《中国的对外贸易》白皮书（英文） 国务院新闻办公室门户网站 www.scio.gov.cn | 发布:2011-12-07 | 来 源： | 作者： The Information Office of the State Council, China's Cabinet, on Wednesday published a white paper titled "China's ForeignTrade". Following is the full text: China's Foreign Trade Information Office of the State Council The People's Republic of China December 2011, Beijing Contents Foreword I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the WorldForeign Economy IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth of Foreign Trade AllV. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade Conclusion Conclusion Foreword Peace, development and cooperation are the trends in today's world. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy more than 30 years ago, China has conformed to the trend of economic globalization by opening wider to the outside world and promoting economic and trade cooperation with other countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Through years of development, foreign trade has become one of China's most dynamic
and fastest-growing sectors, placing China among the world's largest trade countries. China's foreign trade development has strengthened the nation's ties with the rest of the world, effectively pushed forward the country's modernization, and promoted world prosperity and progress. China entered the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001. During the past decade, China has quickened its integration into the global economy while its foreign trade has been further invigorated. On the 10th anniversary of China's accession to the WTO, the Chinese government issues this White Paper to give a comprehensive introduction to China's foreign trade development. (More) I. Historic Progress in China's Foreign Trade After the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China adhered to the principle of independence and self-reliance, and gradually carried out economic and trade exchanges with foreign countries. However, hindered by the international political environment at that time and the country's planned economic system, China's foreign trade development was relatively slow. In 1978 China entered the new period of reform and opening up. Devoting major efforts to the development of foreign trade became an important approach to accelerate modernization, shake off backwardness, promote the growth of economy, and improve comprehensive national strength. Over the past 30 years or so, seizing the opportunity of the world economy's long-term prosperity and the deepening economic globalization, China has opened wider to the outside world, attracted and utilized foreign investment, introduced advanced technology, transformed and upgraded domestic industries, and achieved rapid development in foreign trade through all-round participation in the international division of labor and competition. -- China's total trade volume in goods ranks high globally. In 1978 the total value of China's import and export was only 20.6 billion U.S. dollars, ranking 32nd in world trade and accounting for less than 1 percent of the world's total. In 2010 the total value of China's import and export reached 2.974 trillion U.S. dollars, 144 times as much as that in 1978, averaging an annual growth of 16.8 percent. In 2010 the total value of China's export was 1.5778 trillion U.S. dollars, showing an a 17.2 percent annual growth on average, and the total value of its import was 1.3962 trillion U.S. dollars, showing a 16.4 percent annual growth on average. In 2010, the total volumes of China's export and import accounted for 10.4 percent and 9.1 percent of the world's total, respectively. By the end of 2010 China 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
had been the world's largest exporter and second-largest importer for two consecutive years. (Figure 1 China's Import and Export of Goods 1978-2010) -- The structure of China's trade in goods has fundamentally changed. China's export commodity structure shifted from the primary products dominated to manufactured goods dominated in the 1980s, and from mainly light industrial and textile products to mainly mechanical and electronic products in the 1990s. In the new century, China's export of high-tech products, led by electronics and information technology commodities, has been increasingly expanded. In addition to state-owned enterprises, foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises also engage in foreign trade, and their total value of import and export has each exceeded that of the state-owned enterprises. From the 1980s to the early 21st century, China's processing trade flourished, accounting for half of the country's foreign trade volume. Throughout China's foreign trade development, foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade have played very significant roles. (Table 1 China's Export Commodity Structure 1980-2010) -- China has formed an all-round and diversified import and export market. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy, China has been promoting foreign trade on all fronts, and established trade relations with the vast majority of the world's countries and regions. China's trade partners have increased from a small number of countries and regions in 1978 to 231 countries and regions now. The European Union (EU), the United States, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Japan, and the other BRIC countries have become China's major trade partners. In this new century China's trade with newly emerging markets and developing countries has maintained sustained and relatively rapid growth. In China's total trade in goods from 2005 to 2010 the proportion of trade with ASEAN increased from 9.2 percent to 9.8 percent, with other BRIC countries from 4.9 percent to 6.9 percent, with Latin America from 3.5 percent to 6.2 percent, and with Africa from 2.8 percent to 4.3 percent. (Figure 2 China's Top 10 Cargo Trade Partners in 2010) -- China's international competitiveness in services trade has been enhanced. With its WTO entry, China's trade in services entered a new stage of development. With its scale rapidly enlarged and its pattern gradually optimized, China's trade in services now ranks among the top in the world. China's trade in tourism, transport and other fields has maintained a steady growth momentum. China's cross-border services in construction, 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

communications, insurance, finance, computers and information, royalties and license fees, consultation and related fields, as well as service outsourcing, have been growing rapidly. From 2001 to 2010 China's total services trade value (excluding government services) witnessed a more-than-five-fold growth from 71.9 billion U.S. dollars to 362.4 billion U.S. dollars. China's proportion in world services trade exports rose from 2.4 percent to 4.6 percent, worth 170.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, and jumped from the 12th place in the world to the 4th; China's proportion in world services trade imports increased from 2.6 percent to 5.5 percent, worth 192.2 billion U.S. dollars in 2010, moving from the 10th place in the world to the 3rd. (Figure 3 China's Services Trade Imports and Exports 1982-2010) (Figure 4 The Growth of China's Total Import and Export Volume in Major Service Sectors 2005-2010) (More) China's foreign trade development has greatly pushed forward the country's modernization drive. China has grown into an open economy. Participation in the international division of labor and competition, introduction of advanced technology, equipment and management methods, and utilization of foreign direct investment have greatly promoted China's technological progress and industrial upgrading, and also improved the management and market competitiveness of its enterprises. The rapid growth of processing trade has brought into play China's comparative advantage of an abundant labor force, and accelerated the country's industrialization and urbanization.Foreign trade has directly contributed to the employment of over 80 million Chinese people, more than 60 percent of whom are from rural areas, and employees' income and living standards have been remarkably improved. Foreign trade, domestic investment and domestic consumption have become the three major engines propelling China's economic growth. The historic progress in China's foreign trade has been closely connected with the changes in the international and domestic situations. Starting in the 1980s, peace and development became the theme of the times. With the acceleration of economic globalization, the flow and allocation of capital, technology, products, markets, resources, labor force and similar elements became more dynamic around the world. Scientific and technological progress, led by information and communications technology, has greatly improved production efficiency; international industrial transfer has continuously deepened and developed. Economic globalization, scientific and technological progress, international industrial transfer and strengthened cooperation between countries have provided historic opportunities for China's integration into the world economy. The Chinese
government, conforming to the trend of the times and taking economic construction as the central task, has implemented the reform and opening up policy, developed economic and technological cooperation with other countries, vigorously and rationally utilized foreign investment, brought its comparative advantage into full play, promoted the deepening of the division of labor in the international industrial chain, and provided favorable conditions for its own foreigntrade development. During this process foreign enterprises, and multinational corporations in particular, have obtained abundant opportunities to invest in China, added value to their capital, technology, management experience, marketing channels and other elements, and shared the fruits of China's rapid economic growth. China's foreign trade development benefits greatly from its reform and opening up, from economic globalization, and from taking the path of cooperation and mutual benefit. China cannot develop itself in isolation from the rest of the world, and global prosperity and stability cannot be maintained without China's participation. China remains a developing country. Compared with other world trade powers, China's export industry remains at the low end of the global industrial chain. China's resource and energy inputs and environmental cost are relatively high, while the international competitiveness of enterprises and the risk-resistance of some industries are relatively weak. China's transformation from a large trading country to a strong trading power will be a comparatively long-term process requiring arduous efforts. II. Reform of and Improvements to China's Foreign Trade System Before China adopted the reform and opening up policy in 1978, its foreign trade was governed by mandatory planning, and the state absorbed both the profits and the losses of enterprises. Since the reform and opening up policy was initiated, China's foreign trade system has completed the transformation from mandatory planning to giving full play to the fundamental role of the market - from state monopoly to full openness, and from indiscriminate egalitarianism to giving enterprises discretionary management power and making them responsible for their own profits and losses. During the negotiations over the restoration of its GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) membership and entry into the WTO, and after it became a WTO member, China gradually adopted international trade practices, and established a unified, openforeign trade system compatible with multilateral trade rules. During the initial period of reform and opening up, China'sforeign trade system reform focused on the transformation of its unitary planning, transfer of management and operation power in foreign trade to lower levels, implementation of the system of allowing enterprises to retain
a certain portion offoreign exchange earnings, and establishment of a foreign exchange coordination market. China absorbed foreign direct investment to introduce foreign-invested enterprises as new business entities in its foreign trade sector, breaking the monopoly of state-owned foreign trade enterprises. After that, China introduced a responsibility system in doing foreigntrade, gradually replacing mandatory planning with guided planning. The state also set up an export tax rebates system in line with the general practice of international trade. In October 1992, China clearly put forward the goal of reform toward a socialist market economy. A comprehensive reform of the systems of finance, taxation, banking, foreign trade and foreignexchange was carried out accordingly. In January 1994, the Chinese government discontinued all export subsidies, making all import and export enterprises fully responsible for their own profits and losses. The official and market-regulated exchange rates of China's currency, the Renminbi (RMB), coexisted in a unitary and managed floating exchange rate system based on market demand and supply. Foreign trade enterprises were incorporated, and pilot programs for the import and export agency system were carried out. In the same year, the Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China was promulgated, establishing principles such as safeguarding a foreign trade order of equity and freedom, and a basic legal system for foreign trade. In December 1996, China realized current account convertibility for the RMB. Meanwhile, China voluntarily made significant tariff cuts, and reduced non-tariff measures such as quotas and licenses. These reform measures helped China initially establish a foreign trade administration and regulation system based on the market economy, giving full play to such economic levers as the exchange rate, taxation, tariffs and finance. On December 11, 2001, China became the 143rd member country of the World Trade Organization after 16 years of negotiations. To honor its commitments upon entry into the WTO, China expanded its opening-up in the fields of industry, agriculture and the services trade, and accelerated trade and investment facilitation and liberalization. Meanwhile, the state deepened the reform of itsforeign trade system, improved its foreign trade legal system, reduced trade barriers and administrative intervention, rationalized government responsibilities in foreign trade administration, made government behavior more open, more impartial and more transparent, and promoted the development of an open economy to a new stage. (more) - Expediting improvements to the legal system for foreign economic relations and trade. After its entry into the WTO, China reviewed over 2,300 laws and regulations, and departmental rules. Those that did not accord with WTO rules and China's commitments upon entry into the WTO were
abolished or revised. Administrative licensing procedures are reduced and regulated in the revised laws and regulations, and a legal system of trade promotion and remedy has been established and improved. In accordance with the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) administered by the WTO, China revised its laws and regulations and judicial interpretations related to intellectual property rights, and thereby constructed a complete legal system that conforms to China's actual conditions and international practices. - Taking further measures to lower tariffs and reduce non-tariff measures. During the transitional period following China's entry into the WTO, the general level of China's import tariffs was lowered from 15.3 percent in 2001 to 9.9 percent in 2005. By January 2005, the majority of China's tariff reduction commitments had been fulfilled; China had removed non-tariff barriers, including quota, licensing and designated bidding, measures concerning 424 tariff lines, and only retained licensing administration over imports that are controlled for the sake of public safety and the environment in line with international conventions and WTO rules. By 2010 China's overall tariff level had dropped to 9.8 percent - 15.2 percent in the case of agricultural products and 8.9 percent in the case of industrial products. Since 2005, China has completely maintained its bound tariff rate. - Fully liberalizing access to foreign trade operations. According to the Foreign Trade Law of the People's Republic of China that was revised in 2004, starting from July 2004, foreign trade dealers only need to register with the authority responsible, and no longer have to ask for approval from the Chinese government. This change has facilitated the diversification of China's foreign trade entities, consisting of state-owned, foreign-invested and private enterprises. The imports and exports of state-owned and foreign-invested enterprises have maintained sustained growth, while private enterprises have seen their foreign trade develop rapidly and their share of China's import and export market keeps expanding, becoming key players in China's foreign trade. In 2010 the import and export volume of state-owned enterprises,foreign-invested enterprises and private enterprises in the country's total was 20.9 percent, 53.8 percent and 25.3 percent, respectively. - Further opening the services market. China has earnestly fulfilled its commitments upon entry into the WTO by offering market access to international service providers in a wide range of fields, including finance, telecommunications, construction, distribution, logistics, tourism and education. China has opened up 100 of the WTO's 160 sub-sectors of services trade, approaching the average level of developed countries. In 2010 a total of 13,905 foreign-invested enterprises in the services
sector had been set up in China, with 48.7 billion U.S. dollars of foreign investment actually used, accounting for 50.7 percent of the total number of newly founded foreign-invested enterprises in China's non-financial sectors and 46.1 percent of the total amount of foreign investment actually utilized that year, respectively. - Creating a level playing field. China has striven to provide a flexible, fair and stable market for domestic and international enterprises by establishing and improving the legal system and the law-enforcement and supervisory mechanism for fair trade, and curbing and cracking down on unfair practices in foreign trade operations, such as infringement of rights, dumping, smuggling and disruption of the market order. Following domestic laws and international trade rules, China has strengthened its efforts in monitoring and early warning, and adopted measures such as trade remedy and antitrust investigation to correct the unfair practices of its trade partners, and to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of domestic industries and enterprises. Facing the international financial crisis, China worked hand in hand with the international community to firmly oppose all forms of trade protectionism, strictly adhered to relevant WTO rules, and treated domestic and foreign products equally while carrying out the stimulus plan, promoting fair competition between domestic and foreign enterprises. By 2010, all of China's commitments made upon entry into the WTO had been fulfilled. China's earnest efforts are commended by the majority of the WTO members. The Chinese government received three trade policy reviews from the WTO in 2006, 2008 and 2010, respectively. The WTO's basic principles, such as non-discrimination, transparency and fair competition, have been included in China's laws, regulations and related systems. A deeper understanding of concepts such as market orientation, opening up, fair competition, the rule of law and intellectual property rights has been achieved among the Chinese people, promoting the further opening up of the national economy and more improvements to the market economy. III. The Development of China's Foreign Trade Contributes to the World Economy The development of China's foreign trade has accelerated the modernization of the national economy, enhanced the country's comprehensive strength, and improved the standard of living of more than 1.3 billion Chinese people. It has also helped integrate the Chinese economy into the world economy, and make economic globalization conducive to the common prosperity of all countries and regions. 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China's reform and opening up and its active participation in economic globalization have made the country one of the world's fastest-growing economies. Over the past more than 10 years, China, along with other emerging economies, has become an increasingly important force propelling world economic growth. According to the World Bank, from 2001 to 2010, China's GDP increased by 4.6 trillion U.S. dollars, representing 14.7 percent of the increase in the world aggregate, and the share of China's GDP in the world rose to 9.3 percent over the same period. Data from the WTO shows that from 2000 to 2009, the average annual growth rates of China's exports and imports were 17 percent and 15 percent, respectively, much higher than the 3 percent annual growth rate of world trade. During the international financial crisis, China's foreign trade was among the first to stabilize, promoting the recovery of the world economy. After the crisis broke out in 2008, the Chinese government adopted in time a series of policies and measures to stimulate the economy, expand domestic demand and stabilize imports and exports. In 2009, global goods imports decreased by 12.8 percent, while China's goods imports increased by 2.9 percent, making it the only country to maintain growth among the world's largest economies. The China factor sustained the exports of many countries affected by the financial crisis, stimulated demand in the global commodities market, and boosted confidence, giving a new momentum to the world's economic recovery and growth. During its third review of China's trade policy, the WTO pointed out that China had played a constructive role in stimulating global demand during the international financial crisis, and had thus made significant contributions to the stability of the world economy. The development of China's foreign trade has helped enhance the national welfare of China and its trading partners. As it accelerated its integration into the global division of labor, China has gradually developed into a major producer and exporter of industrial products relying on its labor cost advantage, relatively strong industrial supporting, processing and manufacturing capabilities, and increasing labor productivity. It provides inexpensive and quality commodities to meet the diverse demands of the international market. China's advantage due to economies of scale and low processing costs in the global manufacturing industry partially offsets the rising prices of upstream factors of production, playing an important role in curbing global inflation and raising the real purchasing power of consumers of its trading partners. The development of China's foreign trade has provided a broad market for its trading partners. Since 2001, China's import of goods has increased by approximately five times, representing an annual growth rate of around
20 percent. China's rapidly expanding imports have become a major driving force for global economic growth, creating an enormous market for its trading partners to augment their exports. At present, China is the largest export market for Japan, Republic of Korea, Australia, ASEAN, Brazil and South Africa, the second largest for the EU, and the third largest for the US and India. As China's industrialization and urbanization are moving forward rapidly, and its domestic demand keeps growing, the country's continuously expanding and opening market will offer increasing opportunities to its trading partners. Meanwhile, China is one of the developing countries granting the biggest market access to the least-developed countries (LDCs). By July 2010, China had granted zero-tariff treatment to over 4,700 commodities from 36 LDCs which had established diplomatic ties with China. The zero-tariff commodities accounted for 60 percent of the total imports from those countries. China has promised to continue expanding its preferential treatment to the LDCs having diplomatic ties with China until the zero-tariff commodities reach 97 percent of the total imports from those countries. The zero-tariff measure has helped increase the exports of LDCs to China. Since 2008, China has been the largest export market for LDCs. In 2010, China's import of goods from LDCs accounted for approximately one quarter of those countries' total exports, an increase of 58 percent over the previous year. China has participated in and helped push forward the reform of the global economic governance mechanism. The Chinese government actively advocates a "balanced, inclusive and mutually beneficial" multilateral trade system, and strives to establish a fair and equitable new international economic and trade order. As a large developing country with a rapidly growing economy, China plays an active role in the G20 and BRICs summits, Doha Round talks, and other international dialogue and cooperation mechanisms. China does its best to assume international responsibilities that suit its development level and strength. China continuously consolidates its cooperation with emerging countries in the fields of economy, finance, trade and investment, and works toward an equitable and rational international economic order that benefits all countries. In addition, China strictly fulfills its international obligations regarding export controls. It consistently advocates the complete prohibition and thorough dismantling of all weapons of mass destruction, and firmly opposes the proliferation of such weapons and their carriers. China's relevant laws clearly prescribe that the state may take necessary measures to restrict the import and export of goods and technologies relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived, as well as the import and export relating to arms, ammunition 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
or other military supplies. China earnestly abides by international conventions regarding export controls, and fulfills its non-proliferation commitments, actively contributing to world peace and regional stability. Over the past few years, the Chinese government has adopted a wide range of internationally recognized norms and practices, and formed a complete export control system covering nuclear, biological, chemical, missile and other sensitive items and technologies, providing legal grounds and institutional guarantees for the better realization of the goal of non-proliferation. IV. Promoting Basically Balanced Growth ofForeign Trade The primary factors determining whether a country's foreign trade is in surplus or deficit are its economic structure and the international competitiveness of its products or services. China does not pursue a foreign trade surplus intentionally. There has been a certain amount of deficit in China's services trade for a long time, and the trade in goods was in deficit for most of the years prior to 1990. After 1990, with large-scale industrial outsourcing and relocation, China enhanced its competitiveness in manufactured goods. Growth in exports overtook that of imports, turning the overall deficit to a surplus in trade in goods. In 2005 China's surplus in trade in goods reached 100 billion U.S. dollars for the first time, which was followed by vigorous growth for four consecutive years. In 2008 the surplus hit 298.1 billion U.S. dollars, the highest point in history, before slowing down gradually. The surpluses in trade in goods for 2009 and 2010 were 195.7 billion U.S. dollars and 181.6 billion U.S. dollars, down 34.4 percent and 7.2 percent year-on-year respectively. In 2010 China's surplus in trade in goods accounted for 6.1 percent of the total import and export volume and 3.1 percent of the GDP. Of the nine nations with the largest trade balances (favorable or unfavorable), China was not high up in the league table in terms of the two ratios. (Table 2 Comparison of the Nine Countries with the Largest Balances in Trade in Goods in 2010) The fact that China is enjoying a surplus in trade in goods reflects its position in the international division of labor at the current stage. China has now relatively big advantages in the processing and assembling of industrial products, and is the largest producer and exporter of industrial products. The United States, European Union and some other countries and regions are the major end consumer markets. With the transfer of large numbers of labor-intensive processing and assembling sectors to China from Japan, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Hong Kong SAR and other nations and regions, their surpluses with the United
States and Europe were also transferred to China. The result is that while China is currently enjoying a surplus in trade in goods primarily with the United States and Europe, it also has long-term trade deficits with Japan, Republic of Korea, ASEAN and other major intermediate producers. In 2010 China's surpluses in trade in goods with the United States and the European Union were 181.3 billion U.S. dollars and 142.8 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, and its total deficit in trade in goods with Japan, Republic of Korea and ASEAN was 141.6 billion U.S. dollars. The deficit in trade in goods between China's mainland and Taiwan reached 86 billion U.S. dollars. To produce and export industrial products, China needs to import large quantities of primary goods, thus creating a deficit in trade in goods with certain exporters of primary goods. It is the country's different level and status of participation in the international division of labor in manufacturing and the services industry that leads to China's big surplus in trade in goods but a long-term deficit in services trade. (Figure 5 China's Trade Balances with Major Trading Partners 2006-2010) China's surplus in trade in goods mainly comes from foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade. With the spread of economic globalization as well as the refinement of the division of labor and the development of economies of scale, an increasing amount of international trade - intra-industry trade or processing trade based on value-chain specialization - is predominated by multinationals. Since the adoption of the reform and opening up policy in 1978, China has experienced rapid growth in attraction of foreigndirect investment. For a fairly long period of time the import and export business of foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade mainly operated by foreign-invested enterprises accounted for about 50 percent of China's trade volume in goods, and were also the major source of the country's surplus in trade in goods. In 2009 and 2010 the surplus in trade in goods created by foreign-invested enterprises reached 127 billion U.S. dollars and 124.3 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, accounting for 64.8 percent and 68.4percent of the total surplus of China's trade in goods in the two years. Processing trade surplus of foreign-invested enterprises in the same period hit 264.6 billion U.S. dollars and 322.9 billion U.S. dollars, significantly higher than the country's total trade surplus for 2009 and 2010. While foreign-invested enterprises and processing trade enjoyed a big favorable trade balance, the import and export of China's state-owned enterprises, general trade and other forms of trade were in deficit. The limits on certain high-tech trade set by developed countries also affect the trade balance between China and some of its trading partners. As China is currently accelerating its pace of industrialization, it needs to import advanced equipment and technologies from developed countries. 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Unfortunately, some developed countries, sticking to their old way of thinking, impose various restrictions on the export of high-end equipment and advanced technologies to China, resulting in slow growth in the export of these sectors. To a certain extent such limits hinder China's imports from these countries, posing an unfavorable impact on bilateral trade balance. As China turned its trade deficit into a surplus, the country improved its international balance of payments and enhanced its resistance to external risks. However, the sharp increase in surplus also created trouble for the Chinese economy. The large volume of RMB input in export settlement complicates macroeconomic control, and the rapid expansion of China's surplus in trade in goods also results in more trade frictions between China and its trading partners, as well as persistent pressure on the RMB to appreciate. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the imbalance in the development of foreigntrade, and has adopted a series of policies and measures to curb overheated surplus growth. First, it proactively adjusts the economic structure, strives to expand domestic demand, and especially increases investment in projects to improve the people's livelihood and stimulate household consumption. Second, it enacts a series of policies to expand imports, simplify the procedures of import administration and import payment, lower the temporary tax rates on certain imported commodities, improve the import promotion system and facilitate import businesses. Third, it has adjusted the export tax rebates policy, lowered or cancelled export tax rebates for some products that consume too much energy and cause serious pollution and certain resource-based products. Fourth, it has amended the prohibited and restricted categories of processing trade, expanding the scope of the prohibited category and promoting this sector's restructuring and upgrading. Fifth, it has changed the situation of the pegged exchange rate of the yuan against the US dollar since the Asian financial crisis, and adopted the administered floating exchange rate system based on market demand, and adjusted it with reference to a basket of currencies from July 21, 2005. During the period from the exchange rate reform in July 2005 to the end of August 2011, the nominal exchange rate of the yuan against the dollar appreciated by about 30 percent. China's measures to promote balanced foreign trade growth have achieved obvious effects. The nation's surplus in trade in goods has been on a steady decline since 2009, and the proportion of surplus in the total import and export trade volume and the GDP also started to drop in 2008, moving toward a balance in foreign trade. China's efforts not only serve
the development of its own economy, but are also practical moves to promote the structural adjustment and the rebalancing of the global economy. Constructing AllV. Constructing All-round Economic and Trade Partnerships with Mutually Beneficial Cooperation China stresses all-round development in its foreign trade. China adheres to developing economic and trade partnerships based on practical cooperation and mutual benefit with all countries, no matter they are big or small, rich or poor. China enjoys steady growth in its trade with developed countries, and realizes complementary advantages as well as reciprocity and mutual benefit. China' s trade with the European Union has been developing steadily in recent years. The European Union mainly exports manufactured products to China, including advanced mechanical and electronic products, transport vehicles, complete plants, core parts and components, precision components and other high-tech products which are highly competitive in the Chinese market. Foreign trade between China and the United States has a solid development base. China exports a large variety of consumer goods to meet the demands of American consumers, while satisfying its own need for development by constantly expanding imports of electronic, aerospace, biological, medical, agricultural and services trade items from the United States. China and Japan are geographically proximate to each other and this is an advantage in bilateral trade. Sino-Japanese trade promotes continuous cooperation and progress in industry while spurring the development of regional economic comparative advantages and cooperation in East Asia. China' s trade and investment cooperation with developed countries such as Canada, Australia, Switzerland and New Zealand also maintain a good momentum of development. China's trade with emerging economies and developing countries is experiencing robust growth, with huge development potential. With the comprehensive implementation of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement in 2010, tariffs have been cancelled for 90% of the commodities traded between them, vigorously promoting the rapid growth of bilateral trade between China and ASEAN. The free entry of specialties and competitive products into each other' s market suits the various needs of the two sides. Foreign trade between China and Republic of Korea keeps growing constantly and steadily. Bilateral investment and economic cooperation also present broad prospects. China' s trade with the other BRIC countries has been enjoying rapid growth in recent years, which promotes the development of the member countries' respective advantageous industries and shows the broad development prospects of emerging markets. In recent years China has seen relatively fast growth in its trade with other developing countries, further development of trade with its historical trading
partners in the Arab world, broadening areas of economic and trade cooperation with Latin American countries, and bilateral trade with African countries, which gives full play to the complementary advantages of the two sides' resources and economic structures. China attaches great importance to the institutional set-up of bilateral and regional economic and trade cooperation. Currently over 150 countries and regions have signed agreements on bilateral trade or economic cooperation with China, which has established and maintains high-level economic dialogue mechanisms with the United States, Europe, Japan, Great Britain, Russia and other major economies. China proactively participates in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, ASEAN (10+3) meetings, which also include Japan and Republic of Korea, the East Asia Summit, Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Committee, Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Committee, Greater Tumen Initiative, and other regional and subregional economic cooperation mechanisms. China adheres to the principle of "good neighborly friendship and partnership" in establishing and developing various forms of border economic and trade cooperation. China takes proactive initiatives to participate in and promote regional economic integration. By the end of 2010 China had held 15 rounds of negotiations on free trade or closer economic partnership arrangements with 28 countries and regions on five continents, and signed and implemented 10 free trade agreements or closer economic partnership arrangements. Currently five free trade agreement talks are under way. China advocates the establishment of an East Asia free trade zone. In 2010 the total volume of bilateral trade in goods between China and its trade partners in its ten free trade agreements or closer economic partnership arrangements (ASEAN, Pakistan, Chile, Singapore, New Zealand, Peru, Costa Rica, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR and Taiwan) reached US$782.6 billion, accounting for over a quarter of the country' s total import and export volume. China has actively participated in and promoted the World Trade Organization's Doha Round talks, and strives to safeguard the authority of the multilateral trading system. China stresses that the negotiations should be conducive to the implementation of the principle of fairness and justice of the multilateral trading system, and reflect the goal of the Doha Round as a development round. China takes part in the Doha Round' s talks on agriculture, non-agricultural goods, services, rules and other issues, submitting over 40 negotiating texts on its own and over 100 texts with other members. To promote the Doha Round talks, China repeatedly expressed its wish to make constructive contributions suited to its level of development. 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In settling disputes with its trading partners, China gives consideration to the interests of all parties, and seeks common ground while shelving differences. Since China' s entry into the WTO and with the continuous growth of its imports and exports, the number of trade disputes and frictions between China and its trading partners has increased. These cases mainly involved textile products, shoes, tires, car parts and components, steel and chemical products, and mainly covered the issues of IPR, trade balance, fair trade, food safety, environmental protection and other areas of concern. China has always preferred dialogue to confrontation, and cooperation to pressure, and chooses to settle disputes between trading partners through consultation and negotiation. China adheres to giving consideration to and balancing the interests of all parties and settling disputes through dialogue, consultation and negotiation by utilizing bilateral and multilateral channels and following the rules and under the framework of the WTO. In recent years China has adopted various measures to further open up its market, protect IPR, promote trade balance, reform the exchange rate formation mechanism of the RMB and standardize the operational order of imports and exports, among other areas, fully taking into account the concerns of its trading partners. When consultations fail to settle a dispute, China appropriately handles the issue with its trading partners through the WTO dispute settlement mechanism, in order to maintain the stability of the multilateral trading system. Foreign VI. Realizing Sustainable Development of Foreign Trade At present, unbalanced, inconsistent and unsustainable development factors persist in China's foreign trade. They are manifested in the following ways: Export growth mainly relies on the input and consumption of resources, energy, land, manpower, environment, etc., while the input of science and technology, management, innovation and other factors are insufficient, resulting in an ever more conspicuous contradiction between foreign trade development and the constraint on resource supply and environmental carrying capacity; enterprises are not competitive enough in R&D, design, marketing and services, and products with their own intellectual property rights and with their own brands account for only a small proportion of the exports; the contribution of foreign trade to China's primary, secondary and tertiary industries is unbalanced; central and western China falls behind other regions in the scale and level of foreign trade; and foreign trade needs improvement in terms of the quality of its products and profits. The Chinese government is clearly aware of these problems and has taken active measures to accelerate the change of the development pattern of foreign trade, and achieve sustainable development. 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Fostering comprehensive competitive edge of foreign trade development. In recent years, with the rising labor cost and spiraling prices of resources, energy and other production factors, the low-cost advantage of export-oriented industries has been greatly weakened. In the face of these new conditions, the Chinese government has set the strategic goal of turning the mode of foreign trade from extensive to intensive development. During the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010) the Chinese government adjusted import and export taxation policies and implemented the strategies of fostering foreign trade by science and technology, market diversification and putting quality first. It launched pilot projects for transforming and upgrading processing trade, improved financial and insurance services for import and export enterprises, and encouraged enterprises to accelerate technical progress and optimize product structure. With these measures, China enhanced the comprehensive competitiveness of its foreign trade. Most import and export enterprises withstood challenges of the international financial crisis, and China's foreign trade recovered soon after the crisis. During the 12th Five-year Plan period (2011-2015) China will make efforts to maintain its current competitive edge in exports, foster new advantages centering on technology, branding, quality and services at a faster pace, promote industrial transformation and upgrading, extend the value-added chain of processing trade, and the competitiveness and added value of enterprises and products. It will vigorously develop trade in services to promote balanced development between it and trade in goods. It will open the services trade wider to the outside world, promote service outsourcing, and try to expand the export of new services. It will improve and implement state policies in the fields of finance and taxation, banking and insurance, foreign currency management, customs clearance, inspection and quarantine, and logistics and transportation, in a bid to speed up trade and investment facilitation for the stable and healthy development of foreign trade. Promoting energy conservation and emission reduction in foreign trade development. As early as in 1994, the Chinese government published China's Agenda 21 - White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century, setting goals on energy conservation and emission reduction for national economic and social development. In both the 11th and 12th five-year plans, the government made the reduction of energy consumption and CO2 emission intensity two obligatory targets. Since 2004 the Chinese government has lowered and even abolished export tax rebates for some energy-intensive, heavily-polluting and resource-based products, banned or limited the processing trade in some such products, and encouraged import and export enterprises to keep up with the world's advanced environmental standards. As a result, in recent years such
products have seen their proportion in exports decreasing, while the export of new-energy, energy-conserving and environmental-friendly products has grown by a big margin. Most import and export enterprises above a designated scale have obtained ISO14000 certification or other environmental standard certifications. China will try to readjust its economic and industrial structure, accelerate the application of advanced energy-conserving and environmental technologies, and promote more balanced development between foreign trade and resource conservation and environmental protection. Strengthening trade-related intellectual property protection. Strengthening intellectual property protection is necessary for China to comply with its international obligations. It is also an essential move if China seeks to transform its economic growth mode and build an innovative country. The Chinese government has made tremendous efforts in this regard, and made significant progress in legislation, law enforcement, publicity, training and enhancing the social awareness of IPR protection. In 2008 China promulgated the Outline of the National Intellectual Property Strategy, making IPR protection a national strategy. From 2006 to 2011, China published the Action Plan on Intellectual Property Protection for six consecutive years, putting in place over 1,000 concrete measures covering the fields of legislation, law enforcement, education and training, cultural communication and exchanges with the outside world. In 2010 China filed 12,295 applications for international patents in accordance with the Patent Cooperation Treaty, registering a growth rate of 55.6percent over 2009, which was the fastest increase in the world. China also rose from the fifth to the fourth place in terms of patent application in the world. At present, it is a common challenge facing all countries to strengthen foreign trade-related intellectual property protection, and a world trend to strengthen dialogue and cooperation in this area. The Chinese government will, under related international conventions and within its own legislative framework, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with other countries and regions for the healthy development of intellectual property. Enhancing the quality and safety requirements of export products. Generally speaking, the quality of China's export products is constantly improving, and they are becoming more and more popular among consumers around the world. In 2009 and 2010, 11.032 million batches and 13.054 million batches, respectively, of China's export products were examined by inspection and quarantine authorities, with only 0.15 percent and 0.14 percent being substandard; the export values totaled 429.27 billion U.S. dollars and 552.18 billion U.S. dollars, respectively, with 0.12 percent and 0.13 percent, respectively, found substandard. In 2010 China exported
127,000 batches of food to the United States, with 99.53 percent up to standard, and 138,000 batches to the European Union, with 99.78 percent up to standard. According to a report from the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan on imported food, in 2010 tests on 20 percent of food imported from China found that 99.74 percent was up to standard, higher than that of food imported from the United States and European Union in the same period. However, a small number of Chinese enterprises still ignore product quality and safety to bring down cost, while some foreign importers turn a blind eye to quality and credibility, and try every means to bring down the price or even authorize Chinese producers to use substandard materials. All this harms the image of "made-in-China" products. To tackle these problems, in recent years, the Chinese government has improved laws and regulations on product quality and safety, strengthened supervision at every link, and strictly investigated and punished the few enterprises that had violated laws and regulations and caused quality problems. In March 2011, China launched the Year of Improving the Quality of Foreign Trade Products, through which it aimed to improve the mechanism of approval, certification and supervision of the quality and safety of foreign trade products, thereby enhancing the quality and safety of export products. Raising import and export enterprises' sense of social responsibility. As China opens wider to the outside world, more and more enterprises have come to realize that along with development and expansion they should shoulder their corresponding social responsibilities. This can not only help promote social harmony and progress, but also enhance enterprises' competitiveness and capacity for sustainable development. Advocating the Scientific Outlook on Development and the idea of a harmonious society, Chinese governments at all levels encourage enterprises to enhance their sense of social responsibility, respect labor rights, safeguard consumers' rights and protect the ecological environment. In the meantime, the Chinese government encourages enterprises to accept relevant social responsibilities in the field of foreign trade and try to get necessary certifications. Since the new Law on Labor Contracts and its implementation regulations took effect in 2008, import and export enterprises have established the system of "five insurances" (old-age insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, work injury insurance and maternity insurance), as well as a housing fund. The Chinese government regards it as an important task in the course of promotingforeign trade transformation and upgrading to enhance enterprises' sense of social responsibility. It is therefore determined to strengthen publicity and training in this regard, establish and improve a management system marked by integrity for import and export enterprises, improve public supervision on enterprises to make sure they fulfill their social
responsibilities, carry out international cooperation in fostering and managing enterprises' sense of social responsibility, and call on import and export enterprises to constantly enhance their performance in this regard. Promoting international cooperation in emerging industries of strategic importance. To develop new strategic industries is of great significance for China to realize foreign trade transformation and upgrading, and sustainable development. After over 30 years of reform and opening up, China has seen its overall strength grow remarkably, its science and technology advancing and its industrial system improving markedly, laying a solid foundation for the development of emerging industries of strategic importance. However, compared to developed countries, these industries in China are still in their infancy. In the wake of the 2008 international financial crisis, all the world's major economies have been developing emerging industries at a faster pace, and China has taken the development of these industries as an important task in the course of its industrial rejuvenation. To promote the priority areas, while giving play to the basic role of the market in allocating resources, the Chinese government has strengthened its policy guidance, regulated market order, improved its investment environment and encouraged enterprises to enhance their technological innovation capabilities. This basic policy of supporting emerging industries of strategic importance conforms to international trade rules. China is willing to strengthen communication with other countries in scientific research, technological development and capacity building, and work with them to create a new situation for international cooperation and development in emerging industries. Conclusion At present, the underlying impact of the international financial crisis, the protracted, arduous and complicated nature of the world economic recovery is manifesting itself, and the global economic structure and trade layout face in-depth readjustment. China will make new adjustments to its foreign trade, in an effort to turn foreign trade from scale expansion to quality and profit improvement, and from mainly relying on its low-cost advantage to enhancing its comprehensive competitive edge, thereby turning China from a big trading country to a strong trading power. China's foreign trade is still hampered by many uncertainties and is bound to meet new difficulties and challenges. During the 12th Five-year Plan period China will open itself wider to the outside world as a driver for further reform, development and innovation, make full use of its advantages, strengthen international cooperation in all respects, and integrate itself into the world economy on a wider scale and at a higher 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
level. China is willing to work with its trading partners to cope with the various challenges facing the world economy and trade, and promote its foreign trade to realize a more balanced, coordinated and sustainable development, and share prosperity and mutually-beneficial results with its trading partners.
《中国的对外贸易》白皮书（全文） 中国的对外贸易》白皮书（全文） 2011.12.07） （2011.12.07） 时间:2011-12-07 12:57 来源：国新办 《中国的对外贸易》 (2011 年 12 月) 中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室 目录 前言 一、中国对外贸易的历史性进步 二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善 三、中国外贸发展对世界的贡献 四、促进对外贸易基本平衡增长 五、构建全方位互利合作经贸关系 六、实现对外贸易的可持续发展 结束语 前言 和平、发展、合作是当今世界潮流。改革开放以来，中国顺应经济全球化趋 势，不断扩大对外开放，在平等互利的基础上积极同世界各国开展经贸合作。经 过多年发展，对外贸易成为中国经济最为活跃、增长最快的部分之一，中国也成 为跻身世界前列的贸易大国。中国对外贸易的发展，将中国与世界更加紧密地联 系起来，有力推动了中国的现代化建设，也促进了世界的繁荣与进步。 2001 年中国加入世界贸易组织。10 年来，中国经济融入全球经济的进程加 快，中国对外贸易的活力进一步增强。在中国加入世界贸易组织 10 周年之际， 中国政府发表白皮书，对中国的对外贸易情况作一系统介绍。
一、中国对外贸易的历史性进步 、 1949 年中华人民共和国成立以后，坚持独立自主、自力更生，逐步开展对 外经济贸易交流，但受到当时国际政治环境和国内计划经济体制等因素制约，对 外贸易发展相对缓慢。 1978 年，中国进入改革开放的新时期。大力发展对外贸易，成为中国加快 现代化建设、改变落后面貌、促进经济发展和提高综合国力的重要途径。30 多 年来，中国利用世界经济较长时期繁荣、经济全球化深入发展的机遇，扩大对外 开放，吸引利用外商投资，引进先进技术，改造提升国内产业，在全面参与国际 分工和竞争中，实现了对外贸易的跨越式发展。 ——货物贸易总量跻身世界前列。1978 年，中国货物进出口总额只有 206 亿美元，在世界货物贸易中排名第 32 位，所占比重不足 1%。2010 年，中国货物 进出口总额达到 29740 亿美元，比 1978 年增长了 143 倍，年均增长 16.8%。其 中，出口总额 15778 亿美元，年均增长 17.2%；进口总额 13962 亿美元，年均增 长 16.4%。中国出口总额和进口总额占世界货物出口和进口的比重分别提高到 10.4%和 9.1%，连续两年成为世界货物贸易第一出口大国和第二进口大国。 ——货物贸易结构发生了根本性变化。 中国出口商品结构在 20 世纪 80 年代 实现了由初级产品为主向工业制成品为主的转变，到 90 年代实现了由轻纺产品 为主向机电产品为主的转变，进入新世纪以来，以电子和信息技术为代表的高新 技术产品出口比重不断扩大。外贸经营主体除了国有企业外，还包括外商投资企 业、民营企业等，后二者的进出口总额目前均已超过国有企业。20 世纪 80 年代 至本世纪初， 中国加工贸易蓬勃发展， 成为外贸的半壁江山。 在中国外贸发展中， 外商投资企业和加工贸易发挥了十分重要的作用。
——形成全方位和多元化进出口市场格局。改革开放后，中国全方位发展对 外贸易，与世界上绝大多数国家和地区建立了贸易关系。贸易伙伴已经由 1978 年的几十个国家和地区发展到目前的 231 个国家和地区。欧盟、美国、东盟、日 本、金砖国家等成为中国主要贸易伙伴。新世纪以来，中国与新兴市场和发展中 国家的贸易持续较快增长。2005 年至 2010 年，中国与东盟货物贸易占中国货物 贸易比重由 9.2%提高到 9.8%，与其他金砖国家货物贸易所占比重由 4.9%提高到 6.9%，与拉丁美洲和非洲货物贸易所占比重分别由 3.5%和 2.8%提高到 6.2%和 4.3%。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

——服务贸易的国际竞争力不断增强。加入世界贸易组织后，中国服务贸易 进入新的发展阶段， 规模迅速扩大， 结构逐步优化， 排名也进入世界前列。 旅游、 运输等领域的服务贸易增势平稳，建筑、通讯、保险、金融、计算机和信息服务、 专有权利使用费和特许费、咨询等领域的跨境服务以及承接服务外包快速增长。 2001 年至 2010 年， 中国服务贸易总额(不含政府服务)从 719 亿美元增加到 3624 亿美元， 增长了 4 倍多。 中国服务贸易出口在世界服务贸易出口中的比重从 2.4% 提高到 4.6%，2010 年达 1702 亿美元，从世界第 12 位上升到第 4 位；服务贸易 进口比重从 2.6%提高到 5.5%，2010 年达 1922 亿美元，从世界第 10 位上升到第 3 位。 对外贸易发展有力推动了中国的现代化建设，中国成长为一个开放的经济 体。参与国际分工与竞争，引进先进技术、设备和管理，利用外商直接投资，极 大促进了中国技术进步和产业升级，提高了企业管理水平和市场竞争力。加工贸 易迅速发展壮大使中国劳动力充裕的比较优势得以发挥， 加快了中国的工业化和 城镇化进程。对外贸易直接带动就业人口超过 8000 万，其中 60%以上来自农村， 就业者的收入和生活得到显著改善。对外贸易与国内投资、消费一起，成为中国 经济增长的三大引擎。 中国对外贸易的历史性进步是与国际国内形势的发展变化紧密联系在一起 的。 世纪 80 年代前后， 20 和平与发展成为时代主题。 随着经济全球化不断推进， 资金、技术、产品、市场、资源、劳动力等要素在世界范围内的流动和配置更加 活跃。以信息、通讯为主导的科学技术进步使生产效率得到极大的提高，国际产 业转移不断深化和发展。经济全球化、科学技术进步、国际产业转移和各国之间 加强合作等为中国融入世界经济提供了历史性机遇。中国政府顺应时代潮流，以 经济建设为中心，实行改革开放，发展与世界各国的经济技术合作，积极合理有 效利用外资，充分发挥比较优势，促进了国际产业链分工的深化，为对外贸易发 展创造了有利条件。在这个进程中，外国企业尤其是发达国家的跨国公司在中国 获得大量投资机会， 其拥有的资本、 技术、 管理经验和销售渠道等要素实现增值， 分享了中国经济高速增长的成果。中国对外贸易的发展得益于改革开放，得益于 经济全球化，得益于坚持走互利合作共赢道路。中国的发展离不开世界，世界的 繁荣稳定也离不开中国。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
中国仍然是一个发展中国家。与世界贸易强国相比，中国出口产业仍处于全 球产业链的低端， 资源、 能源等要素投入和环境成本还比较高， 企业国际竞争力、 一些行业的抗风险能力相对较弱等。实现由贸易大国向贸易强国的转变，将是一 个较为长期的进程，还需要付出艰苦努力 二、中国外贸体制的改革与完善 改革开放前，中国对外贸易实行指令性计划管理和国家统负盈亏。改革开放 以来，中国外贸体制经历了由指令性计划管理到发挥市场机制的基础性作用、由 经营权高度垄断到全面放开、 由企业吃国家“大锅饭”到自主经营和自负盈亏的 转变。 在中国争取恢复关税与贸易总协定缔约方地位和加入世界贸易组织的谈判 过程中， 在中国加入世界贸易组织后， 中国的外贸体制逐步与国际贸易规则接轨， 建立起统一、开放、符合多边贸易规则的对外贸易制度。 改革开放初期，中国外贸体制改革主要是改革单一计划管理体制，下放外贸 管理权和经营权，实行外汇留成制度并建立外汇调剂市场。吸收外商直接投资， 使外商投资企业作为新的经营主体进入外贸领域，打破了国有外贸企业的垄断。 此后，中国推行了外贸经营承包制，用指导性计划逐步取代指令性计划。按照国 际贸易通行规则，建立了出口退税制度。1992 年 10 月，中国明确提出建立社会 主义市场经济体制的改革目标。根据这一目标，对财政、税收、金融、外贸和外 汇体制进行了全面改革。1994 年 1 月，中国政府取消对出口的所有财政补贴， 进出口企业转变为完全自负盈亏。人民币官方汇率与市场调剂汇率并轨，实行以 市场供求为基础、单一的、有管理的浮动汇率制度。外贸经营领域进行了企业股 份化和进出口代理制试点。 同年， 《中华人民共和国对外贸易法》 正式颁布实施， 确立了维护公平、 自由的对外贸易秩序等原则， 奠定了对外贸易的基本法律制度。 1996 年 12 月，中国实现了人民币经常项目下可兑换。与此同时，中国多次 大幅度自主降低关税，减少配额和许可证等非关税措施。这些改革使中国初步建 立起以市场经济为基础，充分发挥汇率、税收、关税、金融等经济杠杆作用的外 贸管理体制和调控体系。 2001 年 12 月 11 日， 历经 16 年谈判， 中国成为世界贸易组织第 143 个成员。 根据加入世界贸易组织的承诺，中国扩大了在工业、农业、服务业等领域的对外 开放，加快推进贸易自由化和贸易投资便利化。在履行承诺过程中，中国深化外 贸体制改革，完善外贸法律法规体系，减少贸易壁垒和行政干预，理顺政府在外 贸管理中的职责，促进政府行为更加公开、公正和透明，推动开放型经济进入一 个新的发展阶段。 ——加快对外经济贸易法制化建设。加入世界贸易组织后，中国集中清理了 2300 多部法律法规和部门规章。对其中不符合世界贸易组织规则和中国加入世 界贸易组织承诺的，分别予以废止或修订。新修订的法律法规减少和规范了行政 许可程序，建立健全了贸易促进、贸易救济法律体系。根据世界贸易组织《与贸 易有关的知识产权协议》，中国对与知识产权相关的法律法规和司法解释进行了
修改，基本形成了体系完整、符合中国国情、与国际惯例接轨的保护知识产权法 律法规体系。 ——进一步降低关税，削减非关税措施。在加入世界贸易组织过渡期，中国 进口商品关税总水平从 2001 年的 15.3%逐步降低到 2005 年的 9.9%。到 2005 年 1 月，中国绝大多数关税削减承诺执行完毕。根据承诺，中国自 2005 年 1 月起 全部取消对 424 个税号产品的进口配额、进口许可证和特定招标等非关税措施， 仅仅保留了依据国际公约以及在世界贸易组织规则下为保证生命安全、 保护环境 实施进口管制产品的许可证管理。2010 年，中国关税总水平已经降至 9.8%，其 中农产品平均税率降至 15.2%，工业品平均税率降至 8.9%。关税约束率自 2005 年起一直维持在 100%。 ——全面放开外贸经营权。根据 2004 年新修订的《中华人民共和国对外贸 易法》，自 2004 年 7 月起，中国政府对企业的外贸经营权由审批制改为备案登 记制，所有对外贸易经营者均可以依法从事对外贸易。取消外贸经营权审批促进 了国有企业、外商投资企业和民营企业多元化外贸经营格局的形成。在国有企业 和外商投资企业进出口持续增长的同时，民营企业对外贸易发展迅速，进出口市 场份额持续扩大，成为对外贸易的重要经营主体。2010 年，国有企业、外商投 资企业和民营企业进出口分别占中国进出口总额的 20.9%、53.8%和 25.3%。 ——进一步扩大服务市场开放。中国认真履行加入世界贸易组织的承诺，为 境外服务商提供了包括金融、电信、建筑、分销、物流、旅游、教育等在内的广 泛的市场准入机会。在世界贸易组织服务贸易分类的 160 个分部门中，中国开放 了 100 个，开放范围已经接近发达国家的平均水平。2010 年，中国服务业新设 立外商投资企业 13905 家，实际利用外资 487 亿美元，占全国非金融领域新设立 外商投资企业和实际利用外资的比重分别为 50.7%和 46.1%。 ——营造更为公平的市场竞争环境。中国通过建立、完善公平贸易法律制度 和执法、监督机制，遏制与打击对外贸易经营中的侵权、倾销、走私、扰乱市场 秩序等不公平贸易行为，努力为境内外企业提供一个宽松、公平、稳定的市场环 境。中国政府依据国内法律和国际贸易规则，加强预警监测，同时利用贸易救济 和反垄断调查等措施，对贸易伙伴的不公平贸易行为予以纠正，维护国内产业和 企业的合法权益。在应对国际金融危机过程中，中国与国际社会一起坚决反对任 何形式的贸易保护主义，严格遵守世界贸易组织相关规定，在实施经济刺激计划 时平等地对待境内外产品，促进了境内外企业的公平竞争。 截至 2010 年，中国加入世界贸易组织的所有承诺全部履行完毕。中国认真 履行承诺的实际行动得到世界贸易组织大多数成员的肯定。2006 年、2008 年和 2010 年，中国政府接受了世界贸易组织的三次贸易政策审议。世界贸易组织所 倡导的非歧视、透明度、公平竞争等基本原则已经融入中国的法律法规和有关制 度。市场意识、开放意识、公平竞争意识、法治精神和知识产权观念等在中国更 加深入人心，推动了中国经济进一步开放和市场经济体制进一步完善。 三、中国外贸发展对世界的贡献
中国对外贸易的发展不仅推动了中国经济的现代化和综合国力的提升， 提高 了 13 亿多中国人民的生活水平，也使中国经济成为世界经济一部分，促进了经 济全球化向有利于世界各国和地区共同繁荣的方向发展。 改革开放和积极参与经济全球化，使中国成为世界上增长最快的经济体之 一。最近 10 多年来，中国与其他新兴经济体一起，成为推动世界经济增长日益 重要的力量。 根据世界银行的数据， 2010 年中国国内生产总值比 2001 年增长 4.6 万亿美元，占同期世界经济总值增量的 14.7%。中国国内生产总值占世界经济总 值的比重增加至 9.3%。世界贸易组织的数据显示，2000 年至 2009 年，中国出口 量和进口量年均增长速度分别为 17%和 15%，远远高于同期世界贸易总量 3%的年 均增长速度。 中国对外贸易在国际金融危机中率先趋稳，促进了全球经济复苏。2008 年 国际金融危机爆发以后， 中国政府及时采取一系列政策措施刺激经济， 扩大内需， 稳定进出口规模。2009 年，世界货物贸易进口量下降 12.8%，中国进口量增长 2.9%，是世界主要经济体中唯一保持增长的国家。中国因素支撑了许多受危机冲 击国家的出口，刺激了全球大宗商品市场需求，提振了人们的信心，对世界经济 复苏和增长起到巨大拉动作用。 世界贸易组织在对中国进行第三次贸易政策审议 时指出，应对金融危机期间，中国在刺激全球需求方面发挥了建设性作用，为世 界经济稳定作出了重要贡献。 中国对外贸易的发展提高了中国与贸易伙伴的国民福利。 随着加速融入世界 分工体系，中国依靠劳动力成本优势、较强的产业配套和加工制造能力、不断提 高的劳动生产率，逐渐发展成为世界工业品的主要生产国和出口国，为世界各国 和地区提供了物美价廉的商品，满足了国际市场多种多样的需求。中国在全球制 造业环节的规模经济优势和加工成本优势， 部分地消化了上游生产要素的价格上 涨，起到了抑制全球通货膨胀、提高贸易伙伴消费者实际购买力的作用。 中国对外贸易的发展为贸易伙伴提供了广阔市场。2001 年以来，中国货物 进口总额扩大了约 5 倍，年均增长约 20%，中国迅速扩张的进口已成为世界经济 增长的重要推动力，为贸易伙伴扩大出口创造了巨大市场空间。目前中国已经是 日本、韩国、澳大利亚、东盟、巴西、南非等国家第一大出口市场，是欧盟的第 二大出口市场，是美国和印度的第三大出口市场。中国工业化、城镇化正在快速 推进，内需持续增长，不断扩大和开放的市场将为贸易伙伴提供越来越多的发展 机会。 中国是对最不发达国家开放市场程度最大的发展中国家之一。截至 2010 年 7 月，中国已经对 36 个已建交最不发达国家原产的 4700 多个税目商品实施进口 零关税，约占全部税则税目的 60%。中国已承诺将继续扩大对已建交最不发达国 家的给惠范围，使实施零关税商品达到全部税则税目的 97%。零关税措施促进了 最不发达国家对中国的出口。自 2008 年以来，中国一直是最不发达国家第一大 出口市场。 2010 年，中国自最不发达国家的货物进口总额比上年增长 58%，约占这些国
家出口总额的四分之一。 中国全面参与并推动了全球经济治理机制的改革。 中国政府积极倡导以“均 衡、普惠、共赢”作为多边贸易体制改革的目标，努力推动建立公平、公正的国 际经济贸易新秩序。作为迅速成长的发展中大国，中国积极参与了二十国集团领 导人峰会、金砖国家领导人会晤、多哈回合谈判等国际对话和合作机制，努力承 担与自身发展水平及国力相适应的国际责任。中国不断加强与新兴国家在经济、 金融、贸易和投资等领域的合作，促进国际经济秩序朝着公正、合理、共赢的方 向发展。 中国严格履行有关出口管制的国际义务。 中国一贯主张全面禁止和彻底销毁 一切大规模杀伤性武器，坚决反对此类武器及其运载工具的扩散。中国有关法律 明确规定对裂变、 聚变物质或者衍生此类物质的货物、 技术进出口， 以及与武器、 弹药或者其他军用物资有关的进出口采取必要的限制措施。 中国认真遵守有关出 口管制的国际公约，履行防扩散承诺，为国际和平与地区稳定作出了积极努力。 近年来，中国政府广泛采纳国际通行规范和做法，形成了一整套涵盖核、生物、 化学和导弹等敏感物项和技术的完备的出口管制体系， 为更好地实现防扩散目标 提供了法律依据和制度保障。 四、促进对外贸易基本平衡增长 一个国家对外贸易是顺差还是逆差， 主要由其经济结构以及产品或服务的国 际竞争力决定。中国并不刻意追求对外贸易的顺差。中国服务贸易长期以来一直 存在一定逆差。中国货物贸易在 1990 年以前多数年份都是逆差。1990 年以后， 随着大规模承接国际产业转移， 工业制成品竞争力增强， 出口增长速度超过进口， 中国的货物贸易由总体逆差转变为总体顺差。2005 年中国货物贸易顺差首次突 破 1000 亿美元，并持续 4 年大幅攀升。2008 年中国货物贸易顺差达到 2981 亿 美元历史高点， 此后逐渐收窄。 2009 年和 2010 年， 中国货物贸易顺差分别为 1957 亿美元和 1816 亿美元，比上年分别下降 34.4%和 7.2%。2010 年，中国货物贸易 顺差占进出口总额的 6.1%，占国内生产总值的 3.1%。在全球贸易差额(顺差或逆 差)最大的 9 个国家中，中国的这两个比值并不处在偏高水平。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

中国的货物贸易顺差反映了现阶段中国的国际分工地位。 中国目前在工业制 成品加工组装环节具有较大优势，是最大的工业品生产国和出口国。美国、欧盟 等是最主要的终端消费市场。由于大量劳动密集型加工组装环节由日本、韩国、 新加坡、中国台湾、中国香港等转移到中国，这些国家和地区原来对美、欧的顺 差也转移到中国。其结果是，目前中国货物贸易顺差主要存在于中美贸易、中欧 贸易之间，而中国与日本、韩国、东盟等工业中间品主要生产国则长期存在贸易 逆差。2010 年，中国对美国、欧盟的货物贸易顺差分别为 1813 亿美元和 1428 亿美元，对日本、韩国及东盟的货物贸易逆差共计 1416 亿美元；中国大陆对台 湾地区货物贸易逆差 860 亿美元。 中国生产和出口工业制成品需要大量进口初级 产品，因此与一些初级产品出口国的货物贸易呈现逆差。正是现阶段中国制造业 和服务业参与国际分工的水平和地位不同，所以中国货物贸易存在着大量顺差， 而服务贸易则长期逆差。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
中国的货物贸易顺差主要来源于外商投资企业和加工贸易。 在经济全球化不 断深化过程中，由于分工的细化和规模经济的要求，越来越多的国际贸易由跨国 公司主导，是基于价值链分工的产业内贸易或加工贸易。改革开放以来，中国吸 收外商直接投资迅速增长。在相当长的时间里，外商投资企业进出口和主要由外 商投资企业经营的加工贸易在中国货物贸易中的比重都保持在 50%左右。外商投 资企业进出口和加工贸易是中国货物贸易顺差的主要来源。2009 年和 2010 年， 外商投资企业货物贸易顺差分别为 1270 亿美元和 1243 亿美元， 占同期中国货物 贸易顺差总额的 64.8%和 68.4%，加工贸易顺差分别高达 2646 亿美元和 3229 亿 美元，大大高于同期中国顺差总额。在外商投资企业进出口和加工贸易存在大量 顺差的同时，国有企业进出口、一般贸易和其他贸易方式则存在逆差。 发达国家对部分高新技术贸易设限也影响中国与一些贸易伙伴的贸易平衡。 中国正处在工业化加速发展时期， 对发达国家的先进设备和高新技术有着较大的 进口需求。但是一些发达国家却仍然坚持旧有思维，对向中国出口高端装备和高 新技术产品设置了诸多限制，导致其相关产品对中国出口增长缓慢。这在一定程 度上阻碍了中国自这些国家的进口，不利于双边贸易的平衡。 中国货物贸易由逆差转变为顺差改善了中国的国际收支状况， 增强了中国抵 御外部风险的能力。但是顺差急剧扩大也给中国经济带来困扰。出口结汇人民币 大量投放增加了宏观经济调控的难度和复杂性。 货物贸易顺差急剧扩大还使得中 国与一些贸易伙伴摩擦增多，对人民币形成了持续和较大的升值压力。 中国政府高度重视对外贸易发展中的不平衡问题， 采取了一系列政策措施抑 制顺差过快增长。第一，积极调整经济结构，努力扩大内需，尤其是增加改善民 生投资，刺激居民消费增长。第二，出台一系列扩大进口政策，简化进口管理和 进口付汇手续，降低部分商品进口暂定税率，完善进口促进体系，提高进口便利 化程度。第三，调整出口退税政策，先后降低或取消部分高耗能、高污染和资源
性商品的出口退税。第四，修改加工贸易禁止类和限制类目录，扩大禁止类的范 围，促进加工贸易转型升级。第五，改变自亚洲金融危机以后人民币兑美元变动 区间收窄的状况，从 2005 年 7 月 21 日起实行以市场供求为基础、参考一篮子货 币进行调节、有管理的浮动汇率制度。自 2005 年 7 月汇率机制改革至 2011 年 8 月末，人民币兑美元名义汇率升值了约 30%。 中国促进对外贸易平衡增长的措施取得了明显成效。货物贸易顺差自 2009 年以来持续减少， 顺差与进出口总值和国内生产总值之比自 2008 年起逐渐下降， 对外贸易正在趋于平衡。中国的这些努力既是中国自身经济发展的需要，也是推 动世界经济结构调整和再平衡的具体行动。 五、构建全方位互利合作经贸关系 中国的对外贸易是全方位发展的对外贸易。中国坚持不分大小、贫富，与所有贸易伙伴 发展务实合作和互利共赢的经贸关系。 中国与发达国家贸易持续稳定增长， 实现了优势互补和互惠互利。 中国与欧盟贸易近年 来稳步发展。欧盟对中国出口商品主要是工业制成品，其中技术领先的机械、电子产品、运 输车辆、成套设备、核心零部件和精密元器件等在中国市场颇具竞争力。中国与美国贸易有 着坚实的发展基础。 中国出口丰富多样的消费品适应了美国消费者的需求， 同时不断扩大自 美国的电子、航空、生物、 医药、 农产品以及服务贸易进口，也满足了中国自身发展的需要。 中国与日本贸易具有地缘相近的有利条件。 中日贸易促进了两国产业的持续合作和进步， 也 带动了东亚区域经济分工与合作的深入发展。中国与加拿大、澳大利亚、瑞士、新西兰等发 达国家的贸易及投资合作均保持良好发展势头。 中国与新兴市场和发展中国家贸易增长强劲，发展潜力巨大。2010 年，中国与东盟自 由贸易协定全面实施，90%的商品实现零关税，有力地推动了中国东盟双边贸易迅速增长。 中国与东盟各自有特色和竞争力的商品自由进入对方市场， 适应了双方多方面的需求。 中国 与韩国贸易保持持续稳定增长， 两国相互投资和经济合作领域十分宽广。 中国与其他金砖国 家的贸易近年来快速增长， 带动了各自优势产业的强劲发展， 显示了新兴经济市场具有广阔 的发展前景。近年来，中国与其他发展中国家贸易也以较快速度增长，与阿拉伯国家源远流 长的贸易进一步发展， 与拉美国家经济贸易合作领域不断拓宽， 与非洲国家的贸易充分发挥 双方资源条件和经济结构的互补性优势，促进了各自发展。 中国十分重视双边和区域经贸合作的机制化建设。 目前与中国签订双边贸易协定或经济 合作协定的国家和地区已超过 150 个。中国与美、欧、日、英、俄等主要经济体均建立和保 持着经济高层对话机制。中国积极参与亚太经济合作组织、东盟与中日韩(10＋3)领导人会 议、东亚峰会、中非合作论坛、大湄公河次区域经济合作、中亚区域经济合作、“大图们倡 议”等区域和次区域经济合作机制。中国坚持“与邻为善、以邻为伴”方针，与周边国家和地 区建立和发展多种形式的边境经济贸易合作。 中国积极主动参与并推动区域经济一体化进程。截至 2010 年底，中国已经与五大洲 28 个国家和地区进行了 15 个自由贸易安排或紧密经贸关系安排谈判， 签订和实施了 10 个自由 贸易协定或紧密经贸关系安排。 正在进行的自由贸易协定谈判 5 个。 中国倡议建立东亚自由
贸易区。2010 年，中国与 10 个自由贸易协定或紧密经贸关系安排伙伴(东盟、巴基斯坦、 智利、新加坡、新西兰、秘鲁、哥斯达黎加、中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾)的双边货物 贸易总额达到 7826 亿美元，超过了中国进出口总额的四分之一。 中国深入参与和推动世界贸易组织多哈回合谈判， 努力维护多边贸易体制的权威性。 中 国强调谈判要有利于贯彻落实多边贸易体制的公平、 公正原则， 体现多哈回合作为发展回合 的目标。中国全面参与了多哈回合的农业、非农产品、服务、规则等议题的谈判，独立提交 谈判案文 40 多份，联合其他成员提交案文 100 多份。为推进多哈回合谈判，中国多次表示 愿意为谈判作出建设性的、与自身发展水平相适应的贡献。 中国在解决与贸易伙伴的争议时兼顾各方利益，求同存异。加入世界贸易组织以来，随 着进出口持续增长，中国与贸易伙伴的争端和摩擦有所增多。涉案产品主要集中在纺织品、 鞋类、轮胎、汽车零部件、钢铁和化工产品，争议问题主要涉及知识产权、贸易平衡、公平 贸易、食品安全、环境保护等领域。中国始终认为对话比对抗好，合作比施压好，应当努力 通过协商谈判解决贸易伙伴之间的争议。 中国坚持兼顾和平衡各方利益， 在世界贸易组织规 则和体制内，利用多双边渠道，通过对话、协商和谈判来解决争议。近年来，中国在扩大市 场开放、保护知识产权、促进贸易平衡、改革人民币汇率形成机制、规范进出口经营秩序等 方面采取了许多措施，充分照顾到贸易伙伴的关切。在协商不能解决争端的情况下，中国通 过世界贸易组织争端解决机制， 妥善处理与贸易伙伴的贸易争端， 维护了多边贸易体制的稳 定。 六、实现对外贸易的可持续发展 目前，中国对外贸易发展还存在不均衡、不协调、不可持续的问题，突出表 现在：出口增长主要依赖资源、能源、土地、劳动力和环境等要素投入及耗费， 科技、管理、创新等要素投入不足，外贸发展与资源能源供给和环境承载力的矛 盾日益突出；企业研发、设计、营销和服务等方面的竞争力还不强，自有知识产 权和自有品牌出口产品所占比重不大；外贸发展对三次产业的贡献还不够均衡； 中西部地区对外贸易规模和水平还相对落后； 外贸增长的质量和效益有待进一步 提高等。 中国政府清醒地认识到这些问题， 采取积极措施加快转变外贸发展方式， 实现外贸的可持续发展。 努力培育外贸发展的综合竞争优势。面对近年来劳动力成本不断上升、资源 和能源等生产要素价格大幅上涨、出口产业传统的低成本优势大大弱化的新情 况，中国政府提出了外贸由粗放型发展向集约型发展转变的战略目标。“十一 五”规划期间(2006—2010 年)，中国政府调整进出口税收政策，深入实施科技 兴贸战略、市场多元化战略和以质取胜战略，开展加工贸易转型升级试点，改进 对进出口企业的融资保险服务，推动企业加快技术进步和产品结构优化，增强了 外贸的综合竞争优势。大部分进出口企业经受住了国际金融危机冲击，进出口贸 易在危机后实现了较快复苏。“十二五”规划期间(2011—2015 年)，中国将努 力保持现有出口竞争优势， 加快培育以技术、 品牌、 质量和服务为核心的新优势， 促进工业转型升级，延长加工贸易增值链，提高企业和产品的竞争力和附加值。 大力发展服务贸易，促进货物贸易和服务贸易协调发展。继续扩大服务业对外开 放，推动服务外包发展，努力扩大新兴服务出口。财政税收、金融保险、外汇管 理、海关通关、检验检疫、物流和运输等领域都将进一步完善和落实国家相关政
策，加快贸易和投资便利化，努力推动对外贸易的稳定健康发展。 加快推进外贸发展中的节能减排。早在 1994 年，中国政府就制定并发表了 《中国 21 世纪议程——中国 21 世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，将节能减排纳 入国民经济和社会发展目标。 “十一五”和“十二五”规划都把降低能源消耗和 二氧化碳排放强度作为约束性指标。2004 年以来，中国多次下调甚至取消部分 高耗能、高污染和资源性商品出口退税，禁止和限制部分此类产品的加工贸易， 鼓励进出口企业向国际上先进的环保标准看齐。近年来，中国出口商品中“两高 一资”商品的比重大幅下降，新能源和节能环保产品出口大幅增长。大部分达到 一定规模的进出口生产企业都已经获得 ISO14000 等与环保有关的标准认证。中 国将努力调整经济结构和产业结构，加快先进节能环保技术的应用，促进对外贸 易与资源节约、环境保护更加协调发展。 加强与贸易有关的知识产权保护。加强知识产权保护，是中国履行国际义务 的需要，更是转变经济发展方式、建设创新型国家的内在要求。多年来，中国政 府在知识产权保护方面做了大量工作，在立法、执法、宣传、培训及提高全社会 知识产权保护意识等方面取得了显著成效。2008 年，中国制定了《国家知识产 权战略纲要》 把保护知识产权提升到国家战略的高度加以推进。 ， 2006 年至 2011 年，中国连续 6 年颁布《中国保护知识产权行动计划》，实施了包括立法、执法、 教育培训、文化宣传和对外交流等多个领域的 1000 多项具体措施。2010 年，中 国通过《专利合作条约》提出的国际专利申请量达到 12295 件，比 2009 年增长 55.6%，增速居各国之首，世界排名从第五位上升至第四位。当前，加强与贸易 有关的知识产权保护是世界各国共同面临的挑战， 加强对话与合作成为世界知识 产权保护的潮流。中国政府将在有关国际公约和各自法律框架下，与世界各国和 地区加强知识产权交流与合作，共同推进知识产权事业的健康发展。 提高出口商品的质量和安全要求。中国出口商品质量总体上不断提高，受到 全球消费者欢迎和认可。2009 年和 2010 年，经出入境检验检疫机构检验检疫的 中国出口货物分别为 1103.2 万批和 1305.4 万批，不合格率分别为 0.15%和 0.14%； 出口货值分别为 4292.7 亿美元和 5521.8 亿美元， 不合格率分别为 0.12% 和 0.13%。2010 年，中国出口美国的食品为 12.7 万批，合格率 99.53%；出口欧 盟的食品 13.8 万批，合格率 99.78%。日本厚生省进口食品监控统计报告显示， 2010 年日本对自中国进口的食品以 20%的高比例进行抽检，抽检合格率为 99.74%，高于同期对自美国和欧盟进口食品的抽检合格率。但是，中国国内仍有 少数企业为降低成本而忽视商品质量和安全， 也有一些外国进口商不讲质量和诚 信，压低商品价格甚至直接授意中国生产商使用不合格原料。这些行为损害了 “中国制造”的信誉。针对这些问题，中国政府近年来不断完善商品质量安全法 律法规，加强了各环节监管，严厉查处少数违法违规造成质量问题的企业。2011 年 3 月，中国启动“外贸商品质量提升年”活动，进一步健全外贸商品质量和安 全的许可、认证和监督机制，提高了对出口商品质量与安全保障的效率。 增强进出口企业的社会责任意识。随着对外开放不断扩大，越来越多的中国 企业认识到，企业自身发展壮大的同时需要承担相应的社会责任。这不仅有利于 社会和谐进步，也有利于提高企业竞争力和可持续发展能力。中国各级政府正通
过倡导科学发展观和和谐社会理念， 推动企业提高社会责任意识， 尊重劳工权益， 维护消费者权利，保护生态环境。同时，中国政府鼓励企业在进出口贸易中接受 有关的社会责任标准，争取获得必要的社会责任认证。2008 年新的《劳动合同 法》及其实施条例施行以来，进出口企业普遍建立了“五险一金”(养老保险、 医疗保险、失业保险、工伤保险、生育保险和住房公积金)制度。中国政府把增 强企业社会责任作为推动外贸转型升级的一项重要任务， 今后将加强对企业社会 责任的宣传和培训，建立和健全进出口企业诚信管理体系，完善全社会对企业社 会责任的监督，开展企业社会责任培育和管理的国际合作，推动进出口企业不断 提高承担社会责任的水平。 促进战略性新兴产业的国际合作。 发展战略性新兴产业对于外贸转型升级和 可持续发展具有重大意义。经过改革开放 30 多年的发展，中国综合国力明显增 强， 科技水平不断提高， 工业体系逐步完备， 战略性新兴产业发展有了坚实基础。 但与发达国家相比，中国新兴产业仍然处在初步发展阶段。2008 年国际金融危 机之后，世界各主要经济体都在加速发展新兴产业，中国把发展战略性新兴产业 作为产业振兴的一项重要任务。为了推动重点领域的发展，在发挥市场配置资源 基础性作用的同时，中国政府加强政策引导，规范市场秩序，改善投资环境，鼓 励企业提高技术创新能力。 中国支持战略性新兴产业发展的基本政策符合国际贸 易规则，愿加强与世界各国在科学研究、技术开发和能力建设等方面的交流，为 开创新兴产业国际合作和发展的新局面共同努力。 结束语 当前，国际金融危机深层次影响还在不断显露，世界经济复苏的长期性、艰 巨性和复杂性更加凸显，全球经济结构和贸易格局面临着深刻调整。中国对外贸 易也将进行新的调整，努力实现从规模扩张向质量和效益提高转变，从主要依赖 低成本优势向增强综合竞争优势转变，从贸易大国向贸易强国转变。 中国对外贸易的发展，仍受到诸多不确定因素的制约，会遇到新的困难和压 力。 在“十二五”期间， 中国将进一步扩大开放， 以开放促改革、 以开放促发展、 以开放促创新，努力发挥自身优势，加强全方位国际合作，在更大范围、更广领 域、更高层次融入世界经济。中国愿意与贸易伙伴一起，共同应对世界经济和贸 易发展面临的各种挑战，推动对外贸易实现更平衡、更协调和可持续发展，与贸 易伙伴共享繁荣，实现共赢。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂