中国的环境保护（1996－2005）

Environmental Protection in China (1996-2005)

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China

二〇〇六年六月·北京

June 2006, Beijing

目　　录

Contents

前　　言

Foreword

一、环境保护法制和体制

I. Environmental Protection Legislation and System

二、工业污染防治

II. Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution

三、重点地区污染治理

III. Pollution Control in Key Regions

四、城市环境保护

IV. Protection of the Urban Environment

五、农村环境保护

V. Protection of the Rural Environment

六、生态保护与建设

VI. Ecological Protection and Construction

七、环境经济政策和投入

VII. Economic Policy and Investment Concerning the Environment

八、环境影响评价制度

VIII. Environmental Impact Assessment

九、环保科技、产业和公众参与

IX. Environmental Science and Technology, Industry and Public Participation

十、国际环境保护合作

X. International Cooperation in Environmental Protection

结束语

Conclusion

前　　言

Foreword

中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家。20世纪70年代末期以来，随着中国经济持续快速发展，发达国家上百年工业化过程中分阶段出现的环境问题在中国集中出现，环境与发展的矛盾日益突出。资源相对短缺、生态环境脆弱、环境容量不足，逐渐成为中国发展中的重大问题。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is the most populous developing country in the world. Since the late 1970s, China's economy has developed rapidly and continuously. During the process, many environmental problems that have haunted developed countries in different phases of their 100-year-long industrialization have occurred in China all at the same time. The conflict between environment and development is becoming ever more prominent. Relative shortage of resources, a fragile ecological environment and insufficient environmental capacity are becoming critical problems hindering China's development.

中国政府高度重视保护环境，认为保护环境关系到国家现代化建设的全局和长远发展，是造福当代、惠及子孙的事业。多年来，中国政府将环境保护确立为一项基本国策，把可持续发展作为一项重大战略，坚持走新型工业化道路，在推进经济发展的同时，采取一系列措施加强环境保护。特别是近年来，中国政府坚持以科学发展观统领环境保护事业，坚持预防为主、综合治理，全面推进、重点突破，着力解决危害人民群众健康的突出环境问题；坚持创新体制机制，依靠科技进步，强化环境法治，发挥社会各方面的积极性。经过努力，在资源消耗和污染物产生量大幅度增加的情况下，环境污染和生态破坏加剧的趋势减缓，部分流域污染治理初见成效，部分城市和地区环境质量有所改善，工业产品的污染排放强度有所下降，全社会环境保护意识进一步增强。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection. It believes that environmental protection will have a direct impact on the overall situation of China's modernization drive and its long-term development, and considers environmental protection an undertaking that will not only benefit the Chinese people of today but also their children and grandchildren. Years ago, the Chinese government established environmental protection as a basic national policy and sustainable development as an important strategy, and has adhered to the road of a new type of industrialization. While promoting economic growth, it has adopted a whole array of measures to strengthen environmental protection. Especially in recent years, the Chinese government, with the scientific outlook on development as the guiding principle of environmental protection, has adhered to focusing on preventive measures, comprehensive control and overall progress with breakthroughs at some key points, and worked hard to solve conspicuous environmental problems threatening people's health. At the same time, it has continued its efforts for institutional innovation, relied on scientific and technological advances, strengthened the legal system of environmental protection, and brought into full play the initiative of people of all walks of life. Thanks to these efforts, although the amount of resource consumption and pollutants is increasing greatly, the trend toward aggravated environmental pollution and ecological destruction is slowing down; especially, environmental pollution control in some river valleys has seen some positive results, the environmental quality of some cities and regions has improved, the amount of pollutant emission of industrial products has declined, and the people's awareness of the importance of environmental protection has enhanced.

值此世界环境日之际，为使世人更全面地了解中国的环境保护情况，这里对过去十年间中国为保护环境而进行的不懈努力作一系统介绍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

As World Environment Day nears, in order to let people in other countries have a better understanding about the situation of environmental protection in China, we would like to give a systematic introduction to the unremitting efforts made by China in environmental protection over the past ten years.

一、环境保护法制和体制

I. Environmental Protection Legislation and System

中国宪法明确规定：“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。”自1949年新中国成立以来，全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定了环境保护法律9部、自然资源保护法律15部。1996年以来，国家制定或修订了包括水污染防治、海洋环境保护、大气污染防治、环境噪声污染防治、固体废物污染环境防治、环境影响评价、放射性污染防治等环境保护法律，以及水、清洁生产、可再生能源、农业、草原和畜牧等与环境保护关系密切的法律；国务院制定或修订了《建设项目环境保护管理条例》、《水污染防治法实施细则》、《危险化学品安全管理条例》、《排污费征收使用管理条例》、《危险废物经营许可证管理办法》、《野生植物保护条例》、《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》等50余项行政法规；发布了《关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》、《关于加快发展循环经济的若干意见》、《关于做好建设资源节约型社会近期工作的通知》等法规性文件。国务院有关部门、地方人民代表大会和地方人民政府依照职权，为实施国家环境保护法律和行政法规，制定和颁布了规章和地方法规660余件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates, "The State protects and improves the environment in which people live and the ecological environment. It prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards." Since the PRC was founded in 1949, the National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee have formulated nine laws on environmental protection and 15 laws on the protection of natural resources. Since 1996, the State has formulated or revised laws on environmental protection, such as those on prevention and control of water pollution, marine environment protection, prevention and control of air pollution, prevention and control of noise pollution, prevention and control of solid waste pollution, evaluation of environmental impact, and prevention and control of radioactive pollution, as well as laws closely related to environmental protection, such as those on water, clean production, renewable energy, agriculture, grassland and animal husbandry. The State Council has formulated or revised over 50 administrative regulations, such as the Regulations on Environmental Protection Management of Construction Projects, Rules for the Implementation of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Regulations on the Safety Management of Dangerous Chemicals, Regulations on the Management of Collection and Use of Waste Discharge Fees, Measures on the Management of Dangerous Waste Operation Licenses, Regulations on the Protection of Wild Plants, and Regulations on the Safety Management of Agricultural Genetically-modified Organisms. It has promulgated documents with similar power to laws and regulations, such as the Decision on Implementing the Idea of Taking the Scientific Outlook on Development and Strengthening Environmental Protection, Opinions for Quickening the Development of a Cyclical Economy, and Circular on the Recent Work of Effectively Building a Resource-efficient Society. Relevant departments of the State Council, local people's congresses and local people's governments have, within the limit of their powers, formulated and promulgated over 660 central and local rules and regulations in order to implement the national laws and administrative regulations on environmental protection.

中国已建立国家和地方环境保护标准体系。国家环境保护标准包括国家环境质量标准、国家污染物排放（控制）标准、国家环境标准样品标准及其他国家环境保护标准；地方环境保护标准包括地方环境质量标准和地方污染物排放标准。截至2005年底，国家颁布了800余项国家环境保护标准，北京、上海、山东、河南等省（市）共制定了30余项环境保护地方标准。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has established a system of environmental protection standards at both the national and local levels. National-level environmental protection standards include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge (control) standards, and standards for environmental samples. Local environmental protection standards include environmental quality and pollutant discharge standards. By the end of 2005, the State had promulgated over 800 national environmental protection standards. The municipalities of Beijing and Shanghai, and the provinces of Shandong and Henan had promulgated over 30 local environmental protection standards.

中国不断加强环境执法检查和行政执法。近年来，国家连续对环境保护、大气污染防治、水污染防治、固体废物污染环境防治等法律实施情况进行检查，推动重点地区污染治理。中国刑法还对破坏环境资源罪有专门规定。国家颁布《环境保护违法违纪行为处分暂行规定》，建立起环境保护行政执法责任制度，并连续三年开展整治违法排污企业、保障公民健康环保专项行动，依法查处7.5万多起环境违法案件，取缔关闭违法排污企业1.6万家，对1万多个环境污染问题实行挂牌督办。国家还开展矿山生态环境保护和海洋环境保护专项执法检查，依法处理多起违法行为。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has constantly strengthened checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation, and improved administrative law enforcement. In recent years, the State has conducted checks on the enforcement of laws on environmental protection, and the prevention and control of air pollution, water pollution and solid waste pollution, so as to push forward pollution control in key areas. China's criminal law has special provisions on destruction of environmental resources. The State has promulgated the Interim Regulations on the Punishment of Violations of Environmental Protection Laws or Disciplines, and put in place a responsibility system of administrative law enforcement in the area of environmental protection. For three years in a row, the State has launched special environmental protection campaigns to rectify enterprises that have discharged pollutants in violation of the law and to protect people's health. It has dealt with over 75,000 environmental law violation cases, and had 16,000 enterprises closed down for having discharged pollutants in violation of the law. More than 10,000 warnings have been issued to environment polluters, obliging them to remedy the problems under government supervision. The State has also conducted special checks on the enforcement of laws regarding mining areas eco-environmental protection and maritime environmental protection, and has dealt with a number of law violations.

中国实行各级政府对当地环境质量负责，环境保护行政主管部门统一监督管理，各有关部门依照法律规定实施监督管理的环境管理体制。1998年中国政府将原国家环境保护局升格为国家环境保护总局（正部级），作为国务院主管环境保护工作的直属机构，负责对中国环境保护工作实施统一监管。国家建立了全国环境保护部际联席会议制度，并建立了区域环境督查派出机构，以加强部门和地区间的协调与合作。各省（自治区、直辖市）、市、县级政府设置了环境保护议事协调机构。目前，全国有各级环保行政主管部门3226个，从事环境行政管理、监测、科学研究、宣传教育等工作的总人数达16.7万人；有各级环境监察执法机构3854个，总人数达5万多人。各级政府综合部门和资源管理部门以及多数大中型企业也设有环保机构，负责本部门和企业的环境保护工作，目前从业人员达30多万。

China has implemented an environmental management system, whereby governments at all levels are responsible for the environmental quality of the areas within their jurisdiction, the competent administrative departments in charge of environmental protection have the power of overall supervision and management, while other relevant departments exercise such supervision and management functions according to the provisions of the law. In 1998 the Chinese government changed the name of the State Environmental Protection Bureau to the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA), and elevated it to the ministerial level. Thus, SEPA became an organization directly under the State Council to be responsible for exercising overall supervision and management of China's environmental protection work. The State has set up a national inter-ministry joint conference system for environmental protection and established representative offices for regional environmental supervision, in an effort to strengthen coordination and cooperation between departments and regions. The governments of all the provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), cities and counties have set up organs responsible for addressing and coordinating environmental protection issues. There are now 3,226 environmental protection administration departments at different levels all over China, with 167,000 people engaging in environmental administration, monitoring, scientific research, publicity and education. There are 3,854 environmental supervision and environmental law enforcement organs with more than 50,000 staff members. Environmental protection organs are also found in some government departments for comprehensive affairs or resource administration departments, as well as in most large and medium-sized enterprises, responsible for their own environmental protection work. More than 300,000 people are employed by these organs.

二、工业污染防治

II. Prevention and Control of Industrial Pollution

工业污染防治是中国环境保护工作的重点。与过去相比，中国工业污染防治战略目前正在发生重大变化，逐步从末端治理向源头和全过程控制转变，从浓度控制向总量和浓度控制相结合转变，从点源治理向流域和区域综合治理转变，从简单的企业治理向调整产业结构、清洁生产和发展循环经济转变。与1995年相比，2004年全国单位国内生产总值（GDP）工业废水、工业化学需氧量、工业二氧化硫、工业烟尘和工业粉尘排放量分别下降了58%、72%、42%、55%和39%。与1990年相比，2004年全国每万元人民币GDP能耗下降45%，累计节约和少用能源7亿吨标准煤；火电供电煤耗、吨钢可比能耗、水泥综合能耗分别降低11.2%、29.6%和21.9%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Prevention and control of industrial pollution is the focal point of China's environmental protection endeavors. China's strategy in this regard is undergoing a major change compared with the past. It is changing from control of the end pollution to control of the origin and the whole process of pollution, from control of the concentration of the pollutants to control of both concentration and total amount of pollutants, from control of point sources to comprehensive control of river valleys or entire regions, and from simply addressing the pollution problem of an enterprise to adjusting the industrial structure, promoting clean production and developing a cyclical economy. The amount of industrial waste water, oxygen for industrial chemicals, industrial sulfur dioxide, industrial smoke and industrial dust discharged in generating one unit of GDP in China in 2004 dropped by 58 percent, 72 percent, 42 percent, 55 percent and 39 percent, respectively, from 1995. Energy consumption per 10,000 yuan-worth of GDP in 2004 declined by 45 percent from 1990, saving 700 million tons of standard coal in total. The coal consumption for generating thermal power, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of steel and the comprehensive energy consumption for cement declined by 11.2 percent, 29.6 percent and 21.9 percent, respectively.

——淘汰和关闭一批技术落后、污染严重、浪费资源的企业。“九五”（1996－2000年）期间，国家关闭8.4万家严重浪费资源、污染环境的小企业。2001－2004年，连续三次发布淘汰落后生产能力、工艺和产品的目录，淘汰3万多家浪费资源、污染严重的企业，并对资源消耗大、环境污染重的钢铁、水泥、电解铝、铁合金、电石、炼焦、皂素、铬盐等八个重污染行业进行集中整顿，停建、缓建项目1900多个。2005年，关停污染严重、不符合产业政策的钢铁、水泥、铁合金、炼焦、造纸、纺织印染等企业2600多家，并对水泥、电力、钢铁、造纸、化工等重污染行业积极开展综合治理和技术改造，使这些行业在产量逐年增加的情况下，主要污染物排放强度呈持续下降趋势。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Eliminating and closing down enterprises that have backward technologies, have caused serious pollution or have wasted resources. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period (1996-2000), the State closed down 84,000 small enterprises that had caused both serious waste and pollution. In the period 2001-2004, the State, on three occasions in a run, issued directories listing the backward production capabilities, technologies and products that should be eliminated, and more than 30,000 enterprises that had wasted resources and caused serious pollution were winnowed out. Eight industries that consumed large amounts of resources and caused serious environmental pollution, i.e., those producing iron and steel, cement, electrolytic aluminum, iron alloy, calcium carbide, coking, saponin and chromic salt, were rectified, and the construction of over 1,900 projects was either stopped or postponed. In 2005, over 2,600 enterprises in the iron and steel, cement, iron alloy, coking, paper-making and textile printing and dyeing industries were closed down for having caused serious environmental pollution and violated industrial policies. Problems of big industrial polluters such as cement, power, iron and steel, paper-making and chemicals were tackled in a comprehensive way, and technological transformation was carried out. As a result, the discharged amount of principal pollutants has kept declining, while the output of these sectors has increased year by year.

——开展循环经济实践。一是实行清洁生产，在企业生产的源头和全过程充分利用资源，使废物最小化、资源化、无害化，逐步建立生产者责任延伸制度，促进产品生态设计。目前，化工、轻工、电力、煤炭、机械、建材等行业5000多家企业通过了清洁生产审核，全国已有12000多家企业获得了ISO14000环境管理体系认证，800多个企业、18000多种规格型号产品获得环境标志认证，年产值约600亿元人民币。二是在工业集中地区积极发展生态工业，使上游企业的废物成为下游企业的原料，延长生产链条，做到废物产生量最小，实现“零排放”，并建设生态工业区，实现区域或企业群的资源最有效利用。目前，中国已建立了17个不同类型的生态工业园。三是统筹规划工业与农业、生产与消费、城市与农村的发展，大力发展资源循环利用产业，实行可持续生产和消费。国家在重点行业、重点领域、产业园区和有关省市选择82家单位开展第一批循环经济试点工作。在北京、上海等24个城市开展了再生资源回收体系建设试点工作。海南、吉林、黑龙江等9省积极开展生态省建设，全国150个县市开展了生态县（市）创建工作。　　 微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Developing a cyclical economy. The first step is to engage in clean production by making full use of resources at the beginning and throughout the whole production process in an enterprise, so as to minimize, reuse or render harmless the waste matter; to gradually establish a producer's responsibility system and extend it to cover the designing phase to promote ecologically-friendly product design. So far, over 5,000 enterprises in the sectors of chemicals, light industry, power-generating, coal, machinery, and building materials have passed the examination for clean production. More than 12,000 enterprises across China have received the ISO14000 Environmental Management System certification. More than 800 enterprises and over 18,000 products of diverse types and specifications have received environmental labeling certification. Their annual output value is worth 60 billion yuan. The second step is that ecological industry is being vigorously developed in industry-concentrated areas so that wastes from upstream enterprises become raw materials for enterprises downstream. This has effectively extended the production chain, minimized the amount of waste and realized zero emission. Besides, ecological industrial zones have been established and resources are being used in the most efficient way within these zones or among enterprises. At present, 17 ecological industrial parks of different kinds have been set up nationwide. The third step is to make overall plans for the development of industry and agriculture, production and consumption, city and countryside. This involves vigorously developing industries that make cyclical use of resources, so as to realize sustainable production and consumption. The State has conducted the first pilot cyclical economy program in 82 enterprises in some of the key industries, fields or industrial parks, and in concerned provinces and municipalities. A pilot scheme is being carried out in 24 cities, including Beijing and Shanghai, to establish a recycling system of renewable resources. Hainan, Jilin, Heilongjiang and six other provinces are actively engaged in building themselves into ecological provinces, and some 150 cities and counties into ecological cities and counties.

　　　——积极防范突发环境事件。2005年中国政府制定了《国家突发环境事件应急预案》，对突发环境事件信息接收、报告、处理、统计分析，以及预警信息监控、信息发布等提出明确要求。国家制定和完善了涉及重点流域敏感水域水环境应急预案、大气环境应急预案、危险化学品（废弃化学品）应急预案、核与辐射应急预案等九个相关环境应急预案，以及《黄河流域敏感河段水环境应急预案》、《处置化学恐怖袭击事件应急预案》、《处置核与辐射恐怖袭击事件应急预案》、《农业环境污染突发事件应急预案》、《农业重大有害生物及外来生物入侵突发事件应急预案》等突发环境事件应急预案。近年来，中国对127个分布在全国江河湖海沿岸、人口稠密区、自然保护区等环境敏感区附近的重点化工石化类项目进行了环境风险排查；对近5万家重点企业进行了全面、拉网式检查。

-- Taking precautions against environmental emergencies. In 2005, the Chinese government enacted the State Plan for Handling Environmental Emergencies, which set forth clear requirements on how to receive, report, handle, compute and analyze information concerning environmental emergencies, as well as how to monitor and release early-warning information. The State has formulated and improved nine plans for water environment emergencies. Among them are plans for handling water environment emergencies in sensitive water areas in key river valleys, plans for handling atmospheric environment emergencies, plans for handling dangerous chemicals (discarded chemicals) emergencies, and plans for handling nuclear and radioactive matter emergencies. In addition, it has worked out the Plan for Handling Water Environment Emergencies in Sensitive Sections of the Yellow River Valley, Plan for Handling Terrorist Attacks Involving Chemical Weapons, Plan for Handling Terrorist Attacks Involving Nuclear and Radioactive Materials, Plan for Handling Agriculture-related Environmental Pollution Emergencies, and Plan for Handling Emergencies Involving Major Harmful Agricultural Organisms or Intrusion of Foreign Organisms. In recent years, China has evaluated the potential risks of 127 key chemical and petrochemical projects located near such environmentally-sensitive areas as the shores of rivers, lakes, oceans, densely-populated regions and nature reserves, conducting comprehensive and careful examinations on nearly 50,000 leading enterprises.

——对工业危险废物实行全过程管理制度。2003年，国家开始实施《全国危险废物和医疗废物处置设施建设规划》，强化了工业危险废物转移联单、经营许可证等各项制度。2005年，工业危险废物处置量由1998年的131万吨增至339万吨。全国31个省、自治区、直辖市建立了固体废物管理中心。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Instituting a beginning-to-end management system over dangerous industrial waste. In 2003, the State put into practice the Plan for the Construction of Facilities for the Treatment of Dangerous Wastes and Medical Wastes. Systems such as those requiring the use of duplicate receipts and operation licenses in transferring dangerous industrial wastes have been reinforced. The amount of treated dangerous industrial wastes in 2005 was 3.39 million tons, as compared with 1.31 million tons in 1998. Thirty-one provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have established management centers for solid wastes.

——实行严格的核与辐射环境安全管理。中国共有运行的核电厂5座（9台核电机组）、研究堆18座；在建的核电厂2座（4台核电机组）、研究堆1座，没有出现重大核安全问题，实现了“保护工作人员、公众和环境不遭受超过国家规定限值的辐射照射和污染”的目标。中国严格遵守国际原子能机构发布的《放射源安全与保安行为准则》，实行许可证制度，规定放射源进出口必须依法履行审批等有关手续。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Exercising strict safety management on nuclear and radioactive environments. China has five nuclear power plants (nine nuclear power generating units) and 18 nuclear reactors in operation. Two nuclear power plants (four nuclear power generating units) and one nuclear reactor are under construction. No major nuclear security problems have ever occurred in China. It has achieved the goal of "protecting the staff, the public and the environment from being exposed to larger amounts of radiation and pollution than permitted by the State." China strictly follows the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency. It has adopted the licensing system, requiring that the import and export of all radioactive sources go through the formalities of examination and approval according to law.

三、重点地区污染治理

III. Pollution Control in Key Regions

近年来，中国政府把“三河”（淮河、辽河、海河）、“三湖”（太湖、滇池、巢湖）、国家重点工程（三峡工程、南水北调工程）、“两控区”（二氧化硫控制区和酸雨控制区）、“一市”（北京市）、“一海”（渤海）作为全国污染防治的重点地区，取得明显成效。

In recent years, the Chinese government has focused its pollution-control efforts on what are known as the "key regions," with marked achievements to its credit. The "key regions" refer to the three rivers (Huaihe, Liaohe and Haihe), the three lakes (Taihu, Dianchi and Chaohu), the major state projects (the Three Gorges Project and the South-North Water Diversion Project), the "two control's area" (sulfur dioxide control area and acid rain control area), Beijing and the Bohai Sea.

——重点流域水污染防治。“三河”、“三湖”流域面积达81万平方公里，跨越全国14个省（市），居住人口3.6亿。国家制定并实施重点流域“九五”、“十五”（2001－2005年）水污染防治计划，实行污染物总量控制制度，将总量削减指标落实到排污单位，逐步完善排污许可证管理方式，并建设了一批重点治理工程项目。截至2005年底，列入重点流域水污染防治“十五”计划的2130个项目中，已完成1378项，占项目总数的65%。“三河”、“三湖”流域已经建成和正在建设的污水处理厂达416个，日处理能力2093万吨；流域内的5000多家重点污染企业，已有80%以上实现了达标排放。目前，流域水污染物大幅度削减，水环境恶化趋势基本得到控制，一些河段和湖体水质有明显的改善。国家投入181.67亿元人民币在三峡库区及其上游建设了一批城镇污水、垃圾处理设施，清理了库底固体废物，确保库区水质安全。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Prevention and control of water pollution in key drainage areas. The drainage area of the above-mentioned three rivers and three lakes totals 810,000 sq km, traversing 14 provinces (municipalities) with a total population of 360 million. The State formulated and put into practice a plan for the prevention and control of water pollution in key drainage areas for the ninth and tenth Five-Year Plan periods (1996-2005), under which it set up a system to control the total amount of pollutants. Every enterprise that discharges pollutants is required to reduce its emission to a certain level, which contributes to the goal of reducing the total amount of pollutants. While improving its pollutant-discharge licensing management method, the State had established a number of key pollution-control projects. By the end of 2005, of the 2,130 water pollution prevention and control projects in key drainage areas in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, 1,378 were completed, accounting for 65 percent of the total. In the three-river, three-lake drainage area, 416 sewage treatment plants have been completed or are under construction, with a daily treating capacity of 20.93 million tons. Over 80 percent of the more than 5,000 heavy polluters in the drainage area have reached the standard discharge level. Water pollutants in this drainage area have been reduced greatly, and the trend toward deteriorating water environment is now basically under control. Water quality in certain parts of the rivers or lakes has been improved significantly. The State has spent 18.167 billion yuan constructing sewage- and garbage-treatment facilities in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and its upper stream. It also has had solid wastes removed from the bed of the reservoir to ensure water safety.

——“两控区”污染防治。1998年中国政府批准划定了酸雨控制区和二氧化硫控制区，涉及27个省、自治区、直辖市的175个城市、地区，总面积约为109万平方公里。国家在“两控区”内进行能源结构调整，推广清洁燃料和低硫煤，大中城市禁止民用炉灶燃用散煤。与1998年相比，2005年二氧化硫控制区内二氧化硫年均浓度达标城市比例由32.8%增加到45.2%；2005年酸雨控制区内二氧化硫年均浓度超过国家三级标准的城市比例由15.7%下降到4.5%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Prevention and control of pollution in the "two control's area." In 1998, the Chinese government approved the delimiting of the acid rain control area and sulfur dioxide control area. The "two control's area" covers a total of 1.09 million sq km, involving 175 cities or districts in 27 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The State readjusted the energy structure in this area by promoting the use of clean fuel and low-sulfur coal, and prohibiting residents in big and medium cities from using coal for household stoves. Compared with 1998, the proportion of cities located within the sulfur dioxide control area that achieved the standard annual sulfur dioxide density level in 2005 rose from 32.8 percent to 45.2 percent. The proportion of cities located within the acid rain control area whose sulfur dioxide density surpassed the national third grade level declined from 15.7 percent in 1998 to 4.5 percent in 2005.

——北京市大气污染治理。自1998年以来，北京市连续实施了大气污染控制措施。天然气、电采暖、地源热泵、建筑节能等清洁能源利用技术和节能技术进一步推广，到2005年，北京市天然气用量达到32亿立方米，城市热网集中供热面积超过1亿平方米；严格机动车排放管理，对在用机动车实施了环保标志管理，对高排放黄标车采取限行措施，并淘汰老旧机动车30多万辆，发展天然气公交车2800辆，2005年提前实施了国家第三阶段排放标准（相当于欧洲三号标准）；修订完善了施工现场环境保护标准，加大建筑工地管理，加强对道路机械清扫、冲刷和喷雾压尘工作的监督检查，并对市区100多家污染企业实施关停搬迁，全市水泥立窑生产线全部关停。经过积极治理，北京市大气环境质量二级和好于二级的天数从1998年的100天增加到2005年的234天，各种大气污染物浓度普遍下降，空气质量明显改善。

-- Air pollution control in Beijing. Beijing has taken measures to control air pollution since 1998. Technologies that use clean energy or save on energy are being widely introduced. This includes the use of natural gas, electricity-powered heating, geothermal resources, and energy-saving architecture. In 2005, the amount of natural gas used in Beijing was 3.2 billion cu m, and the city's heating network provided central heating to buildings exceeding 100 million sq m in area. Management of motor vehicle emission was tightened, and environmental protection labeling was adopted for motor vehicles; those with high emission were identified with yellow labels and prohibited from using some roads. More than 300,000 old or dilapidated motor vehicles were scrapped and 2,800 public buses burning natural gas were introduced. In 2005, the national emission standard for the third phase (equivalent to the European Standard III) was adopted ahead of schedule. Standards for environmental protection on construction sites were revised and improved, and management was tightened. Supervision and inspection were strengthened for road sweeping and water spraying by machines. More than 100 enterprises in the city center that caused pollution were closed down or moved out. All shaft kiln cement production lines were closed down. Thanks to these efforts, the number of days with Grade II air quality or better in Beijing increased from 100 in 1998 to 234 in 2005. The concentration of various air pollutants all declined, and air quality improved significantly.

——渤海污染治理。2001年中国政府批复《渤海碧海行动计划》。截至2005年底，已完成各类渤海污染治理环境保护工程项目166个，在建项目70个，投资达175亿元人民币，其中新建城市污水处理厂44个，形成污水日处理能力355.3万吨，新建城市垃圾处理场18个，形成垃圾日处理能力7000多吨，新建生态农业、生态养殖项目89个，新建船舶港口和溢油反应项目9项，初步遏制了渤海海域环境继续恶化的趋势。

-- Control of pollution in the Bohai Sea. In 2001, the Chinese government approved the Action Plan to Bring Back Turquoise Water to the Bohai Sea. By the end of 2005, 166 projects aimed at controlling pollution in the Bohai Sea and protecting the environment were completed, and 70 more were under construction, with the investment totaling 17.5 billion yuan. Forty-four new urban sewage treatment plants were built, with a total daily treatment capacity of 3.553 million tons. Eighteen new urban garbage treatment plants were established, with a total daily treatment capacity of more than 7,000 tons. In addition, 89 ecologically-friendly agriculture and breeding industry projects were set up, and nine ports and oil-spill response projects built, bringing under control the trend toward environmental deterioration in the Bohai Sea for the time being.

四、城市环境保护

IV. Protection of the Urban Environment

中国城市化率已从1995年的29.04%提高到2004年的41.76%。针对城市化快速发展中的环境问题，中国政府采取一系列综合措施，使城市环境逐步改善，部分城市环境质量有明显改善。与1996年相比，2005年空气质量达到国家二级标准的城市比例增加了31个百分点，空气质量劣于国家三级标准的城市比例下降了39个百分点。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The urbanization ratio of China grew from 29.04 percent in 1995 to 41.76 percent in 2004. To tackle environmental problems arising from rapid urbanization, the Chinese government has adopted a series of comprehensive measures to gradually improve the urban environment. As a result, the environment in some cities has been remarkably improved. Compared with 1996, in 2005 the proportion of cities with air quality reaching Grade II of the state standard increased by 31 percentage points, while that of cities with air quality lower than Grade III decreased by 39 percentage points.

从城市环境容量和资源保证能力出发，中国的许多城市制定和实施城市总体规划和城市环境质量按功能区全面达标规划，测算大气和水环境容量，合理确定城市规模和发展方向，调整城市产业结构和空间布局，逐步优化城市的功能分区。许多大中城市在城区发展中实行“退二进三”的策略，即退出第二产业进入第三产业，关闭了一批污染严重的企业，利用地价杠杆把一些污染企业迁出城区，按照“工业入园、集中治污染”的原则，实行技术改造和污染集中控制。一些城市把旧城改造与调整城市布局相结合，解决老城区脏乱差的问题，改善居民生活环境；大力调整城市能源结构，积极推广清洁能源和集中供热，减轻燃煤污染。在城市建设工程中推行使用预拌混凝土，对直辖市、省辖市、部分大中城市、旅游城市禁止在城市城区现场搅拌混凝土，减少建筑工地的粉尘污染。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Considering the capacity of the urban environment and the ability to guarantee resource preservation, many Chinese cities have laid out and implemented general urban planning and planning to fully attain required standards for urban environmental quality based on functional districts, measure the capacity of the atmospheric and water environments, determine city size and the orientation of development in a rational way, adjust the structure and distribution of urban industries, and gradually optimize the division of functional districts. Many large and medium-sized cities have carried out the strategy to phase out secondary industry and promote the tertiary sector; local governments have shut down some enterprises with serious pollution problems, moved some such enterprises out of the city center through the use of land pricing, and implemented technological transformation and concentrated control of pollution based on the principle of "keeping industry in industrial parks and concentrating on pollution control." Some cities have combined the transformation of old cities with the adjustment of city layout to change the dirtiness, disorderliness and insanitariness characteristic of old urban areas and improve the living environment of urban residents. They have made great efforts to adjust urban energy structure, and actively advocated clean energy and central heating, so as to reduce pollution caused by burning coal. Ready-mixed concrete is introduced in urban construction, and concrete mixing is prohibited in city centers of the municipalities directly under the Central Government, the cities directly under provincial governments, some large and medium-sized cities, and tourism cities, so as to reduce dust pollution caused by construction.

中国各级政府把城市环境基础设施建设作为财政投资的重点，促进了城市污水、垃圾处理设施建设。截至2004年底，城市污水处理率达46%，城市生活垃圾无害化处理率达52%，城区清洁能源使用率达40%。近年来，机动车排放标准从国家第Ⅰ阶段标准提高到国家第Ⅱ阶段标准，并制定了国家第Ⅲ阶段标准。一些城市开展清洁汽车行动，积极推行低污染的天然气、液化石油气清洁燃料汽车。自2000年7月起，全国停止销售、使用含铅汽油，每年可减少排铅1500吨。

Governments at all levels in China have taken the construction of urban environmental infrastructure as the focus of financial input, pushing forward the construction of facilities dealing with sewage and waste. By the end of 2004, the rate of urban sewage treatment had reached 46 percent; that of innocuous disposal of house refuse, 52 percent; and consumption of clean energy in city centers, 40 percent. In recent years, the vehicle emission standards have proceeded from Phase I to Phase II, and Phase III standards have been drawn up. Some cities have started a clean vehicle campaign, actively promoting the use of low-pollution vehicles fueled by natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas. Since July 2000, leaded gasoline has been prohibited throughout China, reducing lead emission by 1,500 tons each year.

全国500多个城市开展城市环境综合整治定量考核，对城市环境质量、污染防治工作和城市环境基础设施建设情况进行量化，综合评价城市政府的环保工作。从1997年起，按照经济发展、社会进步、设施完善、环境改善的要求，开展创建环境保护模范城市活动。目前，全国共有100多个城市（区）在创建环保模范城市，其中56个城市和直辖市的5个城区已创建成功。国家环境保护模范城市空气质量达到二级或好于二级的天数均大于80%，城市生活污水处理率大于70%，生活垃圾无害化处理率大于80%，城市绿化覆盖率大于35%，都高于全国平均水平，“蓝天、碧水、绿地、宁静、和谐”已成为环境保护模范城市环境的重要标志。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The quantitative examination system for comprehensive urban environmental control has been introduced in over 500 Chinese cities. The system gives quantitative standards for the quality of the urban environment, pollution control and construction of urban environmental infrastructure, and thus will help to comprehensively assess the environmental protection work of city governments. Since 1997, the Central Government has started a campaign to build environmental-protection model cities as required by economic development, social progress, facilities amelioration and environmental improvement. At present, more than 100 cities (districts) are building themselves into environmental-protection model cities, among which 56 cities and five districts in municipalities directly under the Central Government have succeeded in meeting the required standards. These model cities enjoy 80 percent of the total number of days a year with air quality reaching or above Grade II, city sewage treatment rate is higher than 70 percent, the rate of innocuous disposal of house refuse higher than 80 percent and greenery coverage rate higher than 35 percent -- all above the national average. And "azure sky, blue water, green land, tranquility and harmony" have become prominent features of these model cities.

近年来，国家大力开展城市园林绿化工作，建设国家园林城市，改善人居环境。到2004年底，全国城市绿化覆盖率为31.66%，绿地率为27.72%，人均公共绿地面积为7.39平方米，分别比2000年增长3.51%、4.05%和3.7平方米，其中人均公共绿地面积翻了一番。目前，全国已命名国家园林城市83个、园林城区4个，国家园林县城10个，并有12个城市获得了“中国人居环境范例奖”。　

In recent years, the Chinese government has made great efforts in city afforestation, so as to landscape cities and improve the environment for human settlement. At the end of 2004, the coverage of green areas in Chinese cities was 31.66 percent, 3.51 higher than in 2000; the greening rate was 27.72 percent, a growth of 4.05 percent compared to 2000; and the per-capita public green area was 7.39 sq m, or double the 3.7 sq m of 2000. So far, the State has named 83 national-level garden cities, four garden city districts and 10 national-level garden county towns, and honored 12 cities with the "Human Settlement Environment Award."　 

五、农村环境保护

V. Protection of the Rural Environment

中国是一个农业大国，农村人口占绝大多数。防治农业环境污染、改善农村环境是中国环境保护的重要任务。

China is a large agricultural country, and rural residents account for the overwhelming majority of the population. Thus, it is an important environmentalist task to control pollution of the agricultural environment and improve the rural environment.

——农村环境综合整治。近年来，中国政府在广大农村地区开展环境优美乡镇、生态文明村等创建活动，推动农村环境综合整治。目前，全国有178个乡镇获得“全国环境优美乡镇”称号。国家重点在“三湖”地区和长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、黄河三角洲地区，开展畜禽渔养殖污染、面源污染的综合防治示范。一些省市加大村庄环境整治力度，完善农村基础设施，在农村生活污水、垃圾和农业面源污染治理方面取得了一定进展。近年来，国家兴建各类农村饮水工程80多万处，解决了6700多万农村人口的饮水困难和不安全问题。开展全国土壤污染调查和污染防治示范，建立农产品安全检测和监管体系；加强农药和化肥环境安全管理，推广高效、低毒和低残留化学农药，禁止在蔬菜、水果、粮食、茶叶和中药材生产中使用高毒、高残留农药；防止不合理使用化肥、农药、农膜和污灌带来的面源污染，保证农产品安全；开发生产新型安全优质高效饲料，提高饲料吸收利用率，减少养殖产品药物残留和有害物质的排放；推广畜禽粪便综合利用和处理技术，鼓励建设养殖业和种植业紧密结合的生态农业工程。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Comprehensive control of the rural environment. In recent years, the Chinese government has launched campaigns to build towns and townships with a beautiful environment and ecologically advanced villages, pushing forward comprehensive control of the rural environment. At present, 178 towns and townships have been awarded the title of "National-level Towns and Townships with a Beautiful Environment." The Chinese government is concentrating on the demonstration of comprehensive control of pollution from livestock, poultry and fish breeding, and non-point pollution in Taihu, Dianchi and Chaohu lakes, as well as in the Yangtze, Zhujiang and Yellow river deltas. Some provinces and municipalities have beefed up control of the village environment and improved village infrastructure, and made progress in treating rural sewage and waste and controlling agricultural non-point pollution. In recent years, China has completed more than 800,000 rural drinking water projects, solving difficulties and insecurity in this regard for 67 million rural residents. The government has started the investigation of soil pollution and demonstration of pollution control throughout the country, and set up a system of testing and controlling the security of agricultural products; strengthened the environmental security control of pesticides and chemical fertilizer, popularized high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides, and prohibited the use of high-toxic and high-residual pesticides in the production of vegetables, fruits, grain, tea and Chinese medicinal herbs; prevented non-point pollution brought about by irrational use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, farm-use plastic sheeting and wastewater irrigation, so as to ensure the security of agricultural products; developed and produced new, safe, high-quality and high-efficiency feed, improving the utilization rate of feed and reducing pesticide residue of breeding industry products and discharge of harmful substances; popularized the technique of comprehensively utilizing and treating faeces of livestock and poultry, and encouraged the development of eco-agricultural projects that closely integrates breeding industry with crop farming.

——生态农业和生态示范区建设。中国政府把生态农业建设作为促进农村经济和生态环境全面协调发展的重要举措。目前，全国生态农业建设县达到400多个，开展示范区建设县市达500多个，其中国家级生态农业县102个，国家级生态示范区233个。近年来，有机食品相关的管理和发展机制不断完善，出台了《有机食品认证管理办法》、《有机食品国家标准》；出台了良好农业规范国家标准和认证实施规则，开展源头治理；开展国家有机食品生产基地创建工作，已命名43个国家级有机食品生产基地，推动有机食品的产业化发展。全国有机认证面积超过300万公顷。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Development of eco-agriculture and ecological demonstration zones. The Chinese government has put the development of eco-agriculture high on the agenda for promoting the overall and coordinated development of the rural economy and ecological environment. At present, there are more than 400 eco-agriculture counties in China, and more than 500 counties and cities with eco-agriculture demonstration zones. Among them, there are 102 national-level eco-agriculture counties and 233 national-level eco-agriculture demonstration zones. In recent years, the Chinese government has continuously improved the system for developing and managing organic food, and issued the Measures on the Administration of Organic Food Certification and the National Organic Food Standards; released the national standard for good agricultural practice (GAP) and the implementation rules on the GAP certification to tackle the organic food problem at its source; and started to build national organic food production bases, with 43 national-level bases having been named as such, helping the industrialization of organic food. Well over three million ha throughout the country have met the organic food certification requirements.

——发展旱作节水农业。截至2005年，国家投入7亿多元人民币，在水资源匮乏的干旱区、半干旱区建设了460多个旱作节水农业示范基地，综合运用农艺、生物和工程措施及旱作农业技术，充分利用天然降水，提高水资源利用效率和农业生产能力，控制水土流失。国家积极推广保护性耕作，启动了以秸秆覆盖、免耕播种、深松和除草技术为主要内容的保护性耕作项目，重点在环京津区和西北风沙源头区建立了两条保护性耕作带。截至2005年底，共建立示范县100个。

-- Development of dry-farming and water-saving agriculture. By 2005, the Chinese government had poured over 700 million yuan into building more than 460 dry-farming and water-saving agriculture demonstration bases in semi-arid and arid areas, making comprehensive use of agronomic, biological and engineering measures and dry-farming technologies, and making full use of natural precipitation to increase water utilization and agricultural production ability, and control soil erosion. The State has been actively popularizing protective cultivation, including stalk coverage, no-tillage sowing, deep plowing and weeding, with the focus on the two recently completed protective cultivation belts, one around Beijing and Tianjin, and the other in duststorm sources in the northwest. By the end of 2005, 100 demonstration counties had been set up.

——农村新能源建设。开发与推广农村新能源是保护和改善农村生态环境的重要手段。“十五”期间，国家先后投入35亿元人民币，重点推广以沼气建设为纽带的能源生态模式。到2005年底，全国沼气用户已达1700多万户，年生产沼气65亿立方米。国家大力发展畜禽养殖废弃物沼气工程，已建成2200多处，年处理畜禽粪便6000多万吨；建成生活污水净化沼气池13.7万处，秸秆气化集中供气工程500多处；推广省柴灶1.89亿户，太阳能热水器2850万平方米。同时，还积极推广使用太阳灶、风能、地热等可再生能源。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Development of new-energy projects in rural areas. It is an important approach to protecting and improving the rural ecological environment to develop and popularize new types of energy in rural areas. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the State spent 3.5 billion yuan to popularize an ecological model of energy with marsh gas as the pivot. By the end of 2005, there were more than 17 million households using methane, and the yearly output of methane reached 6.5 billion cu m. The government has devoted major efforts to developing a project producing methane from wastes in livestock and poultry breeding. So far, more than 2,200 such methane projects have been completed, treating more than 60 million tons of faeces. And 137,000 methane pits for purifying domestic sewage and over 500 central heating projects with gas from burning stalks have been built. In addition, 189 million households now use fuel-saving stoves, and solar water heaters cover a total of 28.5 million sq m. Meanwhile, the government has been actively promoting the use of renewable solar, wind and geothermal energy sources.

六、生态保护与建设

VI. Ecological Protection and Construction

经过长期不懈努力，中国一些地区生态环境开始得到改善。

The eco-environment in some parts of China has begun to improve after a long period of unswerving efforts.

——造林绿化。中国政府确立以生态建设为主的林业发展指导方针，开展大规模植树造林，加强森林资源管理，启动森林生态效益补偿制度，营造林面积自2002年以来连续四年超过667万公顷。近年来，森林面积和森林蓄积量迅速增加，林龄结构、林相结构趋于合理，森林质量趋于提高，实现了由持续下降到逐步上升的历史性转折。目前，全国森林面积达1.75亿公顷，森林覆盖率达18.21%，森林蓄积量达124.56亿立方米。国家重视林业生态工程建设。从1998年起，中国开展了天然林资源保护工程、退耕还林工程、“三北”（东北、华北、西北）及长江流域等防护林体系建设工程、京津风沙源治理工程、野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程和重点地区速生丰产用材林基地建设工程等。“十五”期间，天然林资源保护工程共营造生态公益林800万公顷，9333万公顷森林资源得到休养生息；退耕还林工程共完成造林2133万公顷，其中生态退耕538万公顷，荒山荒地造林1200万公顷，封山育林133万公顷；京津风沙源治理工程共完成各项治理任务达667万公顷；“三北”和长江流域等重点防护林工程造林341万公顷，新封山育林346万公顷。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Afforestation. The Chinese government has set a guideline focusing on ecological construction for the development of forestry, organized large-scale afforestation, strengthened the administration of forest resources, and initiated the compensation system for efforts made to achieve forest ecological efficiency. As a result, the total newly afforested area has reached over 6.67 million ha every year since 2002. In recent years, the total forest area and the amount of forest reserves have increased rapidly; the structures in terms of age of stand and the form of forest have become more rationalized, and the quality of forests is improving, achieving a historic turn from a downward to an upward trend. At present, the national forest acreage is 175 million ha; the forest cover, 18.21 percent; and forest reserves, 12.456 billion cu m. The State has given great attention to ecological forest construction. Since 1998, China has worked on projects to protect natural forest reserves, to reforest cultivated land, to build shelterbelts in northern, northeastern and northwestern China and in the Yangtze River basin, to control the sources of duststorms in the Beijing-Tianjin area, to build wild animal and plant reserves and other types of nature reserves, as well as fast-growing, high-yielding timber bases in some key areas. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the natural forest protection project succeeded in securing eight million ha of forest for ecological benefits, enabling 93.33 million ha of forest resources to recover. The project to reforest cultivated land created 21.33 million ha of forests, among which 5.38 million ha were ecological forests transformed from cultivated farmland, 12 million ha were planted on barren hills and wasteland, and 1.33 million ha were created by closing off hillsides for afforestation. In addition, 6.67 million ha of land were covered in various ways by efforts to control the sources of duststorms in the Beijing-Tianjin area. The shelterbelt projects in northern, northeastern and northwestern China and in the Yangtze River basin as well as other key shelterbelt construction areas resulted in the reforestation of 3.41 million ha of land, and new greenery on 3.46 million ha of hillsides by closing them off for forest conservation.

——草原保护。为加强草原的生态建设和规划管理，草原工作战略重点实现由经济目标为主向“生态、经济、社会目标并重，生态优先”的转变，草原植被得到有效恢复，草原生态环境逐步好转。国家对草原保护建设的投入持续增加，2000－2005年中央财政共投入资金90多亿元人民币，实施了天然草原植被恢复与建设、草原围栏、牧草种子基地、退牧还草、京津风沙源治理工程草原生态建设等项目，取得了良好的生态、经济和社会效益。截至2005年底，全国人工种草累计保留面积达到1300万公顷，草原改良面积1400万公顷，草原围栏3300万公顷，有20%的可利用草原实施了禁牧、休牧和划区轮牧。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- The protection of pastures. In order to strengthen the eco-construction and planned management of grasslands, the strategic emphasis has been shifted from reaching economic goals to "giving equal importance to ecological, economic and social goals, with ecological goals receiving the priority." As a result, the vegetation coverage has effectively recovered and the eco-environment on the grasslands is improving. There is a continued increase in state investment in pasture protection and construction. From 2000 to 2005, over nine billion yuan was earmarked for this purpose from the central budget to support the projects of natural pasture vegetation recovery and construction, the building of pasture fences and forage grass seed bases, the halting of herding for vegetation recovery, and grassland eco-construction to control the duststorm sources threatening the Beijing-Tianjin area. These projects have brought about good ecological, economic and social results. By the end of 2005, the acreage of man-made grasslands had added up to 13 million ha, that of improved pasture to 14 million ha and that of fenced pasture to 33 million ha. Twenty percent of the pastures now practice grazing prohibition, grazing land recovery and designated rotation grazing.

——土地保护、开发与整治。中国政府把保护耕地作为一项基本国策，实行严格的耕地保护政策。国家划定基本农田保护区，为确保粮食安全提供重要基础。同时，建立土地用途管制制度，严格控制建设用地总量和结构，使乱占耕地现象得到抑制。2004年各项建设占用耕地较上年下降37%，总体实现数量上的占补平衡。国家还加大土地开发整理力度，建立土地开发整理项目管理制度，组织实施国家投资土地开发整理项目，保持耕地总量动态平衡，改善生态环境。“十五”期间，通过对农村及城镇土地、灾毁土地、工矿区废弃土地等进行科学的土地开发，整理复垦，复垦土地7.6万公顷，建成了一批布局规整、生态环境良好的新农村，部分资源枯竭型城市和重点矿区生态环境得到进一步的治理和恢复。

-- Land protection, development and treatment. The Chinese government has set the protection of cultivated land as a basic national policy, and has implemented a strict policy for protecting cultivated land. The State has designated basic farmland conservation area as the key basis for grain security. Meanwhile, a land-use control system has been set up to strictly control the total amount and percentage of land used for construction to curb the unjustified appropriation of farmland. In 2004, the total farmland used for construction purposes decreased by 37 percent from the previous year, achieving an overall balance between use and compensation of farmland. The government has also increased the intensity of land development and treatment, drawn up regulations for managing land development and treatment projects, and organized the implementation of the state-invested land development and treatment projects, so as to maintain an overall dynamic balance in farmland and to improve the eco-environment. In the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, 76,000 ha of land were reclaimed after scientific development and treatment of the land in rural and urban areas, the natural-disaster-damaged land, and the discarded land in industrial and mining areas. A number of new rural areas have emerged with neat layout and sound eco-environment, and the eco-environment of some resources-drained cities and key mining areas has been further improved or restored.

——水土保持。国家实施京津风沙源治理、首都水资源可持续利用水土保持、黄土高原地区水土保持淤地坝、东北黑土区和珠江上游南北盘江石灰岩地区水土流失综合防治等多个专项工程，水土流失重点防治范围由长江、黄河上中游拓展到东北黑土区、珠江上游和环京津等地区。国家开展示范区和示范工程建设，已建成面积在200平方公里以上的水土保持工程300多个，水土保持生态建设示范县190个，示范小流域1398条，并开始实施第一批62个面积不少于300平方公里的示范区和50多个水土保持科技示范园建设。在全国188个县开展水土保持生态修复试点工程，所有国家水土保持重点工程区全面实施封育保护，封育保护面积达12.6万平方公里，并在“三江源区”实施水土保持预防保护工程。目前，已有25个省（自治区、直辖市）980个县全部或部分实施了封山禁牧，封禁范围60多万平方公里，封禁区内的植被得到了较快的恢复。“十五”期间，全国综合治理水土流失面积24.02万平方公里，综合整治小流域11500多条，建设基本农田406万公顷，营造水土保持林、经果林和水源涵养林1533万公顷，建设拦沙坝、坡面水系等小型水土保持工程350多万座（处），淤地坝7000座。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Water and soil conservation. The State has organized many special projects to control duststorm sources that threaten the Beijing-Tianjin area, to conserve water and soil for the sustainable use of the water resources in the capital area, to build up silt dams for water and soil conservation on the Loess Plateau, and to prevent and control comprehensively soil erosion in the black earth area in the northeast and in the limestone areas along the Southern and Northern Panjiang rivers on the upper reaches of the Zhujiang River. So far, the key areas of water and soil conservation have been expanded from the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers to the black earth area in the northeast, the upper reaches of the Zhujiang River and the area around Beijing and Tianjin. The construction of national demonstration areas and demonstration projects has resulted in the completion of over 300 water and soil conservation projects each covering over 200 sq km, 190 eco-friendly model counties and 1,398 small demonstration drainage areas in terms of water and soil conservation. The State has also started to build the first group of 62 demonstration areas, each no less than 300 sq km, and over 50 sci-tech demonstration parks for water and soil conservation. Experimental work for water and soil conservation and ecological restoration has been conducted in 188 counties throughout the country, and overall protection has been carried out by closing off hillsides for afforestation in all key areas covered by water and soil conservation projects, putting some 126,000 sq km under such protection. Also, a project for preventing soil erosion is underway in the headwater areas of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers. So far, 980 counties in 25 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) have wholly or partially closed hills or mountains to livestock grazing, which has hastened the recovery of the vegetation in areas totaling more than 600,000 sq km. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, China succeeded in bringing 240,200 sq km of eroded land under comprehensive control of water and soil erosion, improving 11,500 small drainage areas, creating 4.06 million ha of basic farmland, cultivating 15.33 million ha of forests for water and soil conservation, cash fruit and preserving headwaters, building up 7,000 silt dams and 3.5 million small water and soil conservation projects involving silt-blocking dams and slope water works.

——防沙治沙。中国政府将防止土地荒漠化、沙化作为改善生态环境，拓展生存和发展空间，促进经济社会协调和可持续发展的战略举措，颁布实施了《防沙治沙法》，批复了《全国防沙治沙规划（2005－2010年）》，颁发了《关于进一步加强防沙治沙工作的决定》，实施一批防沙治沙重点工程，使荒漠化和沙化土地面积同时出现净减少。截至2004年底，全国荒漠化土地为263.62万平方公里，沙化土地面积为173.97万平方公里，与1999年相比，五年间全国荒漠化土地面积净减少37924平方公里，沙化土地面积净减少6416平方公里；土地荒漠化和沙化程度有所减轻，重、极重度荒漠化面积减少24.59万平方公里。荒漠化和沙化整体扩展的趋势得到初步抑制。

-- Sand prevention and control. The Chinese government has made it a strategic principle to prevent land degradation and desertification for the improvement of the eco-environment, for the expansion of the spaces of survival and development, and for coordinated, sustainable socio-economic development. It has promulgated and implemented the Law on Sand Prevention and Control, approved the National Plan for Sand Prevention and Control (2005-2010), and issued the Decision on Further Strengthening the Work of Sand Prevention and Control. It has also organized a number of key relevant projects, achieving a net reduction in the areas suffering from land degradation and desertification. By the end of 2004, the total area of degraded land in China was 2,636,200 sq km, and that of desertified land was 1,739,700 sq km, net decreases of 37,924 sq km and 6,416 sq km, respectively, in a span of five years from 1999. Also, the degrees of land degradation and desertification had been alleviated, with a shrinkage of 245,900 sq km of the seriously and very seriously degraded land, initially curbing the overall expansion of land degradation and desertification.

——海洋环境保护。中国已经基本形成了海洋环境保护的法律体系和行政执法体系，构建了海洋环境监测网络，制定和实施了海洋功能区划、近岸海域环境功能区划，合理开发和保护海洋资源，防止海洋污染和生态破坏，促进海洋经济可持续发展。中国政府积极实施主要入海河流的污染防治计划和重点海域的环境保护计划，继渤海之后，中国政府于2005年启动了长江口及毗邻海域、珠江口及毗邻海域的污染治理工作，在长江口和珠江口及其毗邻海域开展了河海统筹、陆海兼顾的陆域、海域同步的环境监测和调查工作。中国政府严格执行海洋工程和海上倾废的审批制度，强化对倾倒活动的执法监视，加强海洋环境监测。国家批准了《赤潮灾害应急预案》和《海洋石油勘探开发重大溢油应急计划》，并纳入国家灾害应急管理体系，初步建立了海洋灾害应急机制。加强了船舶污染防治和危险品运输管理，积极推进海上船舶溢油应急体系建设。截至2004年底，中国已建立各级海洋自然保护区120个，一批海洋珍稀物种得到保护，珊瑚礁、红树林及海草床等重要生境得以保护。通过采取控制渔业捕捞强度、压缩捕捞渔船、完善休渔制度、建立渔业资源保护区、实施海洋捕捞产量“零增长”等措施，保护和恢复海洋渔业资源。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Marine environmental protection. China has formed a basic legal system and an administrative law-enforcement system for marine environmental protection, set up a network for monitoring the marine environment, worked out and implemented marine function zoning and offshore environmental function zoning, so as to ensure the rational exploitation and protection of marine resources, prevent marine pollution and ecological destruction, and promote sustainable development of the ocean economy. The Chinese government has actively implemented a pollution prevention and control plan for the major sea-flowing rivers, and an environmental protection plan for the major sea areas. Following the Bohai Sea program, in 2005 the Chinese government started pollution control work in the sea areas around the estuaries of the Yangtze and Zhujiang rivers, carrying out environment monitoring and investigation in these areas, under overall planning with due consideration for both rivers and oceans, and both land and sea areas. The Chinese government has strictly implemented the administrative system for the examination and approval of oceanic engineering projects and of ocean dumping, intensified law-enforcement supervision over such dumping and strengthened monitoring of the marine environment. The State has approved the Emergency Plan for Red Tide Disasters and the Emergency Plan for Major Oil Spills from Oceanic Petroleum Exploration, and incorporated them into the national disaster emergency control system, thus giving initial shape to a marine disaster emergency control mechanism. The Chinese government has tightened its administration over the prevention and control of pollution from shipping, and the shipment of dangerous materials, and energetically promoted the construction of an emergency system for oil-spills from ships at sea. By the end of 2004, 120 marine nature reserves at different levels had been established in China, and a group of rare marine species placed under proper protection, in particular, important oceanic eco-systems such as coral reefs, mangrove forests and seaweed beds. By means of a series of measures taken to control the intensity of fishing, reduce the number of fishing boats, improve the moratorium system, establish marine sanctuaries, and practice zero growth rate, marine fishery resources have been protected and revived.

　　　——自然保护区、生态功能保护区、风景名胜区建设。中国政府把建立自然保护区作为保护生态环境的重要措施。截至2005年底，全国共建立各级各类自然保护区2349处，面积达150万平方公里，约占陆地国土面积的15%，初步形成了类型比较齐全、布局比较合理的全国自然保护区网络；全国85%的陆地生态系统类型，85%的野生动物种群和65%的天然植物群落类型都得到保护。国家在江河源头区、重要水源涵养区、江河洪水调蓄区、防风固沙区以及其他具有重要生态功能的区域开展生态功能保护区建设，在东江源、洞庭湖、秦岭山地等18个典型区域开展国家级生态功能保护区试点。内蒙古、黑龙江、江西、湖北、湖南、甘肃、青海等省（自治区）开展了地方级生态功能保护区建设。目前，经中国政府审定命名的风景名胜区有677个，其中国家重点风景名胜区187个。泰山、黄山、峨眉山━乐山、武夷山、庐山、武陵源、九寨沟、黄龙、青城山━都江堰、三江并流等国家重点风景名胜区和一批自然保护区，分别列入联合国教科文组织《世界遗产名录》或《国际人与生物圈保护区网络》、《国际重要湿地名录》。全国建有各类森林公园数量超过1900处，其中国家森林公园627处。全国共有85个国家地质公园，其中安徽黄山、江西庐山、河南云台山、云南石林、广东丹霞山、湖南张家界、黑龙江五大连池和河南嵩山等八家地质公园首批进入世界地质公园网络名录。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- The construction of nature reserves, protected eco-areas, and places of historical interest and scenic beauty. The Chinese government deems the establishment of nature reserves as an important step to protect the eco-environment. By the end of 2005, there were 2,349 nature reserves of various kinds and levels in China, covering 1.5 million sq km and taking up about 15 percent of the country's land territory; a national nature reserves network with relatively complete types and a relatively rational layout had been initially formed, effectively protecting 85 percent of the land ecosystem types, 85 percent of wildlife species, and 65 percent of the natural plant community in China. Also, the State has started eco-area construction in the areas of river headwaters, and areas important for preserving water sources, river flood storage and buffering, sand fixing with windbreaks, and other ecologically important areas. National-level experimental eco-areas were set up in 18 typical regions, including the areas of the Dongjiang River headwaters, Dongting Lake and the Qinling Mountains. The construction of local eco-areas was also carried out in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the provinces of Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Gansu and Qinghai. So far, 677 places of historical interest and scenic beauty have been approved by the Chinese government, among which 187 are national-level ones. A group of nature reserves and national-level key places of historical interest and scenic beauty have been inscribed on the UNESCO's World Heritage List, International Man and Biosphere Reserve Network, or List of Wetlands of International Importance. They include Mount Taishan, Mount Huangshan, Mount Emei and the Leshan Giant Buddha, Mount Wuyi, Mount Lushan, Wulingyuan Scenic Area, Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic Area, Huanglong Scenic Area, Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Dam, and the Three Parallel Rivers. There are more than 1,900 forest parks of various kinds in China, with 627 national-level ones. China has 85 national geological parks, eight of them having been included in the first group of the World Network of Geoparks: Mount Huangshan in Anhui Province, Mount Lushan in Jiangxi Province, Mount Yuntai in Henan Province, the Stone Forest in Yunnan Province, Mount Danxia in Guangdong Province, Zhangjiajie in Hunan Province, the Five Volcanic Chain Lakes in Heilongjiang Province and Mount Songshan in Henan Province.

——生物多样性保护。中国是一个生物多样性非常丰富的国家，国家制定了《中国生物多样性保护行动计划》，编写了《中国生物多样性国情研究报告》，编制了《生物物种资源保护与利用规划》。目前，全国共建立野生动物拯救繁殖基地250处，野生植物种质资源保育或基因保存中心400多处，使200多种珍稀濒危野生动物、上千种野生植物建立了稳定的人工种群。同时，开展了国家重点保护野生植物资源的调查和抢救性收集，建立了67个农业野生植物原生境保护区。开展了全国外来入侵物种调查，针对危害较大的主要外来入侵生物开展了“十省百县”灭毒除害行动，提高了公众防止外来入侵生物的意识和能力。全国野生植物资源调查的189种野生植物中有71%的野外种群达到稳定生存发展的标准；全国野生动物调查的252种野生动物中有55.7%的种群稳中有升，扬子鳄、朱鹮等珍稀濒危野生动物种群成倍增加，野生大熊猫数量达到1596只，人工圈养数量达到183只。一些物种的分布区逐步扩展，黑嘴鸥、黑脸琵鹭等物种的新记录、新繁殖地或越冬地被不断发现。一百多年未见踪迹、已被国际自然保护联盟宣布为世界极危物种崖柏被重新发现。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Conservation of biodiversity. China is a country rich in biodiversity. The State has formulated the China Action Plan for Biodiversity Conservation, followed by China's Biodiversity: A Country Study and the Plan for the Protection and Utilization of the Resources of Biological Species. At present, there are 250 bases for saving and breeding wildlife, over 400 centers for conserving and cultivating wild plant species or preserving wild plant genes in China, which have artificially produced stable species groups for over 200 kinds of endangered rare animals and about 1,000 types of wild plants. Meanwhile, investigation and collection of key wild plants on the verge of extinction and under state protection have been carried out, and 67 zones have been set up to protect the original habitats of wild agricultural plants. A nationwide investigation has also been carried out on species from abroad, and action has been taken to root out the most harmful and noxious of such species in 100 counties in ten provinces, enhancing the public awareness and people's capacity to guard against the intrusion of foreign species. Among the 189 types of wild plants covered in a national investigation of wild plant resources, 71 percent are up to the standard for stable survival, and 55.7 percent of the 252 kinds of wild animals covered by a national investigation have been shown to be increasing steadily. The numbers of rare and endangered wild animal species, such as the Chinese alligator and red ibis, have increased by wide margins. The number of wild giant pandas has now reached 1,596, and domesticated ones, 183. Some wildlife species have been found in wider areas, and new records, breeding grounds or winter homes of black-beaked gulls and black-faced spoonbills have been constantly discovered. Arborvitae, which was declared by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources to be an extremely endangered species after having disappeared in China for over 100 years, has been found in China again.

——湿地保护。中国政府颁布了《中国湿地保护行动计划》，编制实施《全国湿地保护工程规划（2002－2030年）》、《全国湿地保护工程实施规划（2005－2010年）》。目前，全国共有湿地自然保护区473处，总面积达4346万公顷。全国纳入自然保护区得到有效保护的自然湿地近45%，洞庭湖、鄱阳湖、扎龙等30块湿地列入国际重要湿地名录，面积达346万公顷。一批重要湿地面积得到稳定和扩展，生态功能得到恢复和改善，湿地面积快速减少的趋势得到有效遏制。城市湿地资源保护得到重视和加强，国家批准了10个城市湿地公园。

-- Wetland protection. The Chinese government has promulgated the National Plan for Wetland Protection Action; formulated and implemented the National Program for Wetland Protection Engineering (2002-2030) and the National Implementation Program for Wetland Protection Engineering (2005-2010). So far, China has 473 wetland nature reserves, totaling 43.46 million ha. Almost 45 percent of the natural wetlands included in the country's wetland nature reserves have been protected effectively; and 30 wetlands, including the marshlands of Dongting Lake, Poyang Lake and Zhalong, have been put on the List of Wetlands of International Importance, totaling 3.46 million ha. With the stable expansion of the acreage of some key wetlands, and the recovery and improvement of their ecological functions, the trend toward rapid decrease in the overall area of wetlands has been effectively checked. The protection of urban wetland resources has drawn more attention and been strengthened; and the government has approved the establishment of ten urban wetland parks.

七、环境经济政策和投入

VII. Economic Policy and Investment Concerning the Environment

近十年是中国环保投入增幅最大的时期，经过努力，已初步建立起以政府为主导的多元环保投融资体制。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The last decade has seen the largest increase ever in China's investment in its environmental protection. A pluralistic financing system based on government support has taken initial shape after years of efforts.

——加大环境保护财政投入。“十五”期间，中央财政安排环境保护资金1119亿元人民币，其中，国债资金安排1083亿元人民币，主要用于京津风沙源治理、天然林保护工程、退耕还林（草）工程、三峡库区及其上游地区水污染治理、“三河三湖”污染治理、污水、垃圾产业化及中水回用工程等。1998年以来，国家把环境基础设施建设作为国债投资的重点，带动了大量社会资金投入环保。1996－2004年，中国环境污染治理投入达到9522.7亿元人民币，占同期GDP的1.0%。2006年，环境保护支出科目被正式纳入国家财政预算。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Increasing government input into environmental protection. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, 111.9 billion yuan was earmarked from the central budget for environmental protection, of which 108.3 billion yuan from the treasury bonds was used mainly to control the duststorm sources threatening the Beijing-Tianjin area, to protect natural forests, to turn cultivated farmland back into forests or pastures, to control pollution around the Yangtze River's Three Gorges Dam area and its upstream, as well as pollution on the Huaihe, Liaohe and Haihe rivers, Taihu, Dianchi and Chaohu lakes, to industrialize the reuse and recycling of sewage and garbage, and to reclaim waste water. Since 1998, the State has focused treasury bond investment on environmental infrastructure construction, bringing along a large amount of social investment. Between 1996 and 2004, China's investment into environmental pollution control reached 952.27 billion yuan, amounting to one percent of that period's GDP. In 2006, expenditure on environmental protection has been formally itemized in the State's financial budget.

——完善环境收费政策。加强排污费征收和管理，排污费的征收使用严格实行“收支两条线”管理，排污费收入专项用于环境污染防治。扩大二氧化硫排污费征收范围，即对所有排放二氧化硫的企、事业单位和个体经营者均征收二氧化硫排污费，并提高二氧化硫排污费标准，由每公斤二氧化硫0.2元人民币提高到0.63元人民币。实行城市污水、垃圾、危险废物处理收费政策，引导社会资金以多种方式投入环保设施建设和运营，积极推动污染治理市场化、产业化进程。建立并推行城市污水、垃圾处理特许经营制度。一些地方对已有污水处理厂和垃圾处理等政府建设设施，通过招投标，以合同方式交给企业运营，加强了政府监管，提高了环保资金投入的效益。

-- Improving policies concerning environment-related fee collection. The management and collection of discharge fees have been strengthened by strict separation of their collection and use, and channeling the fees exclusively into the prevention and control of environmental pollution. The collection of sulfur dioxide discharge fees has been expanded to include all related enterprises, public institutions and private businesses, and the rate of such fees per kg has been raised from 0.2 to 0.63 yuan. The treatment of urban sewage, garbage and hazardous wastes is also charged, so as to channel social capital in a variety of ways into the environmental protection infrastructure construction and operation, and to promote the marketization and industrialization of pollution control. A concession operation system has been established and implemented for the operation of urban sewage and garbage treatment. In some places, the operation of sewage treatment plants and garbage treatment establishments set up by the government has been transferred to enterprises through public bidding/tendering and contracting. In this way, the government has strengthened its role of supervision while the economic returns of the investment in environmental protection have also been augmented.

——制定有利于环保的价格税收政策。建立可再生能源费用分摊机制。可再生能源发电项目上网电价高于当地脱硫燃煤机组标杆上网电价的部分，国家投资或补贴建设的公共可再生能源独立电力系统运行维护费用高于当地省级电网平均销售电价的部分，以及可再生能源发电项目接网费用等，通过向电力用户征收电价附加的方式解决。分批调低和取消钢铁、电解铝、铁合金等产品的出口退税政策。制定有利于汽车产业升级、减轻汽车污染的税收政策，对提前达到低污染排放标准的汽车生产企业减征30%的消费税。对再生资源回收及资源综合利用，生产环保产业设备的企业，利用废水、废气、废渣等废弃物为主要原料进行生产的企业，给予减免税收的优惠政策。严格执行耕地占用税政策，合理利用土地资源，加强土地管理，保护农用耕地。陆续提高煤炭、原油、天然气等矿产品的资源税税额标准，进一步保护矿产资源，促进资源的合理开发利用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Formulating price and tax policies favorable to environmental protection. A mechanism to share fees for renewable energy resources has been established. The part of the price of grid electricity generated by renewable energy higher than that of the electricity generated by local desulfurized coal-burning generators, the difference between the expenses for maintaining the independent power system using renewable energy subsidized or funded by the government and the average power price of local provincial power grids, as well as the expenses involved in renewable-energy-generated electricity to be incorporated in power grids, will be resolved by collecting extra fees from electricity consumers. The tax rebate policies for exported products, including iron and steel, electrolytic aluminum and iron alloy, have been annulled or reduced in group form. Taxation policy has been formulated in favor of auto industry upgrading and auto pollution alleviation. The consumption tax will be reduced by 30 percent for auto producers if they reach the low-pollution emission standard ahead of schedule. Tax reduction or exemption are extended to enterprises engaged in reclaiming renewable resources, making comprehensive use of resources and producing equipment for environmental protection, as well as enterprises using waste water, gas and residues as the main materials of production. The policy of collecting tax on the occupation of cultivated land is observed strictly, so as to promote the rational use of land resources, strengthen land management and protect arable land. The standards of tax collected on the production of coal, crude oil, and natural gas will be raised in steps in the future in order to protect mineral resources and promote the rational development and utilization of resources.

八、环境影响评价制度

VIII. Environmental Impact Assessment

环境影响评价制度是源头控制环境污染和生态破坏的法律手段。1998年，中国政府颁布实施《建设项目环境保护管理条例》，明确提出环境影响评价制度，以及建设项目环境保护设施同时设计、同时施工、同时投产使用的“三同时”制度。2003年开始实施的《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》，将环境影响评价制度从建设项目扩展到各类开发建设规划。国家实行环境影响评价工程师职业资格制度，建立了由专业技术人员组成的评估队伍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a legal measure to curb environmental pollution and ecological destruction at the source. In 1998, the Chinese government promulgated the Regulations on Environmental Management of Construction Projects, which put forth the idea of environmental impact assessment, and required construction projects to design, construct and put into use relevant environmental protection facilities along with the progress of the project itself ("three simultaneousnesses" for short). The Law of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Impact Assessment, which came into effect in 2003, extends the EIA practice from construction projects to all development construction plans. The State has also adopted the EIA engineer professional qualification certification system to foster a contingent of professional technicians in this field.

全国共有146万多个建设项目执行了环境影响评价制度，63万多个新建项目执行了“三同时”制度，环评执行和“三同时”执行率分别达到99.3%和96.4%，“三同时”合格率达到95.7%。1996年以来，全国建设项目投资总额为269980亿元人民币，环保投资总额达12306亿元人民币，并呈逐年上升趋势。通过执行环境影响评价制度，工业类项目实现了“增产不增污”或“增产减污”；涉及重要环境敏感问题生态类项目，通过调整选址、选线和工程方案等，有效避免了新的生态破坏。2005年公开叫停30个总投资额达1179.4亿元人民币的违法建设项目。2006年2月，对10个投资约290亿元人民币的违反“三同时”制度的建设项目进行了查处。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

EIA is practiced in 1.46 million construction projects nationwide, and 630,000 new projects have met the requirements of designing, constructing and putting into use relevant environmental protection facilities, with the implementation ratio being 99.3 percent and 96.4 percent, respectively, 95.7 percent of the latter has reached the set standards. Since 1996, a total of 26,998 billion yuan has gone into construction projects across the country, of which the input for environmental protection amounts to 1,230.6 billion yuan, and the amount keeps rising year by year. Thanks to the implementation of the EIA system, industrial projects are reporting "increase in output instead of pollution" or "increase in output with decrease in pollution," and some ecological projects involving major environmentally sensitive issues have avoided potential ecological damage by making changes to the site, route or plan. In 2005, 30 illegal construction projects involving a total of 117.94 billion yuan of investment were halted. In February 2006, ten construction projects, with a total of 29 billion yuan of investment, were investigated and dealt with for not simultaneously designing, constructing and putting into use relevant environmental protection facilities.

国家环保部门将内蒙古、新疆、广西及大连市、武汉市等五个行政区，铁路和石油化工行业，以及宁夏宁东煤炭化工基地规划和上海市城市轨道交通网络规划列为首批规划环境影响评价试点；完成了《全国林纸一体化工程建设专项规划》环境影响评价工作；开展了塔里木河流域、澜沧江中下游、四川大渡河、雅砻江上游、沅水流域等流域开发利用规划的环境影响评价。其中，怒江流域水电开发规划环境影响评价比较了不同梯级开发方案在开发布局、规模、方式和开发时序等方面的环境影响程度，为该规划的实施提出了预防和减缓环境影响的措施；大渡河流域水电梯级开发规划的环境影响评价充分考虑了环境与发展协调性，提出了流域资源开发环境保护整体性安排，减少梯度淹没39公里，减少耕地淹没1867公顷，减少淹没县城2座，减少移民人口8.5万人。国家积极推动水电建设的有序发展，将能源发展战略和电力发展方针由积极开发水电调整为在保护生态基础上有序开发水电。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The state environmental protection authorities have listed Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guangxi, Dalian and Wuhan, the railway and petrochemical industries, the planning of the Ningxia Ningdong Coal Chemical Industry Base and that of the Shanghai urban rail transportation network as the first pilots of EIA practice in the field of construction planning. The authorities have also completed the EIA work regarding the Special Plan on the Integrated Construction of the National Forestry and Paper-making Industry, conducted EIA work regarding the development and utilization planning of the Tarim River valley, the middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River, the Dadu River in Sichuan, the upper reaches of the Yalong River, and the Yuanshui River valley. When applying EIA to the Nujiang River valley hydropower development plan, comparisons were made regarding the environmental impact to be caused by the layout, scale, ways and sequence of time at different steps of the development plans, and measures were suggested to prevent and reduce the possible impact. The EIA of the stepped hydropower development plan of the Dadu River valley had taken into full consideration the coordination between environment and development, and made comprehensive arrangements for protection of the environment in the valley where resources exploitation would be carried out, by which arrangements a total of backwater distance of 39 km, 1,867 ha of arable land and two county seats were saved from being submerged, and consequently 85,000 people no longer had to be relocated. The State encourages orderly exploitation of hydropower resources, and has reset the energy development strategy and the electricity development principle from "actively developing" to "orderly developing" hydropower based on ecological protection.

九、环保科技、产业和公众参与

IX. Environmental Science and Technology, Industry and Public Participation

中国重视并不断提高科技对环境保护的支撑能力，积极推动环保产业化进程，并采取各种措施促进公众对环境保护的参与。

China attaches great importance to and consistently seeks to enhance the support capability of science and technology for environmental protection, actively promotes the industrialization of environmental protection, and has adopted various measures to encourage public participation in this regard.

——环境保护科学研究。“十五”期间，组织实施了国家重大科技专项“水污染控制技术与治理工程”，开展了湖泊污染治理与生态修复、城市水环境质量改善、饮用水安全保障、新型废水处理等水污染控制技术的研发与示范，为中国水污染防治提供了切实可行的技术方案与配套技术体系。研制了一批环境监测技术与设备，多种技术与设备实现了业务化应用。开展了机动车排气净化、燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫、固体废弃物处理、重点行业清洁生产等关键技术研发与工程示范，开发了一批具有自主知识产权的高新技术与设备。在国家科技攻关计划中设立“重大环境问题对策与关键支撑技术研究”项目，在环境保护战略和技术政策、循环经济理论与生态工业技术、化学品控制技术、污染场地修复技术等方面开展研究，初步建立了中国绿色GDP核算体系框架。组织了西部生态系统综合评估、生态功能区划、脆弱生态区恢复与重建等研究，形成了多种西部生态脆弱区治理技术模式，实现了规模化示范推广。完成了全国外来入侵物种调查，建立起中国生物多样性数据库。制定了《国家环境与健康行动计划》，开展部分重点地区环境健康调查工作。积极开展全球环境变化研究工作，组织编制了《气候变化国家评估报告》，为国家制定应对全球环境变化政策和参加有关国际公约谈判提供了科学依据。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Environmental protection scientific research. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the State has organized and conducted the national key "water pollution control technology and treatment project," carried out research and development of such model programs as lake pollution control and ecological recovery, quality improvement of urban water environment, drinking water security safeguard and newly developed waste-water treatment project, thus providing practical technological plans and supportive technological systems for water pollution prevention and control. A batch of environmental monitoring technologies and equipment has been developed, and many applied. The research and development of such pilot programs as motor-vehicle emission purification, desulphurization of gas discharged by coal-fueled boilers, disposal of solid wastes, clean production of key sectors and other key technologies have been conducted, and a group of high and new technologies and equipment have been developed with independent intellectual property rights. The "research on countermeasures against significant environmental issues and relevant key supportive technologies" has been listed in the State's key scientific and technological plans; research is under way regarding environmental protection strategy and technological policy, the theory of cyclical economy and ecological industrial technology, chemicals control technology, and polluted site recovery technology, and a green GDP accounting framework has roughly taken shape. The government has carried out research on comprehensive ecological system assessment, ecological functional zoning, and the recovery and reconstruction of the frail ecological zones in the western part of the country, thus shaping up a variety of treatment technology patterns and a mechanism for large-scale demonstration and popularization in those zones. The country has also completed its survey of alien invasive species, and set up a biodiversity database. It has formulated the State Environment and Health Action Plan, and conducted surveys on environment and health in key areas. It has actively conducted research on global environmental changes, and worked out the State Assessment Report on Climate Changes, which provides a scientific basis for the State to formulate policies to cope with global environmental changes and participate in the negotiation on relevant international conventions.

——环保产业。经过多年实践，中国已形成产业门类基本齐全，具有一定经济规模的环境保护产业体系，环境保护产品生产领域和服务业取得较大进展，资源综合利用和洁净技术产品领域快速发展。到2004年底，全国有环保产业年销售（经营）收入达200万元人民币规模以上的从业单位11623家，从业人员有159.5万人，全行业年收入达4572.1亿元人民币，实现利润393.9亿元人民币。

-- Environmental protection industry. After years of practice, China has formed an industrial system of environmental protection with a basically complete category and certain economic scale, and made considerable progress in the production of environmentally-friendly products and related services, as well as comprehensive utilization of resources and clean technology products. By the end of 2004, China had 11,623 enterprises, each with an annual sales income of more than 2 million yuan, from the environmental protection industry, employing a total of 1.595 million workers. The entire industry generated 457.21 billion yuan in revenue and 39.39 billion yuan in profits.

——公众参与。中国政府努力创造条件，鼓励公众参与环境保护工作。环境影响评价法对公众参与作出制度性规定，要求对可能造成不良影响的规划或建设项目，应通过举行论证会、听证会或采取其他形式，征求有关单位、专家和公众对环境影响评价报告书的意见。2006年2月，国家环保部门颁布了《环境影响评价公众参与暂行办法》，详细规定公众参与环境影响评价的范围、程序、组织形式等内容。民间组织和环保志愿者是环境保护公众参与的重要力量，中国目前有非政府环保组织1000余家。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Public participation. The Chinese government has endeavored to boost public participation in environmental protection. The Environmental Impact Assessment Law requires public participation in the work, and demands appraisal meetings or hearings be held or other forms be taken for any plan or construction project that may cause an unfavorable impact on the environment to collect the opinions of the relevant authorities, experts and the public on the EIA report. In February 2006, the environmental authorities released the Provisional Measures for Public Participation in Environmental Impact Assessment, which clearly stipulates the scope, procedure and form of organization regarding public participation. Non-governmental organizations and volunteers are an important force in public participation. There are now more than 1,000 such organizations in China.

——宣传教育。为加强环保宣传教育，国家制定《全国环境宣传教育行动纲要（1996－2010年）》和《2001－2005年全国环境宣传教育工作纲要》。2001年开始实施的第四个五年普法规划，把环境保护法律法规的宣传教育作为全民法制宣传教育的重要内容，并把环境保护法律法规纳入年度法制教育计划。在一年一度的“6·5”世界环境日开展全国性环境宣传教育活动。开展了绿色社区、绿色学校、绿色家庭创建活动，目前全国有2348个社区参加了绿色社区创建活动，25000多所中小学校、中等职业学校及幼儿园参加了绿色学校创建活动，100个绿色家庭受到表彰；通过“保护母亲河”、“绿色承诺”、“天天环保”、“生态监护”等实践活动，对广大青少年进行生态环境道德教育，增强他们的环境保护意识；举办绿色中国论坛、中国环境文化节等活动，进行环境知识培训，引导公众参与讨论环境问题，形成“人人参与、共创绿色家园”的社会氛围。

-- Publicity and education. To strengthen the publicity and education of environmental protection, the State has formulated the National Action Program for Environmental Publicity and Education (1996-2010) and the 2001-2005 National Program for Environmental Publicity and Education Work. The Fourth Five-Year Plan of Legislation Publicity, commencing in 2001, has made the publicity and education concerning laws and regulations on environmental protection a major part of the national legislation publicity and education drive, and included the publicity of those laws and regulations in the annual legislation publicity plan. Every June 5, World Environment Day, various activities are held across the country, publicizing protection of the environment. Neighborhoods, schools and families are encouraged to make themselves environmentally-friendly. So far, the drive has gathered the support of 2,348 neighborhoods and 25,000 primary and middle schools, secondary vocational schools and kindergartens, and 100 model families have been elected. Special programs tailored for young boys and girls, such as "Mother River Protection Operation," "Green Promise," "Environmental Action Every Day" and "Ecological Monitor," are launched to give them moral education in eco-environment and make them more aware of the importance of environmental protection. The Green China Forum and the China Environment Culture Festival and other similar activities are held to provide knowledge about the environment to the public and guide their discussions and participation in building a green home.

——环境信息公开。到2005年底，全国所有地级以上城市实现了城市空气质量自动监测，并发布空气质量日报；组织开展重点流域水质监测，发布十大流域水质月报和水质自动监测周报；定期开展南水北调东线水质监测工作；113个环保重点城市开展集中式饮用水源地水质监测月报；建立环境质量季度分析制度，及时发布环境质量信息。各级政府和环保部门通过定期或不定期召开新闻发布会，及时通报环境状况、重要政策措施、突发环境事件、违法违规案例等，保障社会各界对环境保护的知情权，促进公众对环境保护的参与。

-- Making information on the environment known to the public. By the end of 2005, all cities at the prefecture level or above had realized automatic monitoring and daily report of air quality. The quality of water is monitored in key river valleys, and monthly reports of the water quality in ten major river valleys and weekly reports of automatic monitoring results are released. Monitoring of the water quality of the eastern section of the South-North Water Diversion Project is conducted regularly. The 113 cities under special environmental protection are now making monthly reports of the quality of the source of centralized drinking water supply. A system of quarterly analysis of environmental quality has been put in place to timely release relevant information. Regular or occasional news conferences are held by governments and environmental authorities at various levels to report on environmental conditions, major policies and measures, unexpected incidents and violation of laws and regulations as a way to guarantee the public's right to information on environmental protection and promote their participation in the work.

——公众环境权益维护。截至2005年底，全国有4个直辖市、312个地级市、374个县级市、677个县开通了环保举报投诉热线电话，覆盖了全国69.4%的县级以上行政区。2003年以来，全国各级环保部门通过环保热线共受理环境污染投诉114.8万件，结案率在97%左右，主要城市环境投诉满意率在80%左右。随着公众环境意识和对环境质量的要求不断提高，反映环境权益被侵害的来信来访数量逐年增加。2001－2005年，各级政府环保部门共受理群众来信253万余封，群众来访43万余批次、59.7万余人次，受理全国人大代表建议673件，全国政协委员提案521件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Protection of the environmental rights of the public. By the end of 2005, the four municipalities directly under the Central Government, 312 prefecture-level cities, 374 county-level cities and 677 counties had opened hotlines for environmental pollution reports, covering 69.4 percent of the administrative divisions above the county level. Since 2003, the environmental authorities at various levels have received 1.148 million complaints on environmental pollution through the hotlines, 97 percent of which have been dealt with, and 80 percent of the people making such complaints in major cities are satisfied with the results. Along with the public's increasing awareness of the importance of protecting the environment and demand for a better environment, the number of complaints lodged by letter or interview about infringements on the people's environment-related rights keeps increasing. From 2001 to 2005, the environmental authorities across the country received more than 2.53 million letters, 430,000 visits by 597,000 petitioners, accepted and handled 673 proposals from NPC deputies and 521 motions from members of the CPPCC National Committee.

十、国际环境保护合作

X. International Cooperation in Environmental Protection

中国重视环境保护领域里的国际合作，积极参与联合国等国际组织开展的环境事务。多年来，中国派高级代表团参与联合国可持续发展委员会历次会议、可持续发展世界首脑会议及其系列筹备活动。中国与联合国环境规划署在荒漠化防治、生物多样性保护、臭氧层保护、清洁生产、循环经济、环境教育和培训、长江中上游洪水防治、区域海行动计划和防止陆源污染保护海洋全球行动计划等领域开展了卓有成效的合作。中国与联合国开发计划署、世界银行、亚洲开发银行等国际组织建立了有效的合作模式。中国积极参与亚太经合组织框架下的各项环境保护和可持续发展活动，出席历次亚太经合组织环境部长会议。中国在环境保护领域的努力得到国际社会的承认和赞誉。联合国环境规划署、世界银行、全球环境基金先后将“联合国环境规划署笹川环境奖”、“绿色环境特别奖”、“全球环境领导奖”授予中国环保部门负责人，联合国环境规划署还将“地球卫士奖”授予中华青年联合会负责人。截至2005年底，中国共有22个单位和6名个人被联合国环境规划署授予“全球500佳”称号。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China stresses international cooperation in environmental protection, and is active in conducting relevant activities with the United Nations (UN) and other international organizations. Over the years, it has dispatched senior delegates to all the meetings of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, and the World Summit on Sustainable Development and its successive preparatory activities. China and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have conducted fruitful cooperation in the fields of desertification prevention and control, biodiversity protection, ozone layer protection, clean production, cyclical economy, environmental education and training, flood prevention and control on the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, regional sea action plan, and the global action plan for preventing land-sourced pollution and protecting the oceans. China has also established, with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other international organizations, effective modes of cooperation. China has actively participated in the environmental protection and sustainable development activities under the framework of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), and attended all the APEC environment ministerial meetings. China's efforts for environmental protection have been acknowledged and praised by the international community. The UNEP, the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility granted the "UNEP Sasakawa Environment Prize," "Green Award" and "Global Environment Leadership Award" to the persons in charge of China's environment affairs, and the UNEP also awarded the title "Champion of the Earth" to the leader of the All-China Youth Federation. By the end of 2005, the UNEP had conferred the "Global 500 Award" on 22 units and six persons in China.

　　　中国参加了《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》、《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》、《关于在国际贸易中对某些危险化学品和农药采用事先知情同意程序的鹿特丹公约》、《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》、《生物多样性公约》、《生物多样性公约〈卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书〉》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》等50多项涉及环境保护的国际条约，并积极履行这些条约规定的义务。

So far, China has acceded to more than 50 international conventions on environmental protection, and has been active in performing the obligations stipulated in these conventions, which include the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol, the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol, and the United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification.

中国政府编写了《中华人民共和国可持续发展国家报告》，编制了《中国21世纪可持续发展行动纲要》，确定了21世纪初中国可持续发展的重点领域和行动计划。中国政府批准了《中国逐步淘汰消耗臭氧层物质的国家方案》，相继颁布了100多项有关保护臭氧层的政策和措施，建立了消耗臭氧层物质替代品和其他环保相关产品的开发和生产基地，顺利完成了《蒙特利尔议定书》规定的阶段性削减指标。据世界银行估计，中国淘汰消耗臭氧层物质占所有发展中国家淘汰总量的50%。中国政府在北京举办了《保护臭氧层维也纳公约》缔约方大会第五次会议和《蒙特利尔议定书》缔约方大会第十一次会议，通过了《北京宣言》和《北京修正案》。

The Chinese government has compiled the State Report of the People's Republic of China on Sustainable Development and the China Action Program for Sustainable Development in the 21st Century, and made clear the key fields and action plans of sustainable development for the early 21st century. It has approved the China State Plan on Gradually Eliminating Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer, drawn up more than 100 policies and measures in relation to the protection of the ozone layer, built development and production bases for products that can substitute ozone-layer-depleting substances, and other environmentally-friendly products, and met the phasing-out target set in the Montreal Protocol. According to a World Bank estimate, the amount of ozone-layer-depleting substances that China has eliminated accounts for 50 percent of the total amount eliminated by all the developing countries. The Chinese government hosted in Beijing the fifth meeting of the conference of the signatory states to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the 11th meeting of the conference of the signatory states to the Montreal Protocol, which adopted the Beijing Declaration and Beijing Amendment, respectively.

中国加强和推动与周边国家或相关地区的合作，积极参与区域合作机制化建设。建立中日韩三国环境部长会议机制，定期进行政策交流，讨论共同关心的环境问题。大湄公河次区域环境合作机制开始启动，并于2005年成功举办第一届大湄公河次区域环境部长会议，提出了次区域生物多样性保护走廊计划等合作项目。东盟与中国（10＋1）和东盟与中日韩（10＋3）机制下的环境合作开始起步。在中国政府的倡议下，2002年召开了第一届亚欧环境部长会议，通过了《亚欧环境部长会议主席声明》，就开展亚欧环境合作的基础、潜力及合作原则等方面达成基本共识，确定了亚欧环境合作的关键领域和重点。近年来，建立了中欧环境政策部长级对话机制和中欧环境联络员会议机制，并于2006年2月召开了中国—阿拉伯国家首次环境合作会议。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has consolidated and promoted its cooperation with neighboring countries and regions involved, and actively participated in the construction of a regional cooperation mechanism. Together with Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK), it has established a mechanism for environment ministers to meet to hold regular policy exchanges and discussions of environmental issues of common concern. After the launching of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Environmental Cooperation mechanism, the first GMS environment ministers' meeting was successfully held in 2005, which spelled out the biodiversity conservation corridor program for the subregion and other cooperative projects. Environmental cooperation under the mechanisms of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and China (10+1) and ASEAN and China, Japan and the ROK (10+3) has started. At the proposal of the Chinese government, the first Environment Ministers' Meeting (EMM) of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) was convened in 2002, which released the Chairman's Statement of ASEM EMM and reached agreement about the basis, potential and principle of Asia-Europe environmental cooperation, and defined the key fields and priorities for such cooperation. In recent years, the China-Europe mechanism of ministerial dialogue on environmental policy and the meeting mechanism of China-Europe environment liaison officers have been set up, and the first China-Arab Cooperation Conference on the Environment was held earlier this year.

中国积极开展环境保护领域的双边合作，先后与美国、日本、加拿大、俄罗斯等42个国家签署双边环境保护合作协议或谅解备忘录，与11个国家签署核安全合作双边协定或谅解备忘录。在环境政策法规、污染防治、生物多样性保护、气候变化、可持续生产与消费、能力建设、示范工程、环境技术和环保产业等方面广泛进行交流与合作，取得一批重要成果。中国还与欧盟、日本、德国、加拿大等13个国家和国际组织在双边无偿援助项下开展了多项环保领域的合作。中国积极开展与发展中国家的环境合作与交流。为配合中非合作论坛的后续行动，中国举办“面向非洲的中国环保”主题活动，推动中非在环保领域的交流与合作。2005年中国与联合国环境规划署共同举办了中非环保合作会议。中国政府还举办了“非洲国家水污染和水资源管理研修班”，帮助非洲国家开展环境培训。

China has been active in bilateral cooperation in environmental protection. It has signed bilateral agreements or memorandums of understanding on such cooperation with the United States, Japan, Canada, Russia and 38 other countries, and signed bilateral agreements or memorandums of understanding on nuclear security cooperation with 11 countries. It has made considerable progress in its wide exchanges and cooperation with others regarding environment policies and regulations, pollution prevention and control, biodiversity protection, climate change, sustainable production and consumption, capacity construction, model projects, environmental technology and environmental industries. In addition, it has carried out several environmental cooperation programs with the European Union, Japan, Germany, Canada and nine other countries or international organizations with bilateral assistance gratis. China is also active in environmental cooperation and exchanges with developing countries. To support the follow-up action of the China-Africa Cooperation Forum, China has sponsored the thematic activity of China's Environmental Protection Oriented Towards Africa. In 2005, China and the UNEP jointly hosted China-Africa Environment Cooperation Conference, and the Chinese government has organized courses of Workshop on Water Pollution and Water Resources Management for African Countries, helping African countries with environmental training.

结　束　语

Conclusion

中国政府和中国人民为保护环境付出了巨大努力。但是，中国政府清醒地看到，由于中国正处于工业化和城市化加速发展的阶段，也正处于经济增长和环境保护矛盾十分突出的时期，环境形势依然十分严峻。一些地区环境污染和生态恶化还相当严重，主要污染物排放量超过环境承载能力，水、土地、土壤等污染严重，固体废物、汽车尾气、持久性有机物等污染增加。新世纪头二十年，中国人口将继续增加，经济总量将比2000年再翻两番，经济社会发展对资源的需求不断增加，环境保护面临的压力越来越大。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government and the Chinese people have made great efforts to protect the environment. But the Chinese government is fully aware of the grave situation of environmental protection in China, because the country is now at a stage of accelerated industrialization and urbanization when the contradiction between economic growth and environmental protection is particularly prominent. In some regions environmental pollution and ecological deterioration are still very serious. The discharge of major pollutants has surpassed the sustaining capacity of the environment. Water, land and soil pollution is serious, and pollution caused by solid wastes, motor vehicle emission and not easily degradable organic matter is increasing. In the first 20 years of the new century, China's population will keep growing, and its total economic volume will quadruple that of 2000. As the demand on resources from economic and social development is increasing, environmental protection is facing greater pressure than ever before.

针对资源环境压力日益增大的突出问题，中国政府明确提出以科学发展观统领经济社会发展全局，加快建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会，促进人与自然和谐发展。在制定发展目标时，中国政府把能源节约和环境保护摆上了重要战略位置。中国“十一五”经济社会发展规划明确提出了今后五年环境保护的主要目标：到2010年，在保持国民经济平稳较快增长的同时，使重点地区和城市的环境质量得到改善，生态环境恶化趋势基本遏制。单位国内生产总值能源消耗比“十五”期末降低20%左右；主要污染物排放总量减少10%；森林覆盖率由18.2%提高到20%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Facing the mounting pressure on resources and the environment, the Chinese government has set forth the idea of taking the scientific outlook on development as the guiding principle for overall economic and social development. It calls for China to quicken its pace of building a resources-efficient, environmentally-friendly society, and to promote the harmonious development of man and nature. The Chinese government has placed resources saving and environmental protection in an important strategic position as it works out the country's development goals. In the 11th Five-Year Program for Economic and Social Development (2006-2010), China has clearly set forth its main goals for environmental protection for the next five years: By 2010, while the national economy will maintain a relatively stable and fast growth, the environmental quality of key regions and cities will be improved, and the trend toward ecological deterioration will be brought under control. Energy consumption per unit of GDP will decline by 20 percent compared with the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan period. The total amount of major pollutants discharged will be reduced by ten percent, and forest coverage will be raised from 18.2 percent to 20 percent.

实现这一目标，中国政府将切实落实水污染和大气污染防治任务，加强城市、农村和生态环境保护，确保核与辐射环境安全，以及实施国家环保工程等重点任务，全面推进环保工作。中国政府将集中力量解决严重危害人民群众健康的污染问题，把保障人民群众的饮水安全作为污染防治的首要任务，采取最为严格的措施，有效化解危害饮用水水源水质的污染隐患。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To achieve these goals, the Chinese government will make sure that the tasks to prevent and control water and air pollution are completed. It will strengthen the environmental protection of urban and rural areas and the protection of the eco-environment and ensure the safety of the nuclear and radioactive environments. It will undertake the key tasks of building national environmental protection projects and promote environmental protection work in an all-round way. The Chinese government will mobilize all forces available to solve the pollution problems that are causing serious harm to people's health. Its overriding task in the control and prevention of environmental pollution is to ensure that people have access to safe drinking water. It will take the most stringent measures to dispel potential risks of pollution of the sources of drinking water.

实现这一目标，中国政府将积极加快实现“三个转变”：一是从重经济增长轻环境保护转变为保护环境与经济增长并重；二是从环境保护滞后于经济发展转变为环境保护和经济发展同步；三是从主要用行政办法保护环境转变为综合运用法律、经济、技术和必要的行政办法解决环境问题。建立经济稳定增长、环境资源代价最小、环境意识较高的经济、社会、文化体系；在空间布局上，将经济发展与环境承载能力相统一，形成各具特色的发展格局。按照优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发的不同要求，明确不同区域的功能定位，制定不同的发展方向和环保目标。中国政府将在发展中落实保护，在保护中促进发展，坚持节约发展、安全发展、清洁发展，实现可持续发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To achieve this goal, the Chinese government will actively speed up "three changes": First, change from emphasizing economic growth but ignoring environmental protection to emphasizing both environmental protection and economic growth; second, change from environmental protection lagging behind economic growth to synchronizing environmental protection and economic growth; and third, change from mainly employing administrative measures in environmental protection to comprehensive use of legal, economic, technical and necessary administrative measures to solve environmental problems. Economic, social and cultural systems will be established featuring stable economic growth, minimal cost to environmental resources and high awareness of the environment. As regards spatial distribution, economic growth and the sustaining capacity of the environment will be coordinated to form development patterns with their own characteristics. The functions of different regions will be clearly defined according to different requirements: whether it is a preferential development region, a key development region, a limited development region or a region where development is prohibited. Then different regions will work out their own development directions and goals for environmental protection. The Chinese government will make sure that the environment is effectively protected in the course of development, and that protective measures will in turn promote development. It will adhere to a policy of safe, clean and resources-efficient development so as to realize a sustainable development.

实现这一目标，中国政府将坚持全面推进重点突破方针，坚持预防为主、综合治理的原则，继续完善环境保护的政策法规，并严格监督执行，依法加强环境管理，强化地方政府对环境质量负责的法律责任；严格环境准入，加强规划和重大决策的环境影响评价，从源头防治环境污染和生态破坏；加大重点流域水域城市海域专项整治，切实改善环境质量；完善政府、企业、社会多元化环保投融资机制，加大环保投入；推动公众参与环境保护，加强社会监督；建立先进的环境监测预警体系和完备的环境执法监督体系，切实提高对突发性环境事件的预警能力，全面提高环境监管能力。

To achieve this goal, the Chinese government will stick to the principle of all-round development with breakthroughs in key areas. It will emphasize the principle of prevention first, and control pollution in a comprehensive manner. It will continue working to improve policies and legislation on environmental protection, and strictly supervise their implementation. Management of the environment will be strengthened according to law. Local governments' legal obligations for environmental quality will be reinforced. Environmental access will be tightened. Evaluation of the impact of planning and important decisions on the environment will be strengthened, so that environmental pollution and ecological destruction can be prevented right from the sources. It will make greater efforts to control pollution of key drainage areas, rivers, cities and offshore sea areas, and effectively improve the environmental quality there. Financial input will be increased by improving the system of government, enterprises and the general public investing in and financing environmental protection. It will encourage people to participate in environmental protection, and strengthen supervision by the people. China will establish an advanced environmental monitoring and early-warning system, and a sound environmental law enforcement and supervision system in an effort to enhance its early-warning capability in case of environmental emergencies, and to improve its all-round environmental supervision and management capabilities.

保护全球环境，已经成为人类社会的共识。作为一个负责任的发展中大国，解决好环境问题，符合中国发展目标，是13亿中国人民的福祉所在，也是人类共同利益的重要体现。中国政府和人民将与世界各国政府和人民一道，共同保护美丽的地球家园。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The importance of protecting the global environment has become the common understanding of people all over the world. China is a big, responsible developing country. Solving China's environmental problems is in keeping with China's development goals. It will contribute to the wellbeing of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and it is also an important manifestation of the shared interest of mankind. The Chinese government and the Chinese people will join all other governments and peoples in the world in protecting the Earth -- our beautiful home.