较为完善的能源供应体系。建成了一批千万吨级的特大型煤矿。2006年一次能源生产总量22.1亿吨标准煤，列世界第二位。其中，原煤产量23.7亿吨，列世界第一位。先后建成了大庆、胜利、辽河、塔里木等若干个大型石油生产基地，2006年原油产量1.85亿吨，实现稳步增长，列世界第五位。天然气产量迅速提高，从1980年的143亿立方米提高到2006年的586亿立方米。商品化可再生能源量在一次能源结构中的比例逐步提高。电力发展迅速，装机容量和发电量分别达到6.22亿千瓦和2.87万亿千瓦时，均列世界第二位。能源综合运输体系发展较快，运输能力显著增强，建设了西煤东运铁路专线及港口码头，形成了北油南运管网，建成了西气东输大干线，实现了西电东送和区域电网互联。

-- The energy supply capability has been remarkably enhanced. Thanks to the efforts made over the past few decades, China has built an energy supply framework with coal as the main energy resource and electricity as the focus, featuring an overall development of oil, gas and renewable resources. A fairly complete energy supply system is now by and large in place. China has built a group of extra-large coalmines each with an annual output of over ten million tons. In 2006, the output of primary energy equaled 2.21 billion tons of standard coal, ranking second in the world. Of this, raw coal accounted for 2.37 billion tons, ranking first in the world. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Tarim and other large oilfields have been successively built as oil production bases, and the output of crude oil has increased steadily, ranking China the world's fifth-largest oil producer in 2006, with 185 million tons in that year. The output of natural gas ballooned from 14.3 billion cu m in 1980 to 58.6 billion cu m in 2006. The proportion of commercial renewable energy in the structure of primary energy keeps rising. The electricity sector also reported speedy growth in 2006. The installed capacity reached 622 million kw, and the amount of power generated was 2,870 billion kwh, both ranking second in the world. A comprehensive energy transportation system has been developed quickly, with the transport capacity notably improved. Special railways transporting coal from the west to the east and relevant coal ports, and pipelines transporting oil from the north to the south and conveying natural gas from the west to the east have all been built. Now, the power generated in the west can be carried to the east, and the regional power grids have all been connected up.

　　——能源节约效果显著。1980—2006年，中国能源消费以年均5.6%的增长支撑了国民经济年均9.8%的增长。按2005年不变价格，万元国内生产总值能源消耗由1980年的3.39吨标准煤下降到2006年的1.21吨标准煤，年均节能率3.9%，扭转了近年来单位国内生产总值能源消耗上升的势头。能源加工、转换、贮运和终端利用综合效率为33%，比1980年提高了8个百分点。单位产品能耗明显下降，其中钢、水泥、大型合成氨等产品的综合能耗及供电煤耗与国际先进水平的差距不断缩小。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Energy-saving effects are conspicuous. During the period 1980-2006, China's energy consumption increased by 5.6 percent annually, boosting the 9.8-percent annual growth of the national economy. Calculated at 2005 constant prices, the energy consumption for every 10,000 yuan of GDP dropped from 3.39 tons of standard coal in 1980 to 1.21 tons in 2006, making the annual energy-saving rate 3.9 percent, putting an end to the rising trend of per-unit GDP energy consumption. The comprehensive utilization efficiency in the processing, conversion, storage and end-use of energy was 33 percent in 2006, up eight percentage points over 1980. Per-unit product energy consumption has dropped noticeably, and the gaps between the overall energy consumption, the net energy consumption rate of electricity generation for steel and cement production as well as synthetic ammonia produced by plants with an annual output of 300,000 tons or more and the international levels are narrowing.

　　——消费结构有所优化。中国能源消费已经位居世界第二。2006年，一次能源消费总量为24.6亿吨标准煤。中国高度重视优化能源消费结构，煤炭在一次能源消费中的比重由1980年的72.2%下降到2006年的69.4%，其他能源比重由27.8%上升到30.6%。其中可再生能源和核电比重由4.0%提高到7.2%，石油和天然气有所增长。终端能源消费结构优化趋势明显，煤炭能源转化为电能的比重由20.7%提高到49.6%，商品能源和清洁能源在居民生活用能中的比重明显提高。

-- The consumption structure has been optimized. China is the world's second-largest energy consumer. In 2006, its total consumption of primary energy was 2.46 billion tons of standard coal. China pays great attention to improving its energy consumption structure. The proportion of coal in primary energy consumption decreased from 72.2 percent in 1980 to 69.4 percent in 2006, and that of other forms of energy rose from 27.8 percent to 30.6 percent, with that of renewable energy and nuclear power rising from 4.0 percent to 7.2 percent. The shares of oil and gas have increased. The end-use energy consumption structure is noticeably optimized, and the proportion of coal converted into power increased from 20.7 percent to 49.6 percent. More commercial energy and clean energy are being used in people's daily life.

　　——科技水平迅速提高。中国能源科技取得显著成就，以“陆相成油理论与应用”为标志的基础研究成果，极大地促进了石油地质科技理论的发展。石油天然气工业已经形成了比较完整的勘探开发技术体系，特别是复杂区块勘探开发、提高油田采收率等技术在国际上处于领先地位。煤炭工业建成一批具有国际先进水平的大型矿井，重点煤矿采煤综合机械化程度显著提高。在电力工业方面，先进发电技术和大容量高参数机组得到普遍应用，水电站设计、工程技术和设备制造等技术达到世界先进水平，核电初步具备百万千瓦级压水堆自主设计和工程建设能力，高温气冷堆、快中子增殖堆技术研发取得重大突破。烟气脱硫等污染治理、可再生能源开发利用技术迅速提高。正负500千伏直流和750千伏交流输电示范工程相继建成投运，正负800千伏直流、1000千伏交流特高压输电试验示范工程开始启动。

-- The scientific and technological level has been rapidly enhanced. China has scored conspicuous scientific and technological achievements relating to energy. The fundamental research findings, represented by the "continental hydrocarbon generation theory and its application," have greatly promoted the development of the scientific theory of oil geology. A fairly complete system of exploration and development technologies has taken shape in the oil and gas industry, with prospecting and development techniques in geologically complicated regions and the recovery ratio of oilfields leading the world. Large coalmines of the world's advanced level have been built, and the totally mechanized mining of key coalmines has been noticeably improved. In the power industry, advanced generating technology and units with large capacity and high parameters are widely used, and the designing, engineering and equipment manufacturing of hydraulic power plants have reached the world's advanced level. China is now able to independently design and build million-kw pressurized water reactors, and has made outstanding breakthroughs in the development of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and fast-neutron-breeder reactors. The technologies to deal with pollution such as flue gas desulphurization (FGD) and renewable energy development and utilization are quickly being improved. Models of ?à500 kv DC and 750 kv AC electricity transmission projects have been completed and put into operation, and pilot ?à800 kv DC and 1,000 kv AC extra-high-voltage electricity transmission projects are under way.

　　——环境保护取得进展。中国政府高度重视环境保护，加强环境保护已经成为基本国策，社会各界的环保意识普遍提高。1992年联合国环境与发展大会后，中国组织制定了《中国21世纪议程》，并综合运用法律、经济等手段全面加强环境保护，取得了积极进展。中国的能源政策也把减少和有效治理能源开发利用过程中引起的环境破坏、环境污染作为其主要内容。2006年，燃煤机组除尘设施安装率和废水排放达标率达到近100%，烟尘排放总量与1980年基本相当，单位电量烟尘排放减少了90%。2006年，全国建成并投入运行的脱硫火电机组装机容量达1.04亿千瓦，超过前10年的总和，装备脱硫设施的火电机组占火电总装机的比例由2000年的2%提高到30%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Progress has been made in environmental protection. The Chinese government sets great store by environmental protection, and has made it a fundamental state policy to strengthen environmental protection. Public awareness of environmental protection has been raised. After the 1992 UN Conference on the Environment and Development, China worked out its "21st Century Agenda," and has reinforced environmental protection in an all-round way through legislative and economic means, making positive progress in this regard. China's energy policies give priority to the reduction and rehabilitation of environmental damage and pollution resulting from energy development and utilization. In 2006, coal-fueled generating units reported a nearly 100-percent installation rate of dust-cleaning facilities and a nearly 100-percent discharge of waste water up to relevant standards. The amount of smoke and dust discharged in 2006 was almost the same as that in 1980, and the dust emission per-unit electricity had decreased by 90 percent. The installation capacity of thermal power units with FGD built and put into operation in 2006 totaled 104 million kw, exceeding the combined total of the previous 10 years. Such thermal power units accounted for only 2 percent of all thermal power units in 2000, but the proportion had risen to 30 percent by 2006.

　　——市场环境逐步完善。中国能源市场环境逐步完善，能源工业改革稳步推进。能源企业重组取得突破，现代企业制度基本建立。投资主体实现多元化，能源投资快速增长，市场规模不断扩大。煤炭工业生产和流通基本实现了市场化。电力工业实现了政企分开、厂网分开，建立了监管机构。石油天然气工业基本实现了上下游、内外贸一体化。能源价格改革不断深化，价格机制不断完善。

-- The environment of energy market is gradually improved. The environment of China's energy market is gradually improved, and the reform in the energy industry is proceeding steadily. Breakthroughs have been made in restructuring energy enterprises, and a modern enterprise system has by and large taken shape. The investors are diversified, energy investment is growing rapidly, and the market is expanding. Market competition has been introduced into the production and distribution of coal. In the power industry, government administrative functions and enterprises' management have been separated, so has power production from power transmission, and supervisory organizations have also been established. In the oil and gas industry, the upstream and downstream sectors have been integrated, so have the domestic and international trades. Energy pricing reform has been constantly deepened, and the pricing mechanism has been improved continuously.

　　随着中国经济的较快发展和工业化、城镇化进程的加快，能源需求不断增长，构建稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系面临着重大挑战，突出表现在以下几方面：

Along with China's rapid economic development and the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the demand for energy keeps increasing, and the construction of a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system faces the following challenges:

　　——资源约束突出，能源效率偏低。中国优质能源资源相对不足，制约了供应能力的提高；能源资源分布不均，也增加了持续稳定供应的难度；经济增长方式粗放、能源结构不合理、能源技术装备水平低和管理水平相对落后，导致单位国内生产总值能耗和主要耗能产品能耗高于主要能源消费国家平均水平，进一步加剧了能源供需矛盾。单纯依靠增加能源供应，难以满足持续增长的消费需求。

-- Prominent resources restraint and low energy efficiency. China's relative dearth of high-quality energy resources hinders its supply capability; its imbalanced distribution makes it difficult to secure a continued and steady supply; and the extensive pattern of economic growth, irrational energy structure, unsatisfactory energy technology and relatively poor management have resulted in higher energy consumption per-unit GDP and for the major energy-consuming products than the average level of major energy-consuming countries, thus further intensifying the energy supply-demand contradiction. Consequently, an increase solely in supply is hard to meet the rising demand for energy.

　　——能源消费以煤为主，环境压力加大。煤炭是中国的主要能源，以煤为主的能源结构在未来相当长时期内难以改变。相对落后的煤炭生产方式和消费方式，加大了环境保护的压力。煤炭消费是造成煤烟型大气污染的主要原因，也是温室气体排放的主要来源。随着中国机动车保有量的迅速增加，部分城市大气污染已经变成煤烟与机动车尾气混合型。这种状况持续下去，将给生态环境带来更大的压力。

-- Increasing environmental pressure caused by the consumption of energy, mostly coal. Coal is the main energy consumed in China, and the energy structure with coal playing the main role will remain unchanged for a long time to come. The relatively backward methods of coal production and consumption have intensified the pressure on environmental protection. Coal consumption has been the main cause of smoke pollution in China, as well as the main source of greenhouse gas. As the number of motor vehicles climbs, the air pollution in some cities is becoming a mixture of coal smoke and exhaust gas. If this situation continues, the ecological environment will face even greater pressure.

　　——市场体系不完善，应急能力有待加强。中国能源市场体系有待完善，能源价格机制未能完全反映资源稀缺程度、供求关系和环境成本。能源资源勘探开发秩序有待进一步规范，能源监管体制尚待健全。煤矿生产安全欠账比较多，电网结构不够合理，石油储备能力不足，有效应对能源供应中断和重大突发事件的预警应急体系有待进一步完善和加强。

-- Incomplete market system and emergency response capability yet to be enhanced. China's energy market system is yet to be completed, as the energy pricing mechanism fails to fully reflect the scarcity of resources, its supply and demand, and the environmental cost. Order in energy exploration and development must be further standardized, and the energy supervisory system improved. Coal production safety is far from satisfactory, the structure of power grids is not rational, the oil reserves are not sufficient, and an effective emergency pre-warning system is yet to be improved and consolidated to deal with energy supply breakdowns and other major unexpected emergencies.

　　二、能源发展战略和目标

II. Strategy and Goals of Energy Development

　　中国能源发展坚持节约发展、清洁发展和安全发展。坚持发展是硬道理，用发展和改革的办法解决前进中的问题。落实科学发展观，坚持以人为本，转变发展观念，创新发展模式，提高发展质量。坚持走科技含量高、资源消耗低、环境污染少、经济效益好、安全有保障的能源发展道路，最大程度地实现能源的全面、协调和可持续发展。

China's energy development emphasizes thrift, cleanness and safety. Believing that development is the only way for its survival, China solves problems emerging in the process of advance through development and reform. To this end, it is applying the Scientific Outlook on Development, persevering in putting people first, changing its concept of development, making innovations in the mode of development, and improving the quality of development. It strives for high scientific and technological content, low resource consumption, minimum of environmental pollution, good economic returns, and guaranteed safety in energy development, so as to realize the coordinated and sustained development of all energy resources to the fullest possible extent.

　　中国能源发展坚持立足国内的基本方针和对外开放的基本国策，以国内能源的稳定增长，保证能源的稳定供应，促进世界能源的共同发展。中国能源的发展将给世界各国带来更多的发展机遇，将给国际市场带来广阔的发展空间，将为世界能源安全与稳定作出积极的贡献。

China's energy development is based on the principle of relying on domestic resources and the basic state policy of opening to the outside world. The country is striving to ensure a stable supply of energy with a steady increase in domestic energy production and promote the common development of energy around the world. China's energy development will bring more opportunities for other countries and expand the global market, and make positive contributions to the world's energy security and stability.

　　中国能源战略的基本内容是：坚持节约优先、立足国内、多元发展、依靠科技、保护环境、加强国际互利合作，努力构筑稳定、经济、清洁、安全的能源供应体系，以能源的可持续发展支持经济社会的可持续发展。

The basic themes of China's energy strategy are giving priority to thrift, relying on domestic resources, encouraging diverse patterns of development, relying on science and technology, protecting the environment, and increasing international cooperation for mutual benefit. It strives to build a stable, economical, clean and safe energy supply system, so as to support the sustained economic and social development with sustained energy development.

　　——节约优先。中国把资源节约作为基本国策，坚持能源开发与节约并举、节约优先，积极转变经济发展方式，调整产业结构，鼓励节能技术研发，普及节能产品，提高能源管理水平，完善节能法规和标准，不断提高能源效率。

-- Giving priority to thrift. China has made resource-conservation a basic state policy, and stresses both developing and saving, with priority given to saving. For this, it is actively changing the pattern of economic growth, adjusting the industrial structure, encouraging research and development of energy-saving technologies, popularizing energy-saving products, improving energy management expertise, improving energy-saving legislation and standards, and enhancing energy efficiency.

　　——立足国内。中国主要依靠国内增加能源供给，通过稳步提高国内安全供给能力，不断满足能源市场日益增长的需求。

-- Relying on domestic resources. China mainly relies on itself to increase the supply of energy, and tries to satisfy the rising market demand by way of steadily expanding the domestic supply of reliable energy resources.

　　——多元发展。中国将通过有序发展煤炭，积极发展电力，加快发展石油天然气，鼓励开发煤层气，大力发展水电等可再生能源，积极推进核电建设，科学发展替代能源，优化能源结构，实现多能互补，保证能源的稳定供应。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Encouraging diverse patterns of development. China will continue to develop its coal resources in an orderly way, spur the power industry, speed up oil and natural gas exploration, encourage coal bed gas tapping, boost hydroelectric power and other renewable energy resources, actively promote nuclear power development, develop substitute energy resources in a scientific way, optimize its energy structure, realize supplementation between multiple energy resources, and guarantee a steady supply of energy. 

　　——依靠科技。中国充分依靠能源科技进步，增强自主创新能力，提升引进技术消化吸收和再创新能力，突破能源发展的技术瓶颈，提高关键技术和重大装备制造水平，开创能源开发利用新途径，增强发展后劲。

-- Relying on science and technology. China fully relies on science and technology to enhance its ability for independent innovation and its ability to digest and improve imported technologies, tackle technological bottlenecks in energy development, improve key technologies and the manufacturing level of key equipment, seek new ways for energy development and utilization, and redouble the strength for further development.

　　——保护环境。中国以建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会为目标，积极促进能源与环境的协调发展。坚持在发展中实现保护、在保护中促进发展，实现可持续发展。

-- Protecting the environment. China has set the goal of building a resource-conserving, environment-friendly society, and is endeavoring to coordinate energy development with environmental protection. It endeavors to make the two promote each other for sustainable development.

　　——互利合作。中国能源发展在立足国内的基础上，坚持以平等互惠和互利双赢的原则，以坦诚务实的态度，与国际能源组织和世界各国加强能源合作，积极完善合作机制，深化合作领域，维护国际能源安全与稳定。

-- Cooperation for mutual benefit. China works sincerely and pragmatically with international energy organizations and other countries on the principle of equality, mutual benefit and win-win to improve the mechanism, expand the fields of cooperation and safeguard international energy security and stability.

　　中国共产党第十七次全国代表大会提出，要加快转变发展方式，在优化结构、提高效益、降低消耗、保护环境的基础上，实现人均国内生产总值到2020年比2000年翻两番。《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》明确提出， 到2010年，单位国内生产总值能源消耗比2005年降低20%左右，主要污染物排放总量减少10%。

The 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, held in October 2007, set the goals of quickening the transformation of the development pattern and quadrupling the per-capita GDP of the year 2000 by 2020 through optimizing the economic structure and improving economic returns while reducing the consumption of energy resources and protecting the environment. The Outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China projects that the per-unit GDP energy consumption by 2010 will have decreased by 20 percent compared to 2005, and the total amount of major pollutants discharged will have been reduced by 10 percent.

　　为实现经济社会发展目标，中国能源发展“十一五”（2006—2010年）目标是：到“十一五”末期，能源供应基本满足国民经济和社会发展需求，能源节约取得明显成效，能源效率得到明显提高，结构进一步优化，技术取得实质进步，经济效益和市场竞争力显著提高，与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的能源宏观调控、市场监管、法律法规、预警应急体系和机制得到逐步完善，能源与经济、社会、环境协调发展。

To realize the country's economic and social development goals, the energy industry has set the following targets in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010): By 2010 the energy supply will basically meet the demands of national economic and social development; and obvious progress will have been made in energy conservation; energy efficiency will have been noticeably enhanced and the energy structure optimized; technological progress, economic benefits and market competitiveness will have been greatly increased; and energy-related macro-control, market regulation, legislation and emergency pre-warning system and mechanism compatible with the socialist market economy will all have been improved. The result will be that the coordinated development will have been achieved between energy production, the economy, the society and the environment.

　　三、全面推进能源节约

III. All-round Promotion of Energy Conservation

　　中国是人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。要实现经济社会的可持续发展，必须走节约资源的道路。中国有计划、有组织地开展节能工作始于上世纪80年代初，通过贯彻“开发与节约并举，把节约放在首位”的方针，到上世纪末实现了经济增长翻两番、能源消费增长翻一番的目标。为继续深入推进能源节约，中国政府进一步提出把节约资源作为基本国策，发布了《国务院关于加强节能工作的决定》。中国政府始终将节约能源作为宏观调控的主要内容，作为转变发展方式、优化结构的突破口和抓手。在推进节能减排工作中，做到“六个依靠”：依靠结构调整，这是节能减排的根本途径；依靠科技进步，这是节能减排的关键所在；依靠加强管理，这是节能减排的重要措施；依靠强化法制，这是节能减排的重要保障；依靠深化改革，这是节能减排的内在动力；依靠全民参与，这是节能减排的社会基础。制定并实施了《节能中长期专项规划》，确定了“十一五”期间能耗降低目标，并将节能任务具体落实到各省、自治区和直辖市以及重点企业。中国正在完善国内生产总值和能源消耗指标体系，将能源消耗纳入各地经济社会发展综合评价和年度考核，实行单位国内生产总值能耗指标公报制度，实施节能目标责任制和问责制，构建节能型产业体系，促进经济发展方式的根本转变。

China is a developing country with a large population but deficient resources. To attain sustainable economic and social development, it must take the path of conserving resources. China started energy conservation work in a planned and organized way in the early 1980s, and achieved the goal of quadrupling economic growth while doubling energy consumption by the late 1990s by implementing the policy of "stressing both development and saving, with priority given to saving." To further promote energy conservation, the Chinese government made conservation of resources a basic state policy, and issued the Decision of the State Council on Strengthening Energy-conservation Work. The Chinese government has always regarded energy conservation as a major factor in macro control and as breakthrough and driving force for transforming the pattern of economic development and optimizing economic structure. While advancing the work of saving energy and reducing emissions, the Chinese government depends on structural adjustment as the fundamental approach, on scientific and technological advances as the key, on improved administration as a crucial measure, on the strengthening of law enforcement as an important guarantee, on the deepening of the reform as an internal motive force, and on public participation as the social foundation. It promulgated and implemented the Medium- and Long-term Special Plan for Energy Conservation, setting the goal for energy consumption reduction during the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010) and sharing out the tasks and responsibilities to the various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, as well as key enterprises. China is perfecting the index system of energy consumption per-unit GDP. It will incorporate energy consumption into the overall evaluation of economic and social development and the annual performance evaluation of regional governments. It will adopt an announcement system for this index, implement a target responsibility and accountability system for energy conservation and build an energy-conserving industrial system to effect the fundamental transformation of the country's pattern of economic development.

　　节约能源，是中国缓解资源约束的现实选择。推进能源节约，是中国经济社会发展长期而艰巨的战略任务。中国坚持政府为主导、市场为基础、企业为主体，在全社会共同参与下，全面推进能源节约。中国坚持以提高能源效率为核心，以转变经济发展方式、调整经济结构、加快技术进步为根本，构建能源资源节约型的产业结构、发展方式和消费模式。建立节能型的产业体系，落实节能目标责任制和评价考核体系。完善节能技术推广机制，鼓励节能技术和产品的研发。深化能源体制改革，完善能源价格形成机制，充分发挥财政税收等经济政策对节能的推动作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Energy conservation is a realistic choice for China to alleviate the pressure of energy shortage. It is a long and arduous strategic task to keep promoting energy conservation in the course of the country's economic and social development. China will advance energy conservation in all aspects, with the government playing the leading role, the market forming the basis and enterprises playing a major role, with participation of the whole society. China will establish an energy- and resource-saving industrial structure, development pattern and consumption mode by taking improvement of energy efficiency as the core, and transforming the mode of economic development, adjusting the economic structure and accelerating technological advance as the foundation. China will establish an energy-saving industrial system and practice a target-responsibility and performance-evaluation system in this regard. It will improve the mechanism for spreading energy-saving technologies, and encourage R&D of such technologies and products. It will deepen the reform of the energy system, improve the energy pricing mechanism and give full play to economic policies, including fiscal and taxation ones, in promoting energy conservation.

　　中国全面落实能源节约的措施是：

To promote all-round energy conservation, China will take the following measures:

　　——推进结构调整。长期以来，中国能源效率偏低的主要原因是经济增长方式粗放、高耗能产业比重过高。中国坚持把转变发展方式、调整产业结构和工业内部结构作为能源节约的战略重点，努力形成“低投入、低消耗、低排放、高效率”的经济发展方式。中国加快产业结构优化升级，大力发展高新技术产业和服务业，严格限制高耗能、高耗材、高耗水产业发展，淘汰落后产能，促进经济发展方式的根本转变，加快构建节能型产业体系。

-- Pushing forward structural adjustment. The major reasons for low efficiency of energy utilization for a long time have been the extensive mode of economic growth and a high proportion of high energy-consuming industries in China. The country will put the transformation of the development pattern and the adjustment of the industrial structure and of the internal structures of industries in the key place for the energy-conservation strategy, and work hard to bring into being a pattern of economic development with "low input, low consumption, less emission and high efficiency." China will accelerate the optimization and upgrading of its industrial structure, make energetic efforts to develop high- and new-tech industries and the service trades, set strict limits on the development of high energy-, material- and water-consuming industries, and eliminate industries with backward productivity, so as to fundamentally change the pattern of economic development and put in place an energy-saving industrial system on an early date.

　　——加强工业节能。工业是中国能源消费的重点领域。中国坚持走科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源得到充分发挥的新型工业化道路，加快发展高技术产业，运用高新技术和先进适用技术改造传统产业，提升工业整体水平。重点加强钢铁、有色金属、煤炭、电力、石油石化、化工、建材等高耗能行业节能降耗。中国实施千家企业节能行动，重点加强年耗能万吨标准煤以上的工业企业节能管理。调整产品结构，加快技术改造，提高管理水平，降低能源消耗。支持一批节能降耗的重大及示范项目，带动工业提高能效水平。进一步完善工业行业能效标准和规范，强制淘汰落后的高耗能产品，完善能效市场准入制度。

-- Improving energy conservation in industry. Industry is a major sector of energy consumption in China. The country is determined to take a new road to industrialization characterized by high scientific and technological content, good economic returns, low resource consumption, minimum of environmental pollution, and full use of human resources. To achieve this, China will accelerate the development of high-tech industries and transform traditional industries with high- and new-technologies, as well as advanced and applicable ones, and in turn upgrade the overall industrial standard. Industries with high energy consumption, such as steel, nonferrous metals, coal, electricity, petroleum and petrochemicals, chemical engineering and building materials, will be the target sectors for saving energy and reducing energy consumption. The Chinese government has launched an energy-conservation drive among 1,000 enterprises, with the focus on tightening control over those consuming 10,000 tons of standard coal or more each year. It will readjust the product mix, speed up technological reform, improve management and economize on energy. It will support a group of key and demonstration projects aiming to conserve energy and cut consumption so as to rally industries to enhance the ir energy-saving level. It will continue to raise the standards for energy efficiency of industry, eliminate backward and high energy-consuming products, and perfect the market access system.

　　——实施节能工程。中国正在实施节约替代石油、热电联产、余热利用、建筑节能等十大重点节能工程，支持节能重点及示范项目建设，鼓励高效节能产品的推广应用。中国大力发展节能省地型建筑，积极推进既有建筑节能改造，广泛使用新型墙体材料。实施节约和替代石油工程，科学发展替代燃料。加快淘汰老旧汽车、船舶，积极发展公共交通，限制高油耗汽车，发展节能环保型汽车。加快燃煤工业锅（窑）炉改造、区域热电联产和余热余压利用，提高能源利用效率。促进电机节能和能源系统优化，提高电机运行和能源系统效率。实施绿色照明工程，加快推广高效电器应用。加快推广农村省柴节煤炉灶、节能房屋技术，淘汰高耗能老旧农机、渔船，推进农业和农村节能。加强政府机构节能，发挥政府对社会节能的带动作用。加快节能监测和技术服务体系建设，强化节能监测，创新服务平台。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Launching energy-saving projects. China is carrying out ten key energy-saving projects, including petroleum substitution, simultaneous generation of heat and power, surplus heat utilization and the construction of energy-saving buildings. The Chinese government supports key and demonstration energy-saving projects, and encourages extensive application of high-efficiency, energy-saving products. China will make vigorous efforts to construct energy- and land-saving buildings, actively promote the energy-saving renovation of existing buildings, and extensively use new walling materials. China will continue to implement petroleum substitution and develop substitute fuels in a scientific way. It will speed up the elimination of old automobiles and ships, actively develop public transport; set limits on high oil-consuming automobiles, and develop energy-saving and environment-friendly automobiles. It will accelerate the innovation of coal-fueled industrial boilers (kilns), regional simultaneous generation of heat and power and surplus heat and pressure utilization, and improve the efficiency of energy utilization. It will save more energy in the sphere of electrical machinery and optimize energy systems, so as to improve the efficiency of both. It will carry out the Green Lighting Project, and spread more rapidly high-performance electrical appliances. It will also spread technologies for firewood- and coal-saving stoves and energy-saving houses in rural areas, and eliminate old, high energy-consuming farm machinery and fishing boats, so as to promote energy conservation in agriculture and the rural areas. It will urge government bodies to save more energy, giving full play to the role of the government in leading energy conservation. It will put in place at an early date the system of energy-conservation monitoring and technological support, strengthening energy-conservation monitoring and establishing new energy services platforms.

　　——加强管理节能。中国政府建立了政府强制采购节能产品制度，积极推进优先采购节能（包括节水）产品，选择部分节能效果显著、性能比较成熟的产品予以强制采购。积极发挥政府采购的政策导向作用，带动社会生产和使用节能产品。研究制定鼓励节能的财税政策，实施资源综合利用税收优惠政策，建立多渠道的节能融资机制。深化能源价格改革，形成有利于节能的价格形成机制。实施固定资产投资项目节能评估和审核制度，严把能耗增长的源头。建立企业节能新机制，实施能效标识管理，推进合同能源管理和节能自愿协议。建立健全节能法律法规，依法强化节能管理。加强节能管理队伍建设，加大执法监督检查力度。

-- Strengthening the administration of energy conservation. The Chinese government has established a system of compulsory government procurement of energy-saving products, actively advocating energy-saving (including water-saving) products as a priority for government procurement; and included some products with outstanding results and stable performance on the list of compulsory procurement. It will give full play to the role of governmental purchase in policy guidance and in encouraging all sectors of society to produce and use energy-saving products. It will study and formulate fiscal and taxation policies to encourage energy conservation, implement preferential taxation policies for those effectively making comprehensive use of resources, and set up an energy-saving mechanism with multi-channel financing. It will deepen the reform of energy prices to introduce a pricing mechanism favorable for energy conservation. It will put in force an evaluation and examination system in respect of energy conservation in fixed assets investment projects and strictly control increase of energy consumption at the roots. It will set up a new energy-conservation mechanism for enterprises, adopt an energy efficiency labeling mechanism, and promote contract-based energy management and voluntary energy-conservation agreements. It will improve the legal framework regarding energy conservation, and strengthen energy-conservation management by law. It will improve the overall quality of energy-conservation managerial personnel, and step up efforts in law enforcement, supervision and examination.

　　——倡导社会节能。中国采取多种形式大力宣传节约能源的重要意义，不断增强全民资源忧患意识和节约意识。倡导能源节约文化，努力形成健康、文明、节约的消费模式。把节约能源纳入基础教育、职业教育、高等教育和技术培训体系，利用新闻出版、广播影视等媒体，大力宣传和普及节能知识。继续深入开展节能宣传周活动，动员社会各界广泛参与，努力建立全社会节能的长效机制。

-- Advocating energy conservation in society. The Chinese government energetically advocates the significance of energy conservation by various means, constantly strengthening the public awareness of the importance of resources conservation. It will promote the culture of energy conservation, and work hard to bring into being a healthy, civilized and economical mode of consumption. It will incorporate energy conservation into the system of elementary education, vocational education, higher education and technical training, and publicize and popularize relevant knowledge by means of mass media. It will enhance the energy-conservation week campaign, and mobilize all sectors of society to participate in it. All these measures will help to build a long-term mechanism of energy conservation with the participation of all sectors of society.

　　四、提高能源供给能力

IV. Improving the Energy Supply Capacity

　　长期以来，中国主要依靠本国能源资源发展经济，能源自给率一直保持在90%以上，远远高于多数发达国家。目前，中国已经成为世界第二大能源生产国，具备了较强的能源生产供应基础。在全面建设小康社会的过程中，中国将首先立足于国内能源资源，着重优化能源结构，努力提高供应能力。

For a long time China has relied largely on domestic energy resources to develop its economy, and the rate of self-sufficiency has been above 90 percent, much higher than that in most developed countries. China is now the second biggest energy producer in the world, and has a relatively strong foundation for the energy production and supply. In the course of building a moderately prosperous society, China will rely mainly on domestic energy resources, give priority to optimizing its energy mix, and work hard to increase its energy supply capacity.

　　中国能源资源的开发潜力较大。煤炭已发现的资源量仅占资源蕴藏量的13%，可采储量占已发现资源量的40%。水力资源开发利用程度仅为20%。石油资源探明程度为33%，开始进入勘探中期，仍有较大潜力。天然气资源探明程度为14%，处于勘探早期，资源前景广阔。非常规能源资源尚处于开发利用初期，开发潜力较大。可再生能源开发利用刚刚起步，发展空间很大。资源节约、综合利用和循环利用等方面，也存在着很好的前景。

China boasts great potential in energy resources exploitation. Coal resources already verified only account for 13 percent of the total deposits, and recoverable reserves account for 40 percent of the discovered resources. Only 20 percent of the country's hydropower resources have been utilized so far. Verified oil reserves are 33 percent of the total deposits, and China has begun to enter the middle phase of oil prospecting, still seeing a big potential. Proven reserves of natural gas account for 14 percent, showing that China is in the early stage of exploration and indicating bright prospects in this sphere. Regarding non-conventional energy, China is still at the early stage of exploitation and utilization, with a great potential for development. As for renewable energy, China has only just started in its exploitation and utilization, so there is immense room for development in this regard. Good prospects are also seen for conserving, making comprehensive use of and recycling resources.

　　中国提高能源供应能力的措施是：

To increase its energy supply capacity, China will take the following measures:

　　——有序发展煤炭。煤炭是中国的基础能源，增加供给能力、优化能源结构、保障煤矿安全、减少环境污染、提高资源利用效率、构建新型煤炭工业体系，是保障国民经济发展的迫切需要。中国加大煤炭资源勘查力度，支持大型煤炭基地的资源普查和地质详查，规范商业性勘探，提高资源保障程度，稳步推进大型煤炭基地建设。通过企业兼并和重组，形成若干产能亿吨级的大型企业集团。继续推进煤炭资源开发整合，调整改造中小煤矿，依法关闭淘汰不符合产业政策、不具备安全生产条件、浪费资源和破坏环境的小煤矿，进一步优化煤炭产业结构。促进与相关产业协调发展，鼓励实行煤电联营或煤电运一体化经营，延伸煤炭产业链。提高煤矿机械化水平和采煤综合机械化程度，推进煤炭的清洁生产和利用，鼓励洁净煤技术的研发和推广，加快替代液体燃料研究和示范。积极发展循环经济，加强环境保护，促进资源综合利用，加快煤层气产业化发展。加强煤炭运输体系建设，稳步提高运输能力。建立安全生产责任制，加大煤矿安全改造和瓦斯防治投入力度，不断提高安全生产水平。

-- Developing the coal industry in an orderly way. Coal is a basic energy in China, and it is an urgent need to increase the supply capacity, optimize the energy mix, ensure coal mining safety, reduce environmental pollution, increase resource utilization efficiency and build a new coal industry system, so as to guarantee the development of the national economy. China will step up its efforts in prospecting coal resources, render support to large coal mining bases in conducting resource surveys and detailed geological surveys, set standards for commercial prospecting, improve the level of guarantee for coal resources, and steadily push forward the building of large coal mining bases. By merger and reorganization of enterprises, the country will bring into being some large coal mining conglomerates each with a total annual production capability of 100 million tons. It will continue to push forward the development and integration of coal resources by renovating medium- and small-sized coal mines and closing down, in accordance with the law, small ones not conforming to industrial policies, with poor safety conditions, wasting resources and harming the environment, so as to further optimize the structure of the coal industry. It will promote the coordinated development of related industries, and encourage coal-electricity joint operation or coal-electricity-transport integrated management, so as to extend the coal industry chain. It will further mechanize coalmines and enhance overall mechanization in coal mining, promote the clean production and utilization of coal, encourage R&D and spreading of clean coal technologies, and quicken the research into and demonstration of substitute liquid fuels. China will actively develop a circular economy, step up efforts in environmental protection, promote the comprehensive utilization of resources, and accelerate the industrialized development of coal-bed gas. It will strengthen the building of the coal transport system and steadily increase the coal transport capacity. It will establish a responsibility system for safe production, beef up safety installations and put more money into gas prevention and control, so as to improve the level of safe production.

　　——积极发展电力。电力是高效清洁的能源，建立经济、高效、稳定的电力供应体系，是保证国民经济和社会稳定发展的基本要求。中国坚持以结构调整为主线，优化电源结构。在综合考虑资源、技术、环保和市场等因素的基础上，优化发展煤电，建设大型煤电基地，鼓励发展坑口电站，重点发展大型高效环保机组。积极发展热电联产，加快淘汰落后的小火电机组。在保护生态、妥善解决移民问题的条件下，大力发展水电。积极推进核电建设。适度发展天然气发电。鼓励可再生能源和新能源发电。加强区域和输配电网络建设，扩大西电东送规模。实行电力统一规划和调度，建立健全电力安全应急体系，提高电力系统的安全可靠性。继续加强电力需求侧管理，实行节能调度，努力提高能源利用效率。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Actively developing electric power. Electric power is a highly efficient and clean energy. It is also a basic requirement for the steady development of the national economy and society to establish an economical, highly efficient and stable power supply system. China will optimize the power supply structure based on structural adjustment. On the basis of taking into overall consideration such factors as resources, technology, environmental protection and the market, the Chinese government will develop clean coal-fired electric power by setting up large coal-fired power bases and encouraging the building of power plants at pitheads, with emphasis on large, highly efficient, environment-friendly power generating sets. It will actively develop cogeneration of heat and power, and speed up elimination of small and backward thermal power units. On the condition that the ecological environment is protected and problems affecting local people are properly settled, energetic efforts will be made to develop hydropower. It will also actively develop nuclear power, and appropriately develop natural gas power generation. It will encourage power generation with renewable and new energy resources. It will strengthen the building of regional power grids and power transmission and distribution networks and expand the scope of power transmission from western to eastern China. Uniform planning and distribution of electric power will be adopted, and an emergency response system for power safety will be set up to enhance the safety and reliability of the power system. China will continue to strengthen power demand-side management (DSM), exert control over power use for the purpose of conserving energy and work hard to increase energy utilization efficiency.

　　——加快发展油气。中国继续实行油气并举的方针，稳定增加原油产量，努力提高天然气产量。加大石油天然气资源的勘探开发力度，重点加强渤海湾、松辽、塔里木、鄂尔多斯等主要含油气盆地勘探开发，积极探索陆地新区、新领域、新层系和重点海域勘查，切实增加可采储量。深入挖掘主要产油区的发展潜力，加强稳产改造，提高采收率，延缓老油田产量递减。在经济合理的条件下，积极开发煤层气、油页岩、油砂等非常规能源。继续加快石油和天然气管网及配套设施建设，逐步完善全国油气管网。

-- Expediting development of oil and gas. China will continue to implement the policy of "simultaneous development of oil and gas," steadily increase crude oil output and make efforts to increase the output of natural gas. The country will step up its efforts in prospecting for and exploiting oil and natural gas, with the focus on major oil and gas basins, including those of Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim and Ordos, and actively explore new areas, fields and strata on the land and major sea areas, so as to increase the amount of recoverable reserves. It will tap the potential of major oil-producing areas, improve renovation for stable yields, increase the recovery ratio and slow down the yield decreasing trend in old oilfields. On the condition of reasonable cost, it will actively develop coal-bed gas, oil shale and tar sand and other non-conventional energy resources. The country will expedite the construction of oil and gas pipeline networks and supporting facilities and gradually improve the national network of oil and gas pipelines.

　　——大力发展可再生能源。可再生能源是中国能源优先发展的领域。可再生能源的开发利用，对增加能源供应、改善能源结构、促进环境保护具有重要作用，是解决能源供需矛盾和实现可持续发展的战略选择。中国已经颁布《可再生能源法》，制定了可再生能源发电优先上网、全额收购、价格优惠及社会公摊的政策。建立了可再生能源发展专项资金，支持资源调查、技术研发、试点示范工程建设和农村可再生能源开发利用。发布了《可再生能源中长期发展规划》，提出到2010年使可再生能源消费量达到能源消费总量的10%，到2020年达到15%的发展目标。中国将推进水电流域梯级综合开发，加快大型水电建设，因地制宜开发中小型水电，适当建设抽水蓄能电站。推广太阳能热利用、沼气等成熟技术，提高市场占有率。积极推进风力发电、生物质能和太阳能发电等利用技术，将建设若干个百万千瓦级风电基地，以规模化带动产业化。积极落实可再生能源发展的扶持和配套政策，培育持续稳定增长的可再生能源市场，逐步建立和完善可再生能源产业体系和市场及服务体系，促进可再生能源技术进步和产业发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Vigorously developing renewable energy. China gives top priority to developing renewable energy. The exploration and utilization of renewable energy resources plays a significant role in increasing energy supply, improving the energy mix and helping environmental protection, and is also a strategic choice of China to solve the contradiction between energy supply and demand and achieve sustainable development. China has promulgated the Renewable Energy Law and priority policies for renewable energy electricity, entailing priority to be connected to grids, acquisition in full and preferential price, and public sharing of costs. It has earmarked special funds for renewable energy development to support resource survey, R&D of relevant technologies, building of pilot and demonstration projects, as well as exploration and utilization of renewable energy in rural China. It has released the Medium- and Long-term Program for Renewable Energy Development, putting forward the goal of increasing renewable energy consumption to 10 percent of the total energy consumption by 2010 and 15 percent by 2020. China will further the comprehensive and cascade development of areas with hydropower resources, speed up the construction of large hydropower stations, develop medium- and small-sized hydropower stations based on local conditions, and construct pumped-storage power stations under appropriate circumstances. It will spread the latest technologies for the utilization of solar energy, methane and other renewable energy sources, and increase their market shares. It will also actively popularize technologies utilizing wind, biomass and solar energy for power generation, and build several million-kw wind power bases to achieve industrialization by means of scale power generation. It will actively implement policies supporting renewable energy development, foster a renewable energy market featuring sustained and stable development, and gradually establish and improve an industrial system and a market and service system of renewable energy, so as to promote renewable energy technological advance and industrial development.

　　——加强农村能源建设。中国有7.5亿人口生活在农村，受经济和技术水平的限制，仍有多数农村地区依靠传统方式利用生物质能源。解决农村能源问题是全面建设社会主义新农村的必然要求，也是中国的一个特殊问题。中国政府坚持“因地制宜，多能互补，综合利用，注重实效”的原则，加强农村能源建设。中国通过实施“光明工程”、“农网改造”、“水电农村电气化”和“送电到乡”，同时充分利用小水电、风力和太阳能发电，改善了农村生产生活用能条件，解决了3000多万农村无电人口及偏远无电地区的用电问题，基本实现了城乡同网同价。中国将继续积极发展农村户用沼气、生物质能利用、太阳能热利用等，为农村地区提供清洁的生活能源。继续推广应用省柴节能灶炕、小风电、微水电等农村小型能源设施。继续增加农村优质化石能源的供应，提高农村商品能源的消费比重。继续加强农村电网建设，积极扩大电网覆盖范围。积极开展绿色能源示范县建设，加快推进农村可再生能源开发利用。

-- Improving energy development in the rural areas. China has a rural population of 750 million. Due to economic and technical limitations, people in most rural areas still use traditional biomass energy. It is an inevitable demand in the building of a new socialist countryside in all aspects to solve the energy problem for the rural areas. This is also a problem unique to China. The Chinese government sticks to the principle of "development based on local conditions, supplementation between multiple energy resources, comprehensive utilization with focus on actual results," and works hard to improve energy development in the rural areas. The Chinese government has improved the energy conditions for rural people's life and production, and solved the power problem for over 30 million rural people who had no access to electricity and in remote areas not connected to the grid, by carrying out the Lighting Project, "rural grid renovation," "electrification of hydropower-based rural areas" and "connecting villages with the grid" campaigns, and making full use of small-sized hydropower stations, wind energy and solar energy for power generation. Basically, rural and urban residents are connected to the same grid and pay the same rate. China will further actively develop rural household methane and make better use of biomass and solar energy, so as to provide clean energy for the rural people. It will continue popularizing firewood- and energy-saving stoves and small energy facilities, such as small windpower and hydropower stations, in rural areas. It will increase the supply of high-quality fossil energy and increase the proportion of commercial energy consumption in rural areas. Continuous efforts will be made to strengthen the construction of the rural grids to expand their coverage. Moreover, China will actively build green-energy counties for demonstration, and accelerate the exploration and utilization of renewable energy resources in rural areas.

　　五、加快推进能源技术进步

V. Accelerating the Progress of Energy Technologies

　　科学技术是第一生产力，是能源发展的动力源泉。中国高度重视能源科技的发展，能源工业的技术水平与发达国家的差距进一步缩小，有效地促进了能源工业的全面发展。2005年，中国政府制定了《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》，把能源技术放在优先发展位置，按照自主创新、重点跨越、支撑发展、引领未来的方针，加快推进能源技术进步，努力为能源的可持续发展提供技术支撑。

Science and technology is the primary productive force and the main motive force of energy development. China sets great store by the development of energy science and technology, and has narrowed its technological gap with the developed countries in the energy industry and effectively promoted the overall development of the energy industry. The Chinese government promulgated the Outline of the National Plan for Medium- and Long-term Scientific and Technological Development (2006-2010) in 2005, which gives top priority to the development of energy technologies, and, in line with the principle of making independent innovations and leapfrogging development in key fields, shoring up the economy and keeping in step with leading trends, stresses accelerating progress of energy technologies and strives to provide technological support for the sustainable energy development.

　　中国遵循科技发展规律和特点，积极开发和推广节约、替代、循环利用和治理污染的先进适用技术，为能源技术进步创造良好的政策环境。逐步建立企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系。大力组织先进能源技术的研发和推广应用，通过市场机制，引导企业加快技术进步，提高能源利用效率。大力加强能源科技人才培养，注重完善政策法规和技术标准，为能源技术发展创造良好条件。

Following the laws and traits of scientific and technological development, China actively develops and popularizes advanced and applicable technologies in the fields of energy saving, substitution, recycling and pollution control, and is creating a favorable policy environment for the progress of energy technologies. The Chinese government strives to gradually establish a market-oriented system for technological innovation, in which enterprises play the leading role and which combines the efforts of enterprises, universities and research institutes. It vigorously promotes R&D and the application of advanced energy technologies, guides enterprises to expedite technological progress and enhance energy utilization efficiency through the market mechanism. It strengthens the training of talented people in energy science and technology, and improves policies, laws and regulations, and technical standards in this respect to create favorable conditions for the development of energy technologies.

　　——大力推广节能技术。中国把节能技术作为能源技术发展的优先主题，重点攻克高耗能领域的节能关键技术，大力提高一次能源和终端能源利用效率。实施节能技术政策大纲，引导社会投资节能技术应用。重点研究开发工业、交通运输、建筑等领域的节能技术与设备，以及可再生能源与建筑一体化、节能建材等应用技术。加强能源计量、控制、监督与管理，积极培育节能技术服务体系。

-- Popularizing energy-saving technologies. China gives priority to the development of energy-saving technologies, with focus on key technologies in the high energy-consumption sectors, to enhance the utilization efficiency of primary and end-use energy resources; implements the policy outline on energy-saving technologies and guides social investment into the application of energy-saving technologies; places emphasis on R&D of energy-saving technologies and equipment for industry, transport and construction, and the application of technologies connected with integrated renewable energy systems and energy-saving construction materials; strengthens energy measurement, control, supervision and management; and actively fosters an energy-saving technological service system.

　　——推进关键技术创新。中国鼓励发展洁净煤技术，推进煤炭气化及加工转化等先进技术的研究开发，推广整体煤气化联合循环、超（超）临界、大型循环流化床等先进发电技术，发展以煤气化为基础的多联产技术。重点掌握第三代大型压水堆核电技术，攻克高温气冷堆工业实验技术。积极发展复杂地质油气资源勘探开发和低品位油气资源高效开发技术。鼓励发展替代能源技术，优先发展可再生能源规模化利用技术。稳步推进正负800千伏直流输电和1000千伏交流特高压输电技术，以及增强电网安全技术。

-- Spurring innovation in key technologies. China encourages the development of clean coal technology, reinforces R&D of advanced technologies, such as coal gasification, processing and conversion, popularizes advanced power generation technologies, including integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), supercritical and ultra-supercritical power generation, and large-scale circulating fluidized bed (CFB), and develops coal gasification-based poly-generation technology. China attaches particular importance to mastering the third-generation pressurized-water reactor (PWR) nuclear power generation and high temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGR) for industrial experimental technologies. It actively develops technologies in connection with prospecting for and exploitation of petroleum and gas resources under complicated geographical conditions, and highly efficient exploitation of low-grade petroleum and gas resources; encourages the development of technology for substitutes of energy resources, gives priority to the development of technologies for large-scale utilization of renewable energy; and steadily improves the technology of power transmission at voltages of ?à 800 kv DC and 1,000 kv AC and power grid safety technology.

　　——提升装备制造水平。装备制造业是能源技术发展的基础。中国依托国家能源重点工程，带动装备制造业的技术进步。鼓励发展煤矿综合采掘设备，研制大型煤炭井下综合采掘、提升、运输和洗选设备，以及大型露天矿设备。鼓励发展大型煤化工成套设备，研制煤炭液化和气化、煤制烯烃等成套设备。鼓励发展大型高效清洁发电装备，发展煤电高效发电机组、大型水电及抽水蓄能机组、重型燃气轮机、先进百万千瓦级压水堆核电机组、大功率风力发电机组等，以及特高压输变电设备。鼓励发展石油天然气勘探、钻采装备，支持大型海洋石油工程设备、30万吨原油运输船、液化天然气运输船及大功率柴油机等配套设备。

-- Enhancing equipment manufacturing level. The equipment manufacturing industry is the foundation of the development of energy technologies. China gives impetus to the technological progress of the equipment manufacturing industry through key state projects. The Chinese government encourages the development of comprehensive excavation machinery in coal mining, large comprehensive mining, hoisting, transport and washing equipment for underground coal mining, and heavy-duty open-pit mining machinery. It supports the development of complete sets of large equipment for coal chemicals as well as R&D of coal liquefaction and gasification, and coal-to-olefin conversion equipment, the development of high-efficiency and low-pollution power generation equipment, high-efficiency coal-fired power generation units, hydropower and pumped-storage units, heavy-duty gas turbines, PWR nuclear power generation units with a capacity of one million kw, high-power wind-driven generators, and superhigh-power transmission and transformation machinery. It encourages the development of oil and natural gas prospecting and drilling equipment and support equipment for large offshore oil projects, crude oil carriers with a capacity of 300,000 dwt, liquefied natural gas carriers and high-power diesel engines.

　　——加强前沿技术研究。前沿技术是能源发展的潜力，能够引领能源产业和能源技术实现跨越式发展。中国重点研究化石能源、生物质能源和可再生能源制氢、经济高效储氢及输配技术，研究燃料电池基础关键部件制备及电堆集成、燃料电池发电及车用动力系统集成技术等。研究突破化石能源微小型燃气轮机等终端能源转换、储能及热电冷三联产技术。加快研发气冷快堆设计及核心技术。积极研究磁约束核聚变和天然气水合物开发技术。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Strengthening frontier technology research. Frontier technology, as a new potential driving force for energy development, can blaze the way for the leapfrogging development of energy industry and technologies. China focuses on research into conversion from fossil, biomass and renewable energy resources to hydrogen, and high-efficiency hydrogen storage, transmission and distribution technology. It also conducts research into the technology for the manufacturing of basic and key components of fuel cells, integration of fuel cell stacks, fuel cell power generation and automotive fuel cell power systems, and strives to make breakthroughs in the technology for the end-use energy conversion, storage and combined cooling, heating and power projection of fossil energy-based micro-miniature gas turbine systems. Meanwhile, the country is speeding up research into the engineering and core technology of gas-cooled faster reactors (GFR), and technology for developing magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) and natural gas hydrate technology.

　　——开展基础科学研究。基础研究是自主创新的源头，决定能源发展的实力和后劲。中国重点研究化石能源高效洁净利用与转化的基础理论，高性能热功转换、高效节能储能的关键原理，规模化利用可再生能源的基础技术，规模利用核能、氢能技术等基础理论。

-- Developing basic scientific research. Basic research is the source of independent innovation and it determines the strength and potential of energy development. China concentrates on research into the basic theories of the high-efficiency and low-pollution utilization and conversion of fossil energy, key principles of high-efficiency heat-work conversion, high-efficiency energy saving and storage, basic technology for large-scale utilization of renewable energy, and basic theories concerning technology for large-scale utilization of nuclear and hydrogen energy resources.

　　六、促进能源与环境协调发展

VI. Coordinating Energy and Environment Development

　　气候变化是国际社会普遍关心的重大全球性问题。气候变化既是环境问题，也是发展问题，归根到底是发展问题。能源的大量开发和利用，是造成环境污染和气候变化的主要原因之一。正确处理好能源开发利用与环境保护和气候变化的关系，是世界各国迫切需要解决的问题。中国是处于工业化初期的发展中国家，历史累计排放少，从1950年到2002年，中国化石燃料二氧化碳排放只占同期世界排放量的9.3%，人均二氧化碳排放量居世界第92位，单位GDP二氧化碳排放弹性系数也很小。

Climate change is a significant global issue of worldwide concern. It is both an environmental and development issue, and intrinsically a development issue. The large-scale exploitation and utilization of energy resources is one of the major causes of environmental pollution and climate change. Appropriate handling of the relationship between the exploitation and utilization of energy resources on the one hand, and environmental protection and climate change on the other, is an urgent issue facing all countries. China is a developing country in the primary stage of industrialization, and with low accumulative emissions. From 1950 to 2002, the aggregate amount of China's fossil fuel carbon dioxide emissions accounted for only 9.3 percent of the world's total in the same period. The amount of China's per-capita carbon dioxide emissions ranked 92nd in the world, and the elasticity coefficient of carbon dioxide emissions per-unit GDP was very small.

　　中国作为负责任的发展中国家，高度重视环境保护和全球气候变化。中国政府将保护环境作为一项基本国策，签署了《联合国气候变化框架公约》，成立了国家气候变化对策协调机构，提交了《气候变化初始国家信息通报》，建立了《清洁发展机制项目管理办法》，制订了《中国应对气候变化国家方案》，并采取了一系列与保护环境和应对气候变化相关的政策和措施。中国提出“十一五”时期要实现生态环境恶化趋势基本遏制，主要污染物排放总量减少10%，温室气体排放控制取得成效的目标。中国正在积极调整经济结构和能源结构，全面推进能源节约，重点预防和治理环境污染的突出问题，有效控制污染物排放，促进能源与环境协调发展。

As a responsible developing country, China attaches great importance to environmental protection and prevention of global climate change. The Chinese government has made environmental protection a fundamental state policy, signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, established the National Coordination Committee for Climate Change, submitted to the UN the Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China, worked out the Management Measures on the Implementation of Clean Development Mechanism Projects, formulated the National Climate Change Program, and adopted a series of proactive policies and measures regarding environmental protection and climate change. China aims to achieve the goal of basically curbing the trend of ecological deterioration, reducing total emissions of major pollutants by 10 percent, and gain visible results in the control of greenhouse gas emissions during its 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010). Meanwhile, the country is actively adjusting its economic and energy structures, comprehensively advancing energy saving, emphatically preventing and controlling the pressing problems of environmental pollution, and effectively controlling emissions of pollutants to facilitate coordinated development between energy and the environment.

　　——全面控制温室气体排放。中国加快转变经济发展方式，积极发挥能源节约和优化能源结构在减缓气候变化中的作用，努力降低化石能源消耗。大力发展循环经济，促进资源的综合利用，提高能源利用效率，减少温室气体排放。依靠科学技术进步，不断提高应对气候变化的能力，为保护地球环境作出积极贡献。

-- Comprehensive control of greenhouse gas emissions. China is expediting the transformation of its economic development mode, giving full play to the role of energy saving and optimization of energy structure in slowing climate change, and endeavoring to cut fossil energy consumption. It is vigorously developing a circular economy, fostering the comprehensive utilization of resources, enhancing the utilization efficiency of energy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions. It continuously improves the capability of addressing climate change with the aid of scientific and technological progress, thereby making positive contributions to the environmental protection of the Earth.

　　——大力防治生态破坏和环境污染。中国将更加重视能源特别是煤炭的清洁利用，并作为环境保护的重点，积极防治生态破坏和环境污染。加快采煤沉陷区的治理和煤层气的开发利用，建立并完善煤炭资源开发和生态环境恢复补偿机制。推进煤炭的有序开采，限制开采高硫高灰分煤炭、禁止开采含放射性和砷等有毒有害物质超过规定标准的煤炭。积极发展洁净煤技术，鼓励实施煤炭洗选、加工转化、洁净燃烧、烟气净化等技术。加快燃煤电厂脱硫设施建设，新建燃煤电厂必须根据排放标准安装并使用脱硫装置，现有燃煤电厂加快脱硫改造。在大中城市及近郊，严禁新建纯发电的燃煤电厂。

-- Energetically fighting ecological destruction and environmental pollution. China will pay more attention to the clean utilization of energy resources, especially coal, and make it a focus of environmental protection, energetically combating ecological destruction and environmental pollution. The country is quickening its pace of control of coal mining subsidence areas and the exploitation and utilization of coal-bed gas, and establishes and improves the compensation mechanism for the exploitation of coal resources and restoration of the eco-environment. It promotes the orderly exploitation of coal resources, restricts the exploitation of high-sulfur and high-ash coal, forbids mining coal with toxic and harmful substances, such as arsenic and radiotoxins, exceeding permissible limits. It actively develops clean coal technology and encourages the application of coal washing, processing, conversion, clean-burning and smoke-purifying technologies. At the same time, it is expediting the construction of desulfurizing facilities in coal-fired power plants, requiring that newly built coal-fired power plants must install and use desulfurizing facilities according to the permissible emission standards, and such existing plants must speed up their desulfurization upgrading. The Chinese government strictly prohibits the construction of new coal-fired power plants for the sole purpose of power generation in medium and large cities or on their outskirts.

　　——积极防治机动车尾气污染。随着汽车工业的发展和人民生活水平的提高，中国机动车保有量迅速增加，防治机动车尾气污染成为环境保护的重要内容。中国正在积极采取有效措施，严格实施机动车排放标准，加强环保一致性检查，确保新生产机动车稳定达标；严格实施在用机动车环保年检制度；严格禁止制造、销售和进口超过排放标准的机动车；鼓励生产和使用低污染的清洁燃料机动车，鼓励生产混合动力汽车，支持发展轨道交通和电动公交车。

-- Proactive prevention of motor vehicle emission pollution. The development of the automobile industry and the improvement of the people's livelihood have led to a rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles. Consequently, preventing motor vehicle emission pollution has been put high on the environmental protection agenda. China is actively taking effective measures to this end: strictly enforcing vehicle emission standards; intensifying inspection for the environment-friendly production of vehicles; strictly implementing the annual emission inspection system for motor vehicles; strictly forbidding manufacture, sale and import of motor vehicles exceeding the emission limits. At the same time, China encourages the production and use of vehicles burning clean fuels, and the production of hybrid electric vehicles, and supports the development of rail transport and electric buses.

　　——严格能源项目的环境管理。加强对能源项目的环境管理，是实现能源建设与环境保护协调发展的有效措施。中国严格执行环境影响评价制度，通过严格环境准入制度抑制粗放型经济增长。新建、扩建和改建能源工程项目建设与环境保护设施同时设计、同时施工、同时投入使用。加强核电项目的安全管理，强化对已运行核电站、研究堆、核燃料循环设施的安全与辐射环境的监督管理，积极做好在建核电设施安全评审和监督工作。进一步加强水电建设中的生态环境保护，在满足江河流域综合开发利用的要求下，在保护中开发，在开发中保护，注重提高水资源的综合利用和生态环境效益。

-- Exercising strict environmental management of energy projects. Strengthening the environmental management of energy projects is an effective measure to ensure coordinated development between energy construction and environmental protection. China strictly enforces the environmental impact assessment system, restrains extensive mode of economic growth by exercising a strict environment access system. It ensures simultaneous design, construction and launching of environmental protection facilities at new, expansion and rebuilding projects, intensifies safe management of nuclear power projects, reinforces supervision and management of the safety and radiation environment of nuclear power plants, research reactors and fuel cycle facilities in operation, and practices meticulous safety examination and supervision of nuclear power facilities under construction. It further enhances environmental protection efforts in the construction of hydropower projects, pays equal attention to the requirements of comprehensive development and utilization of river basins while protecting the environment, and increasing the level of comprehensive utilization of water resources and eco-environmental benefits.

　　七、深化能源体制改革

VII. Deepening Energy System Reform

　　改善发展环境是中国能源发展的内在要求。中国按照完善社会主义市场经济体制的要求，稳步推进能源体制改革，促进能源事业发展。1998年实现了石油企业的战略性重组，建立了上下游一体化的新型石油工业管理体制。2002年按照电力体制改革方案，电力工业实现了政企分开、厂网分开。煤炭工业市场化改革后，2005年又按照国务院《关于促进煤炭工业健康发展的若干意见》深化改革和发展。中国正在按照观念创新、管理创新、体制创新和机制创新的要求，进一步深化能源体制改革，提高能源市场化程度，完善能源宏观调控体系，不断改善能源发展环境。

Improving the environment for development is an intrinsic requirement of China's energy development. In accordance with the requirements of perfecting the socialist market economy, China is steadily advancing its energy system reform to promote the development of the energy industry. In 1998, strategic reorganization was accomplished among petroleum enterprises, featuring the establishment of new vertically integrated management system of oil industry. In 2002, China's power industry realized the separation of government functions from those of enterprises, as well as the separation of power plants from grid operation in line with the power system reform plan. In 2005, after the market-oriented reform of the coal industry, China's coal industry saw deepened reform and further development pursuant to the Opinions on Promoting the Healthy Development of the Coal Industry issued by the State Council. China is further deepening reform of the energy system, elevating the energy marketization level, improving the energy macro-control system, and improving the environment for energy development in accordance with the requirements of innovation in concept, management, system and mechanism.

　　——加强能源立法。完善能源法律制度，为增加能源供应、规范能源市场、优化能源结构、维护能源安全提供法律保障，是中国能源发展的必然要求。中国高度重视并积极推进能源法律制度建设，《清洁生产促进法》、《可再生能源法》已经颁布实施，配套政策措施陆续出台；修订后的《节约能源法》已经公布；《能源法》、《循环经济法》、《石油天然气管道保护法》及《建筑节能条例》正在抓紧制订；《矿产资源法》、《煤炭法》和《电力法》正在抓紧修订。同时，也正在积极着手研究石油天然气、原油市场和原子能等能源领域的立法。

-- Strengthening energy legislation. It is an imperative requirement for energy development in China to improve the energy-related legal system to provide a legal guarantee for increasing the energy supply, standardizing the energy market, optimizing the energy structure and maintaining energy security. China sets great store by and actively advances the construction of the energy legal system. China has enacted and put in force the Clean Production Promotion Law and Renewable Energy Law, and has issued a series of supporting policies and measures. The amended Energy Conservation Law has been promulgated. The Energy Law, Circular Economy Law, Law on the Protection of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines and Regulations on Energy Conservation of Buildings are being formulated. The Mineral Resources Law, Coal Industry Law, and Electric Power Law are being revised. Meanwhile, active efforts have been made in research into energy legislation concerning oil and natural gas, the crude oil market and atomic energy.

　　——强化安全生产。中国在能源发展过程中，高度重视维护人民的生命安全，继续采取切实有效措施，坚决遏制重特大安全事故频发势头。中国坚持预防为主、安全第一、综合治理的原则，进一步加大煤矿瓦斯治理和综合利用力度，依法整顿关闭不具备安全生产条件的小煤矿。继续加大煤矿安全监管力度，引导地方和企业加强煤矿安全技术改造和安全基础设施建设。全面加强安全生产教育，增强安全责任意识。继续加强电力安全、油气生产安全，强化监督管理，实行国家监察、地方监管、企业负责的安全生产工作体系。进一步落实安全生产责任制，严格安全生产执法，严肃责任追究制度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Reinforcing production safety. In the course of energy development, China pays high attention to safeguarding the lives and health of the people, and takes effective measures to halt the trend of frequent occurrences of serious accidents. It adheres to the principle of giving top priority to safety, placing the main emphasis on prevention, and exercising comprehensive control. It has intensified efforts in the control and comprehensive utilization of coal gas, and rectified and shut down small coalmines lacking conditions for safe production. It has enforced safety supervision of coalmines, and guided local governments and enterprises to intensify efforts in technological upgrading for coalmine safety and the construction of safety facilities. It comprehensively carries out education on safe production to enhance the sense of responsibility for safety, continues to consolidate electric power safety and petroleum and gas production safety, intensifies supervision and management measures, and practices a working system in which production safety is supervised by the state and administered by local governments while enterprises take the responsibility. It further implements the safe production responsibility system, and enforces rigorous safe production laws and regulations and a related accountability system.

　　——完善应急体系。能源安全是经济安全的重要方面，直接影响国家安全和社会稳定。中国实行电力统一调度、分级管理、分区运行，统筹安排电网运行。建立了政府部门、监管机构和电力企业分工负责的安全责任体系，电网和发电企业建立应对大规模突发事故的应急预案。按照统一规划、分步实施的原则，建设国家石油储备基地，扩大石油储备能力。逐步建立石油和天然气供应应急保障体系，确保供应安全。

-- Improving the emergency response system. As an important aspect of economic security, energy security has a direct bearing on national security and social stability. China practices unified power dispatch, hierarchical power management and operation of power grids by regions. A safety responsibility system with division of work among government departments, supervision organs and power enterprises has been established, in which the power grids and power generation enterprises work out emergency response plans to cope with large-scale emergencies. Following the principle of unified planning and step-by-step implementation, China has built national oil reserve bases and expanded its oil reserve capacity. It has gradually established a guarantee system for oil and natural gas supply emergencies to ensure secure supplies of energy.

　　——加快市场体系建设。中国继续坚持改革开放，充分发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用，鼓励多种经济成分进入能源领域，积极推动能源市场化改革。全面完善煤炭市场体系，构建政企分开、公平竞争、开放有序、健康有序的电力市场体系，加快石油天然气流通体制改革，促进能源市场健康有序发展。

-- Accelerating market system construction. China sticks to the policy of reform and opening-up, gives full play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, encourages the entrance of entities of various ownerships into the energy field, and actively facilitates market-oriented reform related to energy. It has improved the coal market system in an all-round manner, established an open, orderly and healthy power market system characterized by separating government functions from those of enterprises and fair competition, paced up reform of the oil and natural gas circulation system, and promoted the healthy and orderly development of the energy market.

　　——深化管理体制改革。中国加强能源管理体制改革，完善国家能源管理体制和决策机制，加强部门、地方及相互间的统筹协调，强化国家能源发展的总体规划和宏观调控，着力转变职能、理顺关系、优化结构、提高效能，形成适当集中、分工合理、决策科学、执行顺畅、监管有力的管理体制。进一步转变政府职能，注重政策引导，重视信息服务。深化能源投资体制改革，建立和完善投资调控体系。进一步强化能源资源的规范管理，完善矿产资源开发管理体制，建立健全矿产资源有偿使用和矿业权交易制度，整顿和规范矿产资源开发市场秩序。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Deepening reform of management system. China has stepped up efforts in the reform of its energy management system, improved the national energy management system and decision-making mechanism, strengthened unified planning and coordination among state departments and local governments, and consolidated the state's overall planning and macro-control in the field of energy development, with the focus on changing functions, straightening out relations, optimizing the setup and raising efficiency, so as to form a management system that centralizes control to an appropriate degree, divides work in a rational way, fosters scientific decision-making, and ensures smooth enforcement and effective oversight. The Chinese government has furthered the transformation of government functions, giving priority to guidance by policy measures and attaching importance to information services. It has deepened the reform of the energy investment system, and established and improved the investment regulation and control system. It has further strengthened standardized management of energy resources, improved the management system of mineral resources development and exploitation, put in place and improved the system for paid use of mineral resources and the system of trade in mining rights, and rectified and regulated the order of mineral resources exploitation market.

　　——推进价格机制改革。价格机制是市场机制的核心。中国政府在妥善处理不同利益群体关系、充分考虑社会各方面承受能力的情况下，积极稳妥地推进能源价格改革，逐步建立能够反映资源稀缺程度、市场供求关系和环境成本的价格形成机制。深化煤炭价格改革，全面实现市场化。推进电价改革，逐步做到发电和售电价格由市场竞争形成、输电和配电价格由政府监管。逐步完善石油、天然气定价机制，及时反映国际市场价格变化和国内市场供求关系。

-- Advancing price mechanism reform. The price mechanism is the core of the market mechanism. On the premise of properly handling the relations among various interest groups and taking full account of the acceptability of all social sectors, the Chinese government has advanced energy price reform in a vigorous yet steady way, gradually established a pricing mechanism that is able to reflect resource scarcities, changes in market supply and demand, and environmental costs. It has deepened coal price reform to realize all-round marketization. It has propelled electricity tariff reform to ensure that electricity generation and selling prices are eventually formed by market competition, with the electricity transmission and distribution prices being supervised and controlled by the state. It has improved step by step the oil and natural gas pricing mechanism to timely reflect changes in international market prices and domestic market supply and demand.

　　八、加强能源领域的国际合作

VIII. Strengthening International Cooperation in the Field of Energy

　　中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣需要中国。随着经济全球化的深入发展，中国在能源发展方面与世界联系日益紧密。中国的能源发展不仅满足了本国经济社会发展的需求，也给世界各国带来了发展机遇和广阔的发展空间。

China's development cannot be achieved without cooperation with the rest of the world, and the prosperity of the world needs China as well. With accelerating economic globalization, China has forged increasingly closer ties with the outside world in the field of energy. China's development of energy has not only satisfied its own needs for economic and social progress, but also brought opportunities and tremendous space for development to the rest of the world.

　　中国是国际能源合作的积极参与者。在多边合作方面，中国是亚太经济合作组织能源工作组、东盟与中日韩（10+3）能源合作、国际能源论坛、世界能源大会及亚太清洁发展和气候新伙伴计划的正式成员，是能源宪章的观察员，与国际能源机构、石油输出国组织等国际组织保持着密切联系。在双边合作方面，中国与美国、日本、欧盟、俄罗斯等许多能源消费国和生产国都建立了能源对话与合作机制，在能源开发、利用、技术、环保、可再生能源和新能源等领域加强对话与合作，在能源政策、信息数据等方面开展广泛的沟通与交流。在国际能源合作中，中国既承担着广泛的国际义务，也发挥着积极的建设性作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is an active participant in international energy cooperation. In multilateral cooperation, China is a member of the energy working group of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) plus China, Japan and ROK (10+3) Energy Cooperation, International Energy Forum, World Energy Conference, and Asia-Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate. It is an observer of the Energy Charter, and maintains close relations with such international organizations as the World Energy Agency and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Regarding bilateral cooperation, China has established a mechanism for dialogue and cooperation in the field of energy with a number of energy consuming and producing countries, such as the US, Japan and Russia, and the European Union. It has intensified dialogue and cooperation regarding energy exploration, utilization, technology and environmental protection, as well as renewable energy and new energy resources, and has had extensive dialogues and exchanges with them in such aspects as energy policy and information data. In international cooperation in the field of energy, China has not only shouldered a wide range of international obligations, but also played an active and constructive role.

　　中国积极完善对外开放的法律政策，先后颁布了《中外合资经营企业法》、《中外合作经营企业法》和《外资企业法》，努力营造公平、开放的外商投资环境。2002年制定了《指导外商投资方向规定》，2004年修订了《外商投资产业指导目录》和《中西部地区外商投资优势产业目录》，鼓励外商投资能源及相关的采掘、生产、供应及运输领域，鼓励投资设备制造产业，鼓励外商投资中西部地区能源产业。

China has made active efforts to improve laws and policies related to its opening-up, promulgating in succession the Law on Sino-foreign Equity Joint Ventures, Law on Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and Law on Foreign Capital Enterprises to create a fair and open environment for foreign investment. In 2002, China formulated the Regulations for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Orientation, and revised the Catalogue of Industrial Guidance for Foreign Investment and the Catalogue of Advantageous Industries for Foreign Investment in the Central and Western Regions in 2004, in order to encourage foreign investment in the energy sector, including energy and energy-related exploitation, production, supply, transportation and energy equipment production, as well as in the energy sector of the central and western regions.

　　——完善油气资源勘探开发的对外合作。中国在石油天然气资源领域，实行以产品分成合同为基础的对外合作模式。2001年，中国公布了修订后的《对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例》和《对外合作开采陆上石油资源条例》，依法保护参与合作开采的外商合法权益。鼓励外商参与石油和天然气的风险勘探、低渗透油气藏（田）、提高老油田采收率等石油勘探开发领域的合作。鼓励外商投资输油（气）管道、油（气）库及专用码头的建设与经营。

-- Improving external cooperation in the exploration and development of oil and gas resources. China has implemented a cooperative mode based on product-sharing contracts with other countries in the field of oil and gas resources. In 2001, China promulgated the revised Rules on External Cooperation for Ocean Oil Exploitation as well as Rules on External Cooperation for Onshore Oil Exploitation. China protects the legitimate rights and interests of foreign business people participating in collaborative oil exploitation. It encourages foreign business people to participate in cooperation in oil exploration and development, such as risk exploration for oil and natural gas, low-permeability oil and gas reservoirs (fields), and the improvement of the recovery rate of old oilfields. It encourages foreign investment in the construction and operation of oil and gas pipelines, as well as special oil and gas storages and port berths.

　　——鼓励外商投资勘探开发非常规能源资源。2000年，中国发布了《关于进一步鼓励外商投资勘查开采非油气矿产资源的若干意见》，进一步开放非油气资源的探矿权、采矿权市场。允许外商在中国境内以独资或与中方合作的方式进行风险勘探。外商投资开采回收共、伴生矿、利用尾矿以及西部地区开采矿产资源的，可以享受减免矿产资源补偿费的优惠政策。进一步改善对外商投资勘查开采非油气资源的管理和服务。

-- Encouraging foreign investment in exploration and development of unconventional energy resources. In 2000, China promulgated the Opinions on Further Encouraging Foreign Investment in Exploring and Exploiting Non-oil-and-gas Mineral Resources, further opening up its market in this regard. China allows foreign investors, either by themselves or in collaboration with Chinese counterparts, to conduct risk exploration on its territory. Foreign investors who invest in exploring and recovering paragenetic and associated minerals and utilizing tailing or exploring mineral resources in China's western regions are entitled to enjoy the preferential policy of reduction of or exemption from mineral resources compensation fees. Further efforts are being made to improve management of and services to foreign investment in the exploration and exploitation of non-oil-and-gas mineral resources.

　　——鼓励外商投资和经营电站等能源设施。中国鼓励外商投资电力、煤气的生产和供应。鼓励投资单机容量60万千瓦及以上火电、煤炭洁净燃烧发电、热电联产、发电为主的水电、中方控股的核电，以及可再生能源和新能源发电等电站的建设与经营。鼓励外商投资规模容量以上的火电、水电、核电及火电脱硫技术与设备制造。鼓励投资煤炭管道运输设施的建设与经营。

-- Encouraging foreign investors to invest in and operate energy facilities such as power plants. China encourages foreign investment in the production and supply of electric power and gas, as well as in the construction and operation of thermal power plants with a single-generator capacity of 600,000-kw and above, power stations burning clean coal, power stations featuring heat and power cogeneration, hydropower stations mainly for electricity production, nuclear power stations in which the Chinese side holds the dominant share, as well as power stations with renewable energy or new energy resources. It encourages foreign investors to invest in technology and equipment production for thermal, hydro and nuclear power stations with a considerably large generating capacity as well as for thermal power desulphurization. It also encourages them to invest in the construction and operation of coal pipeline transportation facilities.

　　——进一步优化外商投资环境。中国政府信守加入世界贸易组织的有关承诺，在能源管理方面，清理了与世界贸易组织规则不一致的行政法规和部门规章。按照世界贸易组织的透明度要求，放宽了公益性地质资料的范围，并将进一步加强能源政策的对外发布，完善能源数据统计系统，及时公布能源统计数据，确保能源政策、统计数据以及资料信息的公开与透明。

-- Further improving the environment for foreign investment. The Chinese government has kept its commitments to the WTO made when it joined the organization and has sorted out and rectified administrative regulations and departmental rules concerning energy management that are inconsistent with the WTO rules. In light of the demand of transparency of the WTO, China has relaxed control over the scope of geological data of a public welfare nature, strengthened the work of releasing energy policies, improved the energy data and statistics system and promptly released energy statistics, so as to ensure the openness and transparency of energy policies, statistics and information.

　　——进一步拓宽利用外资领域。中国吸引外商投资开发利用能源资源，注重引进国外先进技术、管理经验和高素质人才，进一步实现从投资化石能源资源向可再生能源的转变，从注重勘查开发领域向更多地发展服务贸易转变，从主要依靠对外借贷和外国直接投资向直接利用国际资本市场方式转变。

-- Further expanding the scope of foreign investment. In bringing in foreign investment for the development and utilization of energy resources, China pays primary attention to introducing foreign advanced technology, management experience and people of high caliber to further shifting the focus from investing in fossil energy resources to renewable resources, from emphasizing exploration and development to the development of service trade, and from relying mainly on foreign loans and direct foreign investment to directly pooling of funds at international capital market.

　　在今后相当长一段时间内，国际能源贸易仍将是中国利用国外能源的主要方式。中国将积极扩大国际能源贸易，促进国际能源市场的优势互补，维护国际能源市场的稳定。按照世界贸易组织规则和加入世界贸易组织的承诺，开展能源进出口贸易，完善公平贸易政策。逐步改变目前原油现货贸易比重过大的状况，鼓励与国外公司签订长期供货合同，促进贸易渠道多元化。支持有条件的企业对外直接投资和跨国经营，鼓励企业按照国际惯例和市场经济原则，参与国际能源合作，参与境外能源基础设施建设，稳步发展能源工程技术服务合作。

For a fairly long time to come, international energy trade will remain a major way by which China utilizes foreign energy resources. China will actively expand international energy trade, promote the complementary advantages of the international energy market and maintain the stability of this market. China will pursue energy imports and exports, and improve policies for fair trade in accordance with its commitments to the WTO and the WTO rules. It will, step by step, change the current situation of relying too heavily on spot trading of crude oil, encourage the signing of long-term supply contracts with foreign companies, and promote the diversification of trading channels. China supports direct overseas investment by domestic qualified enterprises to engage in transnational operation, and encourage such enterprises to participate in international energy cooperation and in the construction of overseas energy infrastructure, and steadily expand cooperation in energy engineering technology and services in accordance with international practice and the rules of the market economy.

　　能源安全是全球性问题，每个国家都有合理利用能源资源促进自身发展的权利，绝大多数国家都不可能离开国际合作而获得能源安全保障。要实现世界经济平稳有序发展，需要国际社会推进经济全球化向着均衡、普惠、共赢的方向发展，需要国际社会树立互利合作、多元发展、协同保障的新能源安全观。近年来，国际市场石油价格大幅波动，影响了全球经济发展，其原因是多重的、复杂的，需要国际社会通过加强对话和合作，从多方面共同加以解决。为维护世界能源安全，中国主张国际社会应着重在以下三个方面进行努力：

Energy security is a global issue. Every country has the right to rationally utilize energy resources for its own development, and the overwhelming majority of countries could not enjoy energy security without international cooperation. To realize a steady and orderly development of the world economy, it is necessary to promote economic globalization to develop in a direction featuring balance, universal benefit and win-win, and it is necessary for the international community to foster a new concept of energy security characterized by mutual benefit and cooperation, diversified development and coordinated guarantee. In recent years, sharp fluctuations of oil prices on the international market have affected the development of the world economy. The causes are multiple and complex, which demands that the international community strengthen dialogue and cooperation to work out a solution together from various aspects. To safeguard world energy security, China holds that the international community should make efforts mainly in the following three aspects:

　　——加强开发利用的互利合作。实现世界能源安全，必须加强能源出口国与消费国、能源消费国之间的对话与合作。国际社会应该加强能源政策磋商和协调，完善国际能源市场监测和应急机制，促进石油天然气资源开发以增加供应，实现能源供应全球化和多元化，保证稳定和可持续的国际能源供应，维护合理的国际能源价格，确保各国的能源需求得到满足。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Intensifying mutually beneficial cooperation in energy exploration and utilization. To ensure world energy security, it is imperative to strengthen dialogue and cooperation between energy exporting countries and energy consuming countries, as well as between energy consuming countries. The international community should strengthen consultation and coordination as regards energy policies, improve the international energy market monitoring and emergency response mechanisms, promote oil and natural gas development to increase energy supply, realize globalization and diversification of energy supply, ensure stable and sustainable energy supply internationally, maintain reasonable energy prices on the international market, and ensure that each country's energy demands are well met.

　　——形成先进技术的研发推广体系。节约能源，促进能源多元发展，是实现全球能源安全的长远大计。国际社会应大力加强节能技术研发和推广，推动能源综合利用，支持和促进各国提高能效。积极倡导在洁净煤技术等高效利用化石燃料方面的合作，推动国际社会加强可再生能源和氢能、核能等重大能源技术方面的合作，探讨建立清洁、经济、安全和可靠的世界未来能源供应体系。国际社会要从人类社会可持续发展的高度，处理好资金投入、知识产权保护、先进技术推广等问题，使世界各国都从中受益，共同分享人类进步成果。

-- Setting up a system to develop and popularize advanced technology. Energy conservation and diversification is a long-range plan for global energy security. The international community should strive to develop and popularize energy conservation technology, promote the comprehensive utilization of energy, and encourage each country to improve energy efficiency. It is necessary to actively advocate cooperation in highly efficient utilization of fossil fuels, such as clean coal technology, encourage cooperation of the international community in major energy technologies, such as renewable energy, hydrogen energy and nuclear energy, and explore for the establishment of a future world energy supply system using resources that are clean, economical, safe and reliable. Aiming at the sustainable development of humanity, the international community should handle well the problems concerning capital input, intellectual property rights protection and popularization of advanced technology, so as to benefit all countries and allow them to share humanity's achievements.

　　——维护安全稳定的良好政治环境。维护世界和平和地区稳定，是实现全球能源安全的前提条件。国际社会应携手努力，共同维护能源生产国和输送国，特别是中东等产油国地区的局势稳定，确保国际能源通道安全和畅通，避免地缘政治纷争干扰全球能源供应。各国应通过对话与协商解决分歧、化解矛盾，不应把能源问题政治化，避免动辄诉诸武力，甚至引发对抗。

-- Maintaining a safe, stable and wholesome political environment. Safeguarding world peace and regional stability is the prerequisite for global energy security. The international community should work collaboratively to maintain stability in oil producing and exporting countries, especially those in the Middle East, to ensure the security of international energy transport routes and avoid geopolitical conflicts that affect the world's energy supply. The various countries should settle disputes and resolve contradictions through dialogue and consultation. Energy issues should not be politicized, and triggering antagonism as well as the use of force should be avoided.

　　结束语

Conclusion

　　在全面建设惠及13亿人口的小康社会进程中，能源是事关中国经济社会发展的一个重要问题。以能源的可持续发展支持经济社会的可持续发展，是长期而艰巨的任务。中国政府将努力解决好能源问题，实现能源的可持续发展。

In the course of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects that benefits 1.3 billion people of China, energy has a significant bearing on China's economic and social development. It is a long and arduous task to use sustainable energy development to support the sustainable economic and social advancement. The Chinese government will strive to address the energy problem properly to realize sustainable energy development.

　　尽管中国能源消费增长较快，但人均能源消费水平还很低，仅相当于世界平均水平的四分之三，人均石油消费只相当于世界平均水平的二分之一，石油人均进口量也只相当于世界平均水平的四分之一，远低于世界发达国家水平。中国过去不曾、现在没有、将来也不会对世界能源安全构成威胁。中国将继续以本国能源的可持续发展促进世界能源的可持续发展，为维护世界能源安全作出积极贡献。

Though China's energy consumption is growing rapidly, its per-capita energy consumption level is still fairly low -- only about three-fourths of the world's average. The figures for China's per-capita oil consumption and imports account for only one half and one quarter of the world's average, respectively, far below the level of the developed countries. China did not, does not and will not pose any threat to the world's energy security. China will continue to maintain its sustainable energy development and make it promote the sustainable development of the world's energy resources, thus making positive contributions to the world's energy security.

　　和平与发展仍然是时代主题，求和平、谋发展、促合作已成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。随着经济全球化深入发展，科技进步日新月异，生产要素流动和产业转移速度加快，世界各国各地区间的互联互动日益加深。国际社会需要加强合作，共同维护世界能源安全。中国政府将与世界各国一道，为维护世界能源的稳定和安全，为实现互利共赢和共同发展，为保护人类共有的家园而不懈努力！

Peace and development remain the themes of our era. Pursuing peace, seeking development and promoting cooperation have become an irresistible trend of the times. With the continuous economic globalization, rapid advances in science and technology, quickened flow of the factors of production as well as the accelerated changes of industries, all countries and regions in the world have intensified their interactions. The world needs to strengthen cooperation to safeguard global energy security. China will, together with all other countries, make unremitting efforts to safeguard the stability and security of energy supplies in the world, strive to achieve mutual benefit, win-win and common development, and protect this home human beings share.