西藏文化的保护与发展
Protection and Development of Tibetan Culture (2008)
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
二○○八年九月·北京
September 2008, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前 言
Foreword
一、藏语言文字的学习、使用和发展
I. Learning, Use and Development of the Spoken and Written Tibetan Languages
二、文化遗产的继承、保护和弘扬
II. Inheritance, Protection and Promotion of the Tibetan Cultural Heritage
三、宗教信仰和民族习俗得到尊重
III. Religious Beliefs and Native Customs Respected
四、现代科学教育和新闻事业全面发展
IV. All-round Development of Modern Science, Education and the Media
结束语
Conclusion
前 言
Foreword
中国是一个统一的多民族国家，西藏是中国不可分割的一部分，藏族是中华民族大家庭中的重要一员。藏民族具有悠久的历史、灿烂的文化。西藏文化是中华文化中的一颗璀璨明珠，也是世界文化中的一份宝贵财富。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China is a unified multi-ethnic country. Tibet is an inseparable part of China, and the Tibetan ethnic group is an important member of the big family of the Chinese nation. The Tibetan ethnic group has a long history and a splendid culture. Tibetan culture is a lustrous pearl of Chinese culture as well as a precious part of world culture.
藏民族世代生活在青藏高原，面对独特的自然条件和艰苦的生存环境，表现出顽强的生命力和对美好生活的不懈追求。在对自然、社会和自身的认知、适应、改造、发展的漫长历史进程中，在与汉族等中国其他民族以及南亚、西亚一些民族的文化交流、融合和借鉴过程中，藏族人民创造了内容丰富、特色鲜明、形态多样的文化，其中包括语言文字、哲学宗教、藏医藏药、天文历算、音乐舞蹈、戏剧曲艺、建筑美学、雕塑绘画、工艺美术等。西藏文化是藏民族世代繁衍、生生不息的精神支柱，也是在同其他文化特别是汉文化的相互影响和不断交融中得到发展的。
The Tibetans have been living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau generation after generation. In a tough environment with unique natural conditions, they have demonstrated vitality and tenacity in pursuing a happy life. In their long history, the Tibetans have created a substantial, distinctive and diverse culture of their own through the understanding, adaptation, remaking and development of nature, society and themselves, and through cultural communication, integration and interaction with the people of the Han and other ethnic groups and peoples of southern and western Asia. Tibetan culture encompasses the indigenous spoken and written languages, philosophy, religion, medicine, astronomy and the calendar, music and dance, drama and folk performing arts, architecture, sculpture and painting, and arts and crafts. The Tibetan people have developed their culture by means of interaction and fusion with other cultures, especially that of the Han people. Over the centuries, Tibetan culture has remained a spiritual pillar for the Tibetan ethnic group.
历史上，西藏曾经历了比欧洲中世纪还要黑暗的政教合一的封建农奴制社会，这种状况一直延续到上世纪中叶。在1959年之前，十四世达赖喇嘛作为藏传佛教首领和西藏地方政府首脑，集政教大权于一身。占总人口不足5%的农奴主占有着西藏全部生产资料和文化教育资源，垄断着西藏的物质精神财富，而占人口95%以上的农奴和奴隶没有生产资料和人身自由，遭受着极其残酷的压迫和剥削，民生凋敝，根本谈不上享受文化教育的权利。长期政教合一的封建农奴制统治窒息了西藏社会的生机和活力，使西藏文化日益走向没落和衰败。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Tibet had long been a society languishing under a system of feudal serfdom under theocratic rule, a society which was even darker than the European society of the Middle Ages, until the mid-20th century. Before 1959 the 14th Dalai Lama, as a leader of Tibetan Buddhism and also head of the Tibetan local government, monopolized both political and religious power. The serf owners, accounting for less than five percent of the total population of old Tibet, possessed all the means of production and cultural and educational resources in Tibet, monopolizing the material and cultural wealth of the region. The serfs and slaves, making up over 95 percent of the total population in old Tibet, suffered destitution, cruel oppression and exploitation, and possessed no means of production or personal freedom, not to mention access to culture and education. The long centuries of theocratic rule and feudal serfdom suffocated the vitality of Tibetan society and led to the decline of Tibetan culture.
中华人民共和国的成立，给西藏文化的保护和发展带来了希望。1951年西藏实现和平解放，摆脱了帝国主义的侵略和羁绊，打破了长期封闭和停滞不前的局面，为西藏文化与全国一起实现共同进步与繁荣发展创造了基本前提。和平解放后，中央人民政府积极帮助西藏保护和发掘传统文化，发展现代文化教育和卫生事业，开启了西藏文化发展的崭新进程。1959年，西藏实行民主改革，彻底废除了政教合一的封建农奴制度，结束了少数上层封建贵族、僧侣垄断文化教育的历史，广大农奴和奴隶在政治、经济和精神上获得了翻身解放，成为保护、发展和享受西藏文化的真正主人，使西藏文化成为人民的文化，并为西藏文化的发展开辟了广阔的前景。
The founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 brought hope to the protection and development of Tibetan culture. Through the peaceful liberation in 1951 Tibet shook off imperialist invasion and trammels, ended its chronic isolation and stagnancy, and created the basic conditions for realizing progress and prosperity along with the rest of China. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the Central People's Government actively helped Tibet protect and recover its traditional culture, and develop its modern cultural, educational and health sectors, opening up a completely new chapter for the development of Tibetan culture. The Democratic Reform in 1959 abolished theocratic feudal serfdom, while ending the monopoly of the minority of nobility and senior monks over culture and education. The broad masses of serfs and slaves were politically, economically and mentally emancipated, and became the real masters in protecting, developing and enjoying Tibetan culture. The reform made Tibetan culture a people's culture, and inaugurated a promising future for its development.
半个世纪以来，特别是改革开放以来，中国政府高度重视西藏文化的保护与发展，根据《中华人民共和国宪法》和《民族区域自治法》的规定，以极大的热情和高度负责的态度，投入大量人力、物力、财力，倾力保护和弘扬西藏优秀传统文化，同时，大力发展现代科学教育文化事业，使西藏文化得到了前所未有的保护与发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past half century, and especially since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies in 1978, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the protection and development of Tibetan culture. With great enthusiasm and a highly responsible attitude, and in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the Chinese government has dedicated a large amount of manpower, materials and funds to the protection and promotion of fine traditional Tibetan culture, and vigorously developed modern scientific, educational and cultural undertakings in Tibet, bringing about unprecedented protection and development of Tibetan culture.
为增进国际社会对西藏文化保护与发展状况的了解，用事实戳穿达赖集团编造的“西藏文化灭绝”的谎言，揭露达赖集团所谓“西藏文化自治”的实质，同时也为进一步推动西藏文化的保护与发展，特发表本白皮书。
This white paper is published to give the international community a better understanding of the reality of the protection and development of Tibetan culture, citing facts to expose the lie about the "cultural genocide" in Tibet fabricated by the 14th Dalai Lama and his cohorts, exposing the deceptive nature of the "cultural autonomy of Tibet" they clamor for, and to further the protection and development of Tibetan culture.
一、藏语言文字的学习、使用和发展
I. Learning, Use and Development of the Spoken and Written Tibetan Languages
藏语文属汉藏语系，千百年来一直是西藏人民的重要交际工具，是西藏文化的重要标志和载体，在中华民族多元语言文化中占有独特地位。半个多世纪以来，中国政府高度重视保障西藏人民学习使用藏语言文字的权利，为促进藏语文的学习、使用和发展作出了巨大努力，取得了重大进展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
A member of the Han-Tibetan language family, Tibetan has been an important tool of communication for the people in Tibet over thousands of years, and an important symbol and carrier of Tibetan culture. It holds a special position among the diverse languages and cultures of the Chinese nation. For over a half century, the Chinese government has attached great importance to guaranteeing the Tibetan people's right to learn and use the Tibetan language, both the spoken and written, and has made huge efforts in promoting the learning, use and development of it, registering major progress.
藏语言文字的学习、使用受到法律保障。中国《宪法》和《民族区域自治法》均明确规定，保障少数民族使用和发展自己语言文字的自由。西藏自治区还先后于1987年和1988年颁布实施《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的若干规定（试行）》和《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的若干规定（试行）的实施细则》，明确规定在西藏实行藏、汉语文并重，以藏语文为主；2002年，西藏自治区将原来试行的有关规定修订为《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的规定》，从而使藏语文的学习、使用和发展获得了可靠的法律保障。为促进这项工作的开展，1988年西藏专门成立自治区藏语文工作指导委员会，现更名为西藏自治区藏语文工作委员会。各地（市）、县相继成立了藏语文编译机构。目前，西藏有100多个藏语文翻译机构，专门从事各类翻译和藏语文工作的人员有近1000人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The learning and use of the spoken and written Tibetan languages are guaranteed by law. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China and the Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy both clearly prescribe that all ethnic minorities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. The Tibet Autonomous Region issued and implemented the Several Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Learning, Use and Development of Tibetan (Trial) in 1987 and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of Several Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Learning, Use and Development of Tibetan (Trial) in 1988, specifying that equal importance is given to both Tibetan and Chinese in Tibet, with priority given to Tibetan. In 2002, the Tibet Autonomous Region revised the above provisions for trial implementation into the Provisions of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Learning, Use and Development of Tibetan, providing a reliable legal guarantee in this respect. To promote this work, in1988 the Language Steering Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region was set up, later renamed the Language Committee of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetan language translation institutes have been established in all prefectures (cities) and counties. At present there are over 100 Tibetan language translation institutes and nearly 1,000 specialists in translation and relevant work in Tibet.
藏语言文字得到广泛学习和传承。旧西藏，学习藏语文是上层贵族和少数僧侣的特权，占总人口95%以上的广大农奴和奴隶根本没有学习藏语文的权利。中央人民政府从西藏和平解放之日起就十分重视藏语文的学习和推广，对进藏人员学习使用和推广藏语文提出明确要求，并于20世纪50年代先后在昌都、拉萨、日喀则等地开办藏语文短期训练班、青年训练班、社会教育班、农业技术训练班、财会训练班和电影技术训练班等，积极鼓励、支持和组织各族群众学习藏语文和科学技术。西藏自治区成立后，明确规定各级各类学校要重视藏语文的学习和使用，加强藏语文的教学。西藏教育系统全面推行以藏语文授课为主的双语教育体系。目前，所有农牧区和部分城镇小学实行藏汉语文同步教学，主要课程用藏语授课。中学阶段也同时用藏语和汉语授课，并在内地西藏中学开设藏语文课。在高校和中等专业学校的招生考试中，藏语文作为考试科目，成绩计入总分。西藏现有双语教师15523人，各级各类学校有藏语专任教师10927人。西藏自治区已编译完成从小学到高中共16门学科的181种课本、122种教学参考书和16种教学大纲。藏语文在西藏所有学校都得到了空前的普及。
The spoken and written Tibetan languages have been widely learned and carried forward. In old Tibet, it was a privilege of the nobility and a few monks to learn the proper Tibetan language, whereas serfs and slaves, who accounted for 95 percent of the total population, had no right in this respect whatsoever. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the Central People's Government paid great attention to the learning and popularization of Tibetan, and made clear requirements for people who were to go to Tibet on learning, using and spreading Tibetan. In the 1950s it held short-term training courses on Tibetan, training courses for young people, social education courses, and training courses in agricultural technologies, finance and accounting, and movie-making technology in Qamdo, Lhasa, Xigaze and other places, encouraging, supporting and organizing people of all ethnic groups in Tibet to learn Tibetan as well as science and technology. After the Tibet Autonomous Region was set up in 1965, it was stipulated that schools of all kinds and at all levels must lay stress on the learning and use of Tibetan and strengthen work on the teaching of Tibetan. A bilingual teaching system was adopted in an all-round way in the educational sector of Tibet, with priority given to teaching in Tibetan. At present, Tibetan-Chinese teaching is adopted in all the farming and pastoral areas, and in some urban primary schools, with the major courses being taught in Tibetan. Tibetan-Chinese teaching is also adopted in high schools. Moreover, courses in the Tibetan language have been opened at Tibetan high schools in the inland areas of China. In the matriculation examinations for institutions of higher learning and secondary vocational schools, Tibetan is a subject of examination and the score is included in the total score. There are now 15,523 bilingual teachers and 10,927 Tibetan-language teachers in Tibet. Altogether, 181 textbooks, 122 reference books and 16 teaching programs covering 16 subjects from primary to senior high school have been compiled and translated in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetan has been unprecedentedly popularized at all schools in Tibet.
藏语言文字在西藏得到广泛使用。西藏自治区成立以来，各级人民代表大会通过的决议、法规，西藏各级人民政府及所属部门下达的正式文件和发布的公告都使用藏、汉两种文字。在司法诉讼程序中，对藏族诉讼参与人都使用藏语文审理案件，法律文书也使用藏文。各单位的公章、证件、表格、信封、信笺、稿纸、标识以及机关、厂矿、学校、车站、机场、商店、宾馆、餐馆、剧场、旅游景点、体育场馆、图书馆等的标牌和街道、交通路标等，均使用藏、汉两种文字。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The spoken and written Tibetan languages are widely used. Since the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, both Tibetan and Chinese have been used for resolutions, laws and regulations adopted by the people's congresses at all levels, and official documents and public notices of people's governments and subordinate departments at all levels. During judicial proceedings, Tibetan is used in hearing any case involving Tibetan people, and the written Tibetan language is used for legal papers. Both Tibetan and Chinese are used for official seals, credentials, forms, envelopes, letter paper, writing paper and signs of all entities; logos of government departments, factories and mines, schools, bus and train stations, airports, shops, hotels, restaurants, cinemas, tourist attractions, sports venues and libraries; as well as signs for streets and traffic.
西藏人民广播电台自1959年建台以来，始终以办好藏语广播为重点，共开办有42个藏语（包括康巴语）节目（栏目），藏语新闻综合频率每天播音达21小时；康巴语广播频率每天播音18小时。藏语节目年译制能力由1996年的1200小时增加到2007年的9235小时。西藏电视台藏语卫视频道于1999年正式开播，每天播出大量的藏语专栏节目和藏语影视译制片，现有藏语电视栏目21个，深受西藏各族人民的喜爱。自2007年10月1日起，藏语卫视实现了24小时滚动播出。西藏电视台2007年藏语影视剧译制量达500小时（639集），译制电影拷贝564个，译制节目35个。每年保证有25部新译制的藏语电影在农牧区和基层群众中放映，广大农牧区实现了电影藏语化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since its establishment, the Tibetan People's Radio (TPR) has persisted in making good Tibetan radio programs. It now has 42 programs broadcast in standard Tibetan, including 21 hours a day for news in Tibetan, and 18 hours a day in the Kamba dialect. The TPR's annual capacity for dubbing Tibetan TV programs increased from 1,200 hours in 1996 to 9,235 hours in 2007. The Tibet Television Station formally opened a Tibetan satellite TV channel in 1999. With 21 Tibetan programs, and films and TV dramas dubbed in Tibetan, it is very popular among people of all ethnic groups in Tibet. Starting from October 1, 2007, Tibet satellite TV broadcasts 24 hours a day. Films and TV dramas dubbed in Tibetan reached 500 hours (639 episodes) in 2007, including 564 copies of films and 35 programs. Every year 25 new films dubbed in Tibetan are shown in farming and pastoral areas.
藏文图书报刊发展很快。全国有中国藏学出版社、民族出版社、西藏人民出版社、西藏古籍出版社等9家出版社出版藏文图书，每年出版藏文图书上千种。许多古代藏文秘本、孤本，经专家整理后出版发行。目前，西藏有14种藏文杂志、10种藏文报纸。全国有20多种杂志有藏文版。《西藏日报》藏文版2002年7月扩版后，每周从28个版增加到36个版，日发行达2.5万份。《西藏科技报》、《西藏科技信息报》、《致富之友》等藏文报刊，成为广大农牧民学习科技知识、掌握致富经验和方法的必读物。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Tibetan book, newspaper and periodical publication is developing rapidly. There are nine publishing houses in China that publish books in Tibetan, including China Tibetology Publishing House, Ethnic Publishing House, Tibet People's Publishing House and Tibetan Ancient Books Publishing House. They publish more than1,000 titles in Tibetan every year. Many ancient Tibetan books previously kept in private libraries or with only one copy extant have been collated by experts, and then published and distributed. At present, there are 14 Tibetan periodicals and ten Tibetan newspapers in Tibet. Over 20 periodicals in China have Tibetan-language versions. The Tibetan version of Tibet Daily was expanded in July 2002 from 28 pages to 36 pages, and its daily circulation now reaches 25,000 copies. Tibetan newspapers and periodicals, such as Tibetan Science and Technology, Tibetan Scientific and Technological Information and A Guide to Help You Get Rich, are very popular among the farmers and herdsmen thirsty for scientific and technological knowledge in order to learn more experiences and master good methods in a bid to improve their lives and welfare.
西藏自治区现有文艺工作者4000余人，其中藏族占90%以上，专业艺术团体10个、少儿艺术团体4个、民间艺术团18个、乡村业余文艺队500多个、藏戏队160个。这些文艺团体经常深入农牧区，用藏文创编节目，用藏语表演，深受广大群众的欢迎。
There are now over 4,000 art and literary workers in the region, with 90 percent being Tibetans. There are ten professional performing art groups, four children's performing art groups, 18 folk art troupes, over 500 amateur village art and literary teams,and 160 Tibetan opera teams. These art and literary groups create programs and perform in Tibetan, and often go deep in farming and pastoral areas.
藏语言文字得到全面发展。1984年开发出了与汉英兼容的藏文处理系统，实现了藏文精密照排。藏文编码国际标准于1997年获得国际标准组织通过，成为中国少数民族文字中第一个具有国际标准的文字。目前，西藏已全面建立面向机器自动处理的藏语语法框架和语法体系，正在实现藏语文本的机器自动分词和组块识别。完成了大型藏汉双语机载词典（12万条），建立了为藏、汉、英机器翻译所需的藏语语法属性电子词典以及大规模藏语真实文本数据，为西藏文化在信息化时代的传承、传播和弘扬奠定了坚实的基础。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The spoken and written Tibetan languages are developing in all respects. In 1984 a Tibetan-script processing system compatible with Chinese and English versions was developed, and so precise Tibetan-script photo typesetting was realized. In 1997, an international-standard Tibetan character code was approved by the International Standards Organization, making the Tibetan script the first ethnic minority script in China with an international standard. At present, a Tibetan grammar framework and a grammar system have been set up for automatic machine processing in Tibet, and the work to enable automatic word segmentation and chunking identification of texts in the Tibetan script by machine is under way. A machine-based Tibetan-Chinese dictionary (120,000 entries) has been completed, while an electronic dictionary of Tibetan grammar needed for machine translation has been set up, laying a solid foundation for passing down, spreading and carrying forward Tibetan culture in the information age.
计算机技术的运用和互联网的普及，为藏语文的学习、使用和发展提供了新的平台。国内自主开发的先进藏文编辑系统、激光照排系统、电子出版系统已经在西藏新闻出版领域得到广泛应用。通过互联网和手机的藏语文平台浏览阅读、收听、收看国内外新闻和各类资讯，满足了广大藏族群众的信息需求。西藏邮电业务广泛使用藏语文，开辟了藏文电报、藏语寻呼以及藏文手机短信等服务项目。藏文文档识别系统的问世，拉开了藏文识别应用于藏文数字化建设的序幕。
The application of computer technology and wide use of the Internet have provided a new platform for the learning, use and development of the Tibetan language. An advanced Tibetan-script editorial system, laser photo typesetting system and electronic publishing system developed independently in China have been widely applied in the press and publication field of Tibet. Through Tibetan platforms on the Internet and mobile phones, Tibetans can browse, read, listen to or watch domestic and world news and get access to various kinds of information. Tibetan has also been widely adopted for postal and telecommunications services in Tibet, including Tibetan telegram, Tibetan paging and Tibetan SMS. The advent of an identification system for Tibetan documents marked the prelude to a campaign to apply Tibetan script identification in the digitalization of the Tibetan language.
藏语文规范化、标准化工作取得重大进展。2005年，审议制定了《新词术语翻译和借词使用规则》的原则，共审定统一了3500余条有关市场经济和中小学教育等方面的藏文术语，审定了近6万条科技术语，翻译审定了8000多条计算机界面术语。多年来，各级出版社陆续出版了《格西曲扎藏文辞典》、《藏文大词典》、《藏汉口语词典》、《汉藏对照词汇》、《藏汉词汇》、《藏汉词典》、《市场经济藏汉文对照词典》、《藏汉对照法律词典》等多部藏文辞书。现已完成《制定藏语标准语方案》的起草工作和《藏族人名汉字音译转写规范手册》的搜集整理工作。
The standardization of Tibetan has also made great progress. In2005 the Rules on Translating New Words and Terms and Using Borrowed Words was drawn up. Altogether, over 3,500 Tibetan terms concerning the market economy and primary and high school education were approved and standardized, nearly 60,000 scientific and technological terms were approved, and over 8,000 terms concerning computer interfacing were translated and approved. Over the years, many Tibetan dictionaries and other language reference books have been published, including A Tibetan Dictionary by Geshe Chosta, A Comprehensive Tibetan Dictionary, A Tibetan-Chinese Spoken Dictionary, Chinese-Tibetan Glossary, Tibetan-Chinese Glossary, A Tibetan-Chinese Dictionary, A Tibetan-Chinese Dictionary of the Market Economy and A Tibetan-Chinese Law Dictionary. In addition, the Plan for Standardizing the Tibetan Language has been drafted, while the work to collect and collate materials for the Standard Manual for Transliterating Tibetan Personal Names into Chinese Characters has been completed.
二、文化遗产的继承、保护和弘扬
II. Inheritance, Protection and Promotion of the Tibetan Cultural Heritage
西藏文化遗产是中国文化遗产的重要组成部分。中央人民政府高度重视保护和发展西藏的传统文化，投入巨大的人力、财力、物力，运用法律、经济和行政等多种手段，使西藏优秀传统文化在有效保护的基础上得到了继承、弘扬和发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Tibetan cultural heritage is an important part of Chinese cultural heritage. The Central People's Government sets great store by the protection and development of traditional Tibetan culture, devoting a great amount of human, financial and material resources through legal, economic and administrative means to ensure the inheritance, promotion and development of the fine traditional culture of Tibet on the basis of effective protection.
文物古迹得到有效保护。民主改革以后，中央人民政府高度重视西藏文物保护工作，从政策、人才、资金、技术等方面给予大力支持，西藏的文物管理机构逐步健全，文物保护队伍不断壮大，文物保护体系渐趋完善，文物研究和保护的能力不断提高。西藏自治区颁布了《文物保护条例》、《寺庙文物管理暂行条例》、《文物单位消防安全管理办法》、《流散文物管理暂行规定》、《布达拉宫保护管理办法》等十几个法规，使文物保护工作走上了法制化、规范化轨道。
Effective protection of historical sites and cultural relics. Since the Democratic Reform in 1959, the Central People's Government has attached great importance to the protection of cultural relics in Tibet by providing vigorous support in terms of policy, human and financial resources, and technology. As a result, institutions of cultural relics administration in Tibet have become more complete; the cultural relics protection system further improved, the cultural relics preservation contingent constantly strengthened; the cultural relics preservation system gradually improved; and the capability in the study and protection of cultural relics continuously enhanced. So far, the Tibet Autonomous Region has promulgated a dozen regulations, including the Regulations on the Protection of Cultural Relics, Interim Provisions on the Administration of Cultural Relics in Monasteries, Regulations on Fire Prevention at Historical Sites, Interim Provisions on the Administration of Scattered Cultural Relics and the Measures for the Protection and Administration of the Potala Palace. These regulations have brought the protection of cultural relics in Tibet onto the orbit of legalization and standardization.
国家先后在西藏进行过两次文物普查（目前正在进行第三次文物普查），并对青藏铁路西藏段沿线的文物进行了详尽调查，较为全面地掌握了各类文物古迹和遗址的分布、数量和现存状况，对处于濒危状态的文物古迹进行了抢救性发掘、整理和修缮，使流散于社会的2万余件文物被博物馆征集收藏。截至2006年底，西藏已登记在册的各类文物保护点2330余处，有各级文物保护单位329处。其中，国家级重点文物保护单位35处，自治区级112处，市（县）级182处。布达拉宫被列入世界文化遗产，大昭寺、罗布林卡被列入其扩展项目。拉萨市、日喀则市和江孜镇被列为全国历史文化名城。全区现有馆藏文物数十万件，其中国家级文物1万余件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state has made two systematic surveys of cultural relics in Tibet (a third survey is currently underway), and a detailed survey of the relics scattered along the Tibetan section of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway Line. As a result, the overall distribution, quantity and status quo of various kinds of cultural relics and sites have become clear, enabling endangered historical sites and relics to have been timely saved, excavated, sorted out and repaired; and over 20,000 widely scattered relics have been collected and put in museums. By the end of 2006, there were at least 2,330 registered historical sites of various types in the region, among which 329 had been put under protection at different levels, including 35 key ones under state protection, 112 under regional protection, and 182 under the protection of cities and counties. The Potala Palace is on UNESCO's World Cultural Heritagelist, and the Jokhang Temple and the Norbulingka have been included in its extended items. The cities of Lhasa, Xigaze and Gyangze are listed as national famous historical and cultural cities. Hundreds of thousands of cultural relics are now in the collection of museums in Tibet, among which over 10,000 are state-class ones.
上世纪80年代以来，国家投入巨额资金，对西藏重要文物古迹进行保护维修，恢复开放了一大批重点文物保护单位。其中，80－90年代，中央人民政府共投资3亿多元人民币，帮助西藏修复开放了1400多座寺庙，对昌都卡若、拉萨曲贡、山南昌果沟等新石器时代遗址进行了科学发掘，填补了西藏史前考古的空白。对扎什伦布寺、萨迦寺、桑耶寺、大昭寺、强巴林寺、夏鲁寺、江孜宗山抗英遗址、罗布林卡、白居寺等古建筑、古遗址进行了重点维修保护。特别是1989年到1994年，国家拨出5500万元人民币和大量黄金、白银等珍贵物资对布达拉宫进行了一次大规模维修。2001年起，又拨专款3.3亿元人民币，用于维修布达拉宫和罗布林卡、萨迦寺三大文物古迹。2006－2010年，中央人民政府将再次拨出5.7亿元人民币，对西藏22处重点文物保护单位进行维修保护。如此巨额投入和大规模维修在中国文物保护史上是空前的。近年来，中国西藏文化保护与发展协会等非政府组织相继成立，在促进西藏文化的保护和发展方面发挥了积极作用。
Since the 1980s, the state has allocated a huge amount of funds to protectively repair key cultural relics sites in Tibet, restoring and opening a large group of key historical sites to the public. In the last two decades of the 20th century, the Central People's Government invested more than 300 million yuan to help Tibet renovate and open to the public over 1,400 monasteries, and to conduct scientific excavations of such Neolithic sites as Karupin Qamdo, Chokong in Lhasa, and Trango in Shannan Prefecture, thus filling blanks in the archeological studies of prehistoric Tibet. Key protection and repair measures have been adopted for the Jokhang Temple, the monasteries of Tashilhunpo, Sakya, Samye, Champa Ling, Shalu and Palkhor Chode, Mount Dzong (Dzongri) Anti-British Monument in Gyangze County, and the Norbulingka. In particular, from 1989 to 1994 the Central People's Government allocated 55 million yuan and a great amount of gold, silver and other precious materials for the renovation of the Potala Palace. In 2001, a special fund of 330 million yuan was apportioned to repair the Potala Palace, the Norbulingka and the Sakya Monastery. During 2006-2010, the central government will allocate 570 million Yuan for the repair and protection of 22 key cultural relics sites in Tibet. Such a colossal investment and large-scale renovation were unprecedented in China's history of cultural relics protection. In recent years, the China Association for the Preservation and Development of Tibetan Culture and other non-governmental organizations have come into being in a succession, and they are playing a vigorous role in promoting the protection of Tibetan culture as well as its development.
非物质文化遗产得到有效保护、传承和发展。上世纪70年代以来，西藏自治区及各地市成立了专门的民族文化遗产抢救、整理和研究机构，对全区民间文化艺术遗产进行全面普查，将流传于民间的戏剧、舞蹈、音乐、曲艺、民歌、谚语、故事等文学艺术资料搜集起来，加以整理、研究，先后采录整理藏汉文资料3000多万字，发表有关藏族传统文化的学术论文1000多篇，出版发行文艺研究专著30多部。2003年以来，中央人民政府和西藏自治区人民政府启动实施非物质文化遗产保护工程。西藏自治区和各地市政府成立了非物质文化遗产保护工作领导小组和专门的工作机构，对全区非物质文化遗产情况进行了更大范围和更深层次的普查，对濒临失传的遗产进行有效保护。全区命名的自治区级民间艺术之乡19个， 120个项目被列为自治区级非物质文化遗产代表作名录，61个项目被列入国家非物质文化遗产代表作名录，31位传承人入选国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人名录。大批藏文文献典籍得到及时抢救。编辑出版了中国戏曲志、中国民间歌谣集成、民族民间舞蹈集成、谚语集成、曲艺集成、民族民间歌曲集成、戏曲音乐集成、民间故事集成等十大文艺集成志书西藏卷，结束了西藏文化艺术缺乏文字记载的历史，使大量重要文化遗产得到及时抢救和有效保护。《格萨尔王传》是一部大型口头说唱英雄史诗，长期以来仅靠师徒相承。国家将收集、整理、出版《格萨尔王传》作为重点科研项目，设立专门机构、拨出专门经费，现已录制艺人说唱磁带5000小时，搜集300余部，整理出版藏文版120部，蒙古文版25部，汉译本20多部，学术专著20部，并有多部被译成英、日、法等文种出版。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Effective protection, inheritance and development of the intangible Tibetan cultural heritage. Since the 1970s, a group of institutions have been set up at the regional and prefectural (city) levels to rescue, sort out and research on the Tibetan cultural heritage. They have conducted extensive surveys on Tibetan folk literature and art, collected, sorted out and studiedliterature and art materials widely spread among Tibetans in aspects of drama, dance, music, ballads, folk songs, proverbs and folk tales. These efforts have resulted in the collection and collation of about 30 million words of written materials in the Tibetan and Han languages, over 1,000 academic papers on traditional Tibetan culture, and more than 30 research works on literature and art. Since 2003, the Central People's Government and the People's Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have launched and implemented a project for intangible cultural heritage protection. Leading groups and special offices for this purpose have been set up at regional and prefectural (city) levels to conduct more extensive and thorough investigations throughout the region, to effectively save and preserve endangered cultural heritage items. A total of 19 townships have been named by the region as "homes of folk arts"; 120 items listed as representative works of region-level intangible cultural heritage, with 61 on the national intangible cultural heritage list; and 31 people placed on the list of representatives for national intangible cultural heritage. A large number of ancient Tibetan books and records have been saved from oblivion. The completion of the Tibetan volumes in the 10-tome series, including the Annals of Chinese Operas, A Collection of Chinese Folk Ballads, A Collection of Folk Dances of China's Ethnic Groups, A Collection of Chinese Proverbs, A Collection of Folk Performing Art Genres, A Collection of Folk Songs of China's Ethnic Groups, A Collection of Traditional Operas and Music and A Collection of Folk Tales, has put an end to the history of scanty records of Tibetan culture and art, and enabled a large number of major items of the Tibetan cultural heritage to be saved and protected in an effective way. The Life of King Gesar, a lengthy epic, had been passed down orally until the state placed it on the key scientific research project list. The state has set up a special body and earmarked special funds for the collection, collation and publishing of the masterpiece. So far, 5,000 hours of audiotapes have been recorded, over 300 volumes collected, with the publication of 120 volumes in the Tibetan language, 25 volumes in Mongolian, over 20 volumes in Han Chinese translation, and 20 monographs; and many volumes have been translated into English, Japanese and French.
西藏文艺创作进入历史上最好的发展时期。藏族传统艺术在与现代艺术相结合的过程中不断创新和发展。西藏和平解放后，各族文艺工作者深入生活，发掘继承优秀的民族文艺传统，创作出一大批诗歌、小说、歌舞、音乐、美术、电影、摄影等作品，不断完善西藏的艺术门类，丰富文艺形式，提高艺术水平。近年来，先后推出了大型乐舞《珠穆朗玛》，大型歌舞《金色岁月》、《多彩哈达》、《天上西藏》、《和谐颂》，话剧《穿越巅峰》，新编藏戏《朵雄的春天》，以及融京剧和藏戏于一体的新编历史剧《文成公主》等一大批文艺作品。这些作品题材新颖，民族特色突出，时代气息强烈，提升了西藏的整体艺术水平，极大地丰富和活跃了各族群众的文化生活。其中，《文成公主》入选“国家舞台艺术精品工程”十大精品剧目。近5年来，自治区直属的3个专业文艺团体新编剧目34台，7个地市专业文艺团体新编剧（节）目300多个，演出3000多场（次），观众500多万人次，获国家级奖40多个，自治区奖270多个。西藏文化的对外交流蓬勃开展。近30年来，西藏先后派出文化艺术团（组）360个，访问了美国、加拿大、俄罗斯等50多个国家和地区，出访人员达4320人（次）；先后接待30多个国家和地区的200余名艺术家前来演出交流。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The most favorable time for literary and art creation in Tibet. Traditional Tibetan art has been continuously updated and developed in combination with modern art. After the peaceful liberation of Tibet, literature and art workers from different ethnic groups went into the thick of life in Tibet to explore and inherit the fine aspects of the ethnic literature and art tradition. They created a lot of poems, novels, songs, dances, music and fine art works, films and photos, enriching Tibetan artistic forms and varieties while improving the overall artistic levels. In recent years, a large group of literary and art works made their debuts on the stage, such as the grand dance opera Mount Qomolangma; the song-and-dance performances Golden Years, Colorful Hada, Tibet in Paradise and Odes to Harmony; the drama Across the Summit; the new Tibetan opera Spring for Dokshung; and the new historical play Princess Wencheng which integrates Peking and Tibetan opera techniques. With refreshing themes and new contents, distinctive ethnic features and a strong feel of the times, these works have upgraded the overall level of the Tibetan performing arts, and greatly enriched and enlivened the cultural life of the local people of different ethnic groups. Princess Wencheng, in particular, has been honored as one of the ten recommended operas of the National Best Stage Art Project. In the last five years, the three region-level professional troupes created 34 new performing art works, and the seven prefecture-level professional troupes added over 300 new performing art works and other performances to their repertoires. They gave more than 3,000 shows for audiences totaling five million persons, winning over 40 national and 270 regional awards. There are also vigorous cultural exchanges between Tibet and the rest of the world. In the past three decades, 360 Tibetan cultural and performing art delegations totaling 4,320 people visited the United States, Canada, Russia and some 50 other countries and regions. Over 200 performing artists from some 30 countries and regions visited Tibet for cultural exchange and gave performances.
旧西藏没有面向普通百姓的文化设施，如今，西藏已基本形成比较完整的公共文化设施网络。西藏现有大型现代图书馆12座，博物馆2座，多功能群众艺术馆6座，县级综合文化活动中心37座，文化信息资源共享工程卫星站点22个，乡级文化站175座，村级文化室550余个。文化产业发展迅速，西藏现有文化娱乐场所2596家，从业人员达18350人，各类文化旅行社、艺术广告装潢社、画廊、度假村、休闲林卡等3000余家。这些公共文化设施建设和文化产业的发展，对于丰富群众文化生活，弘扬西藏文化发挥着越来越重要的作用。
In old Tibet, there were no cultural establishments for the ordinary people. Today, however, a fairly complete network of public cultural facilities has taken shape in Tibet. There are now12 large modern libraries, two museums, six multi-functional public art centers, 37 county-level cultural activity centers, 22 satellite stations for sharing cultural resources, 175 township-level cultural centers, and 550 village-level culture rooms/halls. With the rapid development of the culture industry, there are now 2,596 cultural and recreational venues in Tibet, employing 18,350 people, and over 3,000 cultural travel agencies, artistic advertisement and decoration services, art galleries, holiday resorts and parks. The establishment of these public cultural facilities and the development of the culture industry are playing an increasingly important role in improving the local people's cultural life and promoting Tibetan culture.
藏医藏药事业加速发展。藏医藏药是藏族传统文化的一朵奇葩。然而，在旧西藏，仅有拉萨门孜康即藏医星算学院和药王山医学利众院以及日喀则“仙人聚集堂”三所规模极小的官办医疗机构，从业人员不足百人，主要为达官、贵族和上层僧侣服务，广大劳动人民有病得不到医治。民主改革后，国家投入巨资，大力发展藏医药事业，保障人民健康。截至2007年底，西藏有藏医院18所，所有县都设立了藏医科等医疗机构。目前，西藏有藏医病床650张，藏医医疗机构从业人员1484人，乡村及民间藏医678人。2007年全区藏医诊疗病人达48.9万人次，其中住院治疗7340人次。藏药生产由手工作坊向现代工业化大生产迈进，藏药加工迈入标准化、规范化、规模化和科学化管理的轨道。西藏现有藏药生产企业18家，生产藏药360多个品种。西藏所有藏药品种均列入国家医保目录。2007年藏药产值达6.6亿元人民币，销售收入4.5亿元人民币，一些藏药产品销往全国各地和其他国家。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Accelerated development of Tibetan medicine and pharmacology. With distinctive Tibetan characteristics, Tibetan medicine and pharmacology forms a unique part of traditional Tibetan culture. Yet in old Tibet there were only three small official medical organs - the "Mantsikhang" (Institute of Tibetan Medicine and Astrology), the "Chakpori Zhopanling" (Medicine King Hill Institute for Saving All Living Beings) in Lhasa, and the Hall of Gathering Immortals in Xigaze - with fewer than 100 medical staff in total and serving mainly high officials, nobles and senior monks. They were not accessible to the ordinary people. Since the Democratic Reform in 1959, the state has input a huge amount of funds to develop Tibetan medical and healthcare services for everyone. By the end of 2007, there were 18 hospitals of Tibetan medicine, and all county hospitals had set up Tibetan medicine clinics. At present, there are 650 beds for Tibetan medicine treatment, 1,484 staff members working in Tibetan medicine hospitals and clinics, and 678 rural and folk medicine doctors. In2007, Tibetan medicine institutions provided treatment to 489,000 patients, including treatment to 7,340 in-patients. The production of Tibetan medicine has also developed from workshop manual labor to modern industry, being brought into the orbit of standardization, regulation, mass production and scientific management. There are now 18 Tibetan medicine production enterprises, turning out over 360 types of Tibetan medicines, all of which have been included in the list of medicines covered by medical insurance. In 2007, the output value of Tibetan medicines reached 660 million yuan, with a sales revenue of 450 million yuan. Some Tibetan medicines are sold in other Chinese regions and even abroad.
藏医药科学研究和教学工作成果丰硕。西藏自治区藏医药研究院和各级藏医机构积极开展藏医药科学研究，搜集、整理、编著和出版了《中国医学百科全书·西藏分卷》、《藏传天文历算大全》、《甘露本草明镜》、《四部医典》（藏汉文版）、《四部医典八十幅彩色唐卡系列挂图全集》、《晶镜本草》、《藏医诊断学》、《藏药方剂大全》等一批具有很高学术价值的著作。1989年西藏藏医学院的成立，使传统的藏医药教育教学模式逐步迈入了现代高等医学教育的轨道。截至2007年，西藏藏医学院共培养了1200多名藏医药大中专毕业生、56名硕士博士研究生，现有在校生1194人、硕士研究生54人。藏医药学这门传统民族医药学正焕发出勃勃生机，为提高西藏人民的健康水平，造福人类，发挥着重要的作用。Great achievements have been made in scientific research and education concerning Tibetan medicine. The Tibetan Medicine Research Institute of the Tibet Autonomous Region and other Tibetan medicine institutions at all levels are actively carrying out scientific research into Tibetan medicine, and have collected, collated, edited and published a number of medical works of high academic value, including the Chinese Medical Encyclopedia: Tibetan Volume, A Complete Collection of Tibetan Astronomy and Calendar, Ganlu Materia Medica, The Four Medical Tantras (Tibetan-Chinese bilingual edition), A Complete Collection of the Eighty Colored Tibetan Medical Thangkhas of the Four Medical Tantras, Mirror of Crystal Tantra, Diagnostics of Tibetan Medicine and Complete Prescriptions of Tibetan Medicine. The establishment of the College of Tibetan Medicine in 1989 has enabled the teaching of Tibetan medicine to be transformed from traditional methods to modern medical education. By 2007, some 1,200 students had graduated from the college (including two-year students), and 56 graduates had received doctoral or master's degrees. Now the college has an enrollment of 1,194 students, with 54 postgraduates. The old science of Tibetan medicine and pharmacology is now full of vigor and vitality, playing an important role in improving the health conditions of the Tibetan people and bringing benefits to mankind as a whole.
三、宗教信仰和民族习俗得到尊重
III. Religious Beliefs and Native Customs Respected
藏传佛教是西藏大多数群众信奉的宗教，是西藏传统文化的重要组成部分。西藏人民在漫长的历史进程中形成了独特的民俗民风和生活习惯。西藏和平解放以来，中国政府高度重视并充分尊重西藏各族人民的宗教信仰自由和民族风俗习惯。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Tibetan Buddhism is the faith of the majority of the residents of the Tibet Autonomous Region. It is an important component of Tibetan tradition and culture. Over a long course of historical development, the Tibetans have developed their unique customs and lifestyle. Since the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, the Chinese government has set great store by respecting the freedom of religious beliefs and customs of the various ethnic groups living in Tibet.
旧西藏实行的是与欧洲中世纪类似的政教合一的宗教制度。以达赖为总代表的上层势力操纵政治、经济和文化命脉，把持信众进入天国的“入场券”，对广大信教群众实行神权统治和宗教专制，根本谈不上宗教信仰自由。这种体制成为窒息社会活力、束缚人们思想的沉重枷锁。1959年的民主改革，彻底推翻了腐朽落后的政教合一制度和以达赖为首的寺庙活佛的教权统治，实现了政教完全分离和寺庙公共事务管理的民主化，为实现宗教信仰自由提供了制度保障。
Old Tibet practiced theocracy, like that in the Middle Ages of Europe. The upper class, represented by the Dalai Lama, dominated the politics, economy and culture of Tibet, and controlled the "admission" of the followers of Tibetan Buddhism to paradise. Under the system of theocracy and religious autocracy, the ordinary people had no freedom of religious belief at all. Such a system proved to be a tight fetter on people's minds and social functions. The Democratic Reform toppled the decadent and outdated theocracy and the religious regime controlled by the Dalai Lama and other living Buddhas, and separated religion from politics. The monasteries were put under democratic management, thus providing an institutional guarantee for the freedom of religious belief.
国家把藏传佛教作为藏民族传统文化给予有效保护。为了满足信教群众宗教信仰的需要，国家采取有力措施，妥善保护宗教寺庙和文物古迹，不仅把布达拉宫、大昭寺、哲蚌寺、色拉寺、甘丹寺、扎什伦布寺、萨迦寺等众多宗教活动场所列入全国和自治区重点文物保护单位，而且每年拨出大量专款进行维修。上世纪80年代以来，中央和西藏地方财政先后拨款7亿多元人民币和大量黄金、白银等物资，修缮了一大批宗教场所。目前，西藏有各类宗教活动场所1700多座，住寺僧尼4.6万余人。寺院的壁画、雕刻、塑像、唐卡、经卷、法器、佛龛等宗教文化载体，受到保护和修缮。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state has placed Tibetan Buddhism under effective protection as part of traditional Tibetan culture. To satisfy the needs of religious believers, great endeavors have been made by the state for the preservation of monasteries, cultural relics and sites of historical significance. The Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, and the Drepung, Sera, Ganden, Tashilhunpo, Sakya and many other monasteries are placed under the protection of the state or the autonomous region, which allocate a large amount of funds annually for their repairs. Since the 1980s, more than 700 million Yuan and a large quantity of gold and silver have been appropriated from the central and local revenues for repairing a large number of religious sites. Today, there are more than 1,700 religious venues in Tibet, accommodating over 46,000 monks and nuns. The murals, sculptures, statues, Thangkas, sutras, ritual implements, and Buddhist shrines have been well repaired and protected.
大量宗教文献典籍得到抢救、整理、出版。各寺庙的传统印经院得到继承和发展，现有木如寺印经院、布达拉宫印经院等大型传统印经院近60家，年印经卷6.3万种，民间经书销售摊点20家。1984年西藏自治区政府将藏文大藏经《甘珠尔》拉萨版赠送给中国佛教协会西藏分会，并资助拉萨印经院刻制提供给区内外寺庙使用。1990年，又拨专款50万元人民币在拉萨木如寺资助刻制藏文大藏经《丹珠尔》新木版，已刻制的160卷帙正在印刷之中，这是西藏有史以来《丹珠尔》第一次在拉萨刻制、印刷。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
A large quantity of religious documents and classics have been collected, collated and published. Traditional sutra printing shops of monasteries still operate and are developing well. There are nearly 60 large printing shops, including those of the Meru Monastery and the Potala Palace, producing 63,000 titles of sutras a year, available at 20 non-government-funded sales outlets. In 1984, the government of the Tibet Autonomous Region presented the Lhasa version of the Tibetan-language Kangyur to the Tibet branch of the Buddhist Association of China, and gave funds to the Lhasa Sutra Printing Shop to produce more woodblocks for the monasteries in and outside Tibet. In 1990, the government allocated 500,000 yuan to Lhasa's Meru Monastery to engrave a new woodblock edition of Tengyur, and the 160 volumes so far engraved are now being printed. This is the first time that Tengyur has been engraved and printed in Lhasa.
国家还投入4000多万元人民币，组织上百名藏文专家，历时20余年，完成了对藏文大藏经《甘珠尔》、《丹珠尔》的对勘出版，现已出齐124部《丹珠尔》，108部《甘珠尔》预计2008年内出齐。迄今已印出大藏经《甘珠尔》1490部，并印行藏传佛教的仪轨、传记、论著等经典单行本。1998年，西藏藏文古籍出版社和西藏人民出版社分别整理出版了《苯教甘珠尔》和《苯教丹珠尔》（大藏经）。一大批有关佛教的专著，如《贝叶经的整理研究》、《西藏苯教寺庙志》等相继问世。
The state has appropriated 40 million yuan and organized more than 100 Tibetan-language experts to finish collating Tibetan versions of Tengyur and Kangyur within two decades. Now all 124 volumes of Kangyur are available, and 108 volumes of Tengyur are to be published by the end of 2008. So far, 1,490 volumes of Kangyur have been printed; Tibetan Buddhist classics on rituals, biographies and treatises have also been printed and distributed. In 1998, The Kangyur of Bon Religion was compiled and published by the Tibetan-language Classics Press of Tibet, and The Tengyur of Bon Religion, by the Tibet People's Publishing House. A large quantity of other Buddhist works, such as On Pattra-leaf Scriptures and History of Bon Monasteries in Tibet are also available in bookstores.
正常的宗教活动和宗教信仰依法受到保护。西藏自治区和7个地市均设有佛教协会。中国佛协西藏分会办有西藏佛学院、藏文印经院和藏文会刊《西藏佛教》。国家创办了中国藏语系高级佛学院，专门培养藏传佛教高级人才，西藏已有100余名活佛、高僧进入该院深造。寺庙学经、辩经、晋升学位、受戒、灌顶、修行等传统宗教活动正常进行。活佛转世作为藏传佛教特有的传承方式得到国家的尊重，已有40多位新转世活佛按宗教仪轨和历史定制得到认定。
Normal religious activities and beliefs protected by law. The Buddhist associations have been set up in the Tibet Autonomous Region as well as its seven prefectures (cities). The Tibet branch of the Buddhist Association of China runs the Tibetan Buddhism Academy, Tibetan-language sutra printing shop and Tibetan-language journal Tibetan Buddhism. The state has established the China Tibetan-Language Academy of Buddhism to train senior Tibetan Buddhist personnel. More than 100 living Buddhas and eminent monks from Tibet have studied there. Various traditional Buddhist activities are carried out in a normal way - from sutra studies and debates to the conferring of academic degrees and ordination. As a unique way to pass on Tibetan Buddhism, the living Buddha reincarnation system has received respect from the state, and 40-odd living Buddhas have been approved in line with religious rituals and historical practice.
西藏的宗教活动内容丰富，形式多样。上世纪80年代以来，西藏陆续恢复了各种类型宗教节日40余个。信教群众每年自由参加萨噶达瓦节、雪顿节等各种各样的宗教活动。西藏随处可见悬挂的经幡、刻有佛教经文的玛尼堆以及从事宗教活动的信教群众。信教群众家中普遍设有经堂或佛龛，经常进行转经、朝佛、请寺庙僧尼做法事等宗教活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Religious activities in Tibet are rich in content and diverse in form. Since the 1980s, more than 40 religious festivals have been resumed. Believers are free to take part in the Sakadawa Festival, Shoton (Yogurt) Festival and other religious activities. Everywhere in Tibet, sutra streamers, Mani mounds and masses of believers engaging in religious activities can be seen. Many believers have sutra rooms or shrines in their homes, and they often circumambulate monasteries and sacred places, go on pilgrimages, or invite monks or nuns to conduct Buddhist services.
西藏人民的风俗习惯得到尊重和保护。和平解放后，中国政府特别注意尊重和保护藏族及其他各民族的传统风俗习惯，尊重和保障他们按照自己意愿从事宗教和民俗活动的自由。
Tibetan customs and lifestyle respected and protected. Since Tibet's peaceful liberation, the Chinese government has respected and protected the customs and lifestyle of the Tibetan and other ethnic groups in the Tibet Autonomous Region, including respect for and guarantee of their freedom to conduct religious and folk activities.
50多年来，西藏的藏族和其他少数民族保持着本民族的服饰、饮食、住房等传统风格，每年如期举行各种传统节庆活动。与此同时，一些与封建农奴制相伴随的腐朽、落后、蔑视劳动群众的旧习俗，随着社会的进步与发展而被群众所摒弃，代之以现代、文明、健康的新风尚。西藏每年举行的各种节庆集会，既有大量传统节日和宗教节日如藏历新年、沐浴节、望果节、酥油灯节、达玛节、煨桑节、噶尔恰钦节、赛马会等，又有国庆节、国际劳动妇女节、五一国际劳动节等全国性和世界性的节庆活动，还创立了山南雅砻艺术节、昌都的康巴艺术节、日喀则的珠峰艺术节、林芝的杜鹃花节等现代民族节日。藏族传统的优秀文化与现代文明的新思想、新文化相结合，为西藏民俗文化增添了新的风采。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past 50 years or so, the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities living in Tibet have preserved their traditional garments and ornaments, diet and housing styles, and are free to celebrate their traditional festivals. Some decadent, backward practices related to feudal serfdom and despising laboring people have been discarded and replaced with modern, civilized and healthy fashions. In Tibet, people celebrate national and international festivals, such as National Day, March 8 Women's Dayand May Day, in addition to traditional and religious festivals, such as Tibetan New Year, Bathing Festival, Ongkor (Bumper Harvest) Festival, Butter Lamp Festival, Dharma Festival, Burning Offerings Festival, Garchachen Festival and horse race fairs. They have also brought into being such modern events as the Yarlung ArtFestival in Shannan, Khampa Art Festival at Qamdo, Mount Qomolangma Art Festival at Xigaze and Azalea Festival at Nyingchi. With the fine Tibetan traditions integrating with modern ideas and cultures, Tibetan folk culture has adopted a new character.
四、现代科学教育和新闻事业全面发展
IV. All-round Development of Modern Science, Education and the Media
西藏和平解放以来，随着现代化的发展，不仅藏族传统优秀文化得到了继承、保护和弘扬，现代科学教育和新闻文化也得到全面发展。
Since its peaceful liberation in 1951, along with the drive for modernization, in Tibet not only the fine traditional Tibetan culture has been inherited, protected and promoted, but modern scientific, educational, journalistic and cultural undertakings have also been developing in an all-round way.
教育事业实现了历史性飞跃。旧西藏没有一所现代意义上的学校，能接受文化教育的均为贵族子弟，广大劳动人民根本没有受教育的机会。和平解放后，国家采取有力措施，发展西藏教育事业。1952年至2007年，国家累计投资225.62亿元人民币（其中近5年就投入139.89亿元人民币），各省市也对西藏教育事业在人力、物力、财力上给予有力支援，迄今全国已选派7000余名教师援藏，帮助发展西藏教育。从1985年开始，国家对西藏义务教育阶段的农牧民子女采取“包吃、包住和包学习费用”的措施，2007年又全部免除中小学生学杂费，使西藏成为全国第一个实现免费义务教育的地方。近年来，国家加大投入改善学校设施和办学条件，2000年至2006年投入18.5亿元人民币新建和改扩建校舍150万平方米；2004年至2007年建成计算机教室133个，卫星收视点983个，教育资源系统1763个，使西藏大多数中小学拥有了现代化教学手段。西藏现已形成包括幼儿教育、中小学义务教育、中等教育、高等教育和职业教育、成人教育、远程教育、函授教育和特殊教育等在内的比较完备的现代教育体系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
A historical leap has been achieved in education. In old Tibet, there was not a single school in the modern sense. Access to education was restricted to members of the aristocracy, the broad masses of laboring people were robbed of any opportunity for education. Since the peaceful liberation, the state has adopted vigorous measures to develop education in Tibet. Between 1952 and 2007, the state's investment in Tibet totaled 22.562 billion yuan,of which 13.989 billion yuan was invested from 2002 to 2007. In addition, various other provinces and municipalities also rendered energetic support to the development of education in Tibet in terms of manpower, materials and finance. So far, more than 7,000 teachers have been selected to aid Tibet in this respect. Since 1985, the state has adopted the measure to cover all tuition as well as food and boarding expenses for students in the stage of compulsory education from Tibet's agricultural and pastoral families. In 2007, the state again decided to exempt all primary and junior high school students of all tuition and other fees, thus making Tibet the first place in China to enjoy free compulsory education. In recent years, the state has increased its investment in improving school facilities and learning conditions, spending 1.85 billion yuan between 2000 and 2006 on new school buildings and their expansion, totaling 1.5 million sq m in floor space. From 2004 to 2007, 133 classrooms equipped with computers were built, in addition to 983 distance-education locations served by satellites and 1,763 educational resource systems. As a result, most of Tibet's primary and high schools possess hi-tech teaching facilities. Tibet has already formed a relatively comprehensive education system ranging from preschool education, nine-year compulsory education to secondary education, higher education, vocational education, distance education, correspondence education and special education.
教育水平和文化素质得到显著提高。西藏现有小学884所、初中94所、教育点1237个，在校学生54.7万人。文盲率从旧西藏的95%以上降至目前的4.76%。适龄儿童入学率从旧西藏的2%上升到现在的98.2%，初中入学率达90.97%，已基本普及九年制义务教育。有高级中学14所，完全中学9所，高中阶段入学率为42.96%；中等职业学校7所，2007年在校学生1.9万人；高等院校6所，在校生达2.7万人，入学率17.4%。现有大、中、小学在校专任教师30652人，其中藏族和其他少数民族占80%以上。全国有33所学校办有西藏班，其中初中19所、高中12所、师范2所，招收西藏插班生的内地重点高中53所。到2008年6月底，已招收藏族学生34650人，在校生达17100人。内地西藏班学生的高考合格率和升学率达90%以上。与此同时，内地有90余所高校招收西藏学生，已毕业1.5万人，在校5200余微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
人。一大批博士、硕士、科学家、工程师等人才脱颖而出，成为推动西藏发展的生力军。
The educational and cultural levels have been noticeably improved. Now in Tibet, there are 884 primary schools, 94 high schools and 1,237 teaching stations, with a total enrolment of 547,000. The illiteracy rate has fallen from more than 95 percent in old Tibet to the present 4.76 percent. The enrollment rate for school-age children has risen from 2 percent in old Tibet to the present 98.2 percent, and the enrollment rate for junior high schools has reached 90.97 percent, basically ensuring free nine-year compulsory education. At present, there are 14 senior high schools and nine schools with both junior and senior high school education, with the enrollment rate for senior high schools hitting 42.96 percent; seven secondary vocational schools, with students totaling 19,000 in 2007; and six colleges and universities, with students numbering 27,000 and an enrollment rate of 17.4 percent. There are 30,652 teachers in primary and high schools, colleges and universities, among whom teachers of the Tibetan or other ethnic minority groups account for more than 80 percent. Throughout the country, 33 schools have classes specially for Tibetan students, including 19 junior high schools, 12 senior high schools and two teacher-training schools. In addition, 53 key senior high schools in inland China enroll students from Tibet. By the end of June 2008, a total of 34,650 Tibetan students had been admitted to these schools, and at present the number of Tibetan students has reached 17,100. The higher education admission rate of these Tibetan classes in inland China has exceeded 90 percent. Meanwhile, over 90 inland colleges and universities have admitted students from Tibet, with a total of 5,200 students still studying, and 15,000 having already graduated. Large numbers of highly educated Tibetans, including some with Ph.Ds and MAs, as well as scientists and engineers, have become a major force in promoting Tibet's development.
现代科学技术从无到有，迅速发展。国家制定多项政策法规，投入大量资金，促进西藏科技发展。目前，西藏有科研机构42所，各类学术团体56个，农牧业技术推广机构140多个，科技示范基地和示范点37个，重点实验室5个，工程技术研究中心3个。现有各类专业技术人员42525人，其中藏族和其他少数民族技术人员占74.04%。仅2000年至2007年，西藏就完成了613个重点科研项目，其中国家级重点项目148项。特别是在宇宙射线观测、高原大气研究、青藏高原深部探测、泥石流等地质灾害防治、地热和太阳能等清洁能源开发利用、高原医学研究等领域，西藏的科研成果相当卓著，部分成果在全国乃至世界居于领先地位。到2007年，西藏科技对农牧业经济增长的贡献率达36%，农牧民已成为科技发展的巨大受益者。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Modern science and technology in Tibet started from scratch, and developed rapidly. The state has adopted a number of policies, laws and regulations, and invested a large amount of money to promote the development of science and technology in Tibet. At present, Tibet has 42 scientific research institutions, 56 academic groups of various kinds, 140 institutions at different levels popularizing agricultural and animal husbandry skills, 37 science and technology demonstration bases and locations, five key laboratories and three research centers of engineering technology. There are 42,525 professionals of various kinds, with Tibetans and people of other ethnic minorities accounting for 74.04 percent. From 2000 to 2007, Tibet completed 613 key scientific research projects, including 148 key national ones. Tibet has made remarkable achievements in science and technology, especially in the fields of cosmic rays observation, plateau atmosphere, deep geophysical exploration for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, prevention of geological hazards such as mudslides, development and utility of clean energy including geothermal and solar energy, plateau medicine, etc. Certain achievements have taken the lead nationwide and even worldwide. By 2007, the rate of contribution from science and technology to Tibet's growth in the agricultural and pastoral sectors had reached 36 percent, with the farmers and herders being the greatest beneficiaries.
藏学研究事业空前发展。在旧西藏，藏学研究的范畴主要是大五明（即工巧明、医方明、声明、因明、内明）、小五明（诗词、词藻、韵律、戏曲、历算），关注的领域主要是宗教，服务的对象是占总人口极少数的贵族和上层僧侣。如今，藏学研究已成为国家社会科学研究的一个重要学科，研究领域涉及藏族及其社会各个方面，成为服务于国家和西藏全体人民的一项重要事业。全国现有中国藏学研究中心等50多个藏学研究机构，近3000名藏学专家学者。藏学研究形成了较为完备的学科体系，在国际藏学界享有十分重要的地位。据不完全统计，国内已编写出版《西藏通史－－松石宝串》、《历史造就的统一体》、《敦煌吐蕃历史文书》、《元代汉藏艺术交流》等研究著作数百部，编辑出版《新旧唐书·藏文史料》、《明实录·藏族史料》、《清实录·藏族史料》等藏事汉文文献丛书400多种，整理出版了《萨班·贡嘎坚赞全集》、《敦巴西饶全集》等70多部藏文古籍文献，在各类报刊发表藏学研究论文2.4万多篇。
An unprecedented advance has been made in Tibetology research. In old Tibet, Tibetology research was confined mainly in the "greater five aspects of knowledge" (skill, medicine, philology, logic and religion) and the "lesser five aspects of knowledge" (poetry, rhetoric, rhythm, opera and calendar), focusing primarily on religion and serving the interests of the aristocrats and senior monks, an extremely small proportion of the Tibetan population. Nowadays, Tibetology has become an important discipline of China's social sciences and an important undertaking serving the country as well as the Tibetan people. There are now more than 50 Tibetology research institutions in the country, including the China Tibetology Research Center, with nearly 3,000 Tibetology experts and scholars. Tibetology is now a fairly complete research discipline in China and enjoys high reputation among the Tibetology circles throughout the world. China has compiled and published hundreds of Tibetology monographs, including A Comprehensive History of Tibet, A Historically Produced Unity, Historical Documents of Tubo Kept in Dunhuang, and Artistic Exchanges between Tibetans and Han Chinese in the Yuan Dynasty; edited and published over 400 Chinese-language collections of historical documents on Tibet, such as Old and New Tang Books - Historical Materials in Tibetan, The Ming-dynasty Records - Historical Materials in Tibetan, and The Qing-dynasty Records - Historical Materials in Tibetan, more than 70 collections of ancient Tibetan documents, including The Collected Works of Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyaltsen and The Collected Works of Tonpa Sherab, as well as more than 24,000 papers on Tibetology published in various newspapers and magazines.
新闻传播事业蓬勃发展。旧西藏没有现代意义上的出版业，只有数量有限的几所印刷经书的木刻印经院。目前，西藏有2家图书出版社、2家音像出版社，初步形成了遍及全区的出版发行体系。现已出版各类藏汉图书11300余种2.5亿册，其中藏文图书3000多种，《四部医典要注》、《新编藏医药学》、《西藏百科全书》等200多种图书获得全国性奖励。藏文图书连续5年保持20%的增速。西藏音像出版社1989年成立以来，先后出版发行《今日西藏》、《朗玛堆谐》、《西藏轻音乐》、《藏西极地》等各种音像电子出版物100多种，销售发行音像制品33万多盘。近5年音像电子出版连续保持13%的发展速度。目前，西藏有各类印刷厂35个，电子排版、平版胶印、电子分色、多色印刷等新技术得到广泛应用。图书发行网络覆盖全区，仅2002年至2007年，投资1008万元人民币新建、改扩建了35个新华书店，使新华书店总数达到67个；发行单位272家，年发行图书20多万种，发行量4000多万册。投资1800多万元人民币新建自治区出版物物流配送中心，日配送图书、报刊、音像、电子出版物5万多种56万册（盘）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The press and publishing industry in Tibet is flourishing. Old Tibet had no publishing houses in the modern sense, apart from a few workshops for printing Buddhist sutras using printing blocks. Now, Tibet has two publishing houses for books, and two for audio-visual products. Some 250 million volumes of over 11,300 titles, written in the Tibetan or Chinese language, have been published, including 3,000 Tibetan-language titles, of which 200 titles, such as Annotations of the Four Medical Tantras, A New Edition of Tibetan Medicine and Encyclopedia of Tibet, have won national awards. There has been a 20-percent annual increase in the production of Tibetan-language books for five consecutive years. Since its establishment in 1989, the Tibet Audio-Visual Publishing House has put out more than 100 audio-visual and electronic publications, including Tibet Today, Nangma and Thoeshey, Tibetan Light Music and The Ngari Area of Tibet, and distributed over 330,000 audio and visual products. There has been a 13-percent annual increase in the production of audio-visual products for five consecutive years. Currently, Tibet has 35 printing houses of various types, widely applying such new technologies as electronic typesetting, off-set lithography, electronic color separation and multi-color printing. A book distribution network has covered the entire region. In 2002-2007 alone, 10.08 million yuan had been invested in building or expanding 35 Xinhua Bookstores, bringing the total number of these shops to 67. There are now 272 distribution units that distribute more than 40 million books of over 200,000 titles every year. Moreover, the region has invested over 18 million yuan to build a new logistics distribution center, each day distributing 560,000 copies (discs) of books, newspapers, audio-visual and electronic publications of 50,000 titles.
旧西藏仅有清朝末年在拉萨创刊的石印藏文《西藏白话报》，印量不足百份。目前，西藏公开发行的报刊已达57种，其中报纸23种、期刊34种；7个地市都有藏汉文两种报纸。2007年，西藏出版报纸5550万份，期刊267万册，均连续5年保持两位数增长。《西藏研究》、《西藏旅游》等期刊多次获国家期刊奖提名奖、重点社科期刊奖等奖项。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Old Tibet had only one lithographically printed newspaper in the Tibetan language in the last years of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), titled The Tibet Vernacular Newspaper, and its print-run was fewer than 100 copies a day. Now, Tibet has 57 openly distributed newspapers and periodicals - 23 newspapers and 34 periodicals. Each of Tibet's seven prefectures and cities has a Tibetan newspaper and Han Chinese newspaper. In 2007, Tibet published 55.50 million copies of newspapers and 2.67 million copies of periodicals, both boasting a double-digit growth for five years in a run. Magazines such as Tibetan Studies and Tibet Travels have won national magazine award nominations and key social science magazine awards.
广播影视业在旧西藏处于空白状态。西藏和平解放50多年来，中央和西藏地方财政用于西藏广播影视发展的资金达12亿元人民币，中央有关部门和其他兄弟省市在技术人员和物资器材等方面提供了大力援助，并为西藏培养了大批专业人员。到2007年，西藏有广播电视台9座，中波转播发射台39座，100瓦以上调频广播转播发射台76座，50瓦以上电视转播发射台80座，县级以上有线电视转播发射台76座，乡村级广播电视站9111座，广播、电视人口覆盖率分别达到87.8%和88.9%，实现了行政村村村通广播电视。目前，西藏人民广播电台有4套节目，日播出79小时55分钟。西藏电视台有3个频道，日播出59小时30分钟。西藏有线网络传输中心可接收传送50套模拟信号有线电视节目、90套数字电视节目、11套广播节目。各地市和部分县(市)也相继建成了有线电视网络，覆盖全区的广播电视网初步形成。西藏现有电影放映机构559个，管理机构82个，农牧区放映队472个，放映点7918个，电影放映已覆盖98%的行政村，全区农牧民每月人均看电影1.6场。
No radio, film or TV industry existed in old Tibet. Over the 50-odd years since the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the central and regional finance together allocated 1.2 billion yuan for the development of Tibet's radio, film and TV industry. Relevant departments in the central government as well as other provinces have also rendered great support to Tibet in technology, personnel, materials and equipment, helping to train a large number of professionals for it. In 2007, Tibet had nine broadcast and radio stations, 39 medium-wave transmitting stations, 76 FM radio transmitting and relay stations of 100 watts or above, 80 TV transmitting stations of 50 watts or above, 76 cable TV transmitting stations above the county level, and 9,111 radio and TV stations at the township and village levels. All these have made radio and TV coverage rates in Tibet reach 87.8 percent and 88.9 percent, respectively, achieving the target of extending broadcast and TV coverage to each administrative village. Currently, the Tibet People's Radio Station provides four programs, broadcasting 79 hours and 55 minutes a day, while the Tibet TV Station operates three channels, airing programs 59 hours and 30 minutes a day. The Tibet Cable TV Network Transmission Center can receive and transmit 50 analog cable TV programs and 90 digital TV programs as well as 11 radio programs a day. Besides, all the prefectures (cities) and some counties have set up their own cable TV networks, marking the initial formation of a radio and TV network covering the whole region. In addition, there are 559 movie-projection agencies, 82 movie-projection management agencies,472 projection teams and 7,918 projection locations in Tibet's farming and pastoral areas, covering 98 percent of the region's administrative villages, with each person watching 1.6 movies per month for the region's farmers and herders.
网络文化建设方兴未艾。互联网和手机等新媒体异军突起，普及率和应用水平不断提高。西藏互联网始于1997年，1999年实现宽带上网，2000年创办第一家网站“西藏之窗”。2007年底，西藏已有互联网站760家，互联网用户82858户，网民约20万，占总人口的6%。西藏的移动电话业务始于1993年8月，当时交换机容量仅为4500户，移动基站只有1个，如今移动基站已达8300多个，手机用户达到80万户。新媒体已成为西藏人民了解新闻、获取信息和知识、休闲娱乐的重要渠道，丰富了群众精神文化生活，拉近了西藏与世界的距离。
New media forms, such as the Internet and mobile phones, have quickly developed as a new force in terms of their popularization and applications. Tibet started its Internet construction in 1997,achieved broadband Internet access in 1999, and created its first website - "Window on Tibet" - in 2000. At the end of 2007, Tibet had 760 websites, 82,858 Internet subscribers and some 200,000 netizens, accounting for six percent of the total population of Tibet. Mobile phone services were launched in Tibet in August 1993,with a switchboard capacity for only 4,500 mobile subscribers, as well as only one base station. Now, Tibet has over 8,300 base stations and 800,000 mobile phone subscribers. New media have become major channels enabling the Tibetan people to keep up with current events, and have rapid access to information as well as leisure and amusement. These media have enriched the local people's spiritual and cultural lives and brought Tibet closer to the rest of the world.
结束语
Conclusion
事实表明，半个多世纪来，西藏文化不仅没有灭绝，恰恰相反，具有民族特色的传统文化得到了合理的继承、有效的保护和大力的弘扬，面向现代化、面向未来、面向世界的现代文化随着西藏经济社会的发展在开放中得到迅速、全面的发展。西藏文化在新时代焕发出了新的生机和活力，以其丰富的内涵和创新的形态，深刻地影响着当代西藏人民的生活和西藏现代化的发展，并以其独特的魅力吸引着国内外的目光，丰富着中华民族的多元一体文化，影响着世界文化。可以毫不夸张地说，今天西藏文化的保护、繁荣与发展状况是西藏过去任何一个历史时期都无法比拟的，也是任何一个尊重事实的人士都不会否认的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Facts show that there has been no "cultural genocide" in Tibet at all over the past half century and more. On the contrary, the traditional culture of Tibet has been appropriately inherited, effectively protected and vigorously promoted, while modern Tibetan culture, oriented toward modernization, the future and the rest of the world, has opened up to the outside world and achieved rapid and all-round development propelled by Tibet's economic and social development. Tibetan culture is blooming with new vigor and energy in the new age and profoundly influencing the life of Tibetans and the development of Tibet's modernization through its diverse content and innovative forms. Moreover, with its unique charm, Tibetan culture is attracting worldwide attention, enriching the diverse cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and influencing that of the world as a whole. It is safe to say that the situation concerning the protection, prosperity and development of Tibetan culture in any historical period of old Tibet bears no comparison with the situation in Tibet today, and the achievements in this regard are undeniable to anyone who respects facts.
达赖集团无视客观事实，在国际上散布“西藏文化灭绝论”是发人深思的。众所周知，十四世达赖喇嘛及其政治集团是旧西藏落后的封建农奴制的总代表，是旧西藏政教合一的神权文化和宗教专制文化的总代表，是旧西藏政治、经济和文化资源的垄断者和既得利益者。西藏民主改革以来，推翻了封建农奴制度，从根本上改变了由极少数封建农奴主垄断西藏文化的不合理的文化占有和分配制度，改变了政教合一、宗教支配社会政治生活的宗教专制主义文化特性，剔除了旧西藏腐朽、落后、阻碍社会进步与发展的文化糟粕，实现了西藏文化的民主化、现代化，解放了西藏文化生产力，使西藏文化作为全体西藏人民的共同精神财富在继承、保护中实现了与时俱进和繁荣发展。事实证明，达赖集团是旧西藏落后文化的代表者和维护者，中国中央人民政府和西藏自治区人民政府是西藏文化的真正保护者和发展者。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
It deserves the utmost notice that the 14th Dalai Lama and his clique have spread the rumor about the "cultural genocide" in Tibet to the world in defiance of objective facts. It is known to all that the 14th Dalai Lama and his clique are the chief representatives of the backward feudal serfdom system and culture of theocratic rule and religious despotism that used to prevail in Tibet, as well as the vested-interest monopolists of the political, economic and cultural resources of old Tibet. The Democratic Reform in 1959 abolished the feudal serfdom system and overturned the unfair ownership and distribution system of Tibetan cultural resources, which had been monopolized by a small number of feudal serf owners. Furthermore, the reform removed theocratic rule and religious despotism over social and political life, cleared away the decadent and backward cultural scum which had been obstructing social progress and development, accomplished the democratization and modernization of Tibetan culture, and freed the productive forces of Tibetan culture, enabling Tibetan culture, protected and carried forward as a common spiritual wealth of all Tibetans, to keep up with the times and develop prosperously. Facts prove that the 14th Dalai Lama and his clique are the representative and guardian of the backward culture of old Tibet, and that China's Central People's Government and the local people's government of the Tibet Autonomous Region are the ones that truly protect and develop Tibetan culture.
十四世达赖喇嘛及其政治集团出逃国外近半个世纪，从未对西藏文化的保护和发展出过一点力、作过一点贡献，却俨然以“西藏文化保护者”自居，显然是荒诞可笑的。达赖集团之所以颠倒黑白，大叫“西藏文化灭绝”，不是因为别的，正是因为西藏文化不可阻挡的发展使他们曾经拥有的文化统治权及其所代表的文化制度不可挽回地遭到了“灭绝”，使他们的文化特权和既得利益不可挽回地遭到了“灭绝”。达赖集团提出什么“西藏文化自治”的主张，其实质是妄图借“文化自治”之名，恢复其对西藏和其他藏区的神权文化统治，进而实现“大藏区独立”的政治图谋。这种开历史倒车的图谋是绝不可能得逞的。
The 14th Dalai Lama and his clique fled abroad nearly half a century ago, and have never made any efforts for or contributions to the protection and development of Tibetan culture. However, they absurdly claim themselves to be "protectors of Tibetan culture." They have clamored about the "cultural genocide" in Tibet for the sole reason that their cultural despotism and cultural system along with their cultural privileges and vested interests have been irretrievably destroyed due to the irresistible development of Tibetan culture. The 14th Dalai Lama and his clique's clamor for "cultural autonomy of Tibet" is essentially a political conspiracy to restore theocratic rule over the culture of Tibet and other Tibetan-inhabited regions, and thus realize the "independence of Greater Tibet." Such a scheme of historical retrogression is bound to fail.
时代要前进，社会要进步，文化要发展，这是不可抗拒的历史潮流。当前，世界正处于全球化、信息化深入发展的时代。现代化潮流浩浩荡荡，顺之者昌，逆之者亡。无论哪个民族、哪种文化，只有顺应现代化潮流，与时俱进，在继承中创新，在保护中弘扬，在开放中发展，才能保持民族特色和旺盛的生命力。达赖集团和一些西方反华势力自己享受着现代文明和文化的成果，却以“保护西藏文化”为名，要求藏民族和西藏文化永远停留在中世纪状态，成为活化石，这显然是别有用心，是包括西藏人民在内的中国各族人民不会答应的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
It is an overwhelming historical trend for the times to move forward, society to progress and culture to develop. The world is in an age of intensified globalization and informationization. People who conform to the mighty trend of modernization will prosper, while those who do not will perish. Any people or culture can only retain its characteristics and life force by conforming to the trend of modernization, keeping up with the times, and following the path of inheritance and innovation, protection and promotion, and opening-up and development. The 14th Dalai Lama and his clique and the anti-China forces in the West conspire to force the Tibetan ethnic group and its culture to stagnate and remain in a state similar to the Middle Ages, in effect to become living fossils, while they themselves enjoy the fruits of modern civilization and culture. Such an attempt must have ulterior motives. The people of Tibet and other ethnic groups in China will absolutely not fall for such a scheme.
