中国的政党制度

China's Political Party System

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

二○○七年十一月·北京

November 2007

目   录

Contents

前   言

Preface

一、中国社会历史发展的必然选择

I. An Inevitable Choice in China's Social Development

二、中国的一项基本政治制度

II. A Basic Political System for China　　

三、社会主义民主的重要体现

III. Major Manifestations of Socialist Democracy

四、多党合作制度中的政治协商

IV. Political Consultation in the Multi-party Cooperation System

五、多党合作制度与国家政权建设

V. Multi-party Cooperation System and Building of State Power

六、多党合作制度与人民政协

VI. Multi-party Cooperation System and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

七、多党合作制度与现代化建设

VII. Multi-party Cooperation System and Modernization

结束语

Conclusion

附录：中国各民主党派和无党派人士简介

Appendix  A Brief Introduction to China's Democratic Parties and Personages Without Party Affiliation

前　　言

Preface

　　政党制度是现代民主政治的重要组成部分。一个国家实行什么样的政党制度，由该国国情、国家性质和社会发展状况所决定。各国政党制度的不同体现了人类文明发展的多样性。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The political party system is an important component of modern democratic politics. What kind of political party system to adopt in a country is determined by the nature, national conditions and social development of that given country. The diversity of political party systems in different countries reflects the diversity of human civilizations.

　　中国实行的政党制度是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度（以下简称中国多党合作制度），它既不同于西方国家的两党或多党竞争制，也有别于有的国家实行的一党制。这一制度在中国长期的革命、建设、改革实践中形成和发展起来，是适合中国国情的一项基本政治制度，是具有中国特色的社会主义政党制度，是中国社会主义民主政治的重要组成部分。

The political party system China has adopted is multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) (hereinafter "multi-party cooperation system"), which is different from both the two-party or multi-party competition systems of Western countries and the one-party system practiced in some other countries. This system was established and has been developed during the long-term practice of the Chinese revolution, construction and reform. It is a basic political system that suits the conditions of China. It is a socialist political party system with Chinese characteristics, and a key component of China's socialist democratic politics.

　　《中华人民共和国宪法》明确规定：中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展。在中国，中国共产党和各民主党派都必须以宪法为根本活动准则，维护宪法尊严，保证宪法实施。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China states that "the multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China shall continue to exist and develop for a long time to come." Both the CPC and the democratic parties must take the Constitution as the basic norm of their conduct, and uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.

　　中国多党合作制度中包括中国共产党和八个民主党派。八个民主党派是中国国民党革命委员会、中国民主同盟、中国民主建国会、中国民主促进会、中国农工民主党、中国致公党、九三学社、台湾民主自治同盟。中国人民政治协商会议（以下简称人民政协）是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商的重要机构。在中国多党合作制度中，中国共产党与各民主党派长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共，共同致力于建设中国特色社会主义，形成了“共产党领导、多党派合作，共产党执政、多党派参政”的基本特征。中国多党合作制度在中国的政治和社会生活中显示出独特的政治优势和强大的生命力，发挥了不可替代的重大作用。

Under China's multi-party cooperation system, there are the CPC and eight other political parties. The eight democratic parties are: Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang, China Democratic League, China National Democratic Construction Association, China Association for Promoting Democracy, Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party, China Zhi Gong Dang, Jiu San Society and Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is an important institution of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. Based on the principle of "long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with sincerity and sharing each other's weal and woe," the CPC and the eight democratic parties work hand in hand in developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, thus giving rise to the basic feature of "multi-party cooperation system under the leadership of the CPC, with the CPC holding power and the other eight parties participating fully in state affairs." The multi-party cooperation system shows unique political advantage and strong vitality, and plays an irreplaceable role in China's political and social life.

一、中国社会历史发展的必然选择

I. An Inevitable Choice in China's Social Development

　　中国经历过漫长的封建社会。1840年后，由于西方资本主义列强的野蛮入侵和封建统治集团的腐朽衰败，中国逐渐沦为半殖民地半封建社会。在将近110年的时间里，中华民族危难深重，人民根本没有民主权利。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has had a long history of feudalism. From 1840 on, when the Western imperialist powers launched aggressive wars against China, the corrupt and weak feudal ruling class buckled, and China was reduced to a semi-colonial, semi-feudal society. For nearly 110 years after that, the Chinese nation was plunged into the most dangerous situation, and the Chinese people had no democratic rights whatsoever.

    为改变国家和民族的悲惨命运，一代又一代中国人奋起抗争，努力寻求救国救民的真理。20世纪初，中国民主革命的先行者孙中山先生，向西方寻求救国救民的道路，发动和领导了具有资产阶级民主革命性质的辛亥革命，推翻了延续几千年的君主专制制度，建立了中华民国，并效仿西方国家实行议会政治和多党制。尽管相对于君主专制制度这是一个历史性的进步，但它很快就在中外各种反动势力的冲击下归于失败，无法实现中国人民要求独立、民主的迫切愿望。正如孙中山先生所总结的，中国的社会既然和欧美不同，管理社会的政治自然也不能完全仿效欧美。

To change the fate of the country and the Chinese nation, generation after generation of Chinese people rose up and waged heroic struggles to save the country and the people. In the early 20th century, Sun Yat-sen, forerunner of China's democratic revolution, turned his eyes to the West for a road that would save China. In 1911, he led a bourgeois democratic revolution, bringing to an end the autocratic monarchical system that had been in place for several millenniums. With the founding of the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen introduced a parliamentary and multi-party system in imitation of that in Western countries. Though historically progressive compared with the autocratic monarchy, the bourgeois political system soon collapsed under the onslaught of domestic and foreign reactionary forces and therefore failed to fulfill the Chinese people's fervent desire for independence and democracy. Mr. Sun Yat-sen later concluded that China could not simply copy European and American politics to govern its own society, as Chinese society was different from that of the West.

1927年至1949年新中国成立前，国民党蒋介石集团实行一党专制，独揽国家一切权力，打击和迫害民主进步力量，违背民主政治发展潮流和人民愿望，最终被历史所抛弃。

Between 1927 and 1949, the Kuomintang headed by Chiang Kai-shek exercised one-party dictatorship and monopolized all state power. It persecuted democratic and progressive forces against the trend of democratic politics and the wishes of the people. It was finally abandoned by history.

近代中国政治的发展呼唤适应中国国情的新的政党制度。这一历史责任由中国共产党和各民主党派共同承担了起来。

The political development of modern China called for a new political party system that suited China's national conditions. Such a historic mission fell on the shoulders of the CPC and its eight partners.

1921年成立的中国共产党，把马克思列宁主义与中国实际相结合，提出了新民主主义革命纲领，团结全国各革命阶级为实现民族独立、人民解放和国家富强、人民幸福而奋斗。主要在抗日战争时期（1937－1945年）和解放战争时期（1945－1949年）成立的各民主党派，其社会基础是民族资产阶级、城市小资产阶级以及同这些阶级相联系的知识分子和其他爱国分子，有着反帝、爱国、民主的政治要求，是中国社会的进步力量。

The CPC, founded in 1921, creatively combined the general truth of Marxism-Leninism with the actual situation in China, put forth the revolutionary program of "new democracy," and united all revolutionary classes to fight for national independence, the liberation of the people, the prosperity of the country, and the well-being of the people. The eight democratic parties, mostly founded during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (1937-1945) and the War of Liberation (1945-1949), were rooted among the national bourgeoisie and urban petty bourgeoisie, as well as intellectuals and other patriots associated with them. These people formed a progressive force who were anti-imperialist, patriotic and demanded democracy.

中国共产党与各民主党派建立了亲密的合作关系，并在严酷斗争中不断加强这种关系，为实现中国的和平、民主而共同奋斗。在抗日战争时期，民主党派积极参加中国共产党领导的抗日民族统一战线，广泛开展抗日民主运动，同中国共产党一道，共同为坚持抗战、团结、进步而努力，反对国民党顽固派的投降、分裂、倒退行径；抗日战争胜利后，民主党派同中国共产党一道，反对国民党蒋介石集团的内战、独裁政策。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the days of tough struggles, the CPC has established and developed close relations of cooperation with the eight democratic parties and joined forces with them to fight for peace and democracy. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the democratic parties actively joined the national united front led by the CPC and the democratic movement against the Japanese invaders, and made concerted efforts for national unity and progress, and against the surrendering, splittist and retrogressive activities of diehard elements in the Kuomintang. After the war, they, together with the CPC, continued the fight against the policies of dictatorship and civil war adopted by the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek clique.

中国共产党在领导新民主主义革命走向胜利的伟大斗争中，确立了在中国各种革命力量中的核心领导地位。各民主党派、无党派民主人士在长期实践中经过比较，自觉地、郑重地选择了中国共产党的领导。1948年4月，中国共产党提出召开新政治协商会议、成立民主联合政府的主张，得到各民主党派和无党派民主人士热烈响应。他们公开表示，愿意在中国共产党的领导下，共同为建立新中国而奋斗。1949年9月中国人民政治协商会议的召开，标志着中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度的正式确立，中国共产党与各民主党派和无党派民主人士共同参加新中国国家政权建设。

While leading the new democratic revolution to victory, the CPC established its core leadership role among the various revolutionary forces. And the democratic parties and democratic personages without party affiliation, through experience in the years of practice and on their own initiative, chose the leadership of the CPC. In April 1948, the CPC's proposal to convene a new political consultation conference and set up a democratic coalition government was warmly endorsed by the democratic parties and democratic personages without party affiliation. They made it public that they were willing to strive to build a New China under the leadership of the CPC. The convention of the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) in September 1949 marked the formal establishment of the multi-party cooperation system under the leadership of the CPC. It also marked the beginning of the CPC, the democratic parties and the democratic personages without party affiliation working together in building the state power of New China.

中华人民共和国成立后，中国共产党在执政条件下进一步加强同各民主党派的团结合作，不断推进多党合作的理论创新和实践发展。1956年社会主义改造基本完成后，根据中国阶级状况发生的深刻变化，中国共产党提出了“长期共存、互相监督”的八字方针，明确共产党存在多久，民主党派就存在多久，共产党可以监督民主党派，民主党派也可以监督共产党；由于共产党居于领导、执政地位，主要是民主党派监督共产党。社会主义条件下中国多党合作的基本格局由此确立。1957年后特别是“文化大革命”（1966－1976年）期间，中国多党合作制度遭受严重挫折。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

After the People's Republic of China was founded on October 1, 1949, the ruling CPC further strengthened its unity and cooperation with the democratic parties and continued to push forward the theoretical innovation and development in practical work regarding multi-party cooperation. After the socialist transformation was completed in 1956, and in light of the profound changes that had taken place among China's social classes, the CPC set forth the principle of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision," which meant that the other eight democratic parties would exist as long as the CPC exists, and that they and the CPC could supervise each other. Since the CPC was the ruling party, the other eight parties would play more of a supervisory role. Thus, the basic framework of multi-party cooperation in socialist China came into being. But after 1957, especially during the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), the multi-party cooperation system suffered serious setbacks.

1978年实行改革开放以来，根据形势和任务的变化，中国共产党明确多党合作是中国政治制度的一个特点和优势，确立了中国共产党与各民主党派“长期共存、互相监督、肝胆相照、荣辱与共”的十六字方针，提出了一整套关于多党合作和政治协商的理论和政策，使坚持和完善多党合作制度成为中国特色社会主义理论和实践的重要组成部分。

After the reform and opening-up policies were adopted in 1978, the CPC, in light of the changes in the situation and tasks, made it clear that the multi-party cooperation system is a basic feature and advantage of China's political system, and set forth the principle of "long-term coexistence, mutual supervision, treating each other with sincerity and sharing each other's weal and woe" to guide its relations with the other eight parties. It also set forth a complete set of theories and policies regarding the multi-party cooperation system, making sticking to and improving the system an important component of the theory and practice of Chinese-style socialism.

1989年中国共产党制定了坚持和完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度的意见，多党合作和政治协商走上了制度化轨道。1993年召开的第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议，将“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展”载入宪法，中国多党合作制度有了明确的宪法依据。2002年中共十六大后，从建设社会主义政治文明的高度，中国共产党先后制定了进一步加强中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度建设的意见和加强人民政协工作的意见，使多党合作制度进一步规范化和程序化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In 1989, the CPC formulated the Opinions on Sticking to and Improving the System of Multi-party Cooperation and Political Consultation Under the Leadership of the CPC, thus institutionalizing the multi-party cooperation system. The First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress in 1993 added to the Constitution the words "multi-party cooperation and political consultation system under the leadership of the Communist Party of China shall continue to exist and develop for a long time to come," providing a constitutional basis for the system. After the 16th CPC National Congress in 2002, the CPC, in its effort to build a socialist political civilization, released two documents -- Opinions on Further Strengthening the Building of the Multi-party Cooperation and Political Consultation System under the Leadership of the CPC, and Opinions on Strengthening the Work of the CPPCC -- to further standardize and institutionalize the multi-party cooperation system.

新中国成立以来，中国多党合作制度不断巩固和发展，在国家政治和社会生活中发挥着重要作用。

Since the founding of New China, the multi-party cooperation system has been continuously developing and consolidated, and is playing a significant role in the state's political and social life.

中国近现代政治发展的历史和实践证明：中国的民主政治建设，必须从中国的基本国情出发，盲目照搬别国政治制度和政党制度模式，是不可能成功的；实行专制独裁统治，违背历史发展规律和人民意志，也必然要归于失败。中国多党合作制度的形成和发展，是中国近现代历史发展的必然选择，是马克思列宁主义与中国实际相结合的产物，是中国共产党和各民主党派智慧的结晶，符合中国国情和中国革命、建设、改革的实际，符合社会主义民主政治的本质要求，体现了中华民族和而不同、兼容并蓄的优秀文化传统，具有鲜明的中国特色。这项制度，既合乎时代发展潮流，又体现了中国社会发展的内在要求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The political history and practice of modern and contemporary China prove that the construction of democratic politics in China must proceed from the country's basic conditions, and blind emulation of the political or party systems of any other country will never succeed; and that dictatorship will also end in failure, as it is against the law of historical development and the people's will. The formation and development of China's multi-party cooperation system was a logical choice of its modern and contemporary history, a product of the combination of Marxism-Leninism and China's own situation, and a crystallization of the wisdom of the CPC and other democratic parties. This system is well suited to China's conditions, the reality of China's revolution, construction and reform, and the essential demands of socialist democracy. It reflects the fine cultural tradition of the Chinese nation, which features all-embracing and harmony while reserving differences. With splendid Chinese features, this system both accords with the trend of the times and embodies the inherent requirements of China's social development.

二、中国的一项基本政治制度

II. A Basic Political System for China

中国宪法规定：中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。与这种国体相适应的政权组织形式是人民代表大会制度，与这种国体相适应的政党制度是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度。人民代表大会制度、中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度以及基层群众自治制度，构成了中国政治制度的核心内容和基本框架，是社会主义民主政治的集中体现。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

According to the Chinese Constitution, "The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants." The government system that accords with such a form of state is the system of people's congresses, and the political party system that accords with it is that of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC. The systems of people's congresses, multi-party cooperation, regional ethnic autonomy, and self-governance at the primary level of society together constitute the kernel and fundamental framework of China's political system, and are the embodiment of socialist democracy.

作为国家的一项基本政治制度，中国多党合作制度规定了中国共产党和各民主党派在国家政治生活中的地位、作用和相互关系。

As one of China's fundamental political system, the multi-party cooperation system identifies the status and functions of the CPC and the eight other political parties in the political life of the state, and the relations between the parties.

━━中国共产党处于领导和执政地位。中国共产党的领导地位是在长期革命、建设、改革实践中形成并巩固起来的，是历史的选择、人民的选择。在80多年的奋斗历程中，中国共产党领导中国人民完成了新民主主义革命的任务，实现了民族独立和人民解放；建立了人民当家作主的国家政权，维护了国家统一和各民族团结；建立了社会主义制度，实现了中国历史上最广泛最深刻的社会变革；开创了中国特色社会主义事业，为实现国家富强和人民幸福探索出了一条正确道路。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- The CPC holds the leading and ruling position. The CPC's leadership position was formed and consolidated during the long years of revolution, construction and reform, and it is the choice of history and the people. During its more than 80 years of struggle, the CPC led the Chinese people through the new democratic revolution to realize national independence and the people's liberation; established state power with the people as the masters of the state, and safeguarded national unification and the solidarity of all ethnic groups; established the socialist system and completed the most profound social transformation in Chinese history; and pioneered the Chinese-style socialist cause and blazed a correct road toward national prosperity and a happy life for the people.

中国是一个有着960万平方公里国土、13亿人口、56个民族的发展中大国。在这样一个幅员辽阔、人口众多的多民族国家进行现代化建设，必须有一个坚强的领导核心。中国共产党代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。中国共产党的坚强领导是中国实现社会主义现代化的根本保证，是维护中国国家统一、社会和谐稳定的根本保证，是把亿万人民团结起来、共同建设美好未来的根本保证。这是中国各族人民在长期革命、建设、改革实践中形成的政治共识。

China is a developing country with a territory of 9.6 million sq km, 1.3 billion people and 56 ethnic groups. To push forward modernization in such a populous country with such a vast landmass, it is imperative to have strong core of leadership. The CPC represents the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. The strong leadership of the CPC is the fundamental guarantee for China's socialist modernization, for national unification and social harmony and stability, and for the unity of over one billion people as they work together to create a bright future. This has become a political view shared by people of all ethnic groups formed in the long years of revolution, construction and reform.

━━各民主党派是中国的参政党。中国人民民主专政的内在要求和各民主党派在中国政治生活中的实际作用，决定了民主党派的参政党地位。各民主党派作为各自所联系的一部分社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业建设者和拥护社会主义爱国者的政治联盟，属于人民的范畴，他们在中国共产党的领导下参政，是人民民主的重要体现。

-- The eight democratic parties participate in and deliberate on state affairs. The inherent requirements of the people's democratic dictatorship and the actual role played by the eight democratic parties in China's political life determine their role as participating parties. As the political alliances of socialist working people, builders of socialism and patriots who support socialism with whom they maintain ties, these parties are within the scope of the people, and their participation in state affairs under the leadership of the CPC is a major indication of people's democracy.

民主党派参政的基本点是：参加国家政权，参与国家大政方针和国家领导人选的协商，参与国家事务的管理，参与国家方针政策、法律法规的制定和执行。参政党的地位和参政权利受到宪法和法律的保护。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Their participation in state affairs mainly takes the following forms: participating in the exercise of state power, consultation on fundamental state policies and the choice of state leaders, the administration of state affairs, and the formulation and implementation of state policies, laws and regulations. Their status and rights as participating parties are protected by the Constitution and other laws.

━━中国共产党与各民主党派形成了团结合作的新型政党关系。中国共产党与各民主党派在长期的共同奋斗中，形成了亲密的友党关系。中国共产党的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领、基本经验得到各民主党派的认同，建设中国特色社会主义成为中国各政党的共同目标。在保持宽松稳定、团结和谐的政治环境中，中国共产党与各民主党派实行广泛的政治合作，照顾同盟者的政治利益和物质利益，团结他们一道前进。

-- A new relationship of unity and cooperation has been established between the CPC and the eight democratic parties. The CPC has made friends with the eight democratic parties in their long years of common struggle. Its fundamental theory, line, program and experience have been agreed by the democratic parties, and the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics has become the common goal of all parties in China. In a liberal, stable and harmonious political atmosphere, the CPC maintains wide political cooperation with the democratic parties, attends to their political and material interests, and unites with them in the march forward.

━━中国共产党与各民主党派的合作具有丰富的内容。第一，中国共产党就重大方针政策和重要事务同各民主党派进行政治协商，实行相互监督。第二，各民主党派成员在国家权力机关中占有适当数量，依法履行职权。第三，各民主党派成员担任国家及地方人民政府和司法机关的领导职务；各级人民政府通过多种形式与民主党派联系，发挥他们的参政议政作用。第四，各民主党派通过人民政协参加国家重大事务的协商。第五，中国共产党支持民主党派参加改革开放和社会主义现代化建设。为经济社会发展服务，是各民主党派履行参政党职能的重要内容，是中国多党合作制度的一大特色。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- The cooperation of the CPC and the democratic parties is rich in content. First, the CPC consults the democratic parties on major principles, policies and issues, and they supervise each other. Second, members of democratic parties hold an appropriate number of posts in state power organs and they can perform their duties according to law. Third, members of democratic parties hold leading posts in central and local governments and judicial organs; the people's governments at various levels keep contacts with, through diverse means, the democratic parties to bring into play their role of participation in and deliberation on state affairs. Fourth, the democratic parties participate in consultation on major state issues through the CPPCC. Fifth, the CPC supports the democratic parties to participate in the country's reform, opening up and socialist modernization drive. To serve economic and social development is the main function of the democratic parties as participating parties, and also a distinctive feature of China's multi-party cooperation system.

━━中国共产党与各民主党派互相监督。这种监督是通过提出意见、批评、建议的方式进行的政治监督。由于中国共产党处于领导和执政地位，更需要来自民主党派的监督。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- The CPC and the other eight democratic parties supervise each other. Such supervision is political supervision exercised through exchanging views and airing criticisms and suggestions. Since the CPC is the leading and ruling party, it needs particularly supervision from the democratic parties more than the other way round.

民主党派民主监督的内容是：国家宪法和法律法规的实施情况；中国共产党和政府重要方针政策的制定和贯彻执行情况；中国共产党各级党委的工作和中共党员领导干部履行职责、为政清廉等方面的情况。民主党派的监督，对于加强和改善中国共产党的领导，健全社会主义监督体系，有着重要而独特的作用。

This democratic supervision mainly covers the implementation of the Constitution, laws and regulations; the formulation and implementation of major guiding principles and policies of the CPC and the government; and the work of CPC committees at various levels, as well as CPC-member officials' performance of duties and clean governance. The supervision from the democratic parties is unique yet important for strengthening and improving the CPC's leadership and improving the socialist supervision system.

中国多党合作制度创立了一种新型的政党制度形式，在世界政党制度中独具特色。中国共产党同各民主党派既亲密合作又互相监督，而不是互相反对。中国共产党依法执政，各民主党派依法参政，而不是轮流执政。这一制度与人民代表大会制度相适应，实现人民当家作主，而不是少数人的民主。

The multi-party cooperation system has created a new form of political party system in the world, a unique system by itself. Under this system, the CPC and the democratic parties work closely together and supervise each other, instead of opposing each other. The CPC rules the country and the democratic parties participate in state affairs according to law, instead of ruling the country in turn. This system accords with the system of people's congresses to ensure that the people are the masters of the state, rather than a democracy for a minority of people.

三、社会主义民主的重要体现

III. Major Manifestations of Socialist Democracy

没有民主就没有社会主义，就没有社会主义现代化。实现和发展人民民主是中国共产党和各民主党派始终不渝的奋斗目标。中国多党合作制度以其独特的结构功能和运行机制，体现了社会主义民主的本质要求，保障人民民主权利的充分行使，是实现社会主义民主的重要形式。

Without democracy there can be no socialism, let alone socialist modernization. It is an unswerving goal of the CPC and the democratic parties to realize and develop people's democracy in China. China's multi-party cooperation system, with its unique structure and functions as well as operational mechanism, gives expression to the intrinsic demands of socialist democracy and guarantees the full exercise of the people's democratic rights. It is a major manifestation of socialist democracy.

中国共产党的领导和充分发扬社会主义民主，是中国多党合作制度的本质要求。中国共产党以全心全意为人民服务为宗旨，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。中国共产党的领导和执政，就是领导和支持人民当家作主，最广泛地动员和组织人民群众依法管理国家和社会事务，管理经济和文化事业，维护和实现人民群众的根本利益。中国多党合作制度既坚持中国共产党的坚强领导，又体现广泛民主；既保持一致性，又体现多样性；既规范有序，又充满活力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The leadership of the CPC and full exercise of socialist democracy are the essential requirements of the multi-party cooperation system. The CPC aims to serve the people wholeheartedly, and represents the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese people. The CPC's leadership and rule is to lead and support the people to be the masters of their country, mobilize and organize the people as extensively as possible, to manage state and social affairs as well as economic and cultural programs in accordance with the law, and safeguard and realize the basic interests of the people. The multi-party cooperation system gives expression to both the firm leadership of the CPC and extensive democracy, maintains both consistency and diversity, and exhibits both order and vigor.

选举民主与协商民主相结合，是中国社会主义民主的一大特点。在中国，人民代表大会制度与中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，有着相辅相成的作用。人民通过选举、投票行使权利和人民内部各方面在作出重大决策之前进行充分协商，尽可能取得一致意见，是社会主义民主的两种重要形式。选举民主与协商民主相结合，拓展了社会主义民主的深度和广度。经过充分的政治协商，既尊重了多数人的意愿，又照顾了少数人的合理要求，保障最大限度地实现人民民主，促进社会和谐发展。

One major feature of China's socialist democracy is the combination of democratic election and democratic consultation. In China, the people's congress system and the multi-party cooperation system under the leadership of the CPC supplement each other. That the people exercise their democratic rights through election and voting and that consultation is conducted among people of all walks of life to achieve consensus as much as possible before any significant decisions are made are two important ways to realize socialist democracy. The combination of democratic election and democratic consultation has extended the width and depth of socialist democracy. Full political consultation both takes into account the opinions of the majority and shows respect to the reasonable requirements of the minority, thus guaranteeing democracy of the widest scope and promoting the harmonious development of society.

中国多党合作制度的价值和功能主要体现在以下方面：

The value and functions of China's multi-party cooperation system are manifested as follows:

━━政治参与。中国多党合作制度为各民主党派的政治参与开辟了制度化渠道，把各种社会力量纳入政治体制，巩固和扩大人民民主专政国家政权的基础；调动各方面积极性，广集民智，广求良策，推动执政党和政府决策的科学化、民主化；在保持社会稳定的前提下，推进社会主义民主积极稳步发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Political participation. The multi-party cooperation system opens up an institutionalized channel for the political participation of democratic parties, incorporates various social forces into the political system, and consolidates and expands the foundation of the people's democratic dictatorship; mobilizes the enthusiasm of all sectors, pools the wisdom of the people, solicits proposals widely, and promotes the scientific and democratic decision-making of the ruling party and the government; and advances the positive and steady development of socialist democracy on the premise of maintaining social stability.

━━利益表达。中国是一个人口众多的大国，存在不同的阶级、阶层和社会群体。人民内部在根本利益一致的基础上存在着具体利益的差别和矛盾。特别是随着社会主义市场经济的发展，经济体制深刻变革，社会结构深刻变动，利益格局深刻调整，思想观念深刻变化。中国多党合作制度能够有效反映社会各方面的利益、愿望和诉求，畅通和拓宽社会利益表达渠道，协调利益关系，照顾同盟者利益，从而保持社会和谐稳定。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Expression of interests. China is a large, populous country with a variety of social classes, strata and groups. On the basis of common fundamental interests, differences and contradictions in specific interests exist among the people. In particular, as the socialist market economy progresses, the reform of the economic system deepens, the social structure and the pattern of interests undergo great reshuffles, and people's ideas also change profoundly. The multi-party cooperation system can effectively reflect the interests, wishes and demands of all social sectors, clears and broadens the channels for the expression of interest, coordinates interest relations, gives due consideration to the interests of allies, and thus maintains social harmony and stability.

━━社会整合。中国现代化建设的艰巨性和复杂性，要求政治制度具备高度的社会整合功能。中国多党合作制度以中国共产党的坚强领导为前提，又有各民主党派的广泛合作，从而形成强大的社会整合力。在建设中国特色社会主义大目标下，中国共产党紧密团结民主党派，形成高度的政治认同，促进政治资源的优化配置，调动各方面的积极性，引导和组织社会沿着现代化的方向不断前进。

-- Social integration. China's arduous and complicated modernization task requires a political system that has a strong function in social integration. Combining the firm leadership of the CPC with extensive cooperation with democratic parties, the multi-party cooperation system has forged a mighty power of social integration. Aiming at the paramount objective of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, the CPC cooperates closely with democratic parties, creates strong political identification, facilitates optimized allocation of political resources, mobilizes the enthusiasm of all sectors, and leads and organizes the society to move continuously toward modernization.

━━民主监督。中国共产党与各民主党派互相监督，有利于强化体制内的监督功能，避免由于缺乏监督而导致的种种弊端。各民主党派反映和代表着各自所联系群众的具体利益和要求，能够反映社会上多方面的意见和建议，能够提供一种中国共产党自身监督之外更多方面的监督，有利于执政党决策的科学化、民主化，更加自觉地抵制和克服官僚主义和各种消极腐败现象，加强和改进执政党的工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Democratic supervision. Mutual supervision between the CPC and the democratic parties is conducive to strengthening the supervision function within the system and avoiding various drawbacks arising from lack of supervision. The democratic parties represent specific interests and demands of relevant groups of people, reflect complaints and suggestions from all walks of life, and provide all-round supervision apart from the self-supervision of the CPC. This facilitates the scientific and democratic decision-making of the ruling party, so that it will resist and overcome bureaucracy and all sorts of negative and corruptive phenomena more consciously, thus reinforcing and improving the work of the ruling party in all aspects.

━━维护稳定。中国多党合作制度以合作、协商代替对立、争斗，避免了政党互相倾轧造成的政局不稳和政权频繁更迭，最大限度地减少社会内耗，维护安定团结的社会政治局面。这一制度既有中国共产党的坚强领导，又有各民主党派的广泛参与，能够有效化解各种社会矛盾和冲突，保持政治稳定和社会和谐。

-- Maintenance of stability. The multi-party cooperation system replaces confrontation and contention with cooperation and consultation, effectively avoiding political instability and frequent changes of regime resulting from discord among political parties, thus reducing internal frictions of the society to the maximum, and safeguarding social and political stability and solidarity. Combining the firm leadership of the CPC with the extensive participation of democratic parties, the system is able to effectively resolve various social contradictions and conflicts, and maintain political stability and social harmony.

中国多党合作制度，反映了人民当家作主的社会主义民主的本质要求，体现了中国政治制度的特点和优势。在新的历史条件下，发展社会主义民主政治，其中一个重要方面就是坚持和完善中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度，扩大公民有序的政治参与，拓宽社会利益表达渠道，促进社会和谐发展。

China's multi-party cooperation system gives expression to the intrinsic requirement of socialist democracy that people are the masters of their own country, as well as the characteristics and advantages of China's political system. In the new historical circumstances, one of the key jobs for developing socialist democracy is adhering to and improving the multi-party cooperation system under CPC leadership, which entails expanding the orderly political participation of citizens, broadening the channels for the expression of social interest and fostering harmonious social development.

四、多党合作制度中的政治协商

IV. Political Consultation in the Multi-party Cooperation System

政治协商是中国多党合作制度的重要内容。中国共产党就国家重大方针政策和重要事务在决策前和决策执行过程中与各民主党派、无党派人士进行协商，是实行科学决策、民主决策的重要环节，是中国共产党提高执政能力的重要途径。经过多年的实践，中国多党合作制度中的政治协商形成了两种基本方式：一种是中国共产党同各民主党派的协商；一种是中国共产党在人民政协同各民主党派和各界代表人士的协商。

Political consultation is a major aspect of China's multi-party cooperation system. The CPC consults with the various democratic parties and personages without party affiliation on major state guidelines and policies and key state affairs before making decisions and in the process of implementing the decisions. This is a vital link in the scientific and democratic decision-making process as well as an important means for the CPC to enhance its governance capability. After many years of practice, two basic modes of political consultation in the multi-party cooperation system have been formed: the CPC's consultation with democratic parties, and the CPC's consultation with democratic parties and representatives from all circles at the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

中共中央同各民主党派中央政治协商的内容主要包括：中国共产党全国代表大会、中央委员会的重要文件；宪法和重要法律的修改建议；国家领导人的建议人选；关于推进改革开放的重要决定；国民经济和社会发展的中长期规划；关系国家全局的一些重大问题；通报重要文件和重要情况并听取意见，以及其他需要协商的重要问题等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The CPC Central Committee consults the central committees of democratic parties on important documents of the CPC National Congress and CPC Central Committee, proposed amendments to the Constitution and major laws, candidates for state leaders, significant decisions on pushing forward reform and opening-up, medium- and long-term plans for the national economic and social development, and issues having a great bearing on the state as a whole. Moreover, the CPC canvasses comments on key documents and events, and consults widely on other important matters.

中共中央同各民主党派中央政治协商的主要形式是：中共中央邀请各民主党派领导人举行民主协商会，就中共中央将要提出的大政方针进行协商；中共中央主要领导人根据形势需要，不定期邀请民主党派领导人举行高层次、小范围的谈心活动，沟通思想，交换意见；中共中央或中共中央委托有关方面召开民主党派和无党派代表人士座谈会，通报或交流重要情况，听取民主党派提出的政策性建议，或讨论某些专题；除会议协商外，民主党派中央还可就国家大政方针及其他重大问题向中共中央提出书面建议。

The major forms of political consultation between the CPC Central Committee and central committees of the eight democratic parties are: The CPC Central Committee invites leaders of democratic parties to attend democratic consultation conferences and discuss state policies to be announced by the CPC Central Committee; top leaders of the CPC Central Committee hold high-level, small-scope talks with leaders of democratic parties to exchange views and ideas when the situation requires it; the CPC Central Committee or an agency entrusted by the CPC Central Committee convenes seminars participated by democratic parties and representative personages without party affiliation, at which important issues are briefed or certain topics are discussed, and policy-related proposals from democratic parties are solicited. Apart from consultation meetings and conferences, the central committees of democratic parties can put forward wri tten proposals on state policies and other important issues to the CPC Central Committee.

中共中央同各民主党派中央政治协商的主要程序是：中共中央根据年度工作重点，研究提出全年政治协商规划；协商的议题提前通知各民主党派中央、无党派人士，并提供相关材料；各民主党派中央组织相关人员阅读文件，调查研究，对协商议题进行集体研究后，提出意见和建议；在协商过程中充分发扬民主，广泛听取意见，求同存异；中共中央认真研究民主党派中央、无党派人士提出的意见和建议，对重要意见和建议的采纳情况及时进行反馈。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Their political consultation proceeds in the following steps: The CPC Central Committee brings forward an annual plan for political consultation according to the priorities of work of that year; the central committees of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation are informed of the topics for consultation and are provided with relevant materials in advance; the central committees of democratic parties make arrangements for relevant people to read the documents, conduct surveys and research, discuss the topics and bring up suggestions and proposals; democracy is fully exercised in the course of consultation, suggestions and proposals widely solicited, and common ground sought while reserving differences; and the CPC Central Committee studies the collected suggestions and proposals carefully, and gives prompt feedback to the central committees of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation about the follow-up actions on their suggestions and proposals.

20世纪90年代以来，中共中央加强同各民主党派的协商，内容不断充实，程序逐步规范。1990年至2006年底，中共中央、国务院及委托有关部门召开的协商会、座谈会、情况通报会达230多次，其中中共中央总书记主持召开74次。近三年来，各民主党派、无党派人士在协商中就《中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》、《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》、《中共中央关于进一步加强中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度建设的意见》等许多重要文件的征求意见稿，全国人大、全国政协领导人选，宪法修改以及立法法、反分裂国家法、监督法、物权法等多部法律文件草案，《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要》等国民经济和社会发展的中长期规划，社会主义新农村建设、国家金融体制改革、卫生体制改革和教育体制改革等关系国计民生的重大问题，提出意见和建议，其中许多被中共中央、国务院及有关部门所采纳。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since the early 1990s, the CPC Central Committee's consultation with democratic parties has been covering more and more topics while the procedures have been gradually standardized. From 1990 to the end of 2006, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and their entrusted agencies, organized more than 230 consultation conferences, seminars and briefings, of which 74 were presided over by the general secretary of the CPC Central Committee. Over the past three years, democratic parties and personages without party affiliation have raised suggestions and proposals on the opinion-solicitation drafts of many important documents, such as the Decision of the CPC Central Committee on the Enhancement of the Party's Governance Capability, Decision of the CPC Central Committee on Some Major Issues Regarding the Building of a Harmonious Socialist Society, and Opinions of the CPC Central Committee on Further Strengthening the Building of the Multi-party Cooperation and Political Consultation System under the Leadership of the CPC. The CPC also listens to their opinions and suggestions on candidates for leaders of the National People's Congress and the CPPCC, amendments to the Constitution and a good number of drafts of state laws, including the Legislation Law, Anti-Secession Law, Law on Supervision of the Standing Committees of the People's Congresses at All Levels, Property Rights Law, the medium- and long-term plans for China's national economic and social development, such as the Outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, as well as important matters bearing on the national economy and the people's livelihood, e.g., the building of a new socialist countryside and the reforms of the financial, healthcare and educational systems. Many of their suggestions and proposals have been adopted by the CPC Central Committee, the State Council and departments concerned.

此外，各民主党派中央、无党派代表人士还向中共中央提出重大的书面意见建议200多项，内容涵盖了经济、政治、社会、教育、科技、文化、卫生、国防、外交、港澳台侨等诸多方面，如长江三角洲地区、环渤海地区、海峡西岸经济区、北部湾地区等区域经济社会发展问题，三江（长江、黄河、澜沧江）源地区、欠发达地区资源开发补偿机制改革等问题，深化文化体制改革、弘扬中国传统文化等问题。这些意见建议得到中共中央、国务院的重视和采纳，并产生了良好的社会效果。

Furthermore, the central committees of democratic parties and representatives of personages without party affiliation have submitted to the CPC Central Committee over 200 important written proposals. These proposals cover a wide range of subjects, including economy, politics, society, education, science and technology, culture, health, national defense, diplomacy and affairs regarding Chinese in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, such as those addressing issues of economic and social development of the Yangtze River Delta region, the Bohai Sea region, the economic zone on the west coast of the Taiwan Straits and the Beibu Gulf region, those addressing reforming the compensation mechanism for exploiting the resources of the headwaters of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers as well as underdeveloped regions, and those addressing the deepening of the reform of the cultural system and the promotion of traditional Chinese culture. Their proposals are highly valued and accepted by the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and have produced good social effects.

中国共产党各级地方党委就地方重大问题同地方各级民主党派组织负责人进行协商，也已形成制度。中国共产党各级党委同民主党派广泛的协商，有力地推进了决策的科学化、民主化。

The system for local CPC committees at various levels to consult the leaders of local committees of democratic parties at the corresponding levels on major issues of respective regions has also been institutionalized. The extensive consultation conducted by the CPC committees with democratic parties at various levels has vigorously enhanced the scientific and democratic decision-making of the ruling party.

中国共产党在人民政协同各民主党派、无党派人士和各界代表人士的协商，是政治协商的另一重要方式。人民政协由34个界别组成，包括中国共产党、各民主党派、无党派人士以及各界代表人士。加强人民政协的政治协商，是发展社会主义民主政治、建设社会主义政治文明的重要内容。进一步发挥人民政协的作用，有利于体现和发挥中国社会主义政治制度和政党制度的特点和优势，巩固和发展民主团结、生动活泼、安定和谐的政治局面。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The CPC's consultation with democratic parties, personages without party affiliation and representatives from all walks of life at the CPPCC is another important way of political consultation. The CPPCC comprises members from 34 sectors, including the CPC, democratic parties, personages without party affiliation and representatives from all sections of society. Strengthening political consultation at the CPPCC is an essential aspect of developing socialist democracy and building socialist political civilization. Giving further play to the role of the CPPCC helps manifest and give full play to the characteristics and advantages of China's socialist political system and political party system, and contributes to the consolidation and development of a political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness, dynamism, stability and harmony.

五、多党合作制度与国家政权建设

V. Multi-party Cooperation System and Building of State Power

中国共产党是执政党，坚持科学执政、民主执政、依法执政；各民主党派是参政党，参加国家政权。中国共产党同各民主党派在国家政权中团结合作，支持他们发挥参政党作用，履行参政议政、民主监督职能，推动国家政权建设。

As the party in power, the CPC has persisted in ruling the country scientifically, democratically and in accordance with law. As participating parties, the democratic parties also take part in running government and state affairs. In exercising state power, the CPC unites and cooperates with all the democratic parties and encourages them to play their functions by participating in and discussing government and political affairs and in democratic supervision, so as to improve the building of state power.

人民代表大会是中国人民行使国家权力的机关，也是民主党派成员发挥作用的重要机构。民主党派成员在各级人大代表、人大常委会委员及专门委员会委员中，均占有一定数量。2003年第十届全国人民代表大会第一次会议以来，民主党派成员、无党派人士共有17.7万人当选各级人大代表。其中，全国人大常委会副委员长7人，全国人大常委会委员50人；省级人大常委会副主任41人，省级人大常委会委员462人；市级人大常委会副主任357人，市级人大常委会委员2084人。他们履行人民代表的职责，参与宪法、法律和地方性法规的制定和修改，参与选举、决定和罢免国家和政府领导人，参与审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告、国家预算和预算执行情况的报告，反映人民意愿，提出议案和质询案，参与视察和执法检查工作，发挥了重要作用。

The National People's Congress (NPC) is the organ through which the Chinese people exercise state power; it is also an important place where the roles of the democratic party members are brought into play. A certain proportion of the membership of the people's congresses, their standing committees and special committees at various levels is taken up by members of democratic parties. Since the First Session of the 10th NPC in 2003, a total of 177,000 members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation have been elected as deputies to the people's congresses at various levels, among whom seven have served as vice-chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the NPC and 50 served as Standing Committee members; 41 as vice-chairpersons of the standing committees of the people's congresses at the provincial level and 462 as their members, and 357 as vice-chairpersons of the standing committees of the people's congresses at the municipal level and 2,084 as their members. Performing their duties as representatives of the people, they have played an important role in participating in the enactment and amendment of the Constitution, state laws and local regulations, in electing, deciding on and dismissing state and government leaders, in examining and approving national economic and social development plans and reports on their implementation, as well as state budgets and reports on their implementation. They also play an essential role in reflecting the people's wishes by submitting motions, addressing inquiries and taking part in inspection tours and law-enforcement examinations.

民主党派成员担任政府和司法机关领导职务，是实现中国共产党领导的多党合作的一项重要内容。截至2006年底，担任县处级以上职务的民主党派成员、无党派人士共有3.1万人，他们对分管的工作享有行政管理的指挥权、处理问题的决定权和人事任免的建议权。其中最高人民法院、最高人民检察院和国务院部委办、直属局担任领导职务副职18人；全国31个省、自治区、直辖市中，有副省长、副主席、副市长24人；全国397个市（州、盟、区）人民政府中有356人担任副市（州、盟、区）长；有35人担任省级法院副院长和检察院副检察长，有141人担任地市级法院副院长和检察院副检察长。还有许多民主党派成员、无党派人士在高等院校、人民团体、科研院所和国有企业中担任领导职务，如中国科学院所属93个研究所中有69人，教育部直属72所高等院校中有38人。2007年，民主党派成员、无党派人士2人分别担任国务院科技部、卫生部部长职务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

It is a key part of the multi-party cooperation system under the leadership of the CPC that democratic party members take leadership positions in government and judicial organs. By the end of 2006, 31,000 democratic party members and personages without party affiliation took government official posts at and above the county (division) level. In the areas of work they are put in charge, they have commanding power, the power to make decisions as well as the power to nominate and remove personnel. Among these officials, 18 served as deputy leaders in the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, and the various ministries, commissions, offices and bureaus directly under the State Council; 24 served as deputy provincial governors, vice-chairpersons and deputy mayors in the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government; 356 served as deputy mayors or deputy governors of the people's governments of 397 cities (prefectures, leagues, districts); 35 served as vice-presidents of provincial courts or deputy attorneys-general of provincial procuratorates; and 141 serve as vice-presidents of courts and deputy attorneys-general of procuratorates at the prefecture/city level. In addition, many members of the democratic parties and personages without party affiliation hold leading positions at institutions of higher learning, people's organizations, scientific research institutes, and state-owned enterprises. For instance, 69 of them assume such posts at the 93 research institutes under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and 38 at the 72 universities or colleges directly under the Ministry of Education. In 2007, two of them take up the positions of Minister of Science and Technology and Minister of Health, respectively.

国务院和地方各级人民政府重视加强与民主党派的联系，为民主党派发挥参政议政作用开辟了新渠道。联系的方式主要是：国务院召开有民主党派负责人参加的座谈会，就拟提交全国人民代表大会审议的政府工作报告、有关重大政策措施征求意见，通报国民经济和社会发展的有关情况；根据需要邀请民主党派负责人列席政府全体会议和有关会议；政府组织有关廉政建设、社会治安综合治理和规范市场经济秩序等检查工作，邀请民主党派成员参加；政府有关部门根据工作业务范围同相关民主党派建立和加强联系，重要专业性会议和重要政策、规划的制定，根据需要邀请相关的民主党派负责人参加。目前，各民主党派根据各自特点，与国务院有关部门建立了联系，就推进素质教育、建设“星火”科技产业带、发展现代农业、推广生态家园富民计划、加强海洋资源保护与开发、完善鼓励科技自主创新的财税政策、改革科技奖励制度、实施国家知识产权战略、解决水资源短缺等课题进行合作和共同研究。国务院和各级地方政府还聘请民主党派成员、无党派人士767人担任政府参事室参事，1393人担任中央和地方文史馆馆员。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The State Council and governments at all levels put great emphasis on strengthening contacts with democratic parties, opening up new channels for them to participate in and discuss state affairs. The major ways to keep in contact with them include: the State Council convenes forums attended by leaders of democratic parties to solicit ideas and suggestions from them on government's work reports to be submitted to the NPC for examination and approval, and on major state policies and administrative measures to be adopted, as well as informing them of the latest situation of national economic and social development; the State Council invites leaders of democratic parties to attend, as nonvoting delegates, plenary meetings and related meetings of the government when necessary; the government invites representatives of democratic parties to join inspections on anti-corruption work, overall improvement of public security and regularization of the market order; relevant government departments establish and strengthen contacts with the democratic parties in line with their given fields of work and invite leaders of the parties to attend important specialized meetings and take part in the formulation of key policies and plans when necessary. At present, all the democratic parties, in accordance with their specialties, have established contacts with relevant departments under the State Council, and cooperated with the government departments in joint research on promoting aptitude education, building a "Spark" science and technology belt ("Spark" is the name of a state program for scientific and technological development, and it is derived from the saying that "a single spark can start a prairie fire." --tr.), developing modern agriculture, popularizing the eco-homestead plan, strengthening the protection and development of marine resources, improving financial and taxation policies to encourage scientific and technological innovation, reforming the system of reward for scientific and technological work, implementing the state intellectual property rights strategy, and dealing with the shortage of water resources. The State Council and governments at all levels have also invited 767 members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation to work as counselors in the counselors' offices of the governments, and invited 1,393 as staff members of the central and local research institutes of culture and history.

民主党派成员担任特约人员的领域进一步扩大。政府有关部门和司法机关聘请民主党派成员担任特约人员，是发挥民主党派民主监督作用的一项重要举措和制度安排。目前，最高人民检察院、教育部、监察部、国土资源部、审计署、税务总局共聘请民主党派成员、无党派人士87人担任特约检察员、教育督导员、特约监察员、特约国土资源监察专员、特约审计员、特约税务监察员。地方各级政府部门也聘请民主党派成员、无党派人士1.7万人担任特约人员。特约人员参加有关执法检查和执法监督工作，参与有关法律法规制定的研究，参加对重大案情的调查，发挥参谋咨询作用和联系人民群众的桥梁纽带作用，充分履行民主监督职责。如审计署组织特约审计员直接参与中央预算执行、三峡库区移民资金、农业综合开发资金、投资项目资金、世界银行贷款资金、全国粮食挂账资金等重大项目的审计工作和调研。近五年来，全国各级监察机关特约监察员共转呈群众来信13600余件次，接待群众来访23800余人次，在监察机关加强同人民群众的联系中发挥了独特作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Members of democratic parties have been invited to serve as special consultants in more and more fields. It is an important measure and institutional arrangement for them to play their role in democratic supervision to the full when the government departments and judicial organs concerned invite them to serve as special consultants. So far, 87 democratic party members and personages without party affiliation are working as special prosecutors, educational supervisors, special supervisors, special land resources inspectors, special auditors and special taxation supervisors at the invitation of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Supervision, Ministry of Land and Resources, National Audit Office and State Administration of Taxation. Local governments at different levels have also engaged 17,000 democratic party members and personages without party affiliation for similar purposes. These special experts serve as consultants and a bridge between the government and the people, and perform their democratic supervising duties by participating in law-enforcement inspection and supervision, in researches for the enactment of relevant laws and regulations, and in the investigation of major cases. For example, the National Audit Office organized special auditors to join in the major projects of auditing and investigating the implementation of the central budget, the fund for resettling residents in the Three Gorges Dam area, the fund for comprehensive agricultural development, funds for projects of investment, funds from World Bank loans and funds for grain bought on credit. In the last five years, the special supervisors of supervision departments at different levels received and brought to the attention of the authorities concerned 13,600 letters of complaint from people of all walks of life, and received 23,800 visitors, playing a special role in increasing the contacts between the supervisory bodies and the ordinary people.

民主党派参加重要外事、内事活动制度进一步规范，作用进一步发挥。近年来，民主党派中央领导人参加重要外事活动150多次、率团出访60多次。中共中央和国家领导人会见外宾时，邀请民主党派中央领导人参加；出席重要庆典、慰问、纪念活动，邀请民主党派中央领导人参加。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

As institutional arrangements for democratic parties to participate in key state and foreign affairs become more standardized, they are playing a greater role in these aspects. In recent years, central committee leaders of the democratic parties have attended important activities in foreign affairs on more than 150 occasions, and led more than 60 delegations on overseas visits. Central committee leaders of democratic parties are invited to attend meetings between state or CPC Central Committee leaders and visiting foreign leaders. They are invited to attend major celebrations, visits conveying regards and appreciation, and commemorative activities.

六、多党合作制度与人民政协

VI. Multi-party Cooperation System and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference

人民政协是中国人民爱国统一战线的组织，是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商的重要机构，是中国发扬社会主义民主的重要形式。

The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a patriotic united front organization of the Chinese people, an important institution for multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CPC, and a major form of socialist democracy in China.

民主党派是人民政协的重要界别。在人民政协的组织构成中，民主党派成员在各级政协委员、常务委员和政协领导成员中占有较大比例，在政协各专门委员会负责人和委员中，在政协机关中，均占有一定数量。如全国政协十届一次会议时，民主党派成员、无党派人士担任政协委员的有1343人，占委员总数的60%；担任政协常委的有195人，占常委总数的65.2%；担任全国政协副主席的有13人，占副主席总数的54.2%。在省、市、县各级人民政协中，共有33.6万名民主党派成员、无党派人士担任政协委员。各民主党派在政协的各种会议上以本党派名义发表意见，开展视察、提出提案、举报、反映社情民意以及参与调查和检查活动的权利得到充分尊重和保障。民主党派在人民政协中发挥作用，主要表现在：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Members of democratic parties are important constituent parts of the CPPCC. In the composition of the CPPCC, they form a relatively large percentage of members, standing committee members and leaders. They also make up a considerable proportion of the CPPCC's special committee members and leaders, including in the CPPCC working organs. When the First Session of the 10th National Committee of the CPPCC was held in March 2003, for instance, 1,343 members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation served as members of the CPPCC National Committee, accounting for 60 percent of the total; of them 195 served as members of the standing committee, accounting for 65.2 percent of the total, and 13 were elected vice-chairpersons of the CPPCC National Committee, accounting for 54.2 percent of all vice-chairpersons. Altogether, 336,000 democratic party members and personages without party affiliation served as members in CPPCC provincial, city and county committees. In the name of their respective parties, members of democratic parties express their ideas at CPPCC meetings, and their rights for conducting inspections, putting forward motions, reporting on and reflecting public opinions, and participating in investigations and inspections are fully respected and guaranteed. The major roles of CPPCC members from democratic parties are as follows:

━━积极参与政治协商。各民主党派充分运用人民政协的各种协商方式，对国家和地方的大政方针以及政治、经济、文化和社会生活中的重要问题，对各民主党派参加人民政协工作的共同性事务、政协内部的重要事务以及有关爱国统一战线的其他重要问题，进行协商讨论，提出意见和建议。中共中央主要领导人每年元旦和全国政协全体会议期间都要同各民主党派共商国是；担任政协委员的民主党派成员与其他政协委员一起列席人民代表大会的主要会议，参加国家重大问题的协商讨论，就事关国计民生的大政方针和重大问题提出意见建议；政协的常务委员会会议、主席会议、秘书长会议、专门委员会会议内容不断丰富，为各民主党派更加广泛地参与政治协商创造了条件。近年来，围绕经济社会发展中的重要问题，各民主党派积极参加人民政协同政府有关部门进行的专题协商会，如2006年先后参加了以进一步推进西部大开发战略、落实国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要为主要议题的专题协商会，广开言路，集思广益，有力地促进了政府相关工作的开展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Participating actively in political consultation. Representatives of democratic parties make full use of various consultative forms provided by the CPPCC to conduct discussions and air their views and suggestions on major state and local policies, as well as significant issues relating to politics, economy, culture and social life, on CPPCC work participated in and shared by all democratic parties, and on major CPPCC internal affairs and patriotic united front work. Every New Year's Day and during the annual plenary session of the CPPCC National Committee, major CPC Central Committee leaders would discuss state affairs with democratic parties. All CPPCC members, including those from democratic parties, are entitled to attend major conferences of the National People's Congress as nonvoting delegates to discuss major state issues and air their views and suggestions on important issues relating to major state policies and people's livelihood. The continuously enriched content of the meetings of the CPPCC standing committees, of the chairpersons, of secretaries-general and of special committees has created favorable conditions for democratic parties to participate more widely in the work of political consultation. In recent years, democratic parties have taken an active part in special consultative conferences focusing on major topics of economic and social development held by the CPPCC and government departments concerned. For instance, in 2006 they participated in special conferences focusing on "Further Promoting the Strategy for the Development of the Western Region" and "Implementing the State's Mid- and Long-term Scientific and Technological Development Plan," during which they pooled their wisdom and voiced their expert opinions extensively, giving substantial support to the government's work in the related areas.

━━认真开展民主监督。各民主党派运用政协视察、大会发言或以其他形式对国家宪法、法律和法规的实施，重大方针政策的贯彻执行、国家机关及其工作人员的工作，通过建议和批评进行监督。政协委员中的民主党派成员还通过参加中共党委和政府有关部门组织的调查和检查活动或应邀担任司法机关和政府部门特邀监督人员等开展民主监督。1997年至2006年，各民主党派中央在全国政协会议上作大会发言（包括书面发言）370余次（份），内容涉及改革、发展、稳定等一系列重大问题，如加快产业结构优化升级、大力推行循环经济发展、重视灾害的社会管理和加紧应急体系建设、维护和保障农民工的合法权益、完善社会保障体系、加强农村文化建设、保障教育特别是基础教育的投入、积极推进民办教育、加强公共卫生体系建设、坚决反对分裂和促进祖国统一、发展两岸经贸交流等。民主党派在人民政协的大会发言，充分体现了集体力量和智慧，他们运用政协大会的政治讲坛，纵论国是，许多意见建议被采纳。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Exercising democratic supervision. Democratic parties exercise their supervisory role on the implementation of the Constitution, laws and regulations, the implementation of major guiding principles and policies, and the work of state organs and their functionaries through CPPCC inspections, speeches at CPPCC meetings or in other ways. CPPCC members from democratic parties also exercise democratic supervision by participating in investigations and inspections organized by CPC committees and relevant government departments, or as special supervisors of judicial organs and government departments. From 1997 to 2006, central committee representatives of the democratic parties spoke (including handing in written speeches) 370 times at meetings of the CPPCC National Committee, addressing a series of significant issues relating to reform, development and social stability, such as accelerating the optimization and upgrading of industrial structures, promoting the development of cyclic economy, paying due attention to the management of disasters and the establishment of an emergency response system, safeguarding and guaranteeing the legitimate rights of migrant workers, improving the social security system, strengthening cultural construction in rural areas, securing inputs into education, especially basic education, proactively promoting education run by private sectors, accelerating the construction of the public health system, promoting reunification of the motherland and opposing secession, and developing cross-Straits economic and trade exchanges. Commenting freely on state affairs at the political forums of CPPCC conferences, their speeches represent the pooling of the wisdom of their parties, and many of their views and suggestions have been adopted.

━━深入参政议政。参加人民政协的各民主党派成员对政治、经济、文化、社会生活中重要问题以及人民群众普遍关心的问题开展调查研究，反映社情民意，通过调研报告、提案、建议案或其他形式向中国共产党和国家机关提出了大量的意见和建议。1990年至2006年，各民主党派和民主党派成员的政协委员，在全国政协会议上共提交提案2400余件，如尽快就反分裂国家行为立法、农村税费改革、大力营造非公有制经济良好发展环境、建立社保基金监督机制、创建中国农村社会保障体系等，其中许多提案得到采纳实施，或促成了相关法律的制定，或成为制定政策的重要参考依据。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Participating in and discussing state affairs in a deep-going way. CPPCC members from democratic parties have conducted investigations and research into key issues in Chinese political, economic, cultural and social life, and on problems of common concern to the people. Reflecting public opinion and sentiment, they have made a large number of comments and suggestions to the CPC and state organs by way of investigation reports, motions and proposals, or in other ways. From 1990 to 2006, more than 2,400 proposals were raised by democratic parties and their CPPCC members at national conferences of the CPPCC, dealing with such issues as the early legislation of an "anti-secession law," taxation reform in the rural areas, working hard to create a sound environment for the development of the non-public-owned economy, establishing a supervision mechanism for social security funds and setting up a social security system in rural China. Many of these proposals have either been adopted and implemented, or given rise to the enactment of relevant laws, or provided important reference for policy-making.

七、多党合作制度与现代化建设

VII. Multi-party Cooperation System and Modernization

各民主党派坚持把促进发展作为团结奋斗的第一要务，紧紧围绕国家的中心工作，认真履行参政议政、民主监督的职能，积极推进社会主义经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设。

All democratic parties persevere in promoting development as the first priority. Focusing on the country's central work, they have earnestly performed the functions of participating in and deliberating on state affairs and exercising democratic supervision, actively promoting the development of socialist economy, politics, culture, and society.

━━深入调查研究，积极建言献策。各民主党派积极参与国家方针政策的制定和实施，就国家政治、经济、社会生活中的全局性、战略性、前瞻性重大问题开展考察调研，提出政策性建议。这些年来，先后就三峡工程、耕地保护、两岸“三通”、西部大开发、中部崛起、东北地区等老工业基地振兴、建设社会主义新农村、青藏铁路沿线发展、国家级综合配套改革试验区、实施可持续发展战略、制定和实施“十一五”规划等问题进行考察调研，向中共中央、国务院提出意见建议，受到高度重视，许多意见和建议被采纳。各民主党派地方组织也围绕地方经济社会发展问题开展考察调研；一些地方还采取了“中共党委出题、民主党派调研、政府采纳、部门落实”的形式，有效地发挥了民主党派的政策咨询和智力咨询作用。

-- Carrying out thorough investigation and research, and actively proffering ideas and suggestions. All democratic parties actively participate in the formulation and implementation of state policies. They carry out investigations and surveys on important issues of overall, strategic and perspective importance in the country's politics, economy and social life, and then make constructive proposals. In recent years, they have successively carried out investigations and surveys on such issues as the Three Gorges Project, the protection of arable land, the "Three Direct Links" across the Taiwan Straits, the development of the western region, the rise of central China, the resurgence of the old industrial bases (particularly those in Northeast China), the building of new socialist rural areas, the development of the regions along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, the state-level comprehensive and coordinated reform pilot zones, the implementation of the sustainable development strategy, the formulation and implementation of the 11th Five-Year Plan, and so forth. Their proposals regarding these issues put forward to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have been highly valued, and many of them been accepted. The local branches of all the democratic parties have also conducted investigations and research into local economic and social development issues; some places have adopted the effective working method in which "the CPC committee commissions the democratic parties to conduct surveys on certain topics and make proposals; if the proposals are adopted by the government, the related departments will fulfill them." In this way, the role of the democratic parties as policy and intelligence consultants has been efficiently brought into play.

━━开展扶贫开发，兴办公益事业。各民主党派充分发挥人才荟萃、智力密集的优势，为促进国家经济社会、城乡区域协调发展积极开展活动，大力推动和实施智力支边、光彩事业和“温暖工程”等活动，开展职业培训、兴教办学、捐资救灾、扶危济困等公益事业，产生了良好的经济效益和社会效益。在2003年抗击非典斗争中，许多民主党派成员奋战在第一线。由民主党派倡导并发起的扶助贫困群体的“温暖工程”实施十多年来，已在全国27个省（自治区、直辖市）开展公益性培训，近100万人次的农民受益，30多万下岗失业人员、残疾人员得到了帮助；号召民主党派成员回报社会的“思源工程”，2005年启动以来捐资达3165万元。2006年，各民主党派中央组织有关部门负责人和各类专家1270人次就智力支边扶贫工作进行考察，为贫困地区发展提出政策性建议144条，帮助落实扶贫经济项目101个，引进各类项目资金和捐款近5亿元，培训各类技能型人才2.5万人，建立希望小学210所。这些行动赢得了社会各界的广泛赞誉。

-- Carrying out the work of poverty alleviation and promoting public welfare undertakings. With the advantage of a high concentration of talented people, all democratic parties actively launch activities to promote the development of the country's economy and society, and the coordinated development between rural and urban areas. They also work hard to promote and implement the program of intellectual support for the border areas, the "Guangcai (Glory) Program" and the "Warmth Project," as well as some public welfare undertakings, such as vocational training, setting up schools, natural disaster relief and donations, and poverty alleviation. All these endeavors have produced good economic and social effects. Many democratic party members worked in the forefront of the fight against SARS in 2003. Since the "Warmth Project," aimed at helping the poor, was initiated by the democratic parties over ten years ago, they sponsored free training courses in 27 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), from which some one million farmers benefited, and more than 300,000 unemployed and handicapped people have received help. The "Siyuan (Think-of-the-Source) Project," which called on democratic party members to give back to society, has received donations totaling some 31.65 million yuan since its launch in 2005. In 2006, the central committees of the democratic parties organized leaders of related departments and various specialists to conduct 1,270 investigations regarding the work of intellectual support for the border areas and poverty alleviation, made 144 policy suggestions concerning the development of poverty-stricken areas, helped establish 101 projects for poverty alleviation, introduced nearly 500 million yuan in various project funds and donations, trained 25,000 people in different skills, and established 210 "Hope" primary schools. All these have won high praise from the general public.

━━反映社情民意，维护安定团结。各民主党派充分发挥协调关系、化解矛盾的重要作用，努力做好反映社情民意工作，为中国共产党各级党委和各级政府的科学决策、民主决策服务。围绕人民群众普遍关注的解决收入分配不公、缩小贫富差距，建立健全医保体系、解决看病难，推动国企改革、防止国有资产流失，打击假冒伪劣、建设社会诚信，解决城市住房困难、抑制房价过快上涨，维护公平正义、扶持贫困群众等重点、难点和热点问题，开展调查研究，举行专题研讨，找出问题症结，提出解决和改进的办法。努力推进民主监督，积极参加中国共产党各级党委和各级政府组织的反腐倡廉、财税、物价、环保以及社会治安综合治理的检查工作。本着肝胆相照的精神，认真调查分析，对中国共产党各级党委和各级政府存在的问题知无不言、言无不尽，不断提高监督的质量和水平。深入实际、深入基层，积极反映涉及各界群众切身利益的问题，加强对各自成员和所联系群众的思想引导，做好沟通思想、理顺情绪的工作，及时消除影响社会稳定的各种因素，为促进社会和谐发挥了积极作用。

-- Reporting social conditions and public opinions to the higher authorities and safeguarding stability and unity. All the democratic parties make full use of their important role as coordinators and problem solvers to do a good job of reporting social conditions and public opinions to the higher authorities and to help the CPC committees and governments at all levels in scientific and democratic decision-making. They not only conduct investigations and research on some major, difficult and topical problems that have drawn wide attention from the public, but also hold forums to find solutions to these problems, and make proposals on how to improve and solve them. These problems include uneven distribution of incomes, gap between the rich and the poor, establishment and improvement of the medical insurance system, inadequate medical service, reform of state-owned enterprises, loss of state-owned assets, the production and sales of fake, shoddy and pirated products, building up social credibility, urban housing shortage, soaring housing prices, safeguarding fairness and justice, and help for the poverty-stricken. The democratic parties work hard to promote democratic supervision, and actively participate in the inspection of anti-corruption, finance and taxation, prices and environmental protection work, and the overall improvement of public security organized by the CPC committees and governments at all levels. On the principle of treating each other with all sincerity, they conduct thorough investigations and analyses, and candidly point out, without reserve, all problems they know existing in CPC committees and governments, thus continuing to enhance the quality and level of their supervisory work. Moreover, they report on issues relating to the people's interests after looking deep into these issues and going down to the grassroots, and strengthen the ideological guide for the democratic party members and the ordinary people they are in contact with, to smooth communications, answer complaints and eliminate elements that affect social stability. By doing so, they have played a positive role in promoting social harmony.

━━加强对外联系，开展交流交往。各民主党派发挥联系广泛的重要特点，积极拓展与广大港澳同胞、台湾同胞、海外侨胞和国际友人的联系，推进经济、科技、文化、卫生、体育等领域的交流合作和人员往来，引进资金、技术、人才和管理经验；帮助和支持有条件的企业“走出去”，利用国内国际两个市场、两种资源，更好地参与国际经济技术合作和竞争。不断扩大交流规模，不断拓宽交流领域，不断丰富交流内涵，通过学术交流、出访、接待来访等形式，加强与海外的交流联系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Strengthening international connections and engaging in exchanges. By making full use of their rich resources of contacts, all democratic parties have made active efforts to expand their connections with compatriots in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, as well as overseas Chinese and international friends to spur the exchanges, cooperation and visits in the fields of economy, science and technology, culture, health, sports, and so on, and to bring into China foreign capital, technology, expertise and management experience. In addition, they help and support qualified enterprises to "go global" by utilizing resources from both domestic and international markets, so that these enterprises can better participate in international economic and technological cooperation and competition. Meanwhile, the scale, scope and content of exchanges continue to expand, and international ties are being strengthened through various forms of exchanges, such as academic communications, and pa ying and hosting visits.

中国共产党在与民主党派团结奋斗的同时，也与无党派人士建立了亲密的合作关系。无党派人士是在中国革命的具体历史条件下形成发展的，是指没有参加任何党派、对社会有积极贡献和一定影响的人士，其主体是知识分子。无党派人士是中国政治生活中的一支重要力量，是中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度的重要组成部分，是人民政协的重要界别，在中国革命、建设和改革的各个历史时期都发挥了重要作用。中共中央召开的历次民主协商会、党外人士座谈会都有无党派人士参加。长期以来，无党派人士围绕中心、服务大局，切实履行参政议政、民主监督的职能，深入开展考察调研，积极向中国共产党和政府建言献策，提出了许多重要的意见和建议。中国共产党支持无党派人士在各级人大、政府、政协、司法机关中积极发挥作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

While uniting the democratic parties in their struggle, the CPC has also established close cooperation with personages without party affiliation. These personages -- having emerged in the historical circumstances of the Chinese revolution -- refer to those who, most being intellectuals, are not affiliated with any political party but have considerable influence on account of their positive contributions to society. An important force in China's political life, a constituent part of the multi-party cooperation system and a major sector of the CPPCC, they have played a significant role through all the stages of China's revolution, construction and reform. Personages without party affiliation are invited to all democratic consultation meetings and talks with democratic party members convened by the CPC Central Committee. For decades, these people have, with the overall public interest in mind, earnestly performed their functions of participation in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and democratic supervision, conducted in-depth investigations and research, and put forward many important suggestions and proposals to the CPC and the government. The CPC supports their positive role in people's congresses, governments, CPPCC organizations and judicial organs at all levels.

民主党派成员、无党派人士涌现出了一大批优秀人物，其中7142人次获全国性、国际性荣誉称号和奖励，九三学社中央原副主席、中国计算机汉字激光照排技术的创始人王选就是其中杰出代表。“杂交水稻”之父、无党派代表人士袁隆平首创了杂交水稻，为解决中国粮食自给作出了重大贡献。民主党派成员、无党派人士是发展先进生产力、推进社会主义民主政治、弘扬社会主义先进文化、构建社会主义和谐社会的一支重要力量，在全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现代化进程中具有不可替代的作用。

A large number of outstanding people have appeared from among the ranks of the members of democratic parties and personages without party affiliation, among whom 7,142 have won national or international commendation and/or awards. One good example is Wang Xuan, former vice-chairman of the Central Committee of the Jiu San Society and inventor of the computerized laser typesetting system for Chinese characters. Another is Yuan Longping, an outstanding man without party affiliation. Known as the "father of hybrid rice," Yuan has made great contribution to helping China to be self-sufficient in food supply with his high-yield hybrid rice. The members of all democratic parties and personages without party affiliation are an important force in developing advanced productive forces, promoting socialist democratic politics and advanced socialist culture, and building a harmonious socialist society. They are playing an irreplaceable role in building a comparatively well-off society in an all-round way, and in accelerating the socialist modernization.

结束语

Conclusion

中国多党合作制度走过了58年的光辉历程。实践证明，作为国家的一项基本政治制度，中国多党合作制度具有历史的必然性、伟大的创造性和巨大的优越性。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China's multi-party cooperation system has undergone a glorious history of 58 years. It has been proved through practice that the multi-party cooperation system, as a basic political system of China, is inevitable, innovative and superior.

当前，中国人民正满怀信心地为全面建设小康社会而奋斗，努力建设一个富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。坚持和完善中国多党合作制度，有利于促进社会生产力持续发展，实现社会全面进步；有利于更好地实现和发展人民民主，推进社会主义政治文明建设；有利于发展社会主义文化，建设社会主义精神文明；有利于保持国家政局稳定和社会安定团结，推进社会主义和谐社会建设。

At present, the Chinese people are striving with confidence for building a comparatively well-off society in an all-round way, and endeavoring to build a prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and modern socialist country. Pursuing and improving the multi-party cooperation system is conducive to promoting the sustainable development of the social productive forces, realizing the overall progress of society, further fulfilling and developing the people's democracy, facilitating socialist political civilization, expediting the development of socialist culture and socialist ethical progress, maintaining political stability and social stability and unity in the country, and boosting the construction of a harmonious socialist society.

随着中国政治体制改革的不断推进和社会主义民主政治的日益发展，中国多党合作制度也将不断发展。坚持和完善这项基本政治制度，必须坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路，同时要积极借鉴人类政治文明发展的有益成果，但绝不能照搬照抄别国政党制度模式。在建设中国特色社会主义事业的伟大进程中，中国共产党和各民主党派一道创建和发展的中国多党合作制度，将不断巩固完善并发挥越来越重要的作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

With the continuous development of the reform of political system and socialist democratic politics in China, the multi-party cooperation system will continue to develop. In order to pursue and improve this basic political system, we must unswervingly follow the road of developing socialist politics with Chinese characteristics. At the same time, we must actively learn from the useful fruits of the political civilization of mankind without mechanically copying other countries' political party systems. In the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, the multi-party cooperation system established and developed by the CPC and all democratic parties, will continue to be consolidated and improved to play a more and more important role.

附录：

Appendix

中国各民主党派和无党派人士简介

A Brief Introduction to China's Democratic Parties and Personages Without Party Affiliation

中国国民党革命委员会（简称民革）

Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (RCCK)

　　1947年11月，中国国民党民主派和其他爱国民主人士第一次联合会议在香港举行。1948年1月1日，会议宣布中国国民党革命委员会正式成立。

In November 1947, the sect of democrats in the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) held its first joint meeting with patriotic democratic personages in Hong Kong. On January 1, 1948, the meeting declared that the RCCK had been officially founded.

　　民革以同原中国国民党有关系的人士、同民革有历史联系和社会联系的人士、同台湾各界有联系的人士以及其他人士为对象，着重吸收其中有代表性的中上层人士和中高级知识分子。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

RCCK recruits members mostly from people who have relations with the former Chinese Kuomintang, those who have historical or social relations with the RCCK and those who have ties with Taiwan. The RCCK also recruits members from other sources, especially those of the middle and upper social strata, and senior and leading intellectuals.

　　民革历任主席为李济深、何香凝、朱蕴山、王昆仑、屈武、朱学范、李沛瑶。现任主席何鲁丽。

The successive chairpersons of the RCCK in the past were Li Jishen, He Xiangning, Zhu Yunshan, Wang Kunlun, Qu Wu, Zhu Xuefan and Li Peiyao. The present chairwoman is He Luli.

　　目前，民革在30个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，现有党员81000多人。

The RCCK currently has branches in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Party membership numbers 81,000.

中国民主同盟（简称民盟）

China Democratic League (CDL)

　　1941年3月19日在重庆秘密成立，当时名称是中国民主政团同盟。11月16日，张澜在重庆公开宣布中国民主政团同盟成立。1944年9月，中国民主政团同盟在重庆召开全国代表会议，决定将中国民主政团同盟改为中国民主同盟。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The China Democratic League was secretly established on March 19, 1941 in Chongqing, and was then named China Democratic Political League. On November 16, Zhang Lan officially declared the founding of the China Democratic Political League in Chongqing. In September 1944, the China Democratic Political League held a national congress in Chongqing and decided to rename itself the China Democratic League.

民盟主要由从事文化教育以及科学技术工作的高中级知识分子组成。

The CDL is mainly made up of senior and leading intellectuals in the fields of culture, education, and science and technology.

民盟历届主席为黄炎培、张澜、沈钧儒、杨明轩、史良、楚图南、费孝通、丁石孙。现任主席蒋树声。

The successive chairpersons in the past were Huang Yanpei, Zhang Lan, Shen Junru, Yang Mingxuan, Shi Liang, Chu Tu'nan, Fei Xiaotong and Ding Shisun. The present chairman is Jiang Shusheng.

目前，民盟在30个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，现有盟员181000多人。

The CDL now has branches in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. Party membership numbers more than 181,000.

中国民主建国会（简称民建）

China National Democratic Construction Association (CNDCA)

1945年12月16日，由爱国的民族工商业者和有联系的知识分子发起，在重庆成立。

The China National Democratic Construction Association was founded by a number of patriotic industrialists and business people, as well as some intellectuals in Chongqing on December 16, 1945.

民建主要由经济界人士组成。

The members of the association are mainly business people.

民建历届领导人和主席为黄炎培、胡厥文、孙起孟。现任主席成思危。

The successive leaders and chairpersons in the past were Huang Yanpei, Hu Juewen and Sun Qimeng. The present chairman is Cheng Siwei.

目前，民建在30个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，现有成员108000多人。

The CNDCA has branches in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, and more than 108,000 members.

中国民主促进会（简称民进）

China Association for Promoting Democracy (CAPD)

1945年12月30日，以文化教育出版界知识分子为主，还有一部分工商界爱国人士，在上海正式宣告成立。

Founded in Shanghai on December 30, 1945, the original members of the China Association for Promoting Democracy were mainly intellectuals in the fields of culture, education and publishing, together with a group of patriotic personages in the fields of industry and business.

民进主要由从事教育文化出版工作的高中级知识分子组成。

Its present members are mainly senior and leading intellectuals in the fields of culture, education and publishing.

民进历届主席为马叙伦、周建人、叶圣陶、雷洁琼。现任主席许嘉璐

The successive chairpersons of the past were Ma Xulun, Zhou Jianren, Ye Shengtao and Lei Jieqiong. Its present chairman is Xu Jialu.

目前，民进在29个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，现有会员103000多人。

Currently, the CAPD has branches in 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with a membership of over 103,000.

中国农工民主党（简称农工党）

Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party (CPWDP)

1930年8月9日，国民党左派领导人邓演达在上海主持召开了第一次全国干部会议，成立中国国民党临时行动委员会，1935年11月10日改名为中华民族解放行动委员会，1947年2月3日改名为中国农工民主党。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Deng Yanda, a leader of the left wing of the Kuomintang, held the first national cadres' conference of the Kuomintang in Shanghai on August 9, 1930, and at the conference the Provisional Action Committee of the Kuomintang of China was founded. On November 10, 1935, it was renamed the Chinese Action Committee for National Liberation. On February 3, 1947, it was renamed the Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party.

农工党主要由医药卫生界高中级知识分子组成。

Its members are mainly senior and leading intellectuals in the medical field.

农工党历届领导人和主席为邓演达、黄琪翔、章伯钧、季方、周谷城、卢嘉锡。现任主席蒋正华。

The successive leaders and chairpersons of the party were Deng Yanda, Huang Qixiang, Zhang Bojun, Ji Fang, Zhou Gucheng and Lu Jiaxi. Its present chairman is Jiang Zhenghua.

目前，农工民主党在30个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，有成员99000多人。

The CPWDP now has branches in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with more than 99,000 members.

中国致公党（简称致公党）

China Zhi Gong Dang (CZGD)

1925年10月，由华侨社团发起，在美国旧金山成立。1947年5月，致公党在香港举行第三次代表大会，进行改组，成为一个新民主主义的政党。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The China Zhi Gong Dang was founded in October 1925 in San Francisco, USA, under the sponsorship of some overseas Chinese societies. In May 1947, the party held its third congress in Hong Kong, and reorganized itself into a new democratic party.

致公党主要由归侨侨眷中的中上层人士组成。

Its members are mainly from the middle and upper social strata of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives.

致公党历任主席为陈其尤、黄鼎臣、董寅初。现任主席罗豪才。

The successive chairpersons of the party were Chen Qiyou, Huang Dingchen and Dong Yinchu. Its present chairman is Luo Haocai.

目前，致公党在19个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，有党员28000多人。

The CZGD now has branches in 19 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with more than 28,000 members.

Jiu San Society

九三学社

At the end of 1944, a number of progressive scholars organized the Forum on Democracy and Science, to strive for victory in the Anti-Japanese War and political democracy, and to develop the anti-imperialist and patriotic spirit of the May 4 Movement of 1919. In commemoration of victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and in the world anti-Fascist war, on September 3, 1945, it adopted the name Jiu San Society ("Jiu San" means September 3 in Chinese). On May 4, 1946, the Jiu San Society was formally founded in Chongqing.

1944年底，一批进步学者为争取抗战胜利和政治民主，继承和发扬五四运动的反帝爱国与民主科学精神，在重庆组织了民主科学座谈会。为纪念1945年9月3日抗日战争和世界反法西斯战争的伟大胜利，改建为九三学社。1946年5月4日，在重庆正式召开九三学社成立大会。

Its members are mainly senior and leading intellectuals in the fields of science and technology.

九三学社主要由科学技术界高中级知识分子组成。

The successive chairpersons of the past were Xu Deheng, Zhou Peiyuan and Wu Jieping. Its present chairman is Han Qide.

九三学社历任主席为许德珩、周培源、吴阶平。现任主席韩启德。

The Jiu San Society currently has branches in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with more than 105,000 members.

目前，九三学社在30个省、自治区、直辖市建立了组织，现有成员105000多人。

台湾民主自治同盟（简称台盟）

Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League (TSL)

在台湾人民“二·二八”起义以后，由一部分从事爱国主义运动的台湾省人士于1947年11月12日在香港成立。

The TSL was founded in Hong Kong on November 12, 1947 by a number of Taiwan personages engaged in patriotic campaigns after the February 28 Uprising of the Taiwan people that year.

台盟由台湾省人士组成。

The TSL is composed of people from Taiwan.

台盟历届主席为谢雪红、蔡啸、苏子蘅、蔡子民、张克辉。现任主席林文漪。1987年至1992年，台盟第四届中央委员会实行主席团制，主席团执行主席林盛中（1987－1988年）、蔡子民（1988－1992年）。

The successive chairpersons of the past were Xie Xuehong, Cai Xiao, Su Ziheng, Cai Zimin and Zhang Kehui. The present chairwoman is Lin Wenyi. From 1987 to 1992, the Fourth Central Committee of the TSL adopted the presidium system. The executive chairmen were Lin Shengzhong (1987-1988) and Cai Zimin (1988-1992).

目前，台盟在13个省、直辖市建立了组织，现有成员2100多人。

The TSL now has branches in 13 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government, with a membership of over 2,100.

无党派人士

Personages Without Party Affiliation

在新民主主义革命时期，一般称无党无派的知名人士为社会贤达。1949年中国人民政治协商会议成立后，专门设立了无党派民主人士界别。目前，把没有参加任何党派、对社会有积极贡献和一定影响的人士称为无党派人士，其主体是知识分子。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

During the New Democratic Revolution (1919-1949), the famous personages without party affiliation were generally called prominent public figures. Since the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference was founded in 1949, the category of "democratic personages without party affiliation" has been set up. Currently, those who do not belong to any party but have made positive contributions to and have a positive influence on society are categorized as personages without party affiliation. They are mostly intellectuals.

无党派代表人士主要有郭沫若、马寅初、巴金、缪云台、程思远等。

The representatives of this group included Guo Moruo, Ma Yinchu, Ba Jin, Miao Yuntai and Cheng Siyuan.