中国的社会保障状况和政策
China's Social Security and Its Policy
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China
二○○四年九月·北京
September 2004, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前 言
Foreword
一、养老保险
I. Old-Age Insurance
二、失业保险
II. Unemployment Insurance
三、医疗保险
III. Medical Insurance
四、工伤保险
IV. Insurance for Work-related Injuries
五、生育保险
V. Maternity Insurance
六、社会福利
VI. Social Welfare
七、优抚安置
VII. Special Care and Placement
八、社会救助
VIII. Social Relief
九、住房保障
IX. Housing Security
十、农村社会保障
X. Social Security in Rural Areas
结 束 语
Conclusion
前 言
Foreword
社会保障是现代国家最重要的社会经济制度之一。建立健全与经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系，是经济社会协调发展的必然要求，是社会稳定和国家长治久安的重要保证。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Social security is one of the most important socio-economic systems for a country in modern times. To establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development is a logical requirement for coordinated economic and social development. It is also an important guarantee for the social stability and the long-term political stability of a country.
中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，人口众多，经济发展起点低，地区之间、城乡之间发展不平衡，完善社会保障体系的任务十分艰巨和繁重。
China is the biggest developing country with a large population in the world, and its economic base is weak and the development between regions and between town and country is unbalanced. Establishing a sound social security system in China is an extremely arduous task.
中国政府从国情出发，坚持以人为本，高度重视并积极致力于社会保障体系的建立和完善。《中华人民共和国宪法》明确规定，国家建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度。中国政府把发展经济作为改善民生和实现社会保障的基本前提。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In light of China's actual situation and adhering to the principle of "putting people first," the Chinese Government attaches great importance and devotes every effort to establishing and improving its social security system. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates that the state shall establish and improve a social security system corresponding to the level of economic development. The Chinese Government regards economic development as the basic prerequisite for improving people's livelihood and effecting social security.
在1978年改革开放前，中国长期实行与计划经济体制相统一的社会保障政策，最大限度地向人民提供各种社会保障。二十世纪八十年代中期以来，伴随着社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善，中国对计划经济时期的社会保障制度进行了一系列改革，逐步建立起与市场经济体制相适应，由中央政府和地方政府分级负责的社会保障体系基本框架。
For a long time before 1978, when China adopted the reform and opening-up policies, China had practiced a social security policy corresponding to its planned economic system, providing social security services to its people as best it could. Since China established and improved its socialist market economy system in the mid-1980s, a series of reforms have been introduced to change the old social security system practiced under the planned economy, and a basic framework of a social security system has been set up in China corresponding to the market economy system, with the central and local governments sharing specific responsibilities.
中国的社会保障体系包括社会保险、社会福利、优抚安置、社会救助和住房保障等。社会保险是社会保障体系的核心部分，包括养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险。
China's social security system includes social insurance, social welfare, the special care and placement system, social relief and housing services. As the core of the social security system, social insurance includes old-age insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance and maternity insurance.
一、养老保险
I. Old-Age Insurance
中国已经进入老龄社会，老龄化速度快，老年人口规模大，本世纪三十年代人口老龄化将达到高峰。为保障老年人的基本生活，维护老年人合法权益，中国政府不断完善养老保险制度，改革基金筹集模式，建立多层次养老保险体系，努力实现养老保险制度的可持续发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China is now an aging society. As the aging of the population quickens, the number of elderly people is becoming very large. This trend will reach its peak in the 2030s. To guarantee the basic living standards of the elderly and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, the Chinese Government has continuously improved the old-age insurance system and reformed the fund-raising mode in an attempt to establish a multi-level old-age insurance system marked by sustainable development.
加强城镇职工基本养老保险制度建设
Promoting the Development of a Basic Old-Age Insurance System for Employees in Urban Areas
——改革城镇企业职工基本养老保险制度。1997年，中国政府统一了全国城镇企业职工基本养老保险制度，实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合。企业职工达到法定退休年龄(男性职工60周岁，女性干部55周岁，女性工人50周岁)，且个人缴费满十五年的，退休后可以按月领取基本养老金。基本养老金主要由基础养老金和个人账户养老金构成，基础养老金月标准相当于当地上年度职工月平均工资的20%左右，个人账户养老金月标准为本人个人账户(比例为本人工资的11%)累计储存额的1/120。国家参照城市居民生活费用价格指数和职工工资增长情况，对基本养老金水平进行调整。2003年，企业参保退休人员月平均基本养老金为621元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Reforming the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas. In 1997, the Chinese Government unified the basic old-age insurance system for enterprise employees in urban areas across the country by implementing a social-pool-plus-personal-accounts scheme. Enterprise employees who have reached retirement age as provided by law (60 for male employees, 55 for female cadres and 50 for female workers) and who have paid their share of the premiums for 15 years or more shall be entitled to collect a basic old-age pension every month after retirement. The basic old-age pension consists of two parts: base pension and pension from personal account. The monthly sum of the base pension is tantamount to about 20 percent of an employee's average monthly wage in that area in the previous year. The monthly pension sum from the personal account is 1/120 of the total accumulated sum in the personal account (11 percent of an employee's wage being deposited every month in the pension section). The state adjusts the level of the basic old-age pension with reference to the price index of living expenses for urban residents and employees' pay increases. In 2003, the monthly basic pension for enterprise retirees covered by the basic old-age insurance scheme was 621 yuan on average.
——扩大基本养老保险覆盖范围。中国的基本养老保险最初只覆盖国有企业和城镇集体企业及其职工。1999年，中国把基本养老保险的覆盖范围扩大到外商投资企业、城镇私营企业和其他城镇企业及其职工。省、自治区、直辖市根据当地实际情况，可以规定将城镇个体工商户纳入基本养老保险。2002年，中国把基本养老保险覆盖范围扩大到城镇灵活就业人员。2003年，全国基本养老保险参保人数达15506万人，其中参保职工11646万人。
- Expanding the coverage of basic old-age insurance. Initially, China's basic old-age insurance covered only state-owned enterprises and collectively-owned enterprises in urban areas and their employees. In 1999, this coverage was expanded to include foreign-invested enterprises, private enterprises and other types of enterprises in urban areas, as well as their employees. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government can make provisions to include persons engaged in individual businesses of industry or commerce in the basic old-age insurance in accordance with the specific conditions in their localities. In 2002 China expanded its basic old-age insurance coverage to all those who were employed in a flexible manner in urban areas. In 2003, the number of people participating in the basic old-age insurance scheme across China reached 155.06 million, 116.46 million of whom were employees.
——开展完善基本养老保险制度改革试点。2001年，中国政府开始进行完善基本养老保险制度改革试点，主要包括：逐步做实个人账户，实现部分基金积累，探索基金保值增值办法；改革基础养老金计发办法，将基础养老金水平与职工参保缴费年限更加紧密地联系起来，职工参保缴费十五年后每多缴费一年增发一定比例的基础养老金；统一灵活就业人员的参保缴费办法，缴费基数统一为当地职工平均工资，缴费比例统一为20%。在辽宁省进行试点的基础上，2004年将试点范围扩大到吉林、黑龙江两省。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Undertaking experimental reforms in selected areas to improve the basic old-age insurance system. In 2001, the Chinese Government began to carry out pilot projects along this line. The reform includes: gradually establishing personal accounts so that funds can be accumulated, and probing ways of preserving and increasing the value of the funds; changing the way the base pension is calculated and paid, whereby the amount of base pension is more closely linked to the length of time of the employee's premium payment, and if an employee has participated in the basic old-age insurance program and paid the premiums for 15 years, he or she will be entitled to a higher rate of pension for every additional year of payment; unifying the procedures of premium payment by those who are employed in a flexible manner, whereby the base of their premium payment is uniformly set at 20 percent of the average wage of local employees. The pilot project was first conducted in Liaoning Province, and has been expanded to Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces in 2004.
——探索改革机关和事业单位退休制度。中国的国家机关和事业单位工作人员实行不同于企业的离退休养老制度。2003年，机关事业单位有离休人员67万人，退休人员931万人。二十世纪九十年代起，部分地区开始探索改革机关事业单位退休制度，进行离退休费用社会统筹的改革试点。2003年底，参加社会统筹试点职工1199万人，离退休人员258万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Probing the reform of the retirement system of government agencies and public institutions. In China the retirement and pension system in government agencies and public institutions is different from that applied in enterprises. In 2003, there were 670,000 retirees who had joined the revolutionary ranks before October 1949 and 9,310,000 other retirees from these agencies and institutions. In the 1990s, some localities in China began to probe the procedures of reforming the retirement system in such agencies and institutions. Pilot projects were conducted to raise the retirement pension funds through the social pool program. By the end of 2003, some 11.99 million employees and 2.58 million retirees had participated in such pilot projects.
多渠道筹集基本养老保险基金
Raising Funds for Basic Old-Age Insurance Through Multiple Channels
在人口老龄化加速、退休人员不断增多的背景下，中国的基本养老保险基金支付压力越来越大。为确保基本养老金按时足额发放，中国政府通过多种渠道筹集基本养老保险基金。
As the aging of the population quickens and the number of retirees increases steadily, the pressure on the payment of funds for basic old-age insurance is becoming ever greater. In order to make sure that basic pensions are paid in full and on time, the Chinese Government is raising such funds through multiple channels.
——实行企业和职工共同缴费。企业缴费一般不超过企业工资总额的20%，具体比例由省、自治区、直辖市人民政府确定；职工个人按本人工资的8%缴费。城镇个体工商户和灵活就业人员参加基本养老保险，由个人按当地社会平均工资的18%左右缴费。2003年，全国企业基本养老保险征缴收入总额为2595亿元。
- Practicing joint premium payment by both enterprises and employees. Generally the premiums paid by enterprises will not exceed 20 percent of the total wage bill of the enterprise, with the specific proportion being determined by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. Individual employees pay eight percent of their wages as premiums, whereas self-employed individuals and those who are employed in a flexible manner in urban areas pay an amount equal to about 18 percent of the average wage in their locality. In 2003, the basic old-age insurance premium paid by enterprises nationwide totaled 259.5 billion yuan.
——增加财政对基本养老保险基金的补助。国家规定，各级政府都要加大调整财政支出结构力度，增加对社会保障的投入。2003年，各级财政补助基本养老保险基金544亿元，其中中央财政补助474亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Increasing the subsidy outlay from the government financial budget for basic old-age insurance funds. The state has called upon governments at all levels to increase the momentum of restructuring their financial expenditure and raise their input into social security. In 2003, state budgets at all levels contributed 54.4 billion yuan toward basic old-age insurance funds, of which 47.4 billion yuan came from the central budget.
——建立全国社会保障基金。2000年，中国政府决定建立全国社会保障基金。全国社会保障基金的来源包括：国有股减持划入资金及股权资产、中央财政拨入资金、经国务院批准以其他方式筹集的资金及投资收益。全国社会保障基金由全国社会保障基金理事会负责管理，按照《全国社会保障基金投资管理暂行办法》规定的程序和条件实行市场化运营。全国社会保障基金是养老保险等各项社会保障得以实施的重要财力储备，2003年底已积累资金1300多亿元。
- Establishing a national social security fund. In 2000, the Chinese Government decided to create a national social security fund. Its sources include: funds acquired from reducing state shareholding, stock ownership assets, funds from the central budget, funds raised by other means approved by the State Council, and investment returns. The national social security fund is administered by the National Social Security Fund Executive Council, and is operated on market principles in accordance with the procedures and requirements prescribed by the "Interim Measures for the Management of the Investment of the National Social Security Fund." The national social security fund provides an important financial reserve for the implementation of old-age insurance and other social security programs. By the end of 2003, it had accumulated over 130 billion yuan.
推进养老保险管理服务社会化
Promoting the Socialization of Management and Services for Old-Age Insurance
中国企业过去要负担本企业退休人员基本养老金的发放和人员管理工作。为保证退休人员基本养老金按时足额发放，减轻企业社会事务负担，政府积极推进基本养老金社会化发放。2003年底，企业退休人员基本养老金全部实现社会化发放，已有84.5%的企业退休人员实现社会化管理服务。
In the past, Chinese enterprises were responsible for both the issuance of basic pensions to their own retirees and the administration of those retirees. Now, to ensure that all retirees receive their basic pensions in full and on time, and lessen the burden of social affairs on enterprises, the government is actively practicing the delivery of basic pensions by social service institutions. At the end of 2003, the basic pensions of retirees from enterprises were all delivered by social service institutions, and 84.5 percent of those retirees were under the administration of such institutions.
为全面提高社会保险管理水平，适应劳动力转移流动中社会保险关系接续的需要，中国政府自2003年起开始实施“金保工程”，目标是实现社会保障信息的全国计算机联网运行。目前已初步实现养老保险信息的中央和省级的联网。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In 2003, the Chinese Government began to implement an information-based labor security project, or popularly called "golden social security project," in order to raise the overall management level of social insurance and to meet the needs of the floating labor force to continue with their social insurance coverage once they change jobs. The goal of the project is to realize computer-based networking of social security information across the country. So far the networking of old-age insurance information between the Central Government and the provinces has been initially effected.
建立多层次养老保险体系
Establishing a Multi-Level Old-Age Insurance System
近年来，中国政府大力推进多层次养老保险体系建设，在按规定参加基本养老保险的基础上，有条件的企业可为职工建立企业年金。企业年金费用由企业和职工个人共同缴纳，实行基金完全积累，采用个人账户方式进行管理。企业年金基金实行市场化管理和运营。2003年，已有近700万人参加了企业年金计划。此外，国家还鼓励开展个人储蓄性养老保险。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, the Chinese Government has made great efforts to build a multi-level old-age insurance system. In addition to participating in the compulsory basic old-age insurance, enterprises with suitable conditions may set up annuities for their employees. Both enterprises and individuals will contribute to this annuity, which will be accumulated wholly for that specific purpose and managed in the form of personal accounts. The enterprise annuity funds will be managed and operated in accordance with the market mechanism. In 2003, nearly seven million people participated in the enterprise annuity program. In addition, the state also encourages personal savings for old age.
二十一世纪前二十年，是中国养老保险事业发展的关键时期。国家将继续完善社会统筹与个人账户相结合的基本养老保险制度，逐步做实个人账户。将符合条件的城镇从业人员全部纳入基本养老保险。建立健全省级养老保险调剂基金，在完善市级统筹基础上逐步实行省级统筹。
The first two decades of the 21st century will be a critical period in the development of China's old-age insurance. The state will further improve the basic old-age insurance system that combines social pool and personal accounts, and gradually consolidate the latter. Basic old-age insurance will extend to cover all eligible employees in urban areas, and at the provincial level the establishment and improvement of regulating funds for old-age insurance will be carried out. Social pool at the city level shall be improved and gradually raised to that at the provincial level.
二、失业保险
II. Unemployment Insurance
中国政府在推动企业用工制度改革和建立市场导向就业机制的同时，加快建立和完善失业保险制度，保障职工失业后的基本生活，帮助失业人员实现再就业，推进国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障制度向失业保险并轨。2003年底，全国参加失业保险人数达10373万人，全年共为742万失业人员提供了不同期限的失业保险待遇。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
While promoting the reform of the enterprise employment system and setting up a market-oriented employment mechanism, the Chinese Government is speeding up the development and improvement of an unemployment insurance system to guarantee the basic livelihood of employees after they lose their jobs, to help them find new jobs, and accelerate the combination of the basic livelihood guarantee system for people laid off from state-owned enterprises with the unemployment insurance. By the end of 2003 there were 103.73 million people who participated in the unemployment insurance scheme, which provided unemployment insurance benefits of varying time limits to 7.42 million laid-off employees throughout the year.
规范完善失业保险制度
Standardizing and Improving the Unemployment Insurance System
中国政府于1999年颁布《失业保险条例》，使失业保险制度更加规范和完善。
In 1999, the Chinese Government issued the "Regulations on Unemployment Insurance," which effectively standardized and improved the unemployment insurance system.
——参保范围和缴费。城镇企业事业单位及其职工必须参加失业保险。用人单位按照本单位工资总额的2%、职工按照本人工资的1%缴纳失业保险费；统筹地区的失业保险基金不敷使用时，由失业保险调剂金调剂、地方财政补贴。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Range of participation and premium payment. All enterprises and institutions in urban areas and their employees must participate in the unemployment insurance program, under which employers pay two percent of their total wage bill and individuals pay one percent of their personal wages as unemployment insurance premiums. When the unemployment insurance funds in areas that have participated in the social pool program are not enough, the shortfall shall be made up by unemployment insurance regulating funds or subsidized by local financial budgets.
——享受条件。失业人员享受失业保险待遇需要具备三个条件：缴纳失业保险费满一年；非因本人意愿中断就业；已办理失业登记并有求职要求。
- Qualifying conditions for unemployment insurance. Laid-off persons must meet three requirements to qualify for unemployment insurance: having paid unemployment insurance premiums for at least one year; not having terminated their employment voluntarily; having registered as unemployed and being willing to be re-employed.
——失业保险金标准。省、自治区、直辖市人民政府按照低于当地最低工资标准、高于城市居民最低生活保障标准的水平，确定本地区失业保险金标准。享受期限的具体规定是：失业人员失业前所在单位和本人按照规定累计缴费时间满一年不足五年的，领取期限最长为12个月；满五年不足十年的，最长为18个月；十年以上的，最长为24个月。
- Rate of unemployment insurance allowance. The people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government determine the unemployment insurance allowance in their own localities, which shall be lower than the minimum wage in their localities but higher than the minimum living allowance for urban residents. Provisions regarding the time limit during which one receives the benefits are as follows: An unemployed person whose former employer and himself or herself have continually paid unemployment insurance premiums for more than one year but less than five years is eligible for benefits for up to 12 months; if they have paid the premiums for more than five years but less than 10 years, the unemployed person is eligible for benefits for up to 18 months; if they have paid the premiums for more than 10 years, the unemployed person is eligible for benefits for up to 24 months.
——其他失业保险待遇。失业人员在领取失业保险金期间患病，可领取医疗补助金；在领取失业保险金期间死亡，其遗属可领取丧葬补助金和遗属抚恤金；在领取失业保险金期间还可享受职业培训和职业介绍补贴。
- Other unemployment insurance benefits. If an unemployed person falls ill while enjoying unemployment insurance allowance, he or she is entitled to receiving medical subsidies. If the unemployed person dies during this period, his or her family can receive funeral subsidies as well as a pension. In addition, an unemployed person may receive vocational training and subsidies for job agency services when receiving unemployment insurance allowance.
——城镇企业事业单位招用的农民合同制工人参加失业保险。用人单位按规定缴费，个人不缴费。连续工作满一年，劳动合同期满未续订或提前解除劳动合同的，可以根据工作时间长短申领一次性生活补助。
- Unemployment insurance provisions for farmers-turned- contract-workers who are employed by enterprises and institutions in urban areas. Their employers shall pay unemployment insurance premiums as required, while the individual workers shall not. Those who have worked for one year continuously, those who do not renew their contracts upon expiration or those who terminate their contracts before they expire can apply for a living allowance, which shall come in a lump sum depending on the length of time they have been employed.
促进再就业
Promoting Re-employment
在保障失业人员基本生活的同时，国家积极探索失业保险对促进再就业的有效办法。加强失业保险服务和就业服务的有机衔接；及时进行失业登记，积极提供就业信息，全面开展就业指导和职业介绍，帮助失业人员在技能、心理方面提高竞争就业的能力；增加失业保险基金对职业介绍、职业培训的投入；通过直接组织培训和政府购买成果的形式，广泛开展技能培训，增强失业人员的再就业能力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
While guaranteeing the basic livelihood of the unemployed, the state actively looks for effective ways to steer unemployment insurance in the direction of promoting re-employment. It has strengthened the link between unemployment insurance services and re-employment services. Through prompt registration of unemployment, active provision of employment information and giving comprehensive employment guidance and job agency services, the state helps unemployed people to enhance their capabilities for competitive employment in both skills and mentality. It also increases the input of unemployment insurance funds into job agency services and occupational training. Through organizing training directly or purchasing R and D achievements, the government provides all kinds of job skill training for the unemployed in order to improve their capabilities for re-employment.
保障国有企业下岗职工基本生活
Guaranteeing the Basic Livelihood of Laid-Offs from State-owned Enterprises
1998年，鉴于国有企业分流富余人员的压力加大，而失业保险支撑能力尚显不足的实际情况，中国政府建立国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障制度，确保国有企业下岗职工的基本生活。
In 1998, in view of the increased pressure on state-owned enterprises in re-positioning their redundant personnel and the inadequate bearing capacity of the unemployment insurance, the Chinese Government created the basic livelihood guarantee system for people laid off from state-owned enterprises.
——确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活费按时足额发放。有下岗职工的国有企业普遍建立再就业服务中心，下岗职工进中心后，由中心为其发放基本生活费，基本生活费标准略高于当地失业保险金标准。中心还为下岗职工缴纳养老、医疗、失业等社会保险费。中心用于保障下岗职工基本生活和缴纳社会保险费用的资金，原则上采取“三三制”的办法解决，即财政预算安排三分之一、企业负担三分之一、社会筹集(主要从失业保险基金中调剂)三分之一。1998年至2003年，全国共有2400多万国有企业下岗职工进入中心，其中有近1900万人出中心实现再就业，进中心下岗职工基本按时足额领到了基本生活费并由中心代缴了社会保险费。
- Making sure that the laid-off personnel from state-owned enterprises receive their basic living allowances in full and on time. Re-employment service centers have been established in all state-owned enterprises with laid-off personnel. After the latter have registered at a re-employment service center, they shall receive from it a basic livelihood allowance a little higher than the unemployment insurance payment in their own locality. The re-employment service center also pays old-age, medical and unemployment insurance premiums for laid-off people. The centers' funds for basic living allowance payment to laid-off persons and their insurance premiums generally come from the following three sources: one third from the local government's financial budget, one third provided by enterprises, and the remaining one third from the social pool program (mainly from unemployment insurance funds). From 1998 to 2003, some 24 million laid-off persons from state-owned enterprises across China had registered at the re-employment service centers, and nearly 19 million of them had found new jobs. Those who had registered at the centers had received allowances for basic livelihood in full and on time, and the centers had also paid social insurance premiums for them.
——建立“三条保障线”制度。1998年以来，中国政府建立了以国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障、失业保险和城市居民最低生活保障为内容的“三条保障线”制度。下岗职工领取基本生活费的期限最长为三年；期满后未实现再就业的，可以按规定享受失业保险待遇；家庭人均收入低于当地城市居民最低生活保障标准的，可以按规定申请享受城市居民最低生活保障待遇。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Establishing the "three guarantees" system. Since 1998, the Chinese Government has put into operation a system that provides for three guarantees: basic livelihood guarantee for laid-off persons from state-owned enterprises, unemployment insurance guarantee and minimum living standard guarantee for urban residents. Laid-off persons can receive a basic living allowance for up to three years. If they still have not found a job by then, they can receive unemployment insurance payments. If the per capita income of a family is below the local minimum living standard, they can apply for the minimum living standard guarantee for urban residents.
——向失业保险并轨。随着失业保险制度的日臻完善和基金积累的增加，从2001年开始，实行国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障制度向失业保险并轨，国有企业不再建立新的再就业服务中心；企业新的减员原则上也不再进入中心，由企业依法与其解除劳动关系，按规定享受失业保险待遇。
- Integrating with unemployment insurance. With the steady improvement of the unemployment insurance system and the increase of the fund accumulations, since 2001, the basic livelihood guarantee system for laid-offs from state-owned enterprises has been integrated with the unemployment insurance program. State-owned enterprises now have ceased to establish any new re-employment service centers, and, in principle, people newly laid off by enterprises have also ceased to register at such centers. Instead, enterprises just terminate their labor contracts according to law, and the laid-off persons will then be entitled to unemployment insurance benefits according to relevant regulations.
今后一个时期，中国劳动力总量过剩的矛盾和就业的结构性矛盾将持续存在，失业保险面临的压力仍然较大。中国政府将努力扩大失业保险覆盖范围，规范基金征缴和使用管理，在保障失业人员基本生活的同时，进一步发挥失业保险对促进再就业的作用。
For some time in the future, the problem of surplus labor force and the problem of irrational employment structure will still exist, and unemployment insurance will continue to face considerable pressure. The Chinese Government will make every effort to expand the coverage of unemployment insurance, and standardize fund raising and payment as well as its use and management. While guaranteeing the basic livelihood of unemployed people, it will give further play to the role of unemployment insurance in promoting re-employment.
三、医疗保险
III. Medical Insurance
在先行试点的基础上，中国政府于1998年颁布《关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》，在全国推进城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革。2003年底，全国参加基本医疗保险人数达10902万人，其中参保职工7975万人，退休人员2927万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In 1998, on the basis of previous trials, the Chinese Government promulgated the "Decision on Establishing a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees," promoting a national reform of the basic medical insurance system for urban employees. By the end of 2003, some 109.02 million people around China had participated in the basic medical insurance program, including 79.75 million employees and 29.27 million retirees.
建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度
Establishing a Basic Medical Insurance System for Urban Employees
中国实行社会统筹与个人账户相结合的城镇职工基本医疗保险制度。这一基本医疗保险制度原则上实行属地管理。
China has adopted a basic medical insurance system for urban employees that combines social pool and personal accounts. In principle, the medical insurance is managed locally.
——覆盖范围和缴费。基本医疗保险覆盖城镇所有用人单位和职工，包括所有机关、事业单位、各种类型企业、社会团体和民办非企业单位的职工和退休人员。城镇灵活就业人员也可以参加基本医疗保险。基本医疗保险资金来源主要为用人单位和个人共同缴纳医疗保险费：用人单位缴费比例为职工工资总额的6%左右；个人缴费为本人工资的2%；退休人员个人不缴费。个人缴费全部划入个人账户，单位缴费按30%左右划入个人账户，其余70%左右建立统筹基金。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Insurance scope and premium. The basic medical insurance program covers all employers and employees in urban areas, including employees and retirees of all government agencies, public institutions, enterprises, mass organizations and private non-enterprise units. People employed in a flexible manner can also participate in the basic medical insurance program. The funds for basic medical insurance come mainly from premiums paid by both employers and employees: the premium paid by the employer is about six percent of the total wage bill, while that paid by the employee is two percent of his or her wage. Retirees are exempted from paying the premiums. The individuals' premiums and 30 percent of the premiums paid by the employers go to the personal accounts, and the remaining 70 percent of the premiums paid by the employers goes to the social pool program funds.
——支付标准。医疗费由医疗保险基金和个人共同分担：门诊(小额)医疗费用主要由个人账户支付；住院(大额)医疗费用主要由统筹基金支付。统筹基金有明确的起付标准和最高支付限额，起付标准原则控制在当地职工年平均工资的10%左右，最高支付限额一般为当地职工年平均工资的4倍左右。起付标准以上、最高支付限额以下的医疗费用，主要从统筹基金中支付，个人也要负担一定比例。退休人员个人负担医药费的比例适当低于在职职工。
- Payment standards. Medical expenses are shared by the medical insurance fund and the individual: Outpatient treatment fees (smaller amounts) are mainly paid from the personal account, while hospitalization expenses (larger amounts) are paid mainly from the social pool fund. The minimum and maximum payments from the social pool fund are clearly set out. The minimum payment is, in principle, about 10 percent of the average annual wage of local employees, and the maximum payment is about four times the average annual wage of local employees. The medical expenses between the minimum and maximum standards are mainly paid from the social pool fund, and the individual pays a certain proportion. Expenses paid by retirees for medical treatment and medicine are reasonably lower than those paid by people in employment.
加强医疗保险管理服务
Improving Medical Insurance Management and Services
为规范医疗服务行为，降低成本，国家同步推进基本医疗保险制度改革、医疗卫生体制改革和药品生产流通体制改革。制定国家基本医疗保险药品、诊疗项目和医疗服务设施的目录；保证参保人员享受必要的医疗服务，限制不合理的医疗费用支出，以提高基本医疗保险基金的利用效率；对提供服务的医疗机构和药店实行定点管理，建立竞争机制，选择医疗行为规范、服务较好的医疗机构和药店作为医疗保险定点机构；制定和不断完善医疗保险经办机构与定点医疗机构的费用结算办法。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To standardize medical services and reduce costs, the state simultaneously promotes the reform of the basic medical insurance system, medical and healthcare system, and pharmaceuticals production and circulation system. Catalogues have been made of medications, medical consultations and medical services and facilities covered by the national basic medical insurance scheme. Efforts have been made to ensure that the insured enjoy necessary medical services, to curb unreasonable medical expenses, and to enhance the utilization efficiency of the basic medical insurance fund. A management method of the designation of medical institutions and pharmacies allowed to provide services covered by medical insurance has been put into practice. A competitive mechanism has been established to select and designate medical institutions and pharmacies that operate in a standard manner and provide good services. Meanwhile, account settlement procedures have been formulated and steadily improved for medical insurance handling organizations and designated medical institutions.
完善多层次医疗保障体系
Improving the Multi-Level Medical Security System
在建立基本医疗保险制度的同时，为满足不同参保人员的医疗需求，国家建立和完善多层次医疗保障体系，减轻参保人员的个人负担。各地区根据实际情况，普遍建立了大额医疗费用补助制度，其资金来源主要由个人或企业缴费，以解决超过基本医疗保险最高支付限额以上的医疗费用。国家鼓励企业为职工建立补充医疗保险，主要用于解决企业职工基本医疗保险待遇以外的医疗费用负担。企业补充医疗保险费在工资总额4%以内的部分，从成本中列支。针对国家公务员及原享受公费医疗的事业单位人员，建立公务员医疗补助制度。国家逐步建立主要由政府投入支持的社会医疗救助制度，为特殊困难群体提供基本医疗保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
While establishing the basic medical insurance system, to meet the medical demands of different types of people covered by the insurance, the state has established and improved a multi-level medical security system to reduce personal burdens on the insured individuals. In local areas, a system of subsidies for large medical expenses has been set up in accordance with actual conditions to settle medical expenses exceeding the maximum limit of the basic medical insurance payment, the funds for the subsidies being raised mainly from individuals or enterprises. The state encourages enterprises to establish supplementary medical insurance for their employees, mainly for settling medical expenses not covered by the enterprise employees' basic medical insurance. The part of the enterprise's supplementary medical insurance premiums that is within four percent of the total wage bill is booked as the production cost. A civil servants medical subsidy system has been established for civil servants and employees of public institutions who formerly enjoyed free medical services. The state is gradually establishing a social medical aid system mainly funded by the government to provide basic medical security for people with special difficulties.
中国医疗保险制度改革还面临着诸多艰巨任务。今后，国家将进一步扩大医疗保险覆盖面，将符合条件的城镇各类从业人员逐步纳入基本医疗保险。加强和完善医疗保险管理和服务，控制医疗费用不合理增长，为参保人员提供更好的服务。建立健全多层次医疗保障体系，逐步减轻参保人员的个人负担，实现医疗保险制度的稳健运行和可持续发展。
The reform of China's medical insurance system faces many heavy tasks. In future, the state will further expand the coverage of medical insurance to steadily include eligible people in all kinds of employment in urban areas in the basic medical insurance scheme; strengthen and improve medical insurance management and services; curb the irrational increase of medical expenses, and provide better services for the insured; establish and improve a multi-level medical security system, gradually lessen personal burden on the insured, and realize the stable operation and sustainable development of the medical insurance system.
四、工伤保险
IV. Insurance for Work-related Injuries
中国政府努力建立职工的工伤预防、工伤补偿和工伤康复相结合的工伤保险制度。2004年1月，国家颁布的《工伤保险条例》实施后，工伤保险的覆盖范围迅速扩大，截至2004年6月底，参加工伤保险的职工人数达4996万人。
The Chinese Government has made great efforts to establish an insurance system for work-related injuries that includes work-related injury prevention, compensation and recovery. After January 2004, when the "Regulations on Insurance for Work-related Injuries" went into effect, the coverage of such insurance has expanded rapidly. By the end of June 2004, as many as 49.96 million employees had underwritten this insurance scheme.
建立工伤保险基金统筹制度
Establishing a Social Pool System for Insurance Funds for Work-related Injuries
国家规定，各类企业和有雇工的个体工商户均应参加工伤保险，为本单位全部职工或者雇工缴纳工伤保险费，劳动者个人不缴费。工伤保险实行以支定收、收支平衡的基金筹集模式，由地级以上城市建立统筹基金。政府根据不同行业的工伤风险程度确定行业差别费率，并根据工伤保险费使用、工伤发生率等情况在每个行业内确定若干费率档次。
The state stipulates that all enterprises and all individual businesses engaged in industry and commerce with employees must participate in work-related injury insurance, and pay insurance premiums for all their employees, permanent as well as temporary. The individual employees do not pay such premiums. The work-related injury insurance scheme adopts a social pool fund program with a balance of revenue and expenditure, and collection determined by expenditure. The social pool funds are established by cities at the prefectural level or above. The government determines the differential premium rates according to the degree of risk of work-related injuries involved in different sectors, and sets several premium rates within each sector according to the insurance payments and occurrence rates of such injuries.
明确保障待遇
Defining the Social Security Benefits
工伤保险实行“无过失补偿”的原则。待遇项目主要包括：工伤医疗费用；根据劳动能力丧失程度确定的伤残补助金、伤残津贴、伤残护理费；因工死亡劳动者直系亲属领取的丧葬补助金、供养亲属抚恤金和一次性工亡补助金等。给付工伤保险待遇的主要条件是：职工在工作时间、工作区域内，因工作原因发生意外事故伤害或患职业病。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The work-related injury insurance scheme adopts the principle of "no-fault compensation." The benefit items mainly include medical expenditures for work-related injuries; injury and disability subsidy, allowance and nursing fee according to the degree of loss of the ability to work; funeral subsidy, pension for the keep of family members and a lump-sum death subsidy payment, all of which go to the directly-related family members of the deceased worker in the case of death resulting from a work-related accident. The main qualifying condition for insurance payment is that the employee has been injured as a result of a work-related accident or has contracted an occupational disease during his or her working hours and within his or her workplace.
实行劳动能力鉴定制度
Exercising a Labor Ability Assessment System
国家统一制定和颁布职工工伤与职业病致残程度鉴定标准，对因工负伤职工经治疗伤情相对稳定后存在残疾且影响劳动能力的，进行劳动能力鉴定。劳动能力鉴定包括劳动功能障碍程度和生活自理障碍程度的等级鉴定。在省级和设区的市一级设立由政府有关部门、工会组织和用人单位等方面代表组成的劳动能力鉴定委员会，负责对伤残职工进行劳动能力鉴定。劳动能力鉴定由用人单位、工伤职工或其直系亲属向设区的市一级劳动能力鉴定委员会提出申请。劳动能力鉴定委员会建立医疗卫生专家库，在收到劳动能力鉴定申请后，随机抽取专家进行鉴定，提出鉴定意见，并据此作出鉴定结论。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state has uniformly formulated and promulgated a national standard for assessment of the degree of a work-related injury and the degree of a disability caused by an occupational disease, whereby to assess the labor ability of an employee suffering from disability and whose labor ability has been affected due to a work-related injury, notwithstanding its being in a relatively stable condition after treatment. The labor ability assessment includes rating of the degree of physical impediment for labor and the degree of impairment to self-care ability. A labor ability assessment committee, consisting of representatives from relevant departments of the government, trade unions and employing units, is formed in each provincial-level city and city divided into districts to be in charge of the assessment of labor ability of injured and maimed employees. Application for labor ability assessment can be submitted by the employing unit, the employee suffering from the injury, or his or her directly-related family members, to the local committee. Having received the application, the committee will randomly choose members from its reserve of medical and health experts to conduct the assessment, and give its assessment conclusion based on the experts' opinions.
加强工伤预防和职业康复
Strengthening Work-related Injury Prevention and Occupational Rehabilitation
中国政府采取改进工程技术、进行宣传教育、制定安全规程、实施安全卫生标准，以及通过工伤保险单位费率浮动机制促进用人单位改进安全生产条件等措施，积极开展工伤和职业病预防工作。按照“安全第一、预防为主”的原则，督促企业和职工遵守劳动安全卫生法规和制度，严格执行国家劳动安全卫生规程和标准，防止劳动过程中的事故，减少职业危害。
The Chinese Government actively promotes prevention of work- related injuries and occupational diseases through improvement of engineering technology, publicity and education, formulation of safety regulations, implementing safety and hygiene standards, and encouraging employing units to improve production safety by manipulating their injury insurance premium rates. Following the principle of "safety and prevention first," the government urges enterprises and employees to abide by the rules and regulations concerning work safety and hygiene, and to strictly enforce the state work safety and hygiene rules and standards, so as to prevent accidents during work, and reduce occupational hazards.
国家积极探索开展职业康复工作，对工伤职工进行工伤康复、心理康复、职业培训、就业指导，并在一些地区建立了职业康复中心和康复医院，帮助工伤职工克服由工伤带来的生理和心理障碍，恢复健康和工作能力，重返工作岗位。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state actively explores methods of occupational rehabilitation, providing injured workers with injury recovery, psychological recovery, occupational training and employment guidance. Occupational rehabilitation centers and hospitals have been set up in some areas to help injured workers to overcome physical and mental problems, regain their health and ability to work, and return to their jobs.
五、生育保险
V. Maternity Insurance
国家于1988年开始在部分地区推行生育保险制度改革。2003年底，全国参加生育保险的职工有3655万人；全年共有36万名职工享受生育保险待遇。
In 1988, the state introduced a reform of the maternity insurance system in some areas. At the end of 2003, there were 36.55 million employees covered by maternity insurance. In the year of 2003, 360,000 employees received maternity insurance benefits.
生育保险制度主要覆盖城镇企业及其职工，部分地区覆盖了国家机关、事业单位、社会团体、企业单位的女职工。生育保险费由参保单位按照不超过职工工资总额1%的比例缴纳，职工个人不缴费；没有参保的单位，仍由其承担支付生育保险待遇的责任。职工生育依法享受不少于90天的生育津贴。女职工生育或流产后，其工资、劳动关系保留不变，按规定报销医疗费用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The maternity insurance system mainly covers urban enterprises and their employees, and in some places women employees of government agencies, public institutions, mass organizations and enterprises. The premiums are paid by the employers participating in the maternity insurance scheme, and should not be more than one percent of the total wage bill. Individual employees do not pay the premiums. Employers not having participated in the scheme will still be responsible for providing maternity insurance benefits. Employees giving birth to babies may enjoy a childbirth allowance for 90 days according to law. Women employees who have given birth to babies or had abortions shall maintain their original wages and positions, and get reimbursements for their medical expenses according to related regulations.
六、社会福利
VI. Social Welfare
中国政府积极推进社会福利事业的发展，通过多种渠道筹集资金，为老年人、孤儿和残疾人等群体提供社会福利。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Chinese Government actively promotes the development of social welfare, raising funds through various channels to provide social welfare benefits for the elderly, orphans and the disabled.
老年人社会福利
Social Welfare for the Elderly
《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》规定，国家和社会采取措施，改善老年人生活、健康以及参与社会发展的条件。各级政府将老年事业纳入国民经济和社会发展计划，逐步增加对老年事业的投入，并鼓励社会各方面投入，使老年事业与经济、社会协调发展。近年来，通过推进社会福利社会化，逐步形成以国家、集体举办的老年社会福利机构为骨干，以社会力量举办的老年社会福利机构为新的增长点，以社区老年人福利服务为依托，以居家养老为基础的老年人社会服务体系。目前，中国共有各类老年人社会福利机构3.8万个，床位数112.9万张，平均每千名60岁以上的老年人拥有床位8.4张。2001年，国家开始实施“全国社区老年福利服务星光计划”，截至2004年6月，全国城乡共新建和改建社区“星光老年之家”3.2万个，总投入134.9亿元。
In accordance with the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Elderly People's Rights and Interests," the state and the society have adopted measures to improve conditions for such people's livelihood, health and participation in social development. Governments at all levels include services for elderly people in their socio-economic development plans, gradually increase investments in services for elderly people, and encourage investment from all sectors of society, so as to enable such services to grow in coordination with socio-economic development. In recent years, thanks to the promotion of the socialization of social welfare undertakings, a social service system for elderly people has gradually taken shape, with state- and collective-run social welfare organizations for elderly people as the backbone, those sponsored by various social sectors as a new growth point, community welfare services for elderly people as support, and services for elderly people living at home as the basis. Today, there are 38,000 social welfare organizations of various kinds for elderly people, with 1.129 million beds, or 8.4 beds for every 1,000 people over the age of 60. In 2001, the state introduced the "Starlight Plan - National Community Welfare Service for Elderly People." By June 2004, a total of 32,000 Starlight Homes for Elderly People had been built or rebuilt in urban and rural areas all over China, with a total investment of 13.49 billion yuan.
儿童社会福利
Social Welfare for Children
依据《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》、《中华人民共和国教育法》等法律法规，国家为儿童提供教育、计划免疫等社会福利，特别是为残疾儿童、孤儿和弃婴等处在特殊困境下的儿童提供福利项目、设施和服务，保障其生活、康复和教育。目前，全国共有192个专门儿童福利机构和近600个综合福利机构中的儿童部，收养5.4万名孤残儿童。全国各地还兴办康复中心、弱智儿童培训班等社区孤儿、残疾人服务组织近万个。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
According to relevant laws and regulations, such as the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Minors" and the "Education Law of the People's Republic of China," the state provides comprehensive welfare for children, including education and planned immunization, and takes special care to ensure the livelihood, recovery and education of children with special difficulties, such as disabled children, orphans and abandoned babies, by providing welfare projects, facilities and services. Today, China has 192 special welfare institutions for children and 600 comprehensive welfare institutions with a children's department, accommodating a total of 54,000 orphans and disabled children. There are also nearly 10,000 community services around China for orphans and disabled people, such as rehabilitation centers and training classes for mentally retarded children.
中国政府决定，从2004年开始，用三年左右的时间，筹集6亿元资金，开展“残疾孤儿手术康复明天计划”，每年为1万名左右的残疾孤儿实施手术康复。争取到2006年，使全国社会福利机构中收养的具有手术适应症的残疾孤儿，都能得到有效的手术矫治和康复。
The Chinese Government has decided that, starting from 2004, it is going to carry out the "Tomorrow Plan - Operations and Rehabilitation for Disabled Orphans." The plan will cover a three-year period and involve 600 million yuan in fund. Under the plan, each year 10,000 disabled orphans will receive operations and rehabilitation services. The aim is that by 2006 all the disabled orphans with surgical operation indications in all the social welfare institutions around China will have received effective operations and rehabilitation services.
残疾人社会福利
Social Welfare for Disabled People
国家颁布实施《中华人民共和国残疾人保障法》，为残疾人康复、教育、劳动就业、文化生活、社会福利等提供法律保障。政府通过兴办福利企业、实施按比例就业和扶持残疾人个体从业等形式，帮助残疾人实现就业；采取临时救济和集中供养以及兴办残疾人福利安养机构等福利措施，对残疾人提供特别照顾。截至2003年底，全国城镇共有403万残疾人实现就业，农村共有1685万残疾人从事生产劳动；259万贫困残疾人得到生活保障；44.2万残疾人在各类福利院、养老院享受集中供养、五保供养；246万残疾人得到临时救济、定期补助和专项补助；累计扶持701万贫困残疾人解决基本温饱。2003年，各级政府安排残疾人事业费15亿元，募集社会福利资金近1亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Disabled People" promulgated by the state provides legal guarantees for disabled people's rehabilitation, education, employment, cultural life and social welfare. The government helps disabled people to get employment by running welfare enterprises, providing employment opportunities in a certain proportion, and supporting the self-employment of disabled people. Special care for disabled people is provided through such welfare measures as temporary aid, concentrated support and the running of accommodation institutions for disabled people. By the end of 2003, a total of over 4.03 million disabled people in urban areas around China were in employment, and 16.85 million disabled people in rural areas were engaged in productive labor; 2.59 million impoverished disabled people enjoyed guarantees for their livelihood; 442,000 disabled people enjoyed concentrated support and the "five guarantees" (of food, clothing, medicare, housing and burial expenses) in various welfare institutions and homes for the aged; 2.46 million disabled people were receiving temporary aid, regular allowances and special allowances; and over 7.01 million impoverished disabled people were receiving assistance to solve their problem of basic food and clothing. In 2003, governments at all levels earmarked 1.5 billion yuan for services for the disabled, and raised nearly 100 million yuan for social welfare funds.
七、优抚安置
VII. Special Care and Placement
优抚安置制度是中国政府对以军人及其家属为主体的优抚安置对象进行物质照顾和精神抚慰的一种制度。目前，中国有4000多万优抚安置对象。
The special care and placement system is one by which the Chinese Government provides materials and expresses compassion mainly for servicemen and their families. At present, such people number over 40 million.
中国政府为保障优抚对象的权益，陆续颁布了《革命烈士褒扬条例》、《军人抚恤优待条例》等法规。国家根据优抚对象的不同及其贡献大小，参照经济、社会发展水平，确立不同的优抚层次和标准。对于烈士遗属、牺牲和病故军人遗属、伤残军人等对象实行国家抚恤，对老复员军人等重点优抚对象实行定期定量生活补助；对义务兵家属普遍发放优待金；残疾军人等重点优抚对象享受医疗、住房、交通、教育、就业等方面的社会优待。2003年，享受国家抚恤补助的优抚对象为465万人，国家各级财政投入抚恤资金87.9亿元。
To protect the rights and interests of people eligible for special care, the Chinese Government has promulgated the "Regulations on Commending Revolutionary Martyrs," "Regulations on Special Care and Preferential Treatment for Servicemen," and similar laws and regulations. The state sets different grades and standards for special care and preferential treatment according to the eligible people's capacities and contributions, and with reference to the level of economic and social development. State compensation is provided to families of martyrs and servicemen who died on duty or of illnesses, and wounded and disabled servicemen. Regular and fixed living allowances are provided for special cases such as demobilized veterans. Allowances are universally distributed to the families of conscripts. Special cases, including disabled servicemen, enjoy social preferential treatment in terms of medical care, housing, transportation, education and employment. In 2003, there were 4.65 million people eligible for state compensation and subsidy, and government budgets at all levels for such compensation and subsidy totaled 8.79 billion yuan.
《中华人民共和国兵役法》、《退伍义务兵安置条例》等法律法规，对退役军人的安置作出规定。政府为城镇退役士兵安排就业岗位，对自谋职业的城镇退役士兵发给一次性经济补助，并给予优惠政策扶持；对农村退伍义务兵在生产、生活、医疗等方面的困难，视不同情况予以解决。机关、团体、企事业单位招工时，在同等条件下优先录用城乡退伍军人。对报考大中专院校的，在同等条件下优先录取退伍军人。对退出现役的伤残军人，在就业、生活等方面给予适当照顾。对军队干部(含士官)退出现役，分别实行复员、转业和退休等安置办法。目前，各级政府普遍建立了相关工作机构。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The "Military Service Law of the People's Republic of China," "Regulations on Placement for Demobilized Conscripts," and similar laws and regulations provide for the placement and resettlement of demobilized servicemen. The government provides employment for demobilized soldiers in urban areas, and grants a lump-sum subsidy as well as preferential policy support for those who seek their own employment. Demobilized conscripts from rural areas have their difficulties in production, livelihood and medicare settled according to their different situations. Government and non-government organizations, enterprises and public institutions provide preferential recruitment for ex-servicemen from both urban and rural areas. Secondary schools and schools of higher learning provide preferential admission to ex-servicemen. Appropriate care is given to wounded and disabled ex-servicemen in terms of employment and livelihood. Arrangements for placement and resettlement are made for demobilized, transferred and retired military officers (including non-commissioned officers). Now, relevant services have been established by governments at all levels.
中国政府将动员社会各方面力量，从保障优抚对象和退役军人的切实利益出发，不断完善各项优抚安置制度，提高优抚对象的保障水平，推进退役军人安置管理的法制化、制度化建设，维护优抚安置对象的合法权益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Proceeding from protecting the immediate interests of the people eligible for special care and preferential treatment, as well as ex-servicemen, the Chinese Government is determined to mobilize all sectors of the society to continuously improve the special care and placement system, increase the level of protection for people of this category, promote legal and institutional guarantees for the placement and resettlement of ex-servicemen, and protect the legal rights and interests of the people eligible for special care and preferential treatment.
八、社会救助
VIII. Social Relief
中国政府从国家发展的实际出发，最大限度地对生活困难的城乡居民实行最低生活保障，对受灾群众进行救济，对城市流浪乞讨人员予以救助，提倡并鼓励开展各种社会互助活动。
Proceeding from the situation of national development, the Chinese Government has made the greatest efforts to provide the minimum standard of living for the urban and rural poor, to provide relief to natural disaster victims and to urban vagrants and beggars, while promoting and encouraging all kinds of social mutual help activities.
城市居民最低生活保障
Guarantee of the Minimum Standard of Living for Urban Residents
1999年，中国政府颁布《城市居民最低生活保障条例》，规定：对持有非农业户口的城市居民，凡共同生活的家庭成员人均收入低于当地城市居民最低生活标准的，均可从当地政府获得基本生活物质帮助；对无生活来源，无劳动能力，无法定赡养人、扶养人或者抚养人的城市居民，可按当地城市居民最低生活保障标准全额救助。保障标准的制定主要依据城市居民的人均收入和人均生活消费水平、上年物价水平、生活消费物价指数、维持当地最低生活水平所必须的费用、需要衔接的其他社会保障标准以及维持吃穿住等基本生存所需物品和未成年人义务教育费用等，同时还考虑当地经济社会发展水平、本地符合最低生活保障条件人数以及财政承受能力等情况。城市居民最低生活保障资金由地方政府列入财政预算。对财政确有困难的地区，中央财政给予支持。截至2003年底，全国领取城市居民最低生活保障金的人数为2247万人，月人均领取58元；当年全国各级政府财政支出最低生活保障资金156亿元，其中中央政府对中西部困难地区补助92亿元。
In 1999, the Chinese Government promulgated the "Regulations on Guaranteeing Urban Residents' Minimum Standard of Living," which stipulates that urban residents with non-agricultural permanent residence permits whose family's per capita income is lower than the local urban residents' minimum standard of living can receive basic subsistence assistance from the local government; those with neither source of income nor working capability, nor legal guardian, supporter or fosterer can receive in full the minimum living allowance according to the minimum living standard of local urban residents. The minimum living standard is decided primarily on the basis of urban residents' average income and consumption level per capita, the price level of the previous year, the consumption price index, the local cost necessary for maintaining the basic livelihood, other connected social security standards, the materials for the basic needs of food, clothing and housing, and the expenditure on under-age children's compulsory education. Meanwhile, consideration must also be given to the level of local socio-economic development, the number of people eligible for receiving the minimum living allowance and the local government's fiscal capacity. Funds for this purpose are included in the fiscal budgets of the local governments. For local governments that have very tight budgets, the Central Government will provide financial support. By the end of 2003, there were 22.47 million urbanites nationwide drawing the minimum living allowance, which was an average of 58 yuan per person per month. A total of 15.6 billion yuan for the minimum living allowance was allocated from government budgets at central and local levels in 2003, which included the 9.2 billion yuan of the Central Government's subsidies to the disadvantaged central and western regions.
灾害救助
Natural Disaster Relief
国家建立了针对突发性自然灾害的应急体系和社会救助制度。政府视人民生命安全为第一，灾害发生时及时抢救、转移受灾群众，灾后引导群众进行生产自救、互助互济，并动员社会各方力量参与，最大限度地减少灾害造成的人员伤亡和财产损失，确保受灾群众有饭吃、有衣穿、有房住、有病能医。各级政府在财政预算中安排救灾支出，用于救灾物资储备和转移救济灾民。2003年，各级政府共安排用于受灾群众生活方面的救灾资金53.1亿元，其中中央政府安排40.5亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state has set up an emergency system and a social relief system to deal with abrupt natural disasters. Taking people's lives as the most important thing, the government has made timely efforts to save and evacuate disaster-stricken people, and to lead them to engage in self-relief production and mutual help. In this connection, it has also mobilized all social sectors to render help, so as to minimize as much as possible the casualties and property losses brought about by natural disasters, and to ensure that disaster victims can have adequate food, clothing and lodging, and access to medical treatment. Governments at all levels have enlisted expenditure in their budgets for the storage of disaster-relief materials and for evacuating victims. In 2003, the expenditure for such purposes from governments at various levels reached 5.31 billion yuan, of which 4.05 billion yuan came from the Central Government.
流浪乞讨人员救助
Relief for Urban Vagrants and Beggars
2003年8月1日，国家正式实施《城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员救助管理办法》。该办法按照“自愿受助、无偿援助”的原则，对在城市生活无着的流浪乞讨人员给予关爱性的救助管理，根据受助人员的不同情况和需求，给予食宿、医疗、通讯、返乡及接送等方面的救助服务。截至2003年底，全国共建有救助管理站909个，当年救助生活无着的流浪乞讨人员21万多人。
On August 1, 2003, the state promulgated the "Measures for the Administration of Relief for Vagrants and Beggars Without Assured Living Sources in Cities." Based on the principle of "receiving aid of one's own free will, and giving help gratis," relief for vagrants and beggars who have no assured living sources in cities should be administered with compassion, and that relief should be provided in accordance with the different circumstances and needs of the recipients, so that they can receive relief in terms of food, lodging, medicare, communications, transportation to their hometowns and escort. By the end of 2003, some 909 such relief administrative centers had been set up throughout the country, offering help to 210,000 cases of urban vagrants and beggars who had no assured living sources that year.
社会互助
Social Mutual Help
国家鼓励并支持社会成员自愿组织和参与扶弱济困活动，推动社会捐赠制度建设，建立健全经常性的捐助工作机构、工作网点和仓储设施，随时接受各种社会捐赠。2003年底，大中城市和有条件的小城市共有社会捐赠接收站点2.8万个。1996年至2003年，累计接受社会各界捐款捐物折合人民币230多亿元，衣被9.6亿件，得到援助的灾民、贫困群众达4亿多人次。基层政府通过兴办社区服务业，为贫困对象提供照顾和服务。中国各级工会组织每年开展对困难职工家庭的“送温暖”活动。从1994年到2004年初，共筹集慰问款181.1亿元，走访慰问困难职工5577.8万户(次)。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state encourages and supports members of society to organize and participate voluntarily in the efforts to give help to the poor and needy, promotes the development of a social donation system, sets up and improves regular social institutions, and a network of offices and storage facilities to receive donations at any time from the general public. By the end of 2003, there were some 28,000 social donation centers in large and medium-sized cities and in some small cities with adequate facilities. From 1996 to 2003, a total of 23 billion yuan in donations was received from the general public (including goods converted into money), together with 960 million pieces of clothing and quilts, which helped an accumulative total of 400 million disaster victims and poverty-stricken people. Governments at the grassroots level also operate community services to provide care and services to the poor and needy. Trade unions at all levels organize "heart-warming activities" every year to offer help to badly-off families. From 1994 to early 2004, a total of 18.11 billion yuan had been raised for this purpose, and 55.778 million sympathy visits had been paid to families of poverty-stricken employees.
中国各级工会组织积极开展互助保障活动。2003年底，全国工会系统兴办职工互助保障组织1.8万个，参保人员723万人；开办职工互助保障的工会组织1839个，参加人员1485万人，累计有600余万人次获得了待遇给付。
China's trade unions at all levels also organize mutual help and social security activities. By the end of 2003, some 18,000 mutual help and social security organizations had been set up by the nation's trade unions, with 7.23 million people participating in the social insurance program. Some 1,839 trade union organizations had started such employee mutual help and social security programs which covered 14.85 million participants, and six million cases were given assistance.
九、住房保障
IX. Housing Security
中国政府积极推进以住房公积金制度、经济适用住房制度、廉租住房制度为主要内容的城镇住房保障制度建设，不断改善城镇居民的住房条件。到2003年底，城镇居民人均住房建筑面积达到23.7平方米。
The Chinese Government actively promotes the development of an urban housing security system which includes mainly the system of publicly accumulated housing funds, the system of generally affordable and functional housing, and the low-rent housing system for the purpose of unremittingly improving urban residents' housing conditions. By the end of 2003, the average floor space had reached 23.7 sq m per capita for urban residents.
住房公积金制度
The System of Publicly Accumulated Housing Funds
住房公积金制度是中国政府为解决职工家庭住房问题的政策性融资渠道。住房公积金由国家机关、事业单位、各种类型企业、社会团体和民办非企业单位及其在职职工各按职工工资的一定比例逐月缴存，归职工个人所有。住房公积金专户存储，专项用于职工购买、建造、大修自住住房，并可以向职工个人住房贷款，具有义务性、互助性和保障性特点。1994年，住房公积金制度在城镇全面推行。1999年，国家颁布《住房公积金管理条例》，并于2002年重新发布，使住房公积金制度逐步纳入法制化和规范化轨道。目前，已基本建立起住房公积金管理委员会决策、住房公积金管理中心运作、银行专户存储、财政监督的管理体制。住房公积金按规定可以享受列入企业成本、免交个人所得税等税收政策，存贷款利率实行低进低出原则，体现政策优惠。截至2003年底，全国建立住房公积金职工人数达6045万人，累计归集公积金5563亿元，职工因购建住房和退休等支取1743亿元，累计发放个人住房贷款2343亿元，支持327万户职工家庭购建住房，为改善居民家庭住房条件发挥了重要作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The system of publicly accumulated housing funds is a policy-based financing channel by which the Chinese Government tries to solve the housing problem of employees. The funds are gathered monthly from government agencies, public institutions, enterprises, mass organizations, private non-enterprise units and their on-the-job employees in a certain proportion to the employees' salaries, and such funds belong to individual employees. The publicly accumulated housing funds are deposited in devoted accounts and are used exclusively for employees to purchase, build and renovate their houses, and can be loaned to the employees for these purposes. The publicly accumulated housing funds are characterized by obligation, mutual help and housing security. In 1994, this system was implemented in cities throughout China. In 1999, the state issued the "Regulations for the Management of the Publicly Accumulated Housing Funds," and reissued them in 2002, to ensure that the system functions in an institutionalized and standardized way. Now, an administrative system has been basically set up, which involves decision-making by the Administrative Committee of the Publicly Accumulated Housing Funds, operation by the Administrative Center of the Publicly Accumulated Housing Funds, deposit in devoted bank accounts as well as financial supervision. The publicly accumulated housing funds can be booked as cost of enterprises, and are exempt from personal income tax. The funds can also enjoy preferential low-interest loan policy. By the end of 2003, a total of 60.45 million employees throughout China had opened accounts for publicly accumulated housing funds, raising a total of 556.3 billion yuan, of which 174.3 billion yuan was withdrawn from the banks by employees for buying or building their houses or for retirement, and a total of 234.3 billion yuan was granted as personal housing loans to help 3.27 million employees' families to purchase or build houses. The system of publicly accumulated housing funds has played an important role in the improvement of people's housing conditions.
经济适用住房制度
Generally Affordable and Functional Housing System
1998年，中国确定发展经济适用住房。经济适用住房是由政府提供政策优惠，限定建设标准、供应对象和销售价格，具有保障性质的政策性商品住房。符合下列条件的家庭可以申请购买或承租一套经济适用住房：有当地城镇户口(含符合当地安置条件的军队人员)或市、县人民政府确定的供应对象；无房或现住房面积低于市、县人民政府规定标准的住房困难家庭；家庭收入符合市、县人民政府划定的收入线标准；市、县人民政府规定的其他条件。经济适用住房的租售价格以保本微利为原则，购买经济适用住房满一定年限后，方可上市出售，且须将收益按一定比例向政府交纳。经济适用住房实行申请、审核和公示制度，强调公开透明，严格监督管理。从1998年到2003年，经济适用住房竣工面积达4.77亿平方米。
In 1998, the Chinese Government decided to build generally affordable and functional housing. Affordable and functional housing means housing for which the government provides preferential policies, and sets the construction standards, the selling price and the users' qualification criteria. It is policy-based, security-type commercial housing. Households meeting the following requirements can apply to buy or rent a suite of such housing: those having local registered permanent residence permits (including servicemen eligible under local resettlement standards) or those specified by the city or county government; those with serious housing problems - without housing of their own or with their current housing space below the standards set by the city or county government; households whose family incomes meet the income standard set by the city or county government; and households meeting other conditions set by the city or county government. A low-profit principle is maintained for such housing when it is sold or rented. Only after a specified length of time following the purchase of such housing may the owner sell it at the market, and a portion of the earnings therefrom must be turned over to the government. The purchase of this kind of housing must be subject to application, examination and public announcement, thus emphasizing public transparency and strict supervision and administration. From 1998 to 2003, the construction of 477 million sq m of such housing space was completed.
廉租住房制度
The Low-Rent Housing System
1998年以来，中国政府积极推进廉租住房制度建设，不断完善廉租住房保障政策。对按政府规定价格出租的公有住房和廉租住房，暂免征收房产税、营业税。各地政府在国家统一政策指导下，结合当地经济社会发展的实际情况，因地制宜建立城镇最低收入家庭廉租住房制度。廉租住房制度以财政预算安排为主、多渠道筹措廉租住房资金，实行以住房租赁补贴为主，实物配租、租金核减为辅的多种保障方式。对住房面积和家庭收入在当地政府规定标准之下的家庭，当地政府按申请、登记、轮候程序给予安排，保障其基本要求。2003年，全国已有35个大中城市全面建立了最低收入家庭廉租住房制度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since 1998, the Chinese Government has made active efforts to promote the low-rent housing system and to continuously improve housing security policies. Temporary exemption of property tax and business tax is applied to publicly owned housing and low-rent housing lent out at prices prescribed by the government. Under the guidance of uniform state policies, the local governments have set up their own low-rent housing systems for urban minimum-income households in accordance with the level of local economic and social development. Such a housing security system, supported mainly by the government's financial budget while the low-rent funds are pooled from other channels, is practiced in many ways - with housing rent subsidy as the major form, supplemented by the supply of basic furniture and rent deduction. For households whose incomes and housing space are below the standards set by the local government, the latter should ensure that their basic housing needs are met by application, registration and waiting one's turn. In 2003, this low-rent housing system for minimum-income families was established in 35 large and medium-sized cities.
十、农村社会保障
X. Social Security in Rural Areas
中国农村人口占全国人口的大多数，经济发展水平较低。在农村，土地既是生产资料，又是生活资料；土地属于集体所有，实行家庭联产承包责任制。受历史传统文化影响，农村具有家庭供养、自我保障、家族互助的长期传统。根据农村经济社会发展特点，国家在农村实行与城镇有别的社会保障办法。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The majority of the Chinese people live in rural areas, where the economic development level is comparatively low. In the rural areas the land, as a means of both production and livelihood, is owned collectively where the contractual household output-related responsibility system is practiced. Under the influence of China's traditional culture, there is a time-honored tradition of provision by the family, security coming from self-reliance and help from the clan. In accordance with the characteristics of rural socio-economic development, the state's social security measures in rural areas are different from those practiced in cities.
探索建立农村养老保险制度
Experimenting to Establish an Old-Age Insurance System in Rural Areas
中国农村养老保障以家庭为主。二十世纪九十年代以后，部分地区根据农村社会经济发展实际，按照“个人缴费为主、集体补助为辅、政府给予政策扶持”的原则，建立了个人账户积累式的养老保险。2003年底，全国有1870个县(市、区)不同程度地开展了农村社会养老保险工作，5428万人参保，积累基金259亿元，198万农民领取养老金。2004年，中国政府开始对农村部分计划生育家庭实行奖励扶助制度的试点：农村只有一个子女或两个女孩的计划生育夫妇，每人从年满60周岁起享受年均不低于600元的奖励扶助金，直到亡故为止。奖励扶助金由中央和地方政府共同负担。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The old-age security in China's rural areas is centered mostly on families. In the 1990s, China began to try out an old-age insurance system in some of the rural areas in accordance with the actual level of local socio-economic development. In light of the principle that "the premiums are paid mainly by individuals themselves, supplemented by collectively pooled subsidies and supported by government policies," an old-age insurance system with the accumulation of funds taking the form of personal accounts was established. By the end of 2003, the work of old-age social insurance had been carried out to various extents in the rural areas of 1,870 counties (cities, districts). Some 54.28 million people had underwritten the old-age insurance program, which had accumulated a fund running to 25.9 billion yuan, with 1.98 million farmers drawing old-age pension. In 2004, the Chinese Government began to experiment with a system that supports and rewards households that practice family planning by having only one child or two girls in some of the rural areas. Each person of such couple may receive a minimum of 600 yuan a year from the age of 60 till the end of his or her life. This reward will be provided jointly by the central and local governments.
建立新型农村合作医疗制度
Establishing a New Rural Cooperative Medical Service System
为保障农民的基本医疗需求，减轻农民因病带来的经济负担，缓解因病致贫、因病返贫问题，中国政府于2002年开始建立以大病统筹为主的新型农村合作医疗制度，由政府组织、引导、支持，农民自愿参加，政府、集体、个人多方筹资。目前正在30个省、自治区、直辖市的310个县(市)进行试点。截至2004年6月，覆盖9504万农业人口，实际参加人数6899万人；共筹集资金30.2亿元，其中地方各级财政补助11.1亿元，中央财政对中西部地区补助3.9亿元。
In order to guarantee that farmers' basic medical needs are satisfied, to alleviate their medical burdens and to address the problem of poverty caused by illness or prevent them from getting poor again because of illness, in 2002 the Chinese Government began to set up a new rural cooperative medical service system based mainly on a financial-pool-against-serious-disease scheme. Farmers can participate freely in such a cooperative medical system, which is organized, led and supported by the government with funds coming from the government, collectives and the beneficiaries. At present, the system is being tried out in 310 counties (cities) in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government. By June 2004, the system had covered 95.04 million rural residents, with 68.99 million participants and 3.02 billion yuan in raised funds, of which 1.11 billion yuan was in the form of financial subsidies from local governments at various levels, and 390 million yuan was in the form of Central Government subsidies to the central and western regions.
实行农村社会救助
Practicing Rural Social Relief
二十世纪五十年代，中国开始建立五保供养制度，1994年国务院颁发《农村五保供养工作条例》，对农村村民中符合下列条件的老年人、残疾人和未成年人实行保吃、保穿、保住、保医、保葬(未成年人保义务教育)的五保供养：无法定扶养义务人，或者虽有法定扶养义务人，但是扶养义务人无扶养能力的；无劳动能力的；无生活来源的。为解决部分生活不能自理五保老人的照料问题，各地相继兴办敬老院，将这些人员集中供养，并逐步发展成为五保供养的一种重要形式。2003年底，全国实际五保供养人数为254.5万人，敬老院2.4万所，集中供养五保对象50.3万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The "five guarantees" system was initiated in China in the 1950s. In 1994, the State Council issued the "Regulations Concerning the Work of Providing the 'Five Guarantees' in the Rural Areas." It stipulates that elderly people, disabled people and minors meeting the following conditions in rural areas can enjoy the "five guarantees" of food, clothing, housing, medicare and burial expenses (compulsory education for minors): Those who have no legal guardian to provide for them, or whose legal guardians are unable to provide for them; those who have no working ability; and those who have no source of income. To take care of elderly people in the "five guarantees" category who cannot look after themselves alone, homes for the aged have been built, and have gradually become a major form of providing the "five guarantees" for the elderly. By the end of 2003, there were 2.545 million people covered by the "five guarantees," and 24,000 homes for the aged providing accommodation for 503,000 elderly people in this category.
中国政府针对各地区经济发展不平衡和地区间财政经济状况差异大的实际，鼓励有条件的地区探索建立农村最低生活保障制度。其他地区则坚持“政府救助、社会互助、子女赡养、稳定土地政策”的原则，建立特困户基本生活救助制度。同时，对患病的农村困难群体实行医疗救助。截至2003年底，全国享受最低生活保障和特困户生活救助的农村特困人数为1257万人。
In view of the uneven economic development and the large disparity in financial conditions between regions, the Chinese Government encourages areas with adequate capacity to establish a system that guarantees the minimum standard of living for rural residents. In other areas, the basic subsistence relief system covering destitute households is practiced under the principle of "government relief, social mutual help, offspring support and stabilized land policy." Meanwhile, medical relief is provided for sick farmers who are in great difficulty. By the end of 2003, there were 12.57 million poverty-stricken people in rural China who enjoyed the minimum living allowance and subsistence relief for destitute households.
结束语
Conclusion
经过多年的探索和实践，中国特色的社会保障体系框架初步形成。当前及今后一个时期，中国发展社会保障事业的任务依然艰巨。人口老龄化将进一步加大养老金和医疗费用支付压力，城镇化水平的提高将使建立健全城乡衔接的社会保障制度更为迫切，就业形式多样化将使更多的非公有制经济从业人员和灵活就业人员被纳入社会保障覆盖范围，等等，这些都对中国社会保障制度的平稳运行和建立社会保障事业可持续发展的长效机制提出新的要求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
After years of experiments and practice, a social security framework with Chinese characteristics has taken initial shape. However, China still has a long way to go to develop its social security services to a satisfactory level. The aging of the population will put more pressure on the old-age pension and medicare expenditure, while the progress of urbanization will make the establishment and improvement of a social security system covering both urban and rural areas more urgent. More employees of non-state-owned businesses and people employed in a flexible manner will be covered by the social insurance system as employment forms become more diversified. All this will raise new requirements for the smooth operation of China's social security system and for the establishment of a long-term mechanism which will ensure the sustainable development of the social security services.
加快完善社会保障体系，是中国政府全面推进小康社会建设的一项重要任务。中国国民经济保持持续、快速、协调、健康发展而使国家综合经济实力的增强，全面、协调、可持续的科学发展观的贯彻落实，经过多年探索建立起的适合中国国情的社会保障体系，将为中国社会保障事业持续发展提供各种有利条件。在未来的岁月里，中国人民将进一步从国家的发展进步中获益，必将享有更丰厚的物质文明成果。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To press ahead with the improvement of the social security system is an important task for the Chinese Government in its efforts to build a moderately prosperous society in a comprehensive way. The increase in China's overall economic strength as a result of the sustained, rapid, coordinated and healthy development of China's national economy, the implementation of the scientific concept of overall, coordinated and sustainable development, and a social security system suited to China's national conditions and established after many years of exploration, will pave the way for China's social security system to develop continuously. In the years to come, the Chinese people will benefit more from the nation's development and progress, and enjoy more plentiful fruits of its material civilization.
