中国的民族政策与各民族共同繁荣发展
China's Ethnic Policy and Common Prosperity and Development of All Ethnic Groups
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
二○○九年九月·北京
September 9, 2009, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前 言
Preface
一、统一的多民族国家和中华民族的多元一体
I. A Unified Multi-Ethnic Country and a Nation with Diverse Cultures
二、坚持各民族一律平等
II. Full Equality among Ethnic Groups
三、巩固和发展全国各族人民的大团结
III. Consolidating and Developing the Great Unity of All Ethnic Groups
四、坚持和完善民族区域自治制度
IV. Upholding and Improving Regional Ethnic Autonomy
五、加快少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展
V. Accelerating the Economic and Social Development of the Ethnic Minorities and Minority Areas
六、保护和发展少数民族文化
VI. Protection and Development of Cultures of the Ethnic Minorities
七、加强少数民族干部和人才队伍建设
VII. Striving to Foster Cadres and Talented People of the Ethnic Minorities
结束语
Conclusion
前 言
Preface
我们生活的地球，是一个民族的世界。当今世界，约有3000个民族，分布在200多个国家和地区，绝大多数国家由多民族组成。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
We live in a world of diverse peoples. About 3,000 ethnic groups live in over 200 countries and regions in today's world. The overwhelming majority of countries are inhabited by multi-ethnic groups.
中国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。在漫长的历史进程中，中国各族人民密切交往、相互依存、交流融合、休戚与共，形成了中华民族多元一体的格局，共同开发了祖国的大好河山，共同推动了国家发展和社会进步。
China is a unified multi-ethnic country jointly created by the people of all its ethnic groups. In the long course of historical evolution people of all ethnic groups in China have maintained close contacts, developed interdependently, communicated and fused with one another, and stood together through weal and woe, forming today's unified multi-ethnic Chinese nation, and promoting the development of the nation and social progress.
新中国成立以来，中国共产党和中国政府牢牢把握各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的主题，坚持从本国国情出发，总结历史经验，借鉴世界其他国家的有益做法，开创了具有中国特色的解决民族问题的正确道路，确立并实施了以民族平等、民族团结、民族区域自治和各民族共同繁荣为基本内容的民族政策，形成了比较完备的民族政策体系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, following the guideline of unity among all ethnic groups for common prosperity and drawing on China's historical experience and the useful practices of other countries, always with a view to China's actual situation, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government have carved out a path for the successful solution to ethnic issues with Chinese characteristics, exercised the ethnic policy featuring equality, unity, regional ethnic autonomy, and common prosperity for all ethnic groups, thus forming a relatively complete ethnic policy system.
符合国情的正确的民族政策，促进了中国各族人民同心同德、和睦相处、和衷共济，开创了经济发展、政治安定、文化繁荣、社会和谐的良好局面，少数民族的面貌、民族地区的面貌、民族关系的面貌发生了历史性巨大变化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
This correct ethnic policy in line with China's actual situation has fostered the unity and harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups who are striving with one mind for economic development, political stability, cultural prosperity and social harmony. The ethnic minorities, minority areas, and relationships among ethnic groups have all experienced tremendous historic changes.
一、统一的多民族国家和中华民族的多元一体
I. A Unified Multi-Ethnic Country and a Nation with Diverse Cultures
1949年中华人民共和国成立以来，通过识别并经中央政府确认，中国共有民族56个，即汉、蒙古、回、藏、维吾尔、苗、彝、壮、布依、朝鲜、满、侗、瑶、白、土家、哈尼、哈萨克、傣、黎、傈僳、佤、畲、高山、拉祜、水、东乡、纳西、景颇、柯尔克孜、土、达斡尔、仫佬、羌、布朗、撒拉、毛南、仡佬、锡伯、阿昌、普米、塔吉克、怒、乌孜别克、俄罗斯、鄂温克、德昂、保安、裕固、京、塔塔尔、独龙、鄂伦春、赫哲、门巴、珞巴和基诺族。其中，汉族人口占绝大多数，其他55个民族人口相对较少，习惯上称为“少数民族”。
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, some 56 ethnic groups have been identified and confirmed by the central government, namely, the Han, Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan, Uyghur, Miao,Yi, Zhuang, Buyei, Korean, Manchu, Dong, Yao, Bai, Tujia, Hani, Kazak, Dai, Li, Lisu, Va, She, Gaoshan, Lahu, Shui, Dongxiang, Naxi, Jingpo, Kirgiz, Tu, Daur, Mulao, Qiang, Blang, Salar, Maonan,Gelao, Xibe, Achang, Pumi, Tajik, Nu, Uzbek, Russian, Ewenki, Deang, Bonan (also Bao' an), Yugur, Jing, Tatar, Derung, Oroqen, Hezhe, Monpa, Lhoba and Jino. The Han ethnic group has the largest population, while the populations of the other 55 ethnic groups are relatively small, and so the latter are customarily referred to as "ethnic minorities."
Over the past 60 years, the total population of the ethnic minorities has been on a constant increase, comprising a rising proportion in China's total population. The five national censuses that have been conducted show that the total population of ethnic minorities was 35.32 million in 1953, 6.06 percent of the total population; 40.02 million in 1964, 5.76 percent of the total; 67.30 million in 1982, 6.68 percent of the total; 91.20 million in1990, 8.04 percent of the total; and 106.43 million in 2000, 8.41 percent of the total. The populations of the ethnic groups vary greatly from one to another. For example, the Zhuang has a population of 17 million, far more than that of the Hezhe, numbering only some 4,000.
Chart 1 Proportions of Ethnic Minorities in China's Total Population (Statistics from the Five National Censuses)
中国各民族的人口分布呈现大散居、小聚居、交错杂居的特点。汉族地区有少数民族聚居，民族地区也有汉族居住，你中有我、我中有你；许多少数民族既有一块或几块聚居区，又散居全国各地。西南和西北是少数民族分布最集中的两个区域。西部12个省、自治区、直辖市居住着全国近70%的少数民族人口，边疆9个省、自治区居住着全国近60%的少数民族人口。随着中国经济社会的发展，少数民族人口分布范围进一步扩大，目前全国散居地区少数民族人口已超过3000万。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Some of China's ethnic groups inhabit vast areas, while others live in individual compact communities in small areas or live in mixture. In some cases, minority peoples can be found living in compact communities in areas inhabited mainly by Han people, while in other cases the situation is the other way round. Many minority peoples have part of their population living in one or more compact communities and the rest are scattered across the country. China's northwest and southwest are the two regions where minority peoples are most concentrated. Western China, consisting of nine provinces, three autonomous regions and one municipality directly under the central government, is home to 70 percent of China's minority population. The nine border provinces and autonomous regions are home to 60 percent of China's minority population. As China's economy and society continue to develop, the scope of minority population distribution is growing. So far, the scattered minority population across the country has topped 30 million.
中国少数民族聚居区大都地广人稀，资源富集。民族地区的草原面积，森林和水力资源蕴藏量，以及天然气等基础储量，均超过或接近全国的一半。全国2.2万多公里陆地边界线中的1.9万公里在民族地区。全国的国家级自然保护区面积中民族地区占到85%以上，是国家的重要生态屏障。
In places where ethnic minorities live in compact communities, the minority populations are usually small, whereas the areas they live in are often large and rich in resources. The areas of grassland and forest, and water and natural gas reserves in areas inhabited by minority peoples account for nearly or over half of the national totals. Of China's over-22,000-km terrestrial boundary, 19,000 km traverses minority areas. In addition, the minority areas boast 85 percent of the country's state-level natural reserves, making them an important guardian of China's ecology.
The origins and development of ethnic groups in China are diverse, and have been shaped by local conditions. Some 4,000-5,000 years ago, five major ethnic groups -- the Huaxia, Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi -- emerged on what is now the Chinese territory. Through continuous migration, living together, intermarriage and communication, the five ethnic groups became assimilated to each other in the course of their development, and gradually became integrated into one, from which new ethnic groups continually sprang up. Some of the latter remain distinct to this day, while others, including the once-renowned Xiongnu (Hun), Yuezhi (or Rouzhi), Xianbei, Rouran, Tuyuhun, Tujue, Dangxiang, Khitan and Saka peoples, have disappeared in the course of history due to wars, deterioration of the eco-environment or loss of identity.
中国各民族形成和发展的情况虽然各不相同，但总的方向是发展成为统一的多民族国家，汇聚成为统一稳固的中华民族。今天中国的疆域和版图，是中华大家庭中各民族在长期的历史发展中共同开发形成的。汉族的祖先最先开发了黄河流域和中原地区，藏、羌族最先开发了青藏高原，彝、白等民族最先开发了西南地区，满、锡伯、鄂温克、鄂伦春等民族的祖先最先开发了东北地区，匈奴、突厥、蒙古等民族先后开发了蒙古草原，黎族最先开发了海南岛，台湾少数民族的先民最先开发了台湾岛……
Although the origins and histories of ethnic groups in China are different, the overall trend of their development was to form a unified, stable country with multiple ethnic groups. The boundaries and territory of today's China were developed by all ethnic groups in the big family of the Chinese nation during the long course of historical development. The ancestors of the Han people were the first to develop the Yellow River basin and the Central Plains; those of the Tibetan and Qiang peoples, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; those of the Yi and Bai peoples, southwestern China; those of the Manchu, Xibe, Ewenki and Oroqen peoples, northeastern China; those of the Xiongnu, Tujue and Mongolian peoples, the Mongolian grasslands; those of the Li people, Hainan Island; and the ancestors of the ethnic minority peoples of Taiwan, Taiwan Island.
早在先秦时期，中国先民的“天下”观念和“大一统”理念便已形成。公元前221年，秦朝实现了中国历史上第一次大统一，在全国设郡县加以统治，今天广西、云南等少数民族较为集中的区域都纳入秦朝管辖之下。汉朝（公元前206年—公元220年）进一步发展了统一的局面，在今新疆地区设置西域都护府，管辖包括新疆地区在内的广大地区，并增设17郡统辖四周各民族，形成了包括今天新疆各族人民先民在内的疆域宽广的国家。秦汉开创了中国统一的多民族国家基本格局。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
As early as in the pre-Qin Dynasty times before 221 BC the concepts of "country" and "unification" had taken shape in the minds of the Chinese people. In 221 BC the Qin Dynasty unified the country for the first time. It set up an administrative system of prefectures and counties, and put the regions, including today's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Yunnan Province, where minority peoples were concentrated, under its jurisdiction. The subsequent Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) further consolidated the country's unification. It set up the Protectorate of the Western Regions in today's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, and added 17 prefectures to govern the people of all ethnic groups there. In this way, a state with a vast territory, including today's Xinjiang where the ancestors of the various peoples lived, emerged. The Qin and Han dynasties created the fundamental framework of China as a unified multi-ethnic country.
汉朝以后的历代中央政权发展和巩固了统一的多民族国家的格局。唐朝（618—907年）设安西和北庭两大都护府，管辖包括今天新疆在内的西域地区，设道、府、州或羁縻府、州，管辖中南和西南各少数民族。蒙古族建立的元朝（1206—1368年），在南方部分少数民族聚居的府、州设土官（以少数民族首领充任并世袭的地方行政长官），在中央设宣政院统辖西藏事务，在西藏分设三路宣慰司都元帅府，西藏从此处于中央政府有效行政管理之下，并设澎湖巡检司管理澎湖列岛和台湾。元朝的民族成分包括现今中国绝大多数民族。满族建立的清朝（1644—1911年），在西域设伊犁将军并建新疆行省，在西藏设驻藏大臣，确立由中央政府册封达赖、班禅两大活佛的历史定制，在西南一些少数民族地区实行废除土司制度、选派官员统一管理的“改土归流”（少数民族地方行政长官由中央政府委派）政治改革，最终确定了今天中国的版图。
The central governments of all dynasties following the Han developed and consolidated the unified multi-ethnic country. The Tang Dynasty (618-907) established the Anxi Protector-general' s Office and Beiting Protector-general' s Office to manage administrative affairs in the Western Regions, including today' s Xinjiang, and set up Dao, Fu and Zhou (equivalent to today' s province, prefecture and county) to administer the minority peoples in central-southern and southwestern China. The Yuan Dynasty (1206-1368), established by the Mongols, appointed aboriginal officials or tuguan (hereditary posts of local administrators filled by chiefs of ethnic minorities) in the Fu and Zhou of the southern regions where minority peoples lived in compact communities. The central government set up the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs under it and three Pacification Commissioner's Commanderies in Tibet, whereby Tibet was thenceforth brought under the effective administration of the central government of China. The Yuan also founded the Penghu Military Inspectorate for the administration of the Penghu Islands and Taiwan. Most of modern China's ethnic groups were subjects of the Yuan Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), founded by the Manchus, set up the Ili Generalship and Xin-jiang Province in the Western Regions, appointed Grand Minister Resident in Tibet and established the system of conferring honorific titles on two Living Buddhas -- the Dalai and Panchen -- by the central government. In addition, the Qing court carried out a series of political reforms in southwestern China, including the policy of gaituguiliu, i.e., appropriating the governing power of local hereditary aboriginal chieftains and setting up the system of appointment of local administrators by the central government in the minority areas. China's territory in the Qing Dynasty was basically the same as that of today.
中国历史上虽然出现过短暂的割据局面和局部分裂，但国家统一始终是主流和方向。无论是汉族还是少数民族，都以自己建立的中央政权为中华正统，都把实现多民族国家的统一作为最高政治目标。广袤的疆域是各民族共同开拓的，悠久灿烂的中华文化是各民族共同发展的，统一的多民族国家是各民族共同缔造的。
Despite short-term separations and local divisions in Chinese history, unification has always been the mainstream and trend in the development of the country. The central governments of the various periods, whether they were founded by the Han people or minority groups, considered themselves as "orthodox reigns" of China, and regarded the establishment of a unified multi-ethnic state their highest political goal. The vast territory of China, the time-honored and splendid Chinese culture and the unified multi-ethnic country are all parts of the legacy built by all ethnic groups in China.
统一多民族国家的长期延续，极大地促进了各民族之间的经济、政治和文化交流，增进了各民族对中央政权的向心力和对中华文化的认同感，增强了中华民族的凝聚力、生命力和创造力，促进形成了中华文明的统一性和多样性。历史上，占中国人口多数的汉族主要生活聚居在黄河、长江中下游的中原地区。这里气候温和、土地平坦且肥沃，宜于农耕。而少数民族，大多分布于周边地区，这些地区多草原、沙漠、森林、高原、高山、丘陵、湖泊等，宜于牧业、狩猎、渔业。周边少数民族与中原地区通过“茶马互市”、“绢马互市”等，既满足了中原农业、交通和军事对马匹的需求，也满足了少数民族的日常生活所需，促进了经济互补和共同发展。少数民族建立的辽、金、西夏、大理等政权，在制度建立、疆土治理方面，明显吸收了汉族中原政权的统治经验，融入了中原文化的很多元素。塞北、西域优美的曲调和乐器不断传入中原，对中原音乐的丰富和发展产生了重大影响。随着各民族之间交往和融合程度的加深，交错杂居、共生互补的格局逐步形成，相互依存、共同发展的关系日趋稳固。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The long-standing existence of a unified multi-ethnic state in Chinese history greatly enhanced the economic, political and cultural exchanges among different ethnic groups, reinforced their allegiance to the central government and their identification with Chinese culture, and strengthened the cohesion force, vitality and creativity of the Chinese nation, giving rise to the unification and diversity of Chinese civilization. Traditionally, the Han people, accounting for the majority of China' s total population, mainly lived in the Central Plains on the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers, where the mild climate and flat, fertile land were suitable for farming. The minority peoples mostly lived in peripheral areas, where the abundant grasslands, deserts, forests, plateaus, mountains, hills and lakes were favorable for stock raising, hunting and fishery. The "tea-horse" and "silk-horse" trade between the Han people in the Central Plains and the surrounding minority peoples satisfied the demand of the Han people for horses for use in agriculture, transportation and military affairs while catering to the needs of minority peoples for daily necessities, thereby boosting economic complementarity and common development. The Liao (916-1125), Jin (1115-1234), Western Xia (1038-1227), and Dali (937-1253) states, established by minority peoples in various parts of China, quite clearly drew on the experience of the Han rulers of various dynasties in government system and territorial control, and absorbed many elements of the Central Plains culture. The melodies and musical instruments of the Western Regions and regions beyond the Great Wall were continuously introduced to the Central Plains, and enriched and influenced the music there. As exchanges and fusion among various ethnic groups deepened, the distribution pattern of living together and complementing each other increasingly solidified the relationship of interdependence and common development.
1840年鸦片战争之后的100多年间，中国屡遭西方列强的侵略、欺凌，亡国灭种的危机把中国各民族的命运更加紧密地联结在一起。在国家面临被列强瓜分、民族生死存亡的危急关头，各族人民奋起反抗、共赴国难。19世纪，新疆各族人民支持清朝军队消灭了中亚浩罕国阿古柏的入侵势力，挫败了英、俄侵略者企图分裂中国的阴谋。西藏军民在1888年的隆吐山战役和1904年的江孜战役中，重创英国侵略者。自1931年“九·一八”事件后，在反抗日本帝国主义侵略的抗日战争中，中国各族人民同仇敌忾、浴血奋战，其中的回民支队、内蒙古大青山抗日游击队等许多以少数民族为主的抗日力量，为抗战胜利作出了不可磨灭的贡献。各族人民在反抗外来侵略的同时，针对一小撮民族分裂分子在外部势力扶持下策划、制造的“西藏独立”、“东突厥斯坦”、伪“满洲国”等分裂行径，进行了坚决的斗争，捍卫了国家统一和领土完整。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
For over a century from the first Opium War in 1840, China suffered repeated invasions and bullying by Western powers. On the verge of national subjugation and genocide, the destiny of all ethnic groups in China was linked more closely than ever before. At the critical moment when China faced the danger of being carved up, and when the nation was on the verge of being subjugated, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups united as one, and put up the most arduous and bitter struggles against foreign invaders in order to save the country. In the 19th century, Qing troops, supported by people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, wiped out the invading Yakoob Beg's forces of Central Asia' s Kokand Khanate and defeated the British and Russian invaders' plot to split China. Tibetan people and troops dealt a heavy blow to British invaders at the Battle of Mount Lungthur in 1888 and the Battle of Gyangtse in 1904. In the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression after Japan invaded China on September 18, 1931, the Chinese people of all ethnic groups shared bitter hatred of the enemy, and fought dauntlessly and unflinchingly. Many anti-Japanese forces with ethnic minorities as the mainstay, such as the Hui People's Detachment and the Inner Mongolia' s Daqingshan Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Contingent, made great contributions to China' s victory in that war. While resisting foreign invasions, the people of all ethnic groups fought unswervingly and succeeded in safeguarding national unity and territorial integrity against acts aimed at splitting the country, including plots for the "independence of Tibet," setting up of an "East Turkestan" in Xinjiang and the creation of a puppet state of "Manchukuo" in northeast China, hatched or engineered by ethnic separatists with the support of exterior forces.
在近代反侵略、反分裂的伟大斗争中，各民族在历史上形成的不可分离的关系变得更加牢固，各民族福祸与共、休戚相关的命运共同体的特征更加凸显，各族人民作为中国历史主人的责任感得到了进一步激发和增强，中国各民族共同的文化和心理特征更趋成熟。今天，中华民族已经成为各民族普遍认同的统称和归属。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In the anti-invasion and anti-separatist struggles of modern times, the inseparable relationship among all ethnic groups in China formed in history was further consolidated. All ethnic groups were bound closer together by a common destiny of sharing weal and woe, and felt a stronger sense of responsibility as creators of Chinese history. The common cultural and psychological characteristics of all ethnic groups in China became increasingly more mature and outstanding. Today, the Chinese nation has become a name with which all ethnic groups in China identify themselves and to which they give their allegiance.
二、坚持各民族一律平等
II. Full Equality among Ethnic Groups
民族平等，是中国民族政策的基石。
Equality among ethnic groups is a cornerstone of China's ethnic policy.
实行民族平等是中国的宪法原则。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。”根据这一原则精神，《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》等法律法规对民族平等进行了具体而明确的规定。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Full equality among ethnic groups is a constitutional principle of China. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the "Constitution") stipulates: "All ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China are equal." Based on this principle, the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy (hereinafter referred to as the "Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy") and other laws and regulations make clear and detailed stipulations about equality among ethnic groups.
在中国，各民族一律平等包括三层含义：一是各民族不论人口多少，历史长短，居住地域大小，经济发展程度如何，语言文字、宗教信仰和风俗习惯是否相同，政治地位一律平等；二是各民族不仅在政治、法律上平等，而且在经济、文化、社会生活等所有领域平等；三是各民族公民在法律面前一律平等，享有相同的权利，承担相同的义务。
In China, the definition of full equality among ethnic groups includes three aspects: first, regardless of their population size, length of history, area of residence, level of economic and social development, differences in spoken and written languages, religious beliefs, folkways and customs, every ethnic group has equal political status; second, all ethnic groups in China have not only political and legal equality, but also economic, cultural and social equality; third, citizens of all ethnic groups are equal before the law, enjoying the same rights and performing the same duties.
经过60年的不懈努力，中国已经基本形成了一个具有中国特色的保障民族平等的法律规范体系，各民族平等权利依法得到保障。
With unremitting efforts throughout the past 60 years, China has basically established a legal system with Chinese characteristics to guarantee the equality of all its ethnic groups. The right to equality among all ethnic groups is ensured by law.
-- Freedom and rights of the person are inviolable. The Constitution and laws of China stipulate that the state respects and safeguards human rights. Violation of the freedom of the person of citizens of any ethnic group is proscribed; unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of the person by other means is prohibited. The personal dignity of citizens of all ethnic groups is inviolable, and their rights of reputation, personal name and portrait are protected by law. Insult, libel, false charge or frame-up directed against citizens by any means is prohibited. Before the founding of the People' s Republic of China in 1949, about a million people lived under the slave system in the Yi-populated areas of Sichuan and other places, and about four million people lived under the serf system in Tibet and Xishuangbanna in Yunnan. The mass of ethnic minority people in these areas were vassals of feudal lords, nobles, temples or slave owners; they had no personal freedom and could be bought and sold, or given as gifts by their owners at will. In Tibet, for example, the Thirteen-Point Law and Sixteen-Point Law formulated in the 17th century and used for more than 300 years, divided the people strictly into three classes and nine grades. According to these laws, the value of the life of a top-grade person of the upper class was measured by the weight of his body in gold, while the value of the life of the lowest-grade person of the lower class, accounting for more than 95 percent of the total population of Tibet, was as cheap as a straw rope. In order to protect the human rights of the people in these areas, the new Chinese government pushed through democratic reforms there in the 1950s, eradicating the slave and serf systems. Serfs and slaves under the old system got their personal freedom and became masters of the new society.
——法律面前一律平等。在中国，任何公民既一律平等地享有宪法和法律规定的权利，又一律平等地履行宪法和法律所规定的义务；公民的合法权益一律受到平等的保护，对违法行为和任何人犯罪都依法予以追究，在适用法律上一律平等，不允许任何人有超越法律的特权。为了保障少数民族使用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利，《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第十一条规定：“各民族公民都有用本民族语言、文字进行民事诉讼的权利。在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，人民法院应当用当地民族通用的语言、文字进行审理和发布法律文书。人民法院应当对不通晓当地民族通用的语言、文字的诉讼参与人提供翻译。”《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》、《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》和《中华人民共和国人民法院组织法》均作了类似的规定。
-- All people are equal before the law. Every Chinese citizen equally enjoys the rights and equally performs the duties prescribed in the Constitution and laws; the legitimate rights and interests of every citizen are under equal protection, and any acts by any person in violation of the law must be investigated in accordance with the law, with equal application of laws. No one may have the privilege of being above the law. In order to guarantee the right of ethnic minorities to use their native spoken and written languages in legal proceedings, Article 11 of the Civil Procedure Law of the People' s Republic of China prescribes: "Citizens of all ethnic groups shall have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in civil proceedings. Where people of an ethnic minority live in a concentrated community or where a number of ethnic groups live together in one area, the people's courts shall conduct hearings and issue legal documents in the spoken and written languages commonly used by the local ethnic groups. The people's courts shall provide translations for any participant in the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used by the local ethnic groups." The Criminal Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and the Organic Law of the People' s Courts of the People' s Republic of China have included similar stipulations.
——平等地享有管理国家事务的权利。在中国，各少数民族与汉族以平等的地位参与国家事务和地方事务的管理。宪法第三十四条规定：“中华人民共和国年满十八周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权”。不仅如此，法律还为少数民族的政治参与给予了特殊保障。全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会，是中国各族人民行使国家权力的机关。《中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会选举法》规定：在同一少数民族人口不到当地总人口15%时，少数民族每一代表所代表的人口数可以适当少于当地人民代表大会每一代表所代表的人口数，人口特别少的民族至少也应有一名代表。历届全国人民代表大会中，少数民族代表人数占全国人民代表大会代表总人数的比例，均高于同期少数民族人口占全国总人口的比例。第十一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会161名委员中，有少数民族人士25名，占15.53%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- All ethnic groups participate in state affairs administration on an equal footing. In China, the ethnic-minority and Han peoples participate as equals in the management of affairs of the state and local governments at various levels. Article 34 of the Constitution states: "All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnicity, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status, or length of residence." In addition, the laws provide other special guarantees for the rights of ethnic minorities to take part in the management of state affairs. The National People's Congress (NPC) and local people's congresses are the organs through which the Chinese people of all ethnic groups exercise state power. In accordance with the Electoral Law of the National People' s Congress and Local People' s Congresses of the People' s Republic of China, where the total population of an ethnic minority in an area is less than 15 percent of the total local population, the number of people represented by each deputy of that ethnic minority may be appropriately smaller than the number of people represented by each of other deputies to the local people' s congress, but ethnic minorities with exceptionally small populations shall each have at least one deputy. In all NPCs, the proportions of deputies of ethnic minorities among the total number of deputies have been higher than the proportions of their populations in the nation's total population in the corresponding periods. Of the 161 members of the 11th NPC Standing Committee held in March 2009, 25 were from ethnic minorities, accounting for15.53 percent of the total.
Chart 2 The Proportions of Deputies of Ethnic Minorities among the Total Number of Deputies in All NPCs
——平等地享有宗教信仰自由。在中国，宗教信仰自由，指每个公民既有信仰宗教的自由，也有不信仰宗教的自由；有信仰这种宗教的自由，也有信仰那种宗教的自由，有过去不信教而现在信教的自由，也有过去信教而现在不信教的自由。宪法第三十六条规定：“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。”为了贯彻宪法原则，国务院颁布了《宗教事务条例》。在中国，少数民族信教群众的正常宗教活动都受到法律的保护，宗教活动场所分布各地，基本满足了信教群众宗教生活的需要。如，在新疆，有清真寺2.43万座，伊斯兰教教职人员2.8万多人。在西藏，有藏传佛教各类宗教活动场所1700多处，住寺僧尼4.6万多人，学经、辩经、受戒、灌顶、修行等传统宗教活动和寺庙学经考核晋升学位活动正常进行，到处都可以看到经幡、麻尼堆以及从事宗教活动的信教群众。此外，中国政府还帮助宗教团体建立宗教院校，培养少数民族宗教教职人员，并对少数民族地区部分宗教活动场所维修给予资助，对生活困难的少数民族宗教界人士给予补贴。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- All ethnic groups enjoy freedom of religious belief on an equal footing. Freedom of religious belief in China means that every citizen has the freedom to believe or not to believe in any religion. Article 36 of the Constitution stipulates, "Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion." The State Council promulgated the Regulations on Religious Affairs to put this constitutional principle into practice. In China, all normal religious activities, including those of ethnic minorities, are protected by law. Venues for religious activities are found all over China, basically satisfying the needs of religious believers. For example, there are over 24,300 mosques in Xinjiang and 28,000 Moslem clergymen. In Tibet, there are over 1,700 venues for Tibetan-Buddhist activities, with 46,000 monks and nuns living in temples. Traditional Buddhist activities are carried out there normally -- from sutra studies and debates to tonsure and abhisheka (consecration) and other Buddhist practices, as well as the system of academic degrees and ordination through examination. Prayer flags, Mani piles and Tibetan-Buddhist believers are seen everywhere in Tibet. Besides, the Chinese government also helps religious groups build seminaries to train clergymen of ethnic minorities, subsidizes the repairs of some religious venues in minority areas, and gives allowances to poor religious believers of ethnic minorities.
——享有使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利。宪法规定：“各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由”。在国家政治生活中，全国人民代表大会、中国人民政治协商会议等重要会议，都提供蒙古、藏、维吾尔、哈萨克、朝鲜、彝、壮等民族语言文字的文件或语言翻译。中国人民币主币除使用汉字之外，还使用了蒙古、藏、维吾尔、壮四种少数民族文字。民族自治地方的自治机关在执行公务时，都使用当地通用的一种或几种文字。同时，少数民族语言文字在教育、新闻出版、广播影视、网络电信等诸多领域，都得到了广泛的应用和发展。
-- All ethnic groups in China have the right to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. "All ethnic groups have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages" is a provision of the Constitution. In the political activities of the state, such as important meetings held by the NPC and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), documents in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur, Kazak, Korean, Yi, Zhuang and other ethnic-minority languages are available, and language interpretation between Han Chinese and these languages is provided. Besides Han Chinese, there are also inscriptions in Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur and Zhuang on China's RMB notes. The organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas all use one or more languages of their areas in their official activities. Ethnic-minority languages are widely used and developed in education, press and publications, radio and TV, film, Internet, telecommunications and many other fields of social life.
——享有保持或改革本民族风俗习惯的自由。宪法规定：各民族“都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。”对少数民族服饰、饮食、居住、婚姻、节庆、礼仪、丧葬等风俗习惯，国家给予了充分尊重和切实保障。如，为了保障一些少数民族饮食清真食品的习惯，北京、江苏、新疆等16个省（自治区、直辖市）以及广州、昆明、成都等多个中心城市，都有专门立法保障清真食品的供应和管理，其他地方在综合性的法规中也对清真食品的管理进行了规范。为了保障少数民族欢度本民族节日的权利，国家法律规定民族自治地方人民政府可以按照有关少数民族的习惯制定放假办法；少数民族职工参加本民族重大节日活动，可以按照国家有关规定放假，并照发工资。为了防止发生侵犯少数民族风俗习惯的问题，国家法律法规对新闻、出版、文艺、学术研究等有关单位和从业人员提出明确要求。刑法专门设有“非法侵犯少数民族风俗习惯罪”，对侵犯少数民族风俗习惯的违法行为依法进行追究。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- All ethnic groups have the freedom to preserve or change their own folkways and customs. It is clearly stipulated in the Constitution that all ethnic groups "have the right to preserve and reform their own folkways and customs." The state accords full respect to and effectively guarantees the practice of folkways and customs of ethnic minorities in clothing, decorations, food, drink, lifestyle, weddings, festivals, ceremonies and funerals. For example, in order to ensure that Muslims have access to their special diet, regulations on the supply and management of halal foodstuffs have been drawn up in 16 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government),including Beijing, Jiangsu and Xinjiang, as well as some major cities such as Guangzhou, Kunming and Chengdu. Other areas have also made relevant specifications in their comprehensive regulations. The rights of ethnic minorities to celebrate their own festivals are also ensured. The laws and regulations of China prescribe that people' s governments in the autonomous areas can enact their own holiday policies in accordance with the customs of the relevant ethnic minorities; ethnic minority workers can enjoy paid holidays when participating in their own major festivals and celebrations in the light of the relevant policies of the state. To prevent violations of the folkways and customs of ethnic minorities, China's laws and regulations make clear requirements for organizations and employees in the fields of press and publications, literature and art, and academic research. The Criminal Law of China has the provision of "crime of infringement upon the folkways and customs of ethnic minorities," and acts that infringe upon the folkways and customs of ethnic minorities will be investigated in accordance with the law.
鉴于少数民族在经济社会发展等方面与汉族相比有一定差距，中国的少数民族公民不仅平等地享有宪法和法律规定的所有公民权利，还依法享有一些特殊的权益保障。
In view of the gap between ethnic minorities and the Han people in social and economic development, citizens of ethnic minorities enjoy not only all civil rights prescribed by the Constitution and the law, but also some special rights and interests in accordance with the law.
国家坚决反对任何形式的民族歧视和压迫。在中国，任何煽动民族仇视和歧视、破坏民族平等团结的言行都是违法的。少数民族如遭受歧视、压迫或侮辱，有向司法机关控告的权利。中国加入了《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》，与国际社会一道，认真履行公约义务，为建立一个没有民族和种族歧视的世界进行着不懈的努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China firmly opposes ethnic discrimination and oppression in any form. Any words or acts aimed at inciting hostility or discrimination against any ethnic group and sabotaging equality and unity among peoples are regarded as violations of the law. Any ethnic minority subjected to discrimination, oppression or insult has the right to complain to judicial institutions. China has joined the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and conscientiously performs the duties prescribed in the convention, making unremitting efforts together with the international community to build a world free from racial and ethnic discrimination.
三、巩固和发展全国各族人民的大团结
III. Consolidating and Developing the Great Unity of All Ethnic Groups
民族团结，是中国处理民族问题的根本原则，也是中国民族政策的核心内容。
Ethnic unity is China's fundamental principle in handling any ethnic issues as well as the core of the country's ethnic policies.
在中国这样一个多民族国家，维护民族团结有着特别重要的意义：其一，民族团结是国家统一的重要保证。只有实现了民族团结，才能维护国家统一。没有民族团结，必然是民族矛盾、冲突不断，导致国家四分五裂、一盘散沙。其二，民族团结是社会稳定的重要前提。只有实现了民族团结，社会才能安定和谐，人民才能安居乐业，国家才能长治久安。其三，民族团结是各项社会事业发展的重要保障。各民族只有团结一心，才能聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展，使经济社会取得长足进步、各族人民生活不断得到改善。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Maintaining the unity of all ethnic groups is particularly significant for China as a multi-ethnic country: First, the unity of all ethnic groups is an important guarantee for the unification of the country. The realization of the unity of all ethnic groups is the prerequisite for safeguarding the unification of the country, and preventing contradictions and conflicts among ethnic groups which could split the country and bring disorder to it. Second, the unity of all ethnic groups is an important prerequisite for social stability. Only such unity can stabilize and harmonize society, bring ease to the people's lives and work, and guarantee the country's long-lasting peace and safety. Third, the unity of all ethnic groups is an important guarantee for the development of all social endeavors. Only unity can concentrate the strength of all the ethnic groups for the construction and development of the country, promote economic and social progress and improve the Chinese people's lives.
The Chinese government and people attach great importance to the unity of all ethnic groups, and regard it as the supreme interest of all the Chinese people, and the fundamental guarantee for the realization of the prosperity and development of all China' s ethnic groups. For many years, all China's ethnic groups have steadfastly adhered to the concept that "the Han Chinese cannot live without the minority groups, which the minority groups cannot live without the Han Chinese, and no one minority group can live without other minority groups." In China, each citizen's fate is linked with that of the country, and each citizen is obliged to resolutely work for the unification of the country and the unity of all ethnic groups, determinedly oppose national separatism and voluntarily devote themselves to the construction of the country. The Chinese government and people firmly believe that the unity and friendship of all ethnic groups are utmost significant for the Chinese nation's vitality, strength and hope.
在中国，民族团结包括汉族和少数民族之间的团结，各少数民族之间的团结，以及同一少数民族内部成员之间的团结。维护民族团结，就是要求在统一的祖国大家庭里，在一律平等的基础上，各民族互相尊重、互相信任、互相学习、互助合作，同呼吸、共命运、心连心，推动各民族和睦相处、和衷共济、和谐发展，不断巩固和发展平等团结互助和谐的民族关系，共同致力于社会主义现代化建设，实现国家富强、民族振兴、人民幸福。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In China, ethnic unity includes the unity of the Han ethnic group with the minority ethnic groups, the unity among the minority ethnic groups and the unity of members of the same ethnic group. For maintaining ethnic unity, all China' s ethnic groups, in the big family of the unified motherland and on the basis of equality, are required to respect each other, trust each other, learn from each other and cooperate with each other. People of all ethnic groups breathe under the same sky and share the same destiny; they should care for each other, promote peaceful coexistence and harmonious development, continuously strengthen and develop socialist ethnic relations based on equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony, devote all to the construction of socialist modernization, and make our country strong, our nation thrive and our people happy.
多年来，国家采取各种措施，努力消除一切不利于民族团结的因素，坚定不移地维护民族团结，努力实现各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展。
For many years, the state has adopted various methods to eliminate all factors adverse to the unity of all ethnic groups, and resolutely maintained this unity, striving to realize common prosperity and development through the concerted efforts of all China' s ethnic groups.
——国家保障各少数民族的合法权利和利益。国家采取法律、经济、行政等手段，着力消除历史遗留下来的民族歧视和民族隔阂，促进各民族团结发展。国家禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。在维护民族团结的实践中，国家既反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也反对地方民族主义。中国政府多次开展全国范围的民族政策执行情况大检查，推动民族政策的全面贯彻落实。随着经济社会的发展，中国的少数民族人口流动更加频繁，城市化、散居化趋势日益明显。为保障城市和散居地区少数民族的合法权益，国家制定实施《城市民族工作条例》、《民族乡行政工作条例》等法律法规，切实加强服务与管理，重点帮助他们发展生产、改善生活，满足他们在节庆、饮食、丧葬等方面的特殊需要。
-- The state guarantees the legitimate rights and interests of all ethnic minorities. The state has employed legal, economic and administrative means to eliminate ethnic discrimination and estrangement left over from past, and promote unity and development. The state prohibits ethnic discrimination and oppression in any form, and bans any behavior aimed at undermining ethnic unity and causing ethnic antagonism. In the practice of maintaining ethnic unity, the state opposes both chauvinism of big ethnic groups, especially Han chauvinism, and local nationalism. The Chinese government has carried out many inspections on the implementation of ethnic policies across the country for guaranteeing their all-round implementation. With the development of the economy and society, the population flow of minority communities is becoming more frequent, increasingly characterized by urbanization and scattered settlement. To guarantee the legitimate rights and interests of minority peoples living in both urban areas and scattered minority communities, the state has promulgated the Regulations on Ethnic Work in Urban Areas, and Regulations on Administrative Work in Ethnic Townships to strengthen services and management in order to help minority communities develop production, improve their lives and meet their cultural and dietary needs.
——国家坚持和完善民族区域自治制度。中国从自己的国情和实际出发，实行民族区域自治制度。民族区域自治制度把国家的集中统一与少数民族聚居地区的区域自治有机结合起来，是解决中国民族问题的一大创造。实行民族区域自治制度，对于保障少数民族当家作主，巩固和发展各民族平等团结互助和谐关系，产生了巨大作用。多年来，国家充分保证民族自治地方依法行使自治权，切实尊重和保障少数民族的合法权益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- The state adheres to and improves the system of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities. In line with its actual conditions, China practices the system of regional ethnic autonomy. This system has organically integrated centralization at the state level and regional autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in compact communities. It is a great creation in handling China's ethnic issues. The system of regional ethnic autonomy has played an important role in guaranteeing that ethnic minorities fully perform their roles as the masters of the country and that the ethnic relations are consolidated and developed on the basis of equality, solidarity, mutual assistance and harmony. For many years the state has guaranteed the full exercise of the self-government rights by the ethnic minorities, and respected and guaranteed their legitimate rights and interests.
——国家坚持把加快少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展作为解决中国民族问题的根本途径。解决民族地区的困难和问题归根结底要靠发展。多年来，国家从战略高度重视少数民族和民族地区发展，在不同时期针对少数民族和民族地区发展的实际，提出工作方针，作出战略部署，从政策、资金、人才、技术等多方面支持少数民族和民族地区发展。国家始终把提高各族人民生活水平作为一切工作的根本出发点和落脚点，千方百计加快发展，切实抓好发展这个第一要务，努力实现各民族共同繁荣发展。经过不懈努力，少数民族和民族地区人民群众的生产生活条件明显改善，思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康水平大幅提高。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- The state is convinced that quickening the economic and social development of minority communities and minority areas is the fundamental solution to China's ethnic issues. Overcoming the difficulties and solving the problems in the minority areas hinges on development. For many years, the state has attached strategic importance to the development of ethnic minorities and the regions where they inhabit, and worked out guidelines and strategic arrangements in line with the realities of ethnic minorities in their different development stages to support the development of the ethnic minorities and the areas where they inhabit in policies, capital, human resources and technology. The state always takes raising the living standard of all ethnic groups as starting point and the ultimate goal of all the works, does its utmost to accelerate the development and carries it out in a down-to-earth manner, and strives to realize the common prosperity of all ethnic groups. Through persistent efforts, the working conditions and living standards of ethnic minorities and the minority areas have been greatly improved, and their standards of ethics, science, culture and health have been raised to a great extent.
——国家不断加强民族团结的宣传教育。国家把民族团结教育纳入公民道德教育的全过程，纳入社会主义精神文明建设的全过程。坚持不懈地在各族干部群众中进行民族理论、民族政策、民族法律法规和民族知识的教育，注重增强教育的针对性和实效性。不仅教育群众，更注重教育干部；不仅教育少数民族干部，更注重教育汉族干部；不仅教育一般干部，更注重教育领导干部。国家特别重视在青少年中进行民族团结教育，要求民族团结教育进学校、进课堂、进教材，使民族大团结的优良传统代代相传。2008年国家颁行了《学校民族团结教育指导纲要（试行）》。2009年，国家将民族团结教育纳入全国小学阶段考查和中考、高考及中等职业教育毕业考试范畴。国家注重对新闻媒体、出版从业人员进行相关培训，引导、鼓励他们准确理解、积极宣传民族政策、民族法律法规和民族基本知识，又好又多地推出宣传民族团结和祖国统一的作品。同时，注意加强对出版物、广播影视作品和互联网的管理，防止出现伤害民族感情、损害民族团结的内容。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- The state constantly strengthens publicity and education in ethnic unity. It has included ethnic unity education in the whole process of ethical education for citizens and the whole process of socialist cultural and ideological construction. The government constantly conducts education among officials and masses of all ethnic groups about ethnic theory, policy, laws and regulations, and knowledge with focuses on the targeted audience and effect. Such publicity and education are not only targeted at ordinary people, but more so at officials; not only at officials of ethnic minorities, but more so at Han officials; not only at low-level officials, but more so at the leading officials. The state attaches special importance to carrying out education in ethnic unity among young people, and makes it a requirement to introduce ethnic unity education into schools and teaching materials in order to pass on this fine tradition from generation to generation. In 2008 the state promulgated the Outline on Education of Ethnic Unity in Schools (Trial). In 2009 the state decided to include the content of ethnic unity into the scope of examinations for primary school students, into the graduation examinations for junior high-school students entering senior high-school students, senior high-school students entering institutions of higher learning, as well as for those entering secondary vocational schools. The state also pays great attention to relevant training for those working in press and publishing, gives guidance and encouragement to them to correctly comprehend and actively publicize ethnic policies, laws and regulations and basic knowledge in this regard, and produce more and better works promoting unity of all ethnic groups and the unification of the country. Meanwhile, the state pays attention to strengthen management over publications, radio and TV programs and video-film products and the use of the Internet to bar any contents hurting ethnic feelings and damaging ethnic unity.
——国家积极开展民族团结进步创建和表彰活动。1988年以来，国家先后召开了四次全国民族团结进步表彰大会，共表彰56个民族的民族团结进步模范4993个，其中模范集体2474个、模范个人2519名，在全社会产生了广泛影响。各级地方政府采取“民族团结宣传教育月”等形式开展民族团结进步创建活动，制定实施民族团结进步创建表彰办法，在全社会树立典型，弘扬正气，推动形成了以维护民族团结为荣、以损害民族团结为耻的社会风尚。如新疆维吾尔自治区将每年五月、内蒙古自治区将每年九月、吉林延边朝鲜族自治州将每年九月、贵州黔东南苗族侗族自治州将每年七月定为“民族团结月”。
-- The state actively carries out activities to commend role models in promoting ethnic unity and progress of ethnic minorities. Since 1988 the state has held four national commendation conferences for promoting ethnic unity and progress, commended 4,993 role models from the 56 ethnic groups, including 2,474 exemplary entities and 2,519 exemplary individuals. Local governments at all levels also carry out such activities in various forms, including the "Ethnic Unity Month," formulate relevant commendation methods, set up role models, foster uprightness in the whole society; and create an environment of "honor to those safeguarding the ethnic unity and shame to those damaging the ethnic unity." The "Ethnic Unity Month" is carried out every May in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, September in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and the Jilin Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, and July in the Guizhou Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture.
——国家妥善处置影响民族团结的矛盾和问题。国家坚持团结、教育、疏导、化解为主的方针，具体问题具体分析，是什么问题就解决什么问题，避免事态扩大和矛盾激化。国家维护法律尊严，维护人民利益，凡属违法犯罪的，不论涉及哪个民族、信仰何种宗教，都依法处理。近年来，中央和地方各级政府都建立了处理影响民族团结问题的长效机制和应急预案，及时妥善地处置了各种影响民族团结的矛盾纠纷和事件，维护了民族团结和社会大局稳定。
-- The state appropriately handles disputes and conflicts jeopardizing ethnic unity. The state adheres to the guidelines of unity, education, guidance and settlement of disputes or conflicts, analyzes and resolves such issues in a realistic way so as not to step up the disputes or conflicts. The state safeguards the dignity of law and protects the people's interests, and punishment will be meted out for any criminal offences regardless of the convict's ethnicity, religious belief in accordance with the law. In recent years, the central government and local governments at all levels have established permanent mechanisms and emergency response plans for handling issues jeopardizing ethnic unity, and appropriately and promptly resolve conflicts and incidents jeopardizing ethnic unity for the maintenance of the unity of all ethnic groups and social stability.
中国的民族问题是中国的内部事务。中国政府坚决反对和抵制一切外部势力打着“民族”、“宗教”、“人权”的旗号插手、干预中国的民族问题，严密防范和依法打击境内外各种恐怖主义势力、分裂主义势力、极端主义势力对中国的渗透、破坏、颠覆活动。历史和现实表明，民族团结友爱，则政通人和、百业兴旺；民族冲突纷争，则社会动荡、人民遭殃。
China's ethnic issues are strictly internal affairs of the country itself. The Chinese government resolutely opposes all foreign interference in the country's internal ethnic affairs under the excuses of "ethnicity," "religion" and "human rights." The country is determined, in accordance with the law, to guard against and crack down on any infiltration into China, sabotage and subversive activities against China conducted by forces of terrorism, separatism and extremism. History and reality have proved that if all ethnic groups in a country are united and treat one another with love, such a nation is bound to enjoy good administration, harmonious life and prosperity; if a country is full of ethnic conflicts and confrontations, such a nation is sure to suffer social unrest and bring calamity to its people.
四、坚持和完善民族区域自治制度
IV. Upholding and Improving Regional Ethnic Autonomy
民族区域自治，是中国解决民族问题的基本政策，也是中国的一项基本政治制度。
Regional ethnic autonomy is a basic policy China adopts to handle problems among its ethnic groups and a fundamental political system for this country.
中国的民族区域自治，是指在国家的统一领导下，各少数民族聚居地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。
China's regional ethnic autonomy means that under the unified leadership of the state, regional autonomy is exercised and organs of self-government are established in areas where various ethnic minorities live in compact communities.
中国民族自治地方的设立是根据当地民族关系、经济发展等条件，并参酌历史情况而确定的。目前，中国的民族自治地方依据少数民族聚居区人口的多少、区域面积的大小，分为自治区、自治州、自治县三级，行政地位分别相当于省、设区的市和县。民族自治地方的人民代表大会和人民政府既是自治机关，也是国家的一级地方政权机关，根据本地方的实际贯彻执行国家的法律政策。民族区域自治是在国家统一领导下的自治，各民族自治地方都是国家不可分离的部分，各民族自治地方的自治机关都必须服从中央的领导。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The establishment of an autonomous area is determined by the relationships among its local ethnic groups, the economic development of the locality, and its historical background. At present, in the light of the size of population and areas where ethnic minorities inhabit, ethnic autonomous areas are divided into three levels, namely, autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties -- equivalent to the province, city with districts and county, respectively. People's congresses and people's governments of autonomous areas are organs of self-government, as well as the country's local power organs, implementing state laws and policies in accordance with local conditions. Regional ethnic autonomy is a self-government system under the unified leadership of the state. Every ethnic autonomous area is an inseparable part of the country. Organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas must follow the leadership of the central government.
中国实行民族区域自治，是尊重历史、合乎国情、顺应民心的必然选择。第一，从历史传统来说，统一多民族国家的长期存在，是实行民族区域自治的历史渊源。第二，从民族关系来说，在中华民族多元一体格局中，各民族之间密切而广泛的联系，是实行民族区域自治的经济文化基础。第三，从民族分布来说，中国各民族的大杂居、小聚居的状况，以及自然、经济、文化的多样性和互补性，是实行民族区域自治的现实条件。
The implementation of regional ethnic autonomy is an inevitable choice for China when it takes into account history, national conditions and the will of the people. First, as far as history and traditions are concerned, the long-term existence of a unified multi-ethnic country is the historical background for implementing regional ethnic autonomy. Second, as far as ethnic relationships are concerned, the Chinese people consist of multi-ethnic groups, and the close and extensive ties among them are the economic and cultural base for the implementation of regional ethnic autonomy. Third, as far as the distribution of ethnic groups are concerned, the reality that some ethnic groups live together over vast areas while others live in individual concentrated communities in small areas, and the natural, economic and cultural diversity and supplementation are the actual conditions for enacting the system of regional ethnic autonomy.
实行民族区域自治，有利于把国家的集中、统一与各民族的自主、平等结合起来，有利于把国家的法律政策与民族自治地方的具体实际、特殊情况结合起来，有利于把国家的富强民主文明和谐与各民族的团结进步繁荣发展结合起来，有利于把各族人民热爱祖国的感情与热爱自己民族的感情结合起来。在统一的祖国大家庭里，中国各民族既和睦相处、和衷共济、和谐发展，又各得其所、各尽其能、各展所长。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The implementation of regional ethnic autonomy is beneficial to combining the country's centralism and unification with the freedom and equality of ethnic groups, integrating state laws and policies with actual conditions and specific circumstances of ethnic autonomous areas, uniting the goal of building a wealthy, democratic, civilized and harmonious country with the unity, progress, prosperity and development of ethnic peoples, and linking ethnic peoples' love for the motherland with their love for their ethnic group. In the unified big family, China's various ethnic groups live together in peace, work together with one heart and mind and develop together in a harmonious manner, while giving full rein to their respective strengths and advantages.
Over many years, the Chinese government has all along upheld regional ethnic autonomy, constantly improved it as the time becomes ripe, making remarkable achievements in this regard.
民族自治地方普遍建立。早在新中国成立之前的1947年，在中国共产党领导下，中国就建立第一个省级民族自治地方——内蒙古自治区。中华人民共和国成立后，根据宪法和法律的规定，中国政府开始在少数民族聚居的地方全面推行民族区域自治。1955年10月，新疆维吾尔自治区成立；1958年3月，广西壮族自治区成立；1958年10月，宁夏回族自治区成立；1965年9月，西藏自治区成立。截至2008年底，全国共建立了155个民族自治地方，包括5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县（旗）。2000年第五次全国人口普查表明，55个少数民族中，有44个建立了自治地方，实行区域自治的少数民族人口占少数民族总人口的71%，民族自治地方的面积占全国国土面积的64%。此外，中国还建立了1100多个民族乡，作为民族区域自治制度的补充。
Ethnic autonomous areas have been established across the country. As early as 1947 before the founding of the People's Republic of China, under the leadership of the CPC, the country's first provincial-level ethnic autonomous region -- the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region -- was established. After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949, in accordance with stipulations in the Constitution and relevant laws, the Chinese government began to introduce the system of regional autonomy in minority areas. In October 1955, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was established; in March 1958, the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region was established; in October 1958, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region was established; and in September 1965, the Tibet Autonomous Region was established. By the end of 2008, China had in total 155 ethnic autonomous areas. Of these, there were five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties (banners). According to statistics revealed in the fifth national census, conducted in 2000, of the country's 55 ethnic minorities, 44 had their own autonomous areas. The population of ethnic minorities practicing regional autonomy accounted for 71 percent of the total population of ethnic minorities, and the area where such regional autonomy was practiced accounted for 64 percent of the entire territory of China. In addition, China had established 1,100 ethnic townships, as a supplement to the system of regional ethnic autonomy.
民族区域自治法律制度不断完善。1949年中国人民政治协商会议通过的具有临时宪法作用的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》，将民族区域自治确定为新中国的一项基本政策。1952年中央人民政府颁布《民族区域自治实施纲要》，对民族自治地方的建立、自治机关的组成、自治机关的自治权利等重要事项作出明确规定。1954年全国人民代表大会通过的宪法，以根本法形式确认了这一制度，并一直坚持实行这一制度。1984年，在总结民族区域自治历史经验的基础上，第六届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过民族区域自治法，至此，中国的民族区域自治实现了政策、制度、法律的三位一体。民族区域自治法是实施宪法规定的民族区域自治制度的基本法律，规范了中央和民族自治地方的关系以及民族自治地方各民族之间的关系，其法律效力不只限于民族自治地方，全国各族人民和一切国家机关都必须遵守、执行这项法律。2001年，根据社会主义市场经济体制建立的实际，全国人大常委会对民族区域自治法进行修改。2005年，国务院发布《国务院实施〈中华人民共和国民族区域自治法〉若干规定》，明确规定上级人民政府支持和帮助民族自治地方的职责。 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The legal system of regional ethnic autonomy is being constantly improved. The Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC), passed by the CPPCC in 1949, actually served as a provisional constitution. It defined the system of regional ethnic autonomy as a basic policy of New China. In 1952, the Central People's Government issued the Program for the Implementation of Regional Ethnic Autonomy, which included clear provisions on such important issues as the establishment of ethnic autonomous areas and the composition of organs of self-government, as well as the right of self-government for such organs. In 1954, the Constitution adopted by the NPC institutionalized the system in the form of basic law, and has ever since adhered to this system. In 1984, on the basis of summing up the experience of practicing regional ethnic autonomy, the Second Meeting of the Sixth NPC adopted the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy. As a result, the country's system of regional ethnic autonomy has become more complete in terms of policy, system and law. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy is the basic law in the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Constitution. It defines the relationship between the central government and the ethnic autonomous areas, as well as the relationship among different ethnic groups in ethnic autonomous areas. Its legal effect is not limited to ethnic autonomous areas only; every individual in China and all state organs must abide by and implement this law. In 2001, in consideration of actual conditions when the socialist market economy was established, the Standing Committee of the NPC made revisions to the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy. The Provisions of the State Council on Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, issued by the State Council in 2005, define the duties of governments at higher levels to support and help the organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas.
民族自治地方有效行使自治权。民族自治地方的自治机关是自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会和人民政府。民族自治地方的自治机关依法行使以下权力：
Ethnic autonomous areas effectively exercise the right of self-government. The self-government organs in ethnic autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. These organs have the following rights under the law:
-- Independent management of the ethnic group's internal affairs in its autonomous area. People of various ethnic origins in autonomous areas are entitled to vote and stand for election, as provided for in the Constitution and other laws, and, by electing deputies to the people's congresses at various levels and establishing self-government organs, exercise their democratic rights to manage the internal affairs of their own ethnic groups and their autonomous areas. The chairmen and vice chairmen of the standing committees of the people's congresses of all 155 ethnic autonomous areas in China are citizens of the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. The heads of all autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are all citizens of the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. Other members of the people's governments of the autonomous areas include an appropriate number of members of the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy as well as members of other ethnic minorities. The functionaries of the working departments subsidiary to the organs of self-government are composed in a similar fashion.
——享有制定自治条例和单行条例的权力。中国民族区域自治法规定：民族自治地方的人民代表大会除享有地方国家权力机关的权力外，还有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。《中华人民共和国立法法》还规定：自治条例和单行条例可以依照当地民族的特点，对法律和行政法规的规定作出变通规定。截至2008年底，民族自治地方共制定了637件自治条例、单行条例及对有关法律的变通或补充规定。民族自治地方根据本地实际，对国家颁布的婚姻法、继承法、选举法、土地法、草原法等多项法律作出变通和补充规定。
-- Enjoyment of the right to formulate autonomous regulations and separate regulations. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that, besides enjoying the same rights as other local state organs, people's congresses in autonomous areas have the right to enact autonomous regulations and separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the ethnic group or ethnic groups in the areas concerned. The Legislation Law of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the autonomous regulations and separate regulations may contain provisions which have been adapted on the basis of existing laws or administrative regulations to suit the particular conditions of the ethnic group concerned. By the end of 2008, the ethnic autonomous areas had formulated 637 autonomous regulations and separate regulations, as well as adapted or supplemented regulations to relevant laws. In the light of the particular situation in each area, the ethnic autonomous areas have adapted related provisions in several laws, including the Marriage Law, Inheritance Law, Election Law, Land Law and Grassland Law, or provided supplementary regulations to such laws.
——自主安排、管理、发展经济建设事业。民族自治地方的自治机关根据法律规定和本地方经济发展的实际，合理调整生产关系和经济结构，自主地管理隶属于本地方的企业、事业单位。民族自治地方的自治机关依照法律规定管理和保护本地方的自然资源，有管理地方财政的自治权。在国家计划或规划的指导下，民族自治地方的自治机关根据本地条件，自主地制定经济社会发展计划、规划或目标，安排地方基本建设项目。民族自治地方依照国家规定，经国务院批准，可以开辟对外贸易口岸，民族自治地方的自治机关在对外经济贸易活动中，享受国家的优惠政策。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Independent arrangement, management and development of economic construction. Organs of self-government of autonomous areas are entitled to, in accordance with legal provisions and the characteristics of local economic development, rationally adjust the relations of production and economic structure of the said areas, manage enterprises, public institutions under their jurisdiction, manage and protect their local natural resources in accordance with the law, and manage local finance. The self-government organs of all ethnic autonomous areas formulate their own plans and measures for economic and social development, and arrange their own infrastructure projects by following the guidance of the overall state plan for national economic and social development, while at the same time taking into consideration local conditions. Ethnic autonomous areas may, in accordance with the relevant state provisions, open ports for foreign trade after obtaining approval from the State Council. Ethnic autonomous areas may enjoy state preferential policy treatment as regards foreign trade.
——自主发展各项文化社会事业。民族自治地方的自治机关根据国家教育方针，依照法律的规定，决定本地方的教育规划，各级各类学校的设置、学制、办学形式、教学内容和招生办法。民族自治地方的自治机关自主地发展具有民族形式和民族特点的文学、艺术、新闻、出版、广播、电影、电视等民族文化产业。民族自治地方的自治机关组织、支持有关方面搜集、整理、翻译和出版民族历史文化书籍，保护名胜古迹、珍贵文物和其他重要历史文化遗产，继承和发展优秀民族传统文化。
-- Independent development of cultural and social undertakings. The self-government organs of ethnic autonomous areas may determine their educational plans, establishment of schools, educational system, forms by which schools are run, curricula and methods of enrollment, in accordance with the principles concerning education and legal provisions of the state. The self-government organs of ethnic autonomous areas may independently develop cultural undertakings with ethnic characteristics, including literature, art, news, publishing, radio and TV broadcasting, and movies. They may organize relevant entities to collect, edit, translate and publish books related to the history and culture of the ethnic groups; to protect scenic spots, historical sites, valuable cultural relics and other important aspects of the local cultural heritage; and to inherit and carry forward the traditional culture of ethnic groups.
五、加快少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展
V. Accelerating the Economic and Social Development of the Ethnic Minorities and Minority Areas
坚持各民族共同繁荣发展，是中国民族政策的根本立场。
Adhering to common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups is the fundamental stance of China's ethnic policy.
宪法规定：“国家尽一切努力，促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。”民族区域自治法进一步把支持和帮助民族地区加快发展，规定为上级国家机关的法律义务。多年来，国家把支持少数民族和民族地区加快经济社会发展作为国家发展建设的重要内容，不断出台政策措施支持少数民族和民族地区发展。
The Constitution stipulates, "The state does its utmost to promote the common prosperity of all ethnic groups in the country." The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that it is a legal obligation of the higher-level state organs to help the minority areas accelerate their development. Over the years, the state has made it a major part of national development to promote the economic and social progress of the ethnic minorities and minority areas, and has worked out from time to time policies and measures to this end.
Before the founding of New China in 1949, most minority areas had an extremely low level of productivity, backward economic and social development, and extremely poor infrastructure. There was not an inch of railway in Xinjiang, not a single highway in Tibet, and in mountainous Yunnan, horses, elephants and suspension cables were all the locals could rely on for traveling or carrying goods. People of the ethnic minorities engaged mainly in traditional agriculture and animal husbandry. Some places were still in the primitive "slash-and-burn" state. In some areas, people still used wooden and stone tools; and iron tools were not yet widespread. The ethnic minorities led a life full of misery. Life was even worse for those living in the mountainous and desert areas, where a dearth of food and clothing was common. For months almost every year they would run out of grain and had to survive on wild fruits, and in the harsh winter they had nothing to keep out the cold but straw capes. All this hindered the progress of the ethnic minorities. Some of them were on the verge of extinction, with the Hezhen numbering only some 300 people at the time of the founding of New China. It was on such an extremely backward basis that the social and economic construction of the ethnic minorities and minority areas began in New China.
中国共产党和中央政府始终坚持支持少数民族和民族地区加快发展。新中国成立伊始，中国政府即把使各族人民摆脱贫困，生活一天天好起来，作为一项根本任务。20世纪70年代末实行改革开放政策以来，国家坚持以经济建设为中心，把发展作为第一要务，不断加大工作力度，采取多项重大措施加快少数民族和民族地区发展。多年来，少数民族和民族地区始终发扬自力更生、艰苦奋斗的精神，坚持把国家支持、发达地区支援同自身努力结合起来，把国家的优惠政策同发挥自身优势结合起来，奋发图强，用自己的双手建设美好家园。经过全国各族人民的共同团结奋斗，少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展不断跃上新台阶，彻底摆脱了一穷二白的落后面貌，人民生活进入了历史上最好的时期。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The CPC and the central government have always supported the development of the ethnic minorities and minority areas. When New China was established, the Chinese government made it a basic task to rid all ethnic groups of poverty and enable them to lead a better life. Since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies in the late 1970s, the state has focused on economic construction, given top priority to development, made increasing efforts and carried out several significant measures to quicken the advance of the ethnic minorities and minority areas. Over the years, the ethnic minorities and minority areas have all along upheld the spirit of self-reliance and hard working, coupled with assistance from economically advanced parts of China and state preferential policies, striven to build better homes for themselves. Thanks to the concerted efforts of the entire nation, the ethnic minorities and minority areas have seen one leap forward after another in their economic and social progress, completely got rid of stark poverty and backwardness, and entered a stage unparalleled in history.
优先安排建设项目，不断夯实发展基础
Priority given to construction projects to consolidate the foundation for further development
新中国成立初期，国家把民族地区的基础设施建设摆上了十分突出的位置。1952年，中央政府颁布《关于少数民族地区的五年建设计划的若干原则性意见》，规划在一些民族地区修筑铁路，建设公路干线，修补道路和桥梁，建立邮政、电报、电话、通讯系统。在“一五”计划（1953—1957年）期间，国家新建8条铁路干线，其中有5条建在民族地区或直接与民族地区相联结，包括兰新铁路、包兰铁路等。闻名世界的康（川）藏公路和青藏公路，同时在1954年建成通车。60年代，修建了成昆铁路、湘黔铁路、枝柳铁路及滇藏公路等。1962年，兰新铁路铺轨到乌鲁木齐，结束了新疆没有铁路的历史。改革开放以后，陆续建成了南昆铁路、内昆铁路、南疆铁路、拉萨机场、兰（州）西（宁）拉（萨）光缆工程、宁夏扬黄灌溉工程等一大批重点工程，极大改善了民族地区交通、通信等基础设施和生产生活条件。
In the early days of New China, the state gave top priority to infrastructure construction in the minority areas. In 1952 the central government issued the Principles of the Five-year Construction Plan for the Minority Areas, involving the construction of rails and trunk roads, the repair of existing roads and bridges, and the building of postal, telegraph, telephone and other communication systems in some minority areas. During China's First Five-year Plan period (1953-1957), the state started the construction of eight trunk railways, five of which, including the Lanzhou-Urumqi and Baotou-Lanzhou lines, were in minority areas or linked them with other places. In 1954 the two world-renowned highways connecting Tibet with Sichuan and Qinghai were completed. In the 1960s more railways were built, including the Chengdu-Kunming, Changsha-Guiyang and Panzhihua-Liuzhou lines, and the Yunnan-Tibet highway was also completed. In 1962 the Lanzhou-Urumqi railway line, the first railway line in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, reached Urumqi. Since the late 1970s a large number of key projects have been completed in the minority areas, including the Nanning-Kunming, Neijiang-Kunming and Southern Xinjiang railway lines, Lhasa Airport, the Lanzhou-Xining-Lhasa optical cable, and the project for utilizing water from the Yellow River for irrigation in Ningxia, which have greatly improved the transport and communication conditions and the livelihood in those minority areas.微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
国家把开发优势资源，发展现代工业，作为支持少数民族和民族地区加快发展的重大举措。在“一五”计划期间，国家把156个大型建设项目中的40个项目安排在了民族地区，如内蒙古包头钢铁基地、新疆克拉玛依油田、云南个旧锡业公司等。在20世纪60年代，国家把沿海和内地的一批大型工业企业搬迁到民族地区，为民族地区发展现代工业奠定了基础。改革开放以来，国家又在民族地区优先安排了一大批重大工程项目，如新疆塔里木油田、广西平果铝厂、青海钾肥工程、内蒙古大型煤电基地等，从而使民族地区形成了若干重要的资源开发和深加工产业基地，初步走出了一条立足资源优势、具有自身特色的工业化道路。
The state has made the development of local advantageous resources and modern industry a major measure to promote the advance of the ethnic minorities and minority areas. During the First Five-year Plan period, 40 of the 156 large state construction projects were initiated in the minority areas, such as the Baotou iron and steel base in Inner Mongolia, the Karamay oilfield in Xinjiang and the Gejiu tin company in Yunnan. In the 1960s the state moved a host of large industrial enterprises from coastal areas and inland places to the minority areas, thus laying the foundation for modern industry in the latter. Since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies, the state again has approved a large number of massive projects in the minority areas, such as the Tarim oilfield in Xinjiang, the aluminum plant in Pingguo, Guangxi, the potash fertilizer plant in Qinghai and the coal and electric power base in Inner Mongolia, leading to the formation of several important industrial bases for resources development and processing in these minority areas, and blazing a trail for industrialization based on local resources and with local characteristics.
Chart 3 Growth of Industrial Output Value in the Minority Areas
*Referring to state-owned enterprises and others with 5-million-yuan yearly turnover or more.
2000年实施西部大开发战略以来，国家把支持少数民族和民族地区加快发展作为西部大开发的首要任务。为了让少数民族和民族地区在西部大开发中得到切实的利益，国家采取了许多照顾措施，包括优先在民族地区安排资源开发和深加工项目、对输出自然资源的民族自治地方给予一定的利益补偿、引导和鼓励经济较为发达地区的企业到民族地区投资、加大对民族地区的财政投入和金融支持等，支持民族地区发展经济，壮大实力。目前，5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县全部纳入西部大开发范围或者参照享受西部大开发的有关优惠政策。西部大开发为民族地区带来了看得见、摸得着的实惠。截至2008年，西部大开发以来民族地区固定资产投资累计达到77899亿元。其中，2008年达18453亿元，比2000年增长5倍，年均增长23.7%。建成了“西气东输”、“西电东送”等一批重点工程，修建了一批机场、高速公路、水利枢纽等基础设施项目。2007年，青藏铁路铺轨到拉萨，结束了西藏没有铁路的历史。青藏铁路的建成，从根本上改变了西藏交通落后的状况，使西藏与内地之间有了一条经济、快速、全天候、大能力的运输通道，为西藏经济腾飞插上了翅膀。
Since 2000, when China introduced the strategy of large-scale development of its western regions, the state has made it a top task to accelerate the development of the ethnic minorities and minority areas. To ensure that they get tangible benefits, the state has adopted many preferential measures, such as giving priority to these areas when arranging resources development and processing projects, giving compensation to minority places that export natural resources, guiding and encouraging enterprises from economically advanced areas to invest in these places, and increasing financial input and support to them, so as to enhance their economic strength. At present, all of China's five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties nationwide are either covered by the "Develop the West" campaign, or enjoy the same preferential policies as the western regions.
The "Develop the West" campaign has brought about visible profits to the minority areas. By 2008 the accumulated fixed assets investment in these areas amounted to 7,789.9 billion yuan. Of that, 1,845.3 billion yuan was invested in 2008, which was five times that in 2000 and a rise of 23.7 percent on an annual basis. Key projects for transmitting gas and power from the west to the east have been completed, and a number of infrastructure projects, such as airports, expressways and water conservancy hubs, have been built. In 2007 the Qinghai-Tibet Railway was extended to Lhasa, giving a rail connection to Tibet for the first time in its history. A rapid, economical, all-weather transport channel of massive capacity between Tibet and the outside world, the railway has fundamentally changed the backward transport situation in the region, and added wings to the impending economic take-off of Tibet.
Chart 4 Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in the Minority Areas
Chart 5 Fixed Assets Investment in the Minority Areas Since 1999
中国政府规定，在民族地区安排基础设施建设项目时，要适当减免地方配套资金；在民族地区开发资源、建设企业时，要照顾当地的利益，照顾少数民族的生产和生活；对输出自然资源和为国家生态平衡、环境保护作出贡献的民族地区，要给予一定的利益补偿。1994年，国家将中央与自治区对矿产资源补偿费的分成比例调整为4：6，其他省市为5：5。2004年，国家开始建立生态建设和环境保护补偿机制。在开发新疆丰富的石油、天然气资源时，注重带动当地发展，仅“西气东输”项目，每年可为新疆增加10多亿元的财政收入。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The central government requires that when planning infrastructure projects located in the minority areas the local government either be exempted from contributing capital or contribute less; when developing resources or building enterprises in these areas, due consideration be given to local interests and the production and life of the ethnic minorities; and appropriate compensation be granted to places exporting natural resources or doing their bit for the eco-balance and environmental conservation. In 1994 the state adjusted the ratio between the amount of capital from the central budget and that from autonomous region governments to 6:4, while the ratio between the central government and the government of other provinces was fixed at 5:5.In 2004 the state adopted the compensation mechanism for ecological construction and environment protection. When tapping the rich oil and gas resources in Xinjiang, attention is paid to the stimulation effect on local development. The West-East Gas Transmission project alone can bring in over one billion yuan of revenue to Xinjiang a year.
突出解决贫困问题，着力保障和改善民生
Poverty being the key issue to tackle to ensure and improve the well-being of the people
多年来，国家采取一系列政策措施解决少数民族群众的贫困问题。20世纪50年代，国家对一些地区的少数民族贫困群众免费治病，发放贷款和农具，创办公费学校，进行社会救济。1983年，国务院召开全国少数民族地区生产生活会议，提出要在较短时期内基本解决部分群众的温饱问题、住房问题和饮水问题。1990年起，国家设立“少数民族贫困地区温饱基金”，重点扶持141个少数民族贫困县。1994年，实施《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划》，通过放宽标准而使享受优惠政策的少数民族贫困县增加了116个。2001年，实施《中国农村扶贫开发纲要》，又为民族地区增加了10个国家扶贫开发工作重点县，同时将西藏作为特殊片区整体列入重点扶持范围。2005年，国家优先将少数民族贫困村纳入整村推进的扶贫开发规划。2007年，国家制定《少数民族事业“十一五”规划》，规划建设11项重点工程。2009年，国家实行新的扶贫标准，扩大覆盖范围，对民族地区农村低收入人口全面实施扶贫政策。此外，国家通过实施以工代赈、易地扶贫、游牧民定居、农村危房改造、农村安全饮用水工程以及城乡最低生活保障制度，不断加大对民族地区的支持力度。经过不懈努力，民族地区的贫困人口已由1985年的4000多万人减少到2008年的770多万人。
Over the years, the state has adopted a series of policies and measures to relieve the poverty the ethnic minorities suffer. In the 1950s, the state provided free medical services to poor people of the ethnic minorities, granted them loans and farming tools, helped them set up schools and conducted social relief. In 1983, the State Council held a national meeting on production and livelihood in the minority areas, which decided to basically solve the problems of food and clothing, housing and drinking water within a short time. Since 1990 the state has set up a fund to assure the basic needs of people living in poverty-stricken minority areas, and 141 impoverished counties were listed as the first batch to gain this support. In 1994 the Seven-year Poverty Alleviation Program (a program designated to lift 80 million people out of absolute poverty in the seven years 1994-2000) was carried out, and, with the assistance threshold lowered, 116 more poverty-stricken minority counties were covered by state preferential policies. In 2001 the Outline of Rural Poverty-relief Development was implemented, with ten more minority counties included, and Tibet as special region covered. In 2005 the comprehensive development of poor minority villages became the focus of national poverty-relief efforts. In 2007 the state formulated the 11th Five-year Plan for the Development of the Ethnic Minorities, containing 11 key projects. In 2009 the state announced new standards for poverty-relief work, and expanded the coverage to low-income rural people in the minority areas. Other efforts include: providing work as a form of relief, relocating people from places with poor conditions, building settlements for formerly nomadic people, repairing dangerous housing for rural residents, supplying safe drinking water in rural areas, and providing minimum living allowances to rural and urban residents. Thanks to continuous efforts in these endeavors, the impoverished population in the minority areas shrank from some 40 million in 1985 to 7.7 million in 2008.
由于历史文化不同以及风俗习惯、宗教信仰的差异，中国的一些少数民族在生产和生活方面有一些特殊的需要。如，藏、蒙古、维吾尔、哈萨克等民族的牧民需要马鞍子、马靴和砖茶（边销茶）；信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林群众需要清真食品等。为尊重和满足这些特殊需要，国家实行优惠的民族贸易和民族特需商品生产供应政策。国家从1963年开始对民族贸易企业实行利润留成、自有资金、价格补贴“三项照顾”政策。1997年，国家出台了新的优惠政策，设立专项贴息贷款，免除部分企业增值税，惠及全国1760多家少数民族特需商品定点生产企业。1991年，建立砖茶（边销茶）国家储备制度，保证稳定供应。2007年，国家设立用于扶持少数民族特需商品生产企业技术改造、推广、培训的“民族特需商品生产补助资金”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Because of differences in history, culture, customs and religion, some ethnic minorities have special needs. For instance, the Tibetan, Mongolian, Uyghur and Kazak herdsmen need saddles, riding boots and brick tea, and the Muslims have their own special needs for Halal foods. To show respect for minority cultures and satisfy these special needs, the state has worked out preferential policies for the production of and trade in these items. In 1963 the state introduced preferential policies for ethnic-minority enterprises regarding profit retention, self-owned funds and price subsidies. In 1997 it enacted new preferential policies, set up special loans with discounted interest and exempted some enterprises from paying added value tax, benefiting 1,760 designated producers of special commodities needed by the ethnic minorities. In 1991 a mechanism for national brick-tea reserves was established to guarantee the supply of brick tea. In 2007 the state established a fund to ensure the production and promotion of the special commodities needed by the ethnic minorities, as well as related personnel training.
对少数民族和民族地区的医疗卫生事业，国家注重政策倾斜，给予优先安排，促进少数民族和民族地区卫生事业的快速发展，民族地区城镇医疗卫生水平有了很大提高，农牧区的医疗条件得到明显改善，少数民族群众看病难问题得到切实缓解，各族人民的健康水平显著提高。改革开放以来，国家在民族地区配套建设和改造了乡镇卫生院，建立了县级卫生防疫站和妇幼保健所，使民族地区卫生服务体系得到较大改善。西藏自治区80%以上的县设立了防疫站。国家不断加大对民族地区地方病和传染病的防治工作，使过去流行的克山病、结核病和大骨节病等基本得到控制。国家通过多种途径培养少数民族卫生人才，不断壮大少数民族卫生专业队伍。新疆维吾尔自治区少数民族卫生技术人员已占全区卫生技术人员的三分之一。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Priority is also given by the state to improving medical and health care for the ethnic minorities and in the minority areas. The level of medical services in minority urban areas has been remarkably enhanced, the medical conditions in agricultural and pastoral areas have been noticeably improved, the difficulty of the ethnic minorities in getting adequate medical service has been alleviated, and the health of the ethnic minorities been improved considerably. Since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policies, the state has built or renovated township hospitals, and county-level epidemic-prevention stations and health centers for women and children, thus greatly improving the health-care services in the minority areas. More than 80 percent of the counties in Tibet now have epidemic-prevention stations. The state is making continuous efforts to prevent and treat endemic and epidemic diseases in the minority areas, and the once-prevalent Keshan disease, tuberculosis and Kaschin-Beck disease have been basically put under control. Through various channels, the state has trained health care workers for the ethnic minorities, and expanded the contingent of medical professionals. In Xinjiang one third of all medical workers are from ethnic minorities.
Chart 6 Improvement of Medical Services in the Minority Areas
大力支持牧区、边疆地区建设，促进协调发展
Vigorous support for the pasturelands and borderlands for balanced development
中国的主要牧区都在少数民族地区，畜牧业是蒙古、藏、哈萨克等十几个少数民族的大部或一部分群众世代经营并赖以生存和发展的基础产业。从1953年开始，国家对牧区实行轻于农业区和城市的税收政策、保护牧场、提倡定居等特殊政策措施。改革开放后，国家对牧区实行了牲畜归户、草场承包、自主经营的政策。1987年，国务院召开全国牧区工作会议，确定27个国家重点扶持的牧区贫困县，设立牧区扶贫专项贴息贷款。1999年，中国政府强调，要把草原建设摆到与农田基本建设同等重要的位置，促进畜牧业与农业的协调发展。2005年，国家全面取消农牧业税。经过几十年的不懈努力，民族地区已成为中国重要的农畜产品生产基地。内蒙古的牛奶产量占全国的五分之一，居全国第一。新疆的羊毛、羊绒产量居全国第二。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China's major pasturelands are all located in areas inhabited by the ethnic minorities, and animal husbandry has been the basic industry for most or part of the Mongolians, Tibetans, Kazaks and a dozen other ethnic minorities since ancient times. Since 1953 a milder taxation policy than in cities and farming areas has been enforced in the pasturelands, in addition to policies encouraging pasture protection and the settlement of nomadic people. After China began its reform and opening-up, the state adopted policies that allowed households to own livestock and contract pastures for independent operation. At a national work conference for pastoral areas held in 1987 the State Council listed 27 poverty-stricken pastureland counties as eligible for state assistance, and granted poverty-relief loans with discounted interest to support the pasturelands. To ensure the balanced development of animal husbandry and agriculture, in 1999 the Chinese government stressed that equal emphasis should be placed on grassland construction and farmland capital construction. In 2005 the state abolished taxes on agriculture and animal husbandry. After decades of unremitting endeavors, the minority areas have grown into important production bases of agricultural and animal products. Inner Mongolia now produces one fifth of the nation's total milk, ranking first in China in milk production, and Xinjiang is the country's second-biggest producer of wool and cashmere.
中国边疆绝大部分地区是少数民族聚居区。1979年，国家制定实施《边疆建设规划（草案）》，提出在8年内安排边疆建设资金400亿元。1992年，国家实施沿边开放战略，确立13个对外开放城市和241个一类开放口岸，设立14个边境技术合作区。1996年，国务院制定促进边境贸易发展和对外经济合作的优惠政策。1999年，国家实施旨在振兴边境、富裕边民的兴边富民行动。2005年，国家制定并实施《兴边富民行动“十一五”规划》。2009年，国家决定推进兴边富民行动覆盖全国所有边境县和新疆生产建设兵团边境团场。截至目前，中央政府累计投入兴边富民行动专项资金14.46亿元，兴建项目2万多个。
Most of China's borderlands are inhabited by ethnic minorities. In 1979 the state worked out the Borderlands Construction Plan (Draft), allocating 40 billion yuan for the construction of these areas over eight years. In 1992 China implemented its frontier opening-up strategy, designating 13 open cities and 241 first-grade open ports, and establishing 14 border economic and technological cooperation zones. In 1996 the State Council worked out preferential policies for promoting border trade and economic cooperation with other countries. In 1999 the state initiated a program to boost the borderlands' economy and help the local residents raise their incomes. This was followed by the formulation and execution of the 11th Five-year Plan for the Economic Development of the Borderlands, starting in 2005. In 2009the government decided to expand the program to all frontier counties and the frontier farms under the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. So far, the central government has invested 1.446 billion yuan and built more than 20,000 projects in the borderlands.
多年来，国家重视民族地区生态环境的保护和建设。特别是实施西部大开发战略以来，出台一系列政策措施，包括在大江大河上游禁止森林采伐，实行退耕还林还草、封山绿化以及以粮代赈等。国家妥善解决生态建设补偿问题，对退耕还林还草的农牧民国家给予粮食补助，对因禁止森林采伐而减少财政收入的地方国家给予财政补助。
For decades the state has paid steady attention to the construction and protection of ecological environment in the minority areas. Especially since the launch of the "Develop the West" campaign, a series of policies and measures have been executed, including prohibiting tree felling on the upper reaches of major rivers, returning farmlands to forests and grasslands and closing hillsides for afforestation. As compensation, the state has distributed grain to farmers and herdsmen to make up for their losses in returning their farmlands to forests or grasslands, and subsidies to places where revenue has shrunk because of the restriction on tree felling.
近年来，中国政府对人口较少且比较困难的民族聚居地区加大了扶持力度。2005年，国家制定实施《扶持人口较少民族发展规划（2005—2010年）》，重点扶持640个人口较少民族聚居村。截至目前，中央政府已投入扶持资金12.53亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, the Chinese government has increased its support for the sparsely-populated minority areas with poor conditions. In 2005 it formulated and implemented the Program to Support the Ethnic Minorities with Small Populations (2005-2010), and listed 640 ethnic-minority villages as recipients of assistance. So far, 1.253 billion yuan has been forthcoming for these areas from the central government.
Constantly increasing financial support and actively organizing paired-up assistance
Over the past 60 years both the central and local governments at all levels have gradually increased their efforts to extend fiscal transfer payments to the minority areas. In the 1950s the state began to implement preferential fiscal policies for these areas, such as "unified collection of revenues and allocation of expenditures and subsidies for the needy," and raising the proportion of the financial reserve fund (two percentage points higher than in other regions). From 1980 to 1988 the central financial authorities adopted a quota subsidy system with a yearly increase of ten percent for the five autonomous regions and the three provinces with large ethnic-minority populations -- Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai. In 1994 the state began to adopt a tax-sharing system, and introduced the system of policy-related transfer payments to the minority areas. In 2000 China initiated transfer payments for the minority areas on top of the general transfer payments and special-fund transfer payments as prescribed by relevant regulations. From 1978 to 2008 the total transfer payments by the central financial authorities to the minority areas totaled 2,088.94 billion yuan, with an annual increase of 15.6 percent. In 2008 alone the amount was 425.3 billion yuan, making up 23.8 percent of the nation's total transfer payments.
据不完全统计，从实行民主改革的1959年到2008年，中央给予西藏的财政补助累计达2019亿元，年均增长近12%；从自治区成立的1955年到2008年，中央给予新疆的财政补助累计达3752.02亿元，年均增长11%，其中2008年达685.6亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
According to incomplete statistics, from 1959, when democratic reform began in Tibet, to 2008, fiscal assistance from the central budget to Tibet reached 201.9 billion yuan, with an annual increase of nearly 12 percent; from 1955, when the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was established, to 2008, the fiscal assistance from the central budget to Xinjiang reached 375.202 billion yuan, with an annual increase of 11 percent, the sum in 2008 being 68.56billion yuan.
此外，国家还通过设立各种专项资金帮助解决特殊困难，支持民族地区加快发展。比如，1951年设立少数民族发展教育补助费，1955年设立民族地区补助费，1964年设立民族自治地方机动金，1977年设立边境建设事业补助费，1980年设立支援经济不发达地区发展资金，1992年设立少数民族发展资金，等等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In addition, the state has also set up a variety of special funds to help resolve the difficulties encountered by the minority areas and accelerate their development, including education development subsidies for the ethnic minorities set up in 1951, minority area subsidies set up in 1955, the minority-area reserve fund set up in 1964, subsidy for border construction set up in 1977, fund for aiding economically under-developed areas set up in1980, and fund for the development of the ethnic minorities set up in 1992.
国家大力组织实施经济发达地区对欠发达民族地区开展对口支援。1979年，国家确定由北京支援内蒙古、河北支援贵州、江苏支援广西和新疆、山东支援青海、上海支援云南和宁夏、全国支援西藏。1996年，国务院确定由15个东部发达省市对口帮扶西部11个省（自治区、直辖市），同时动员中央各部门对口帮扶贫困地区。为促进西藏的发展，中央先后四次召开西藏工作座谈会，逐步加大对口支援力度。据统计，1994年以来，国家先后安排60多个中央国家机关、全国18个省（直辖市）和17个中央企业对口支援西藏，截至2008年底，累计投入对口援藏资金达111.28亿元，安排6050个对口援藏项目。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state vigorously organizes and encourages paired-up assistance between the economically developed areas and the less-developed minority areas. In 1979 it decided to pair up such areas, for example, getting Beijing to assist Inner Mongolia, Hebei to assist Guizhou, Jiangsu to assist Guangxi and Xinjiang, Shandong to assist Qinghai, Shanghai to assist Yunnan and Ningxia, and the whole nation to assist Tibet. In 1996 the State Council determined to organize the 15 developed provinces and cities along the eastern coast to provide aid to 11 western provinces (autonomous regions and municipality directly under the central government), and mobilized all departments of the central government to provide pair-up aid to the impoverished areas. In order to promote the development of Tibet, the central government has held four forums on work in that region. Since 1994 the state has arranged more than 60 central government departments, 18 provinces (municipalities directly under the central government) and 17 state-owned enterprises to provide paired-up aid to various places in Tibet. By the end of 2008, a total of 6,050 assistance projects had been launched in Tibet, with a total of 11.128 billion yuan in assistance money.
In recent years the state has further strengthened its efforts to aid the ethnic minorities and minority areas under the guidance of the Scientific Outlook on Development. In 2005 the CPC Central Committee and the State Council jointly issued the Decision on Further Strengthening the Work on the Ethnic Minorities and Promoting Social and Economic Development in the Minority Areas, which stipulated that development is the key to overcoming difficulties and solving problems in the minority areas, and stressed that, with the gradual increase of the country's comprehensive strength, the central government would continuously strengthen support to the ethnic minorities and minority areas in their social and economic development, improve the policy-related transfer payment system compatible with the system of regional ethnic autonomy, help the minority areas build infrastructure projects that will give an impetus to local social and economic development and give special treatment to small and medium-sized public welfare projects that are closely related to the everyday life of local people. In 2007 the State Council released Some Opinions on Further Promoting Social and Economic Development in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, which contained requirements and plans to accelerate the social and economic development of Xinjiang and further improve the living standards of the people of all ethnic groups there. Since 2008 the state has drawn up and issued a series of preferential policies to promote the social and economic development of the Tibetan-inhabited areas in Ningxia and Qinghai and the border areas of Yunnan, increasing input to strengthen the building of infrastructure, develop competitive industry, push forward the development of social undertakings and accelerate the social and economic development of the minority areas there.
Chart 7 A Comparison of GDP Growth Rates of Eight Ethnic Minority Regions (Provinces) with National GDP Growth Rates
*Note: The eight autonomous regions and provinces where ethnic minorities live in compact communities are: Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Ningxia and Tibet autonomous regions, and Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces.
在中央政府的领导下，在全国各地的大力支持下，经过民族地区各族人民的艰苦努力和团结奋斗，民族地区经济社会发展取得了巨大成就，人民生活水平显著提高。2008年，民族地区经济总量由1952年的57.9亿元增加到30626.2亿元，按可比价格计算，增长了92.5倍；城镇居民人均可支配收入由1978年的307元增加到13170元，增长了30多倍；农牧民人均纯收入由1978年的138元增加到3389元，增长了19倍。内蒙古经济发展速度连续7年居全国之首，新疆经济发展速度连续6年保持两位数增长。西藏生产总值达到395.91亿元，比1959年增长65倍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Under the central leadership and with the full support of the whole nation and the strenuous efforts made by the people of all ethnic groups in the minority areas, great achievements in social and economic development have been scored in the minority areas, and people's living standards there have markedly improved. In 2008 the economic aggregate of the minority areas reached 3,062.62billion yuan, from 5.79 billion yuan in 1952, an increase of 92.5 times calculated at comparable prices. The urban per-capita disposable income increased to 13,170 yuan from 307 yuan in 1978, an increase of over 30 times; and the per-capita net income of farmers and herdsmen came to 3,389 yuan from 138 yuan in 1978, an increase of 19 times. The economic growth rate of Inner Mongolia has ranked top in the country for seven consecutive years, and Xinjiang has maintained double-digit growth for six years in succession. In the same year, the GDP of Tibet stood at 39.591 billion yuan, an increase of 65 times compared with 1959.
Chart 8 GDP and Fiscal Revenue of the Minority Areas
民族地区经济社会的快速发展，为促进各民族繁荣发展奠定了坚实的物质基础。据2000年全国人口普查，有13个少数民族的人均预期寿命高于全国71.40岁的平均水平，7个高于汉族73.34岁的平均水平。赫哲族已由新中国成立之初的300多人增加到4000多人。新疆被国际自然医学会列为世界上4个长寿地区之一，每百万人口百岁老人数居全国之冠。西藏人均预期寿命由1951年和平解放时的35.5岁增加到67岁，有80岁至99岁的老人13581人，有百岁以上老人62人，成为中国人均百岁老人最多的省区之一。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The rapid economic and social development in the minority areas has laid a solid foundation for the prosperity of all ethnic groups. According to the national census of 2000, the average life expectancy of 13 ethnic minorities was above the average national level of 71.40 years, and seven above the average Han level of 73.34 years. The population of the Hezhe ethnic group has increased from 300 in the early days of New China to over 4,000. Xinjiang is listed by the International Medical Union as one of the four regions in the world renowned for longevity, with the biggest number of people over 100 years among every million people in the country. The average life expectancy of Tibet has increased from 35.5 years in 1951, when it was peacefully liberated, to 67 years now, with 13,581 seniors aged from 80 to 99, and 62 seniors aged over 100; it is now among the regions with the most centenarians on average in China.
六、保护和发展少数民族文化
VI. Protection and Development of Cultures of the Ethnic Minorities
文化是民族的重要特征，是民族生命力、创造力和凝聚力的重要源泉。少数民族文化是中华文化的重要组成部分，是中华民族的共有精神财富。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Culture is an important characteristic of an ethnic group, and a source of its vitality, creativity and cohesion. The cultures of China's ethnic minorities are a vital part of Chinese civilization, and are intellectual assets owned by the entire Chinese nation.
中国宪法规定，国家根据少数民族的特点和需要，帮助少数民族加快各项文化事业的发展。中国政府通过各种政策措施，尊重和保护少数民族文化，支持少数民族文化的传承、发展和创新，鼓励各民族加强文化交流，繁荣发展少数民族文化事业。
The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the state helps the ethnic minorities to accelerate the development of their cultural undertakings according to the characteristics and needs of the ethnic minorities. The Chinese government adopts various policies and measures to respect, protect and support the inheritance, development and innovation of the cultures of the various ethnic minorities, to encourage all ethnic groups to enhance their cultural exchanges, and develop their cultural undertakings.
保护和发展少数民族语言文字
Protecting and developing the spoken and written languages of the ethnic minorities
In the 1950s the state conducted a survey on the spoken and written languages of its ethnic minorities, on the basis of which the state established special institutions to do research work on these languages and help minority people create or improve their scripts. Of all the 55 ethnic minorities in China, 53 have their own spoken languages, except the Hui and Manchu that use the Han language. Among them 22 use 28 scripts, and 12 ethnic groups, including the Zhuang, Bouyei and Miao, use 16 scripts which have been created or improved with the help of the government. Now, there are approximately 60 million minority people in China who regularly use their own spoken languages, accounting for over 60 percent of the total population of the ethnic minorities, and about 30 million minority people who regularly use their own scripts. There are 154 radio and television stations using the languages of the ethnic minorities in ethnic autonomous areas, and the Central People's Broadcasting Station and local broadcasting stations broadcast in 21 minority languages daily. The publishing houses specializing in publishing for the ethnic minorities have increased from 17 in 1978 to 38, located in Beijing and 13 other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, and the number of minority languages they use has grown from five to 26. In 2008, a total of 5,561 titles of books in minority languages were published, with a total print-run of 64.44 million, 6.41 times and 6.37 times the figures in 1978 respectively. The autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet have stipulated and enforced relevant regulations and detailed implementation rules concerning the use and development of their own spoken and written languages.
为了使少数民族群众共享信息化时代的成果，国家采取各种措施促进少数民族语言文字规范化、标准化和信息处理工作的健康发展。目前，国家已制定了蒙古文、藏文、维吾尔文（哈萨克文、柯尔克孜文）、朝鲜文、彝文和傣文等文字编码字符集、键盘、字模的国家标准。在国际标准的最新版本中，正式收入了中国提交的蒙古文、藏文、维吾尔文（哈萨克文、柯尔克孜文）、朝鲜文、彝文和傣文等文字编码字符集。开发出多种电子出版系统和办公自动化系统，建成了一些少数民族文种的网站或网页，有些软件已经可以在Windows上运行。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In order to make the minority peoples share the fruits of the information age, the state has adopted various measures to promote the normalization, standardization and information processing of the scripts of the ethnic minorities. So far, the state has formulated national standards for coded character sets, keyboards and fonts of Mongolian, Tibetan, Uyghur (Kazak, Kirgiz), Korean, Yi, Dai and others, which, submitted by China, have been included in the latest edition of the international standards. A number of electronic publishing systems and office automation systems have been developed, and some websites and web pages in minority languages have been built. Some relevant software can already be operated via Windows.
支持和帮助少数民族发展教育事业
Supporting and helping the ethnic minorities to develop education
中国政府历来重视民族地区教育事业的发展。新中国成立后，多次召开工作会议研究部署少数民族教育工作。在宪法、民族区域自治法和《中华人民共和国义务教育法》中，都明确规定了支持和帮助少数民族发展教育的条款；在中央和地方各级政府教育行政部门中专门设立了民族教育行政管理机构，负责贯彻执行国家的民族教育方针政策，研究处理特殊问题；在中央和地方设置民族教育专项补助经费，以解决民族教育中因民族、地域特点在经费开支上的需要。特别是改革开放以来，民族地区在基础教育、职业教育、高等教育以及师资培养、“双语”教学和民族团结教育等各方面得到了前所未有的发展。2002年，国务院作出《关于深化改革加快发展民族教育的决定》，进一步明确了加快民族教育改革发展的方针、政策，对民族教育事业的发展作出了全面部署。2005年，《国家教育事业发展“十一五”规划纲要》明确提出，坚持分区规划、分类指导的原则，强调公共教育资源向农村、中西部、贫困地区、边疆地区和民族地区倾斜。
The Chinese government has always attached importance to the development of education in the minority areas. After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the state called a number of working conferences to make plans for promoting education among the ethnic minorities. The Constitution, the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy and the Compulsory Education Law all expressly include provisions on helping the ethnic minorities to develop education. In central and local educational administrative departments at all levels, offices in charge of ethnic-minority education administration have been specially set up to implement and enforce the state policies on education of the ethnic minorities, and to study and handle special issues. Special subsidies for education of the ethnic minorities have been earmarked at both the central and local levels in order to meet the expenditure needs due to ethnic and geographical reasons for the ethnic minorities. Especially since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies, the minority areas have witnessed unprecedented development in elementary education, vocational education and higher education, as well as in teachers' training, "bilingual education" and education in ethnic unity. In 2002 the Decision on Deepening the Reform and Accelerating the Development of Education among the Ethnic Minorities issued by the State Council further clarified the general and specific policies and specified overall plans in this regard. In 2005, in the Outline of the Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Education, it is clearly stipulated that the country will stick to the principles of regional planning and classified guidance, and it is emphasized that public educational resources will be tilted in favor of the rural areas, central and western regions, poverty-stricken areas, border areas and areas inhabited by the ethnic minorities.
近年来，国家先后实施贫困地区义务教育工程、农村中小学危房改造工程、西部地区“两基”（基本普及九年制义务教育、基本扫除青壮年文盲）攻坚计划等工程，中央财政先后投入290多亿元，极大地改善了民族地区办学条件。目前，全国建有民族小学20906所、民族中学3536所。其他各级各类学校也全部面向少数民族招生并实行一定优惠。2004年，国家从西部农村地区开始实行“两免一补”（免杂费、免费提供教科书，补助寄宿生生活）政策，惠及绝大部分少数民族学生。2006年起，率先在西部实施农村义务教育经费保障机制改革。国家对特别困难的民族和地区，安排专项资金进行补助。如，每年安排1.2亿元资金，对西藏农牧区中小学实行“三包”（包吃、包住、包学习费用）。截至2008年底，民族地区实现“两基”目标的县已有674个，占总数的96.6%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, the state has successively implemented the project of compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas, the project of renovation of dilapidated school buildings in rural primary and secondary schools, and the project to make nine-year compulsory education basically universal and to basically eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults in the western regions. The central finance has invested a total of over 29 billion yuan, thus greatly improving the conditions of schools in the minority areas. At present, in the whole country there are 20,906 ethnic-minority primary schools and 3,536 ethnic-minority secondary schools. Other schools of various levels and various types all enroll minority students as well, and grant them due preferential treatment. In 2004 the state started to implement in the rural areas of western China the policy of "Two Exemptions and One Subsidy" (exemption from incidental fees and textbook payment and subsidy for boarding), which has brought benefits to the great majority of minority students. Since 2006, the reform of the rural compulsory education funding mechanism has been carried out in the western regions as a first step. For ethnic minorities and minority areas with special difficulties, the state allocates special funds. For example, each year some 120 million yuan is allocated to rural primary and secondary schools in agricultural and pastoral areas of Tibet to implement the "Three Offers" - offering free meals, offering free boarding and offering free schooling. By the end of 2008, in the minority areas, the number of counties that had reached the targets of making nine-year compulsory education basically universal and basically eliminating illiteracy among the young and middle-aged had amounted to 674, accounting for 96.6 percent of the total number of counties in these areas.
为增进各民族间的了解和沟通，发展平等团结互助和谐的民族关系，促进各民族共同发展，多年来中国政府致力于在民族地区开展“双语”（民族语言和汉语）教学，并取得了良好效果。截至2007年，全国共有1万多所学校使用21个民族的29种文字开展“双语”教学，在校学生达600多万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In order to strengthen understanding and communication between the ethnic groups, to enhance ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony, and to promote the common development of all ethnic groups, for many years the Chinese government has committed to developing "bilingual" teaching (teaching with a language of the ethnic minorities and the Han Chinese language) in areas inhabited by the ethnic minorities, and has achieved good results. By 2007, in the country there were altogether over 10,000 schools using 29 scripts of 21 ethnic minorities to carry out bilingual teaching, and the total number of students attending these schools was over six million.
国家通过开展对口支援西部高校、与地方合作共建民族地区高校、加强特色学科建设和学位建设、扩大招生规模等措施，支持民族地区发展高等教育。目前，民族地区已有普通高等院校167所，高等学校专任教师7.7万人，在校生123.5万人。国家大力扶持民族地区发展职业教育。2008年，中央政府向5个自治区投入8.27亿元，支持建设了83所县级职教中心和示范性中等职业学校，以及145个职业学校的实训基地和10所国际示范性高等职业学校；下达给5个自治区中等职业学校学生的国家助学金达9.74亿元，资助83万多人，占在校生的90%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state supports higher education development in the minority areas through measures such as "paired-up" educational support for institutions of higher learning in western China, cooperating with local authorities to co-found institutions of higher learning in areas inhabited by the ethnic minorities, strengthening the establishment of special disciplines and degrees, and expanding enrolment. At present, in the minority areas there are 167 general institutions of higher learning, with 77,000 teachers and 1.235 million students. The state renders great support to the development of vocational education in the minority areas. In 2008,the central government invested 827 million yuan in the five autonomous regions, helped build 83 county-level vocational education centers and secondary vocational schools for demonstration purposes, as well as 145 practical training bases of vocational schools and 10 international demonstration vocational higher schools; and allocated 974 million yuan as a state stipend for students of secondary vocational schools in the five autonomous regions, financially aiding over 830,000 students, accounting for 90 percent of the students attending these schools.
经过60年的努力，民族地区教育事业得到了长足发展。截至2008年底，全国各级各类学校少数民族在校学生总数为2199.6万人。其中，普通小学少数民族在校生数为1070.8万人，占学生总数的10.4%；普通中学少数民族在校生数为680.2万人，占学生总数的8.5%；普通高等学校少数民族在校生数为133.9万人，占学生总数的6.2%。少数民族群众的整体文化素质明显提高。2000年第五次全国人口普查表明，朝鲜、满、蒙古、哈萨克等14个少数民族的受教育年限高于全国平均水平。目前，55个少数民族都有自己的大学生，维吾尔、回、朝鲜、纳西等十几个少数民族每万人平均拥有的大学生人数已超过全国平均水平。
Through 60 years of efforts, the educational undertakings in the minority areas have scored considerable achievements. By the end of 2008, the number of minority students attending schools of all levels and all types in the whole country amounted to 21.996 million, among which the number of minority students attending general primary schools was 10.708 million, accounting for 10.4 percent of all such students; the number of minority students attending general secondary schools was 6.802 million, making up 8.5 percent; and the number of minority students attending general institutions of higher learning was 1.339 million, making up 6.2 percent of all such students. The overall cultural quality of the minority peoples has achieved significant improvement. According to the fifth national census in 2000, for 14 ethnic minorities, including the Korean, Manchu, Mongolian and Kazak, the number of years of education has surpassed the national average. At present, there are university students from all the 55 ethnic groups, and for about a dozen ethnic groups, including the Uyghur, Hui, Korean and Naxi, the average number of university students per 10,000 people has already surpassed the national average.
抢救和保护少数民族文化遗产
Rescuing and preserving cultural heritage of the ethnic minorities
A national planning group and office for collecting and publishing ancient books of the ethnic minorities have been established by the state to organize the work for the recovery, sorting-out and protection of ancient books of the ethnic minorities. By the end of 2008, several million titles of ancient books of ethnic minorities had been collected, of which over 110,000 had been edited. As many as 377 ancient titles of the ethnic minorities have been included in the first and second batches for the National Catalogue of Precious Ancient Books, and five institutions including the China Ethnic Library have been listed among the first and second groups of important institutions for the preservation of ancient books at the national level. Among them, the ancient Dongba literature manuscripts of the Naxi ethnic group have been listed in UNESCO's Memory of the World. In addition, the Chinese government has set up special institutions for the collection, editing, translation and research of the three major epics of the ethnic minorities: Gesar of the Tibetans, Jianggar of the Mongolians, and Manas of the Kirgiz, and significant progress has been made in the work. In recent years, the state has earmarked a large sum for the collating and publishing of the Tripitaka in China, an encyclopedia of Tibetan studies in 150 volumes.
从20世纪50年代开始，国家组织3000多名专家学者，历时30多年完成了中国少数民族、少数民族简史丛书、民族语言简志丛书、民族自治地方概况丛书和少数民族社会历史调查资料丛刊等五种少数民族丛书的调查、编纂和出版，合计403册，1亿多字，发行50多万册。近年来，国家又组织对这五种少数民族丛书进行了修订再版。自20世纪50年代至今，国家组织开展了三次大规模的民族民间文艺资源的普查、挖掘、抢救整理工作，并组织动员10余万人，历时30年，完成了国家哲学社会科学规划重大课题《十部民族民间文艺集成志书》，出版298卷，全部450册，约5亿字。此外，组织完成了国家艺术学少数民族各类艺术理论著作108种，约2500万字。
For over three decades since the 1950s, more than 3,000 experts and scholars organized by the state completed their research, editing and publishing of five ethnic-minority subjects, including a series of books on the ethnic minorities in China, a series of books on concise histories of the ethnic minorities in China, a series of books on the languages of the ethnic minorities in China, a series of books on the overview of ethnic autonomous areas in China, and a series of monographs resulting from the survey of social histories of the ethnic minorities in China, totaling 403 volumes, 100 million Chinese characters and a print-run of over 500, 000 copies. In recent years, the state has organized the work for revision and reprinting of the above five series. From the 1950s up to now, the state has organized three large-scale surveys, striving to find the folk cultural and artistic materials of the minority peoples and prevent them from falling into oblivion. The government has also organized over 100,000 people and finished, after 30 years of effort, the compilation of the Ten Collections of China's Folk Cultures and Arts of Ethnic Groups, a key subject of the National Philosophy and Social Sciences Plan. The collections comprise 298 volumes (450 sub-volumes) in 500 million Chinese characters. In addition, the state has also organized and completed the publishing of 108 titles on various artistic theories of the ethnic minorities, totaling approximately 25 million Chinese characters.
Beginning in the 1980s, the state has invested large sums in the renovation and maintenance of key cultural relics sites under the state protection, including the Drepung, Sera and Gandan monasteries in Lhasa of Tibet, the Kumbum Monastery in Qinghai Province and the Kizil Thousand-Buddha Cave in Xinjiang. Between 1989 and 1994, the state invested 55 million yuan, 1,000 kg of gold and a large quantity of silver in repairing the famous Potala Palace. Since 2001 the Chinese government appropriated 380 million yuan as a special fund for repairing the Potala Palace, Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery. In the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010), the government will invest 570 million yuan as special fund for the maintenance and protection of 22 major cultural relics sites in Tibet. Since 2005 the state has input 400million yuan for preserving over 20 key cultural relics and historical sites in Xinjiang in the 11th Five-year Plan period. To date, in ethnic autonomous areas there are 366 key cultural relics and historical sites under state protection, of which two are included in the World Heritage List - Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace in Lhasa and the Old Town of Lijiang, and three are cited as World Natural Heritage - Jiuzhaigou Valley, Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area and Protected Area of Three Parallel Rivers (Nujiang, Jinsha and Lancang) in Yunnan.
国家重视保护少数民族非物质文化遗产。自2002年至今，中央财政累计投入非物质文化遗产保护经费达3.86亿元，约有四分之一用于民族地区。国务院公布的两批国家级非物质文化遗产名录1028项中，少数民族项目有367项，占35.7%。55个少数民族都有项目列入。国家公布的三批共1488名国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人中，少数民族项目代表性传承人有393名，占26.4%。新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术和蒙古族长调民歌被列入联合国教科文组织第三批“人类口头和非物质遗产代表作”名录。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state also attaches great importance to the preservation of the intangible cultural heritage of the ethnic minorities. Since 2002, funds from the central coffers have totaled 386 million yuan for preserving intangible heritage items, a quarter of which has been used in minority areas. Among the two groups of 1,028 items on the national intangible cultural heritage list published by the State Council, 367 are associated with the ethnic minorities, taking up 35.7 percent of the total. All the 55 ethnic minorities in China have their own items on the list. Among the three groups of 1,488 representative inheritors of national intangible cultural heritage projects, 393 belong to the ethnic minorities, accounting for 26.4 percent. The Mukam Art of the Uyghur people and the Mongolian Long Folk Songs have been listed in the third group of UNESCO's "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Mankind."
繁荣发展少数民族文化艺术事业
Promoting the ethnic minorities' cultural and artistic undertakings
20世纪50年代初，国家建立了由各民族演员组成的中央民族歌舞团。近年来，国家通过实施万里边疆文化长廊建设，县级图书馆文化馆和乡镇文化站、村文化室建设，以及广播电视村村通、文化信息资源共享工程等，大力完善民族地区公共文化服务体系，丰富和改善少数民族群众文化生活。到2008年底，全国民族文化事业机构达10282个，其中艺术表演团体651个，艺术表演场所191处，图书馆604个，群众艺术馆80个，文化馆643个，文化站6859个，博物馆240个。目前，民族地区每10万人拥有的文化单位数已经超过全国平均水平。
In the early 1950s, the national-level Central Ethnic Song and Dance Ensemble was established. In recent years, by undertaking the project of "Long Cultural Corridor Construction in the Border Areas," the projects of setting up county-level libraries and cultural centers, township and town cultural stations and village cultural rooms, the project of "extending radio and TV coverage to every village," and the national cultural information resources sharing project, the state has greatly improved the public cultural service system in the minority areas, and enriched the cultural life of the people of the minority areas. By the end of 2008 there were 10,282 cultural and art institutions across China, of which 651 were art troupes, 191 sites for art performances, 604libraries, 80 mass art centers, 643 cultural centers, 6,859 cultural stations and 240 museums. At present, the number of cultural institutions owned by every 100,000 people in the minority areas has already surpassed the national average.
国家积极保护少数民族优秀传统文化。已有500多年历史的藏戏得到保护和发扬，在每年的雪顿节期间与其他歌舞、话剧相映生辉，使雪顿节成为藏族欢乐喜庆的综合艺术节。蒙古族的“那达慕”，回、维吾尔等民族的开斋节、古尔邦节，壮族等的“三月三”，傣族的泼水节，彝族的火把节等传统节庆活动得到大力传承和弘扬。民族传统体育项目已挖掘、搜集、整理出290多个，各项活动得到蓬勃发展。藏族壁画艺术不断充实，唐卡艺术得到保护，维吾尔族、蒙古族的地毯、壁挂行销全国，布依、苗、瑶、仡佬等民族的蜡染，土家、壮、傣、黎、侗等民族的织锦技艺，图案、花样、品种都有很大发展，少数民族传统技艺重新焕发生机。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state actively protects the fine traditional cultures of the ethnic minorities. Tibetan opera, which has a history of over 500 years, is well preserved and flourishing. Every year it is a must for the Shoton Festival, and, together with other singing, dancing and drama performances, makes the festival a most joyous event of the Tibetan people. The traditional festivals of the ethnic minorities, such as the Mongolian Nadam Fair, the Ramadan Festival of the Hui, the Kurban Festival of the Uyghur, the Antiphonal Singing Day of the Zhuang, the Water Sprinkling Festival of the Dai, and the Torch Festival of the Yi, are well preserved and promoted. To date, more than 290 kinds of traditional ethnic sports have been revived and are thriving. The mural art of the Tibetans is being continuously enriched, and the Tibetan art of Tangka is well preserved. The carpets and wall hangings made by the Uyghur and Mongolian peoples are very popular in the Chinese market. The batik art of the Bouyei, Miao, Yao and Gelao ethnic groups as well as the tapestry art of the Tujia, Zhuang, Dai, Li and Dong ethnic groups have been greatly improved in designs, patterns and varieties. Thus the traditional crafts of the ethnic minorities have regained their vigor.
少数民族文艺人才辈出，文学艺术创作日益繁荣。全国5个自治区和云南、贵州、吉林等省建立了24所高等和中等艺术院校，专门培养少数民族艺术人才。中国作家协会少数民族会员比例已超过10%，人数近600人。一大批优秀少数民族文艺人才，少数民族题材的优秀电影和少数民族文化歌舞品牌脱颖而出，少数民族歌舞传遍大江南北，在国内外产生了广泛影响。国家用法规的形式规定每四年举办一次全国少数民族文艺会演，已举办三届；每五年举办一次全国少数民族传统体育运动会，已举办八届。定期举办少数民族题材电影、电视、文学“骏马奖”评选，开展各种类型的少数民族歌舞比赛，在中央电视台春节联欢晚会等推出少数民族文艺节目，推动了少数民族文化艺术精品的创作和各民族文化的交流。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
A large number of people with literary and artistic talent among the ethnic minorities are coming to the fore, and literary and artistic creation is becoming increasingly flourishing. There are 24 art colleges and secondary art schools in the five autonomous regions and Yunnan, Guizhou and Jilin provinces especially for training artistically talented people from among China's ethnic minorities. Nearly 600 writers of the ethnic minorities are members of the Chinese Writers' Association, constituting more than 10 percent of its total membership. A multitude of outstanding ethnic writers and artists, outstanding films, singing and dancing performances reflecting the life of minority peoples become most popular. Many such songs and dances have spread all over the country, and produced a wide influence both at home and abroad. It is stipulated in state regulations that the festival of performances of ethnic-minority arts shall beheld every four years. Three have been held already. In addition, the National Traditional Ethnic-Minority Sports Meet shall be held every five years, and eight have been held already. The "Stallion Award" competitions for films, television programs and literary works reflecting life of minority peoples are held regularly. In addition, there are various kinds of ethnic singing and dancing competitions. Through the Spring Festival Gala of the China Central TV, some good ethnic-minority performances are shown to the whole nation. All these have promoted the creation of top literary and art works of the ethnic minorities as well as cultural exchanges among all ethnic groups.
扶持民族医药事业发展
Fostering the ethnic-minority medical tradition
Ethnic-minority medicine forms an important part of the treasure-house of Chinese medicine and pharmacology. Based on investigation, sorting-out and study of medicinal materials, specialists of 35 ethnic minorities out of the total 55 have collected and compiled their own medical compendiums. Ethnic-minority medicine has been developed and is widely used. In1992 the state gave permission for the setting up of centers for the production of a dozen kinds of Mongolian, Tibetan and Uyghur traditional pharmaceutical preparations and over 100 kinds of traditional medicines with the combination of traditional and modern expertise. China has 35 research institutes of ethnic-minority medicine at or above the county level, employing a total of about 1,500 research personnel. In addition, the state has organized the compilation of the Materia Medica of Ethnic Groups in China, listing 396 kinds of Tibetan medicine, 422 kinds of Mongolian medicine, 423 kinds of Uyghur medicine and 400 kinds of Dai medicine in separate volumes. The work is of high scientific value and most authoritative.
国家大力扶持民族医药机构建设。截至2008年底，15个民族设有本民族医药的医院，全国共有民族医医院191所，床位8694张。其中藏医院70所，蒙医院51所，维医院39所，傣、朝、壮、苗、瑶等民族医医院31所。从2006年开始，国家重点建设包括藏、蒙、维、傣、朝、壮、苗、土家8种民族医药在内的10所民族医医院，努力推动民族医整体诊疗水平的提高。
The state vigorously supports the building of medical institutions of the ethnic minorities. By the end of 2008, 15 ethnic minorities had their own ethnic-minority-medicine hospitals. There are altogether 191 such hospitals with 8,694 beds across the country. Among them, 70 are Tibetan medicine hospitals, 51 are Mongolian medicine hospitals, 39 are Uyghur medicine hospitals, and 31 are hospitals specializing in the traditional medicine of the Dai, Korean, Zhuang, Miao and Yao peoples. Beginning in 2006, the state has given priority to the construction of 10 key ethnic-minority-medicine hospitals, including those specializing in Tibetan, Mongol, Uyghur, Dai, Korean, Zhuang, Miao and Tujia traditional medicine, aiming at enhancing the overall level of diagnosis and treatment in ethnic-minority-medicine hospitals.
国家在14所教育机构开展民族医药专业教育，大力培养民族医人才。其中高等民族医药院校5所，中等民族医药院校4所，设有民族医药专业的非民族医药院校5所。目前，全国民族医药院校在校生约1.7万人，毕业生3964人。藏、蒙、维、傣、朝、壮等6种民族医纳入国家医师资格考试，民族医药专业人员达1万多人，为各族群众健康素质的不断提高提供了重要保证。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state has launched specialized education programs on ethnic-minority medicine in 14 educational institutions, and is making great efforts to foster medical specialists of minority peoples. Of the institutions, five are colleges of ethnic-minority medicine, four are secondary schools of ethnic-minority medicine, and five are non-ethnic educational institutions with majors in ethnic-minority medicine. To date, there are 17,000 undergraduates studying in ethnic-minority medical schools all over China, in addition to 3,964 graduates. Six ethnic-minority medicine traditions, namely, those of the Tibetan, Mongolian, Uyghur, Dai, Korean and Zhuang, are included in the National Qualification Examination for Doctors. The number of medical personnel specialized in ethnic-minority medicine has reached 10,000, an important guarantee for the improvement of the physical health of all minority peoples.
七、加强少数民族干部和人才队伍建设
VII. Striving to Foster Cadres and Talented People of the Ethnic Minorities
少数民族干部和人才是少数民族中的优秀分子。他们熟悉本民族的语言、历史、传统和风俗习惯，熟悉当地政治、经济、文化的特点，是政府联系少数民族群众的重要桥梁和纽带。少数民族干部和人才的状况，是衡量少数民族发展进步的重要标志。长期以来，国家把加强少数民族干部队伍和人才队伍建设，作为促进各民族繁荣发展、搞好民族地区工作、解决民族问题的关键，作为管长远、管根本的大事，不断采取有力措施，加大培养选拔力度。
Ethnic-minority cadres and talented people are outstanding elements of ethnic minorities. Being well acquainted with the languages, histories, traditions and customs of their own ethnic groups, and the political, economic and cultural characteristics of their localities, they serve as a link between the government and minority peoples. The situation of minority cadres and talented people indicates the development level of the ethnic minorities. For a long period of time, the state has regarded the fostering of minority cadres and talented people as a key to promoting the prosperity and development of the ethnic minorities, doing a good job of making progress in the minority areas and solving the problems of the ethnic minorities. Considering it a matter of long-term significance and fundamental nature, it has unremittingly taken effective measures to strengthen the recruiting and training of them.
宪法规定，国家帮助民族自治地方从当地民族中大量培养各级干部、各种专业人才和技术工人；全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中，应当有适当名额的少数民族代表。民族区域自治法规定，自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任；民族自治地方的自治机关所属工作部门的干部中，应当合理配备实行区域自治的民族和其他少数民族的人员。《中华人民共和国公务员法》规定，民族自治地方录用公务员时，要对少数民族考生予以适当照顾。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Constitution stipulates that the state shall help the ethnic autonomous areas train in large numbers cadres at various levels, specialized personnel and skilled workers of various professions and trades from among the ethnic group or ethnic groups in those areas; and all the ethnic minorities are entitled to appropriate representation in the Standing Committee of the NPC. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that the heads of all autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties should be citizens of the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. The functionaries of the working bodies subsidiary to the organs of self-government shall include an appropriate number of members of the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy as well as members of other ethnic minorities. The Civil Service Law of the People's Republic of China provides that, when recruiting civil servants in an ethnic autonomous area, the applicants of ethic minorities shall be given appropriate preferential treatment.
新中国成立伊始，国家就提出要普遍而大量地培养少数民族干部。为此，国家专门创办了培养少数民族干部的民族院校。20世纪50年代建立了中央民族学院、西北民族学院、西南民族学院、中南民族学院、广西民族学院等10所民族学院。改革开放以来，国家又陆续创办了湖北民族学院、北方民族大学、大连民族学院等。随着时代的发展，这些民族学院大部分改扩建成民族大学，办学规模和水平不断提高。截至目前，全国已有15所民族普通高等院校。此外，国家还先后开办许多少数民族干部训练班、干部学校，并在普通高校举办民族班，不断加大少数民族干部的培养力度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
As soon as the People's Republic of China was founded, the state called to train a large number of minority cadres. To this end, the state established special institutions of higher learning for such training. In the 1950s ten such colleges were set up, including the Central College for Ethnic Minorities, Northwest College for Ethnic Minorities, Southwest College for Ethnic Minorities, South-Central College for Ethnic Minorities and Guangxi College for Ethnic Minorities. Since the launch of the reform and opening-up drive, the state has again established the Hubei College for Ethnic Minorities, North University for Ethnic Minorities and Dalian College for Ethnic Minorities. Along with the progress of the times, many of them developed into universities. Their enrollment has expanded and academic level constantly enhanced. So far, there are 15 institutions of higher learning for the ethnic minorities in China. Furthermore, the state has held training classes and schools for minority cadres, and ethnic-minority classes in ordinary institutions of higher learning, making unremitting efforts to enhance the cultivation of minority cadres.
国家十分重视培养和选拔少数民族干部，民族区域自治地方少数民族干部配备均达到一定比例，一大批优秀的少数民族干部走上了各级领导岗位。在公开选拔、竞争上岗配备领导班子时，可以划出相应的名额和岗位，定向选拔少数民族干部。国家在招录公务员时，对少数民族考生适当放宽条件，通过划定比例、定向招考、适当加分等优惠政策，确保一定数量的少数民族考生进入公务员队伍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state attaches great importance to the recruitment and training of minority cadres. Minority cadres account for a certain percentage in each ethnic autonomous area. A large number of minority cadres are in leading posts at all levels. In open selection and competition for leading body of a given place or unit, a certain ratio or a certain number of posts would be given to minority cadres. When recruiting civil servants, the state appropriately lowers the standard for minority applicants. To ensure that a certain number of minority applicants become civil servants, some preferential treatment is adopted, such as designating certain percentages, targeted recruitment and adding appropriate scores.
国家不断加强对少数民族干部的教育培训工作。定期选送少数民族干部到各级党校和各类院校培训学习，有计划地组织少数民族干部到沿海发达地区参观考察，不断提高少数民族干部队伍的素质。自2003年起，国家有关部门实施“西部之光”访问学者培养工作，先后从西部地区选拔1416名西部地区急需的高层次专业技术人才到国内著名高校、科研院所、医疗卫生机构进行为期一年的学习研修，为西部少数民族地区培养了一批留得住、用得上的高层次专业技术人才。其中，为少数民族地区培养了553人，占总人数的39.1%。
The state unremittingly enhances the education and training of minority cadres. It regularly selects and sends minority cadres to Party schools at all levels and various colleges to receive training, and organizes minority cadres to tour the developed coastal areas in a planned way, so as to keep improving their qualities. Since 2003, the "Western Light" program has been launched by related government departments to train visiting scholars. The state has selected 1,416 high-caliber technical personnel from the western regions to attend one-year study courses at leading domestic institutions of higher learning, scientific research institutes and medical organizations, aiming to train them to be high-level professionals badly needed in western China. Among them, 553 are from the minority areas, accounting for 39.1 percent of the total.
国家还有计划地组织开展干部交流、岗位轮换，选派大批少数民族干部到内地、基层、上级领导机关任职或挂职锻炼，让少数民族干部在实践中增长才干。从1990年起，国家开始选派西部地区和其他少数民族地区干部到中央国家机关和经济相对发达地区挂职锻炼。20年来共有5000多名干部参加挂职锻炼，为民族地区培养了一大批党政领导干部和科技、经济管理人才，有力地推动了民族地区领导班子建设和干部队伍建设，促进了民族地区经济社会又好又快地发展。
In addition, the state organizes exchange of posts and taking post by turn for minority cadres in a planned way, and selects a large number of minority cadres to take up temporary leading posts in the other parts of the country, at the grassroots units or in leading organs at the higher levels, thus developing their abilities in actual work. Since 1990, the state has begun to select cadres from western regions and other minority areas and put them in the CPC and central government organs and comparatively developed regions to take up temporary leading posts. Over the past 20 years, more than 5,000 cadres have had such training, thus turning out a large number of Party and government cadres, as well as scientific and technical and managerial personnel for the minority areas, greatly promoting the building of leading bodies and the contingent of cadres in the minority areas, and promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society there.
经过几十年的不懈努力，少数民族干部队伍不断发展壮大。截至2008年，少数民族干部已达290多万人，比1978年增长了3倍多。全国公务员队伍中，少数民族占9.6%，其中县处级以上的少数民族干部占同级干部总数的7.7%。在中央和地方国家权力机关、行政机关、审判机关和检察机关都有相当数量的少数民族干部。目前，在13位现任全国人大常委会副委员长中，有少数民族2名；在9位现任国务院副总理、国务委员中，有少数民族2名；在25位现任全国政协副主席中，有少数民族5名。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Through dozens of years of unremitting efforts, the rank of minority cadres has been growing steadily. By 2008, the number of minority cadres exceeded 2.9 million, registering a 300 percent increase over 1978. Civil servants of the ethnic minorities accounted for 9.6 percent of the country's total. Minority cadres at and above the county level accounted for 7.7 percent of the total of cadres at the same level. Minority cadres also account for a fair proportion of cadres in the central and local state organs, including administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs. At present, two of the 13 vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the NPC are from the ethnic minorities; two of the nine vice premiers and state councilors of the State Council are of ethnic-minority origin; and five of the 25 vice chairpersons of the National Committee of the CPPCC are from the ethnic minorities.
国家高度重视培养民族地区现代化建设需要的各级各类人才。国家规定，高等学校和中等专业学校招收新生的时候，对少数民族考生适当放宽录取标准和条件，对人口较少的少数民族考生给予特殊照顾。每年都有成千上万的少数民族考生迈进高校的门槛。为加快民族地区人才培养步伐，国家在内地重点高校举办少数民族预科班、民族班，目前每年招生规模达3万人。1984年，国家决定在北京、天津、成都等内地大中城市举办内地西藏班（校），20多年来已累计招收初中、高中和大学学生7万余人。2000年，国家决定在北京、上海等12个内地大中城市13所学校举办内地新疆高中班，截至2008年，新疆高中班扩大到12个省（直辖市）28个城市的50所学校，目前累计完成9届2.4万人的招生任务。2003年，国家帮助在乌鲁木齐等新疆8个城市开办区内初中班，在所招学生中少数民族农牧民子女占80%以上。国家从2006年开始实施“少数民族高层次骨干人才培养计划”。这项计划专门在民族地区招收硕士、博士研究生进行培养。截至目前，该计划已实现年招生4700人、在校生总数达到7900多人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state attaches great importance to the training of various talented people needed in the modernization drive of the minority areas. It rules that institutions of higher learning and secondaryvocational schools should appropriately lower the standards and conditions for applicants from the ethnic minorities when enrolling new students, and offer special treatment to applicants from the ethnic minorities with comparatively small populations. Every year, tens of thousands of minority applicants are admitted to institutions of higher learning. In order to speed up the cultivation of talented people for the minority areas, the state holds preparatory and regular classes for students of the ethnic minorities in key institutions of higher learning, with an annual enrolment of 30,000 such students. In 1984 the Chinese government decided to run classes or schools for Tibetan students in large and medium-sized inland cities, including Beijing, Tianjin and Chengdu. Over the past 20 years, more than 70,000 Tibetan studentshave been enrolled in junior high and senior high schools, as wellas colleges and universities. In 2000 the state decided to run senior high school classes for Xinjiang students in schools in 12 large and medium-sized inland cities, including Beijing and Shanghai. By the end of 2008, 50 senior high schools have classes for Xinjiang students. These schools are located in 28 cities of 12 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government. So far, 24,000 students have been enrolled in them. In2003 the state helped eight cities in Xinjiang, including Urumqi, to hold junior high school classes for children of minority farmers and herdsmen, accounting for over 80 percent of the total students enrolled. The "program of training high-caliber backbone personnel from the ethnic minorities" was launched in 2006, to enroll students for Master's and PhD degrees from the minority areas. So far, the annual enrollment of such students had reached 4,700, bringing the total number of such students studying in the institutions of higher learning to 7,900.
国家鼓励引导高校毕业生到民族地区工作。自1999年起，国家有关部门开展“博士服务团”选派工作，先后从中央国家机关有关部委和东部相对发达省市选派了1195名取得博士学位的优秀青年科技人才到西部地区、革命老区和少数民族地区服务锻炼，为西部地区提供人才和智力支持。其中，派往西部少数民族地区的有403人，占总人数的33.7%。
The state encourages and guides college graduates to work in the minority areas. The "PhD Service Group" was launched in 1999, sending altogether 1,195 outstanding young scientists and technicians with PhD degrees from the central organs of the CPC and the State Council and comparatively developed eastern regions to western regions, old revolutionary base areas and the minority areas, providing manpower and intellectual assistance. Among them,403 were sent to the western minority areas, accounting for 33.7 percent of the total.
多年来，国家不断加大向西藏、新疆等民族地区选派干部和人才的工作力度。这些支边干部和人才艰苦创业、无私奉献，对促进民族地区发展发挥了重要作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
For many years, the Chinese government has sent cadres and talented people to the minority areas, including Tibet and Xinjiang. These cadres and talented people make arduous efforts and selfless contributions, and are playing an important role in promoting the development of the minority areas.
结 束 语
Conclusion
新中国60年的实践充分证明，中国的民族政策适合中国国情，符合各族人民的根本利益，得到各族人民的拥护，是正确和行之有效的。在这一政策指引下，中国各族人民维护了国家统一，维护了社会稳定，维护了民族团结，开辟了一条实现各民族共同繁荣发展的光明大道。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Sixty years of experiences have proved that China's ethnic policies are correct and effective, and are in keeping with China's actual conditions and the common interests of all ethnic groups, winning the support of the people of all ethnic groups. Guided by these policies, people of all ethnic groups in China have safeguarded national unification, social stability and ethnic unity, blazing a bright trail to achieve common prosperity for all ethnic groups.
中国是一个拥有56个民族、13亿人口的发展中大国，特殊的国情决定了中国的发展有其不平衡的一面。中国处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，实现各民族共同繁荣发展，还有很长的路要走，还需要付出艰苦的努力。
China is a large developing country with a population of 1.3 billion and 56 ethnic groups. The special conditions in China have dictated the country's unbalanced development. China is currently at the primary stage of socialism, and will remain so for a long time to come. To achieve the common prosperity of all ethnic groups, there is still a long way to go, and arduous efforts are still needed.
当前，中国各族人民在中国共产党的领导下，高举各民族大团结的旗帜，倍加珍惜来之不易的大好局面，坚持聚精会神搞建设，一心一意谋发展，加快实现全面建设小康社会和社会主义现代化建设的宏伟目标。国家的发展，社会的进步，必将使中国的民族政策更加完善，包括各族人民在内的中华民族必将迎来更加美好的明天。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
At present, led by the CPC, the people of all ethnic groups are holding high the banner of ethnic unity, cherishing the hard-earned excellent situation, concentrating on construction and giving undivided attention to seek development, and accelerating the building of a prosperous society in an all-round way and realizing the great goals of the socialist modernization drive. The development and advancement of the state and society will surely further improve China's policies toward the ethnic minorities. And the Chinese nation, including the people of all ethnic groups, will surely have a promising future.
60年来，中国的少数民族人口持续增加，占全国人口比重呈上升之势。根据已经进行的五次全国人口普查，少数民族人口1953年为3532万人，占全国总人口的6.06%；1964年为4002万人，占5.76%；1982年为6730万人，占6.68%；1990年为9120万人，占8.04%；2000年为10643万人，占8.41%。各少数民族人口数量相差较大，如壮族有1700万人，而赫哲族只有4000多人。
中国各民族的起源和发展有着本土性、多元性、多样性的特点。距今四五千年前，中华大地上就形成了华夏、东夷、南蛮、西戎、北狄五大民族集团。各民族在发展中互相吸收，经过不断的迁徙、杂居、通婚和交流，逐步融合为一体，又不断产生新的民族。其结果是有存有亡，有的民族延续至今，有的却由于融合、战争以及生态环境恶化和改换名称等原因而消失在历史的长河中，包括显赫一时的匈奴、月氏、鲜卑、柔然、吐谷浑、突厥、党项、契丹和塞种人等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
——人身自由和人身权利不受侵犯。根据宪法和法律规定，国家尊重和保障人权。各民族公民的人身自由不受侵犯，禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剥夺或者限制公民的人身自由。各民族公民人格尊严不受侵犯，其名誉权、姓名权、肖像权等受法律保护。禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱、诽谤和诬告陷害。新中国成立前，四川等地的彝族地区大约100万人口保留着奴隶制度，西藏、云南西双版纳等地区大约有400万人口保留着封建农奴制度。这些地区的少数民族群众大都附属于封建领主、大贵族、寺庙或奴隶主，可以被任意买卖或当作礼物赠送，没有人身自由。如，在旧西藏，形成于17世纪并沿用了300多年的法律——《十三法典》、《十六法典》，将人严格划分为三等九级。法典规定：“上等上级人”的命价为与其尸体等重的黄金，“下等下级人”的命价仅为一根草绳，而“下等人”占西藏总人口的95%以上。新中国为了保障人权，于20世纪50年代对这些地区进行了民主改革，废除了奴隶制和封建农奴制，昔日广大农奴和奴隶获得了人身自由，成为新社会的主人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
中国政府和中国人民高度重视民族团结，视民族团结为全体中国人民的最高利益，是实现各民族共同繁荣发展的根本保证。多年来，中国各族人民牢固树立“汉族离不开少数民族，少数民族离不开汉族，各少数民族之间也相互离不开”的思想观念。在中国，每一个公民的命运都和国家的命运紧密连接，每一个公民都有坚决履行维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务，坚定自觉地反对民族分裂，坚定自觉地为建设国家贡献力量。中国政府和中国人民坚信，各民族团结友爱是中华民族的生命所在、力量所在、希望所在。
多年来，中国政府一以贯之地坚持民族区域自治，与时俱进地完善民族区域自治，取得了显著成就。
——自主管理本民族、本地区的内部事务。民族自治地方各民族人民行使宪法和法律赋予的选举权和被选举权，通过选举出人民代表大会代表，组成自治机关，行使管理本民族、本地区内部事务的权利。目前，中国155个民族自治地方的人民代表大会常务委员会中都有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长全部由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。同时，民族自治地方人民政府的其他组成人员，也合理配备了实行区域自治的民族和其他少数民族的人员。自治机关所属工作部门的干部中，同样合理配备实行区域自治的民族和其他少数民族的人员。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
新中国成立前，绝大多数民族地区生产力水平极度低下，经济社会发展相当落后，基础设施建设很差。当时的新疆没有一寸铁路，西藏没有一条公路，云南山区的一些少数民族出行或运输靠赶马帮、乘大象、架溜索。少数民族群众主要从事传统的农牧业，一些地区还处在“刀耕火种”的原始状态，部分地区铁器尚未得到普遍使用，有的地方甚至还在使用木器、石器。少数民族群众的生活十分困苦，特别是广大山区和荒漠地区的少数民族，普遍缺吃少穿，几乎年年都有几个月断粮，吃野果充饥，披蓑衣御寒。少数民族发展受到严重阻碍，有的民族甚至濒临灭绝，新中国成立之初赫哲族只有300多人。新中国的少数民族和民族地区经济社会建设，就在这样极端落后的基础上开始起步。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
不断加大财政支持力度，积极组织对口支援
60年来，中央和地方各级政府逐步加大对民族地区的财政转移支付力度。从20世纪50年代开始，国家对民族地区实行“统收统支、不足补助”、提高预备费的设置比例（比一般地区高2个百分点）等优惠财政政策。1980年至1988年，中央财政对5个自治区和少数民族较为集中的贵州、云南、青海等省实行年递增10%的定额补助制度。1994年，国家进行分税制改革，对民族地区实行政策性转移支付。2000年起，除按照相关规定拨付一般性转移支付和专项转移支付外，还设立民族地区转移支付。据统计，1978年至2008年，中央财政向民族地区的财政转移支付累计达20889.40亿元，年均增长15.6%。其中，2008年为4253亿元，占全国转移支付总额的23.8%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
近年来，国家坚持以科学发展观为指导，进一步加大对少数民族和民族地区的扶持力度。2005年，中共中央、国务院作出《关于进一步加强民族工作加快少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展的决定》，明确将发展作为解决民族地区困难和问题的关键，强调随着国家综合实力不断增强，中央将继续加强对少数民族和民族地区经济社会发展的扶持，完善与民族区域自治制度相适应的政策性转移支付制度，帮助民族地区建设一批对带动当地经济社会发展起重大作用的基础设施项目，优先安排同各族群众生产生活密切相关的中小型公益性项目。2007年，国务院出台《关于进一步促进新疆经济社会发展的若干意见》，对加快新疆经济社会发展，进一步提高新疆各族人民生活水平，提出要求，作出部署。2008年以来，国家又陆续制定出台了促进宁夏、青海等省（自治区）藏区、云南边疆地区经济社会发展的一系列优惠政策措施，增加投入，加强基础设施建设，发展特色优势产业，推动社会事业发展，促进少数民族和民族地区经济社会加快发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
20世纪50年代，国家开展少数民族语言文字调查，在摸清情况的基础上建立民族语文工作和研究机构，帮助创制或改进民族文字。中国55个少数民族中，除回族和满族通用汉语文外，其他53个民族都有本民族语言，有22个民族共使用28种文字，其中壮、布依、苗等12个民族使用的16种文字是由政府帮助创制或改进的。目前，中国少数民族约有6000万人使用本民族语言，占少数民族总人口的60%以上，约有3000万人使用本民族文字。民族自治地方有使用民族语言的广播电视机构154个，中央和地方电台每天用21种民族语言进行广播。民族出版社从1978年的17家发展到目前的38家，分布在北京等14个省（自治区、直辖市），出版的少数民族文字种类由5种发展到26种，2008年出版少数民族文字图书5561种、6444万册，分别比1978年增长6.41倍和6.37倍。内蒙古、新疆、西藏等民族自治区，制定和实施了使用和发展本民族语言文字的有关规定和实施细则。
国家成立了全国少数民族古籍整理出版规划小组和办公室，对少数民族古籍进行挖掘、整理、保护。截至2008年底，已搜集少数民族古籍数百万种，整理11万余种。《国家珍贵古籍名录》第一、二批已收录少数民族古籍377种，中国民族图书馆等5个单位列入第一、二批全国古籍重点保护单位。其中，纳西族东巴古籍文献已列入联合国教科文组织“世界记忆遗产名录”。中国政府设立少数民族三大英雄史诗《格萨尔》（藏族）、《江格尔》（蒙古族）、《玛纳斯》（柯尔克孜族）专门工作机构，收集、整理、翻译和研究取得重大成果。近年来，国家拨付巨资支持校勘出版《中华大藏经》计150部。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
20世纪80年代以来，国家投入巨资对西藏拉萨的哲蚌寺、色拉寺、甘丹寺，青海的塔尔寺，新疆的克孜尔千佛洞等大批全国重点文物保护单位进行维修。1989年到1994年，国家拨出5500万元和1000公斤黄金、大量白银等珍贵物资对布达拉宫进行维修。2001年起，拨专款3.8亿元，用于维修布达拉宫、罗布林卡、萨迦寺。“十一五”时期，国家将安排专项资金5.7亿元用于西藏22处重点文物的维修保护。自2005年以来，国家安排专项经费4亿元，用于“十一五”期间新疆20余处全国重点文物保护单位、古遗址的保护。目前，民族自治地方全国重点文物保护单位有366个，世界文化遗产有拉萨布达拉宫历史建筑群、丽江古城等2个，世界自然遗产有九寨沟、黄龙风景名胜区和“三江并流”自然景观等3个。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
民族医药是中华医药学宝库的重要组成部分。经过发掘、整理和研究推广，中国55个少数民族中有35个民族发掘整理本民族医学资料，民族医药得到广泛开发和应用。1992年，国家确定了蒙药、藏药、维吾尔药的制剂中心，将传统医药与现代研制技术相结合，已生产十几种剂型，上百种藏药、蒙药、维吾尔药品种。全国共有县级以上民族医药科研机构35所，科研人员近1500人。国家组织《中华本草》藏、蒙、维、傣4种民族药卷的编纂，收入藏药396种、蒙药422种、维吾尔药423种、傣药400种，具有较高的科学性和权威性。
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中国民族政策与各民族共同繁荣发展|CATTI和MTI
发布时间：2019-03-18 14:00 作者:高斋翻译学堂 点击:
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