中国海洋事业的发展
The Development of China's Marine Programs
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China
一九九八年五月·北京
July 1998, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前 言
Foreword
一、海洋可持续发展战略
I. Sustainable Marine Development Strategy
二、合理开发利用海洋资源
II. Rational Development and Utilization of Marine Resources
三、保护和保全海洋环境
III. The Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment
四、发展海洋科学技术和教育
IV. The Development of Oceanographic Science, Technology and Education
五、实施海洋综合管理
V. The Imp lementation of Comprehensive Marine Management
六、海洋事务的国际合作
VI. International Cooperation in Maritime Affairs
前 言
Foreword
海洋覆盖了地球表面的71%，是全球生命支持系统的一个基本组成部分，也是资源的宝库，环境的重要调节器。人类社会的发展必然会越来越多地依赖海洋。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The ocean, which covers 71 percent of the earth's surface, is a basic component of the globaal bio-support system. It is also a treasure house of resources and an important regulator of the environment. It is inevitable that the development of human society will come to depend more and more on the ocean.
即将到来的二十一世纪是人类开发利用海洋的新世纪。维护《联合国海洋法公约》确定的国际海洋法律原则，维护海洋健康，保护海洋环境，确保海洋资源的可持续利用和海上安全，已成为人类共同遵守的准则和共同担负的使命。
In the coming 21st century mankind will have new opportunities to develop and utilize the ocean. Upholding the principles of the international marine law as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, maintaining the wholesomeness of the oceans, protecting the marine environment and guaranteeing the sustainable utilization of marine resources and maritime safety have become common norms for all the people in the world to abide by, and a collective mission for all mankind to undertake.
中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略，加强海洋综合管理，不断完善海洋法律制度，积极发展海洋科学技术和教育。中国积极参与联合国系统的海洋事务，推进国家间和地区性海洋领域的合作，并认真履行自己承担的义务，为全球海洋开发和保护事业作出了积极贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state's development strategy. It is constantly strengthening comprehensive marine management, steadily improving its marine-related laws, and actively developing science, technology and education pertaining to the oceans. China has made positive contributions to international ocean development and protection by participating positively in UN marine affairs, promoting cooperation between countries and regions and conscientiously carrying out its obligations in this field.
1998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年，中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展情况。
The year 1998 has been designated by the United Nations as the International Ocean Year, and on this occasion the Chinese government would like to introduce the progress of China's work in this particular field to the world.
一、海洋可持续发展战
I. Sustainable Marine Development Strategy
中国有12亿多人口，陆地自然资源人均占有量低于世界平均水平。根据中国有关方面的统计：中国有960万平方公里的陆地国土，居世界第三位，但人均占有陆地面积仅有0.008平方公里，远低于世界人均0.3平方公里的水平；全国近年来年平均淡水资源总量为28000亿立方米，居世界第六位，但人均占有量仅为世界平均水平的四分之一；中国陆地矿产资源总量丰富，但人均占有量不到世界人均量的一半。中国作为一个发展中的沿海大国，国民经济要持续发展，必须把海洋的开发和保护作为一项长期的战略任务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has a population of more than 1.2 billion, and its land natural resources per capita are lower than the world's average. Official statistics show that China has a land area of 9.6 million sq km, making it the third-biggest country in the world. However, the land area per capita is only 0.008 sq km, much lower than the world's average of 0.3 sq km per capita. In recent years China's average annual amount of freshwater resources has been 2,800 billion cu m, ranking sixth in the world; but the amount of freshwater resources per capita is only one fourth of the world's average. China is rich in land mineral resources, but the amount per capita is less than half the figure per capita worldwide. As a major developing country with a long coastline, China, therefore, must take exploitation and protection of the ocean as a long-term strategic task before it can achieve the sustainable development of its national economy.
中国拥有大陆岸线18000多公里，以及面积在500平方米以上的海岛5000多个，岛屿岸线14000多公里；按照《联合国海洋法公约》的规定，中国还对广阔的大陆架和专属经济区行使主权权利和管辖权；中国的海域处在中、低纬度地带，自然环境和资源条件比较优越。中国海域海洋生物物种繁多，已鉴定的达20278种。中国海域已经开发的渔场面积达81.8万平方海里。中国有浅海、滩涂总面积约1333万公顷，按现有的科学水平，可进行人工养殖的水面有260万公顷，已经开发利用的有93.8万公顷。中国海域有30多个沉积盆地，面积近70万平方公里，石油资源量约250亿吨，天然气资源量约8.4万亿立方米。中国沿海共有160多处海湾和几百公里深水岸线，许多岸段适合建设港口，发展海洋运输业。沿海地区共有1500多处旅游娱乐景观资源，适合发展海洋旅游业。中国海域还有丰富的海水资源和海洋可再生能源。
China boasts a mainland coastline of more than 18,000 km. There are more than 5,000 islands in China's territorial waters, each with an area of more than 500 sq m, and the islands' coastlines total more than 14,000 km. China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zones (EEZs), as defined by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. Located in medium and low latitudes, China's sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and resource conditions. Some 20,278 species of sea creatures have been verified there. The fishing grounds that have been developed in China's sea areas cover 818,000 square nautical miles. The shallow seas and tidelands have a total area of 13.33 million ha, of which 2.6 million ha of water surface are suitable for the raising of aquatic products in terms of the current scientific level. So far, 938,000 ha are being utilized for this purpose. Scattered in these offshore waters are more than 30 sedimentation basins, with a total area of nearly 700,000 sq km. It is estimated that there are about 25 billion tons of oil resources and 8.4 trillion cu m of natural gas in these basins. More than 160 bays are spread along China's coasts, plus the deep-water stretches of coast with a total length of several hundred kilometers. Many spots along the coastline are suitable for constructing harbors and developing marine transportation. There are more than 1,500 tourist, scenic and recreational spots favorable for developing marine tourism. In addition, China's offshore areas abound in seawater resources and regenerable marine energy resources.
1996年中国制定的《中国海洋21世纪议程》，提出了中国海洋事业可持续发展的战略，其基本思路是：有效维护国家海洋权益，合理开发利用海洋资源，切实保护海洋生态环境，实现海洋资源、环境的可持续利用和海洋事业的协调发展。中国在海洋事业发展中遵循以下基本政策和原则：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The China Ocean Agenda 21 formulated by China in 1996 put forward a sustainable development strategy for China's marine programs. The basic ideas of this strategy are as follows: To effectively safeguard the state's marine rights and interests, rationally develop and utilize marine resources, give positive protection to the marine eco-environment and realize the sustainable utilization of marine resources and the marine environment as well as the coordinated development of the work in this field. In this regard China abides by the following basic policies and principles:
——维护国际海洋新秩序和国家海洋权益。1992年2月，中国全国人大常委会通过了《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》。这是中国海洋领域的一项重要法律制度，为行使领海主权和毗连区管制权，维护国家安全和海洋权益提供了法律依据。为维护新的国际海洋法律制度和国家海洋权益，全国人大常委会于1996年5月批准了《联合国海洋法公约》，并郑重声明：按照《联合国海洋法公约》的规定，中华人民共和国享有200海里专属经济区和大陆架的主权权利和管辖权；中国将与海岸相向或相邻的国家，通过协商，在国际法基础上，按照公平原则划定各自海洋管辖权界限；中国对《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》所列各群岛及岛屿拥有主权。对于中国同邻国在海洋事务方面存在的争议问题，中国政府着眼于和平与发展的大局，主张通过友好协商解决，一时解决不了的，可以搁置争议，加强合作，共同开发。
--Safeguarding the new international marine order and the state's marine rights and interests. In February 1992 the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPC) of China adopted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Its Territorial Seas and Adjacent Zones. As China's important law in this particular field, it provides a legal basis for the country to exercise sovereignty over its territorial seas and jurisdiction over the adjacent zones and safeguard the state's safety and marine rights and interests. To uphold the new international marine legal system and the state's marine rights and interests, the NPC Standing Committee approved the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in May 1996, and solemnly stated: "In accordance with the provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the People's Republic of China enjoys sovereignty and jurisdiction over the EEZs and continental shelves up to 200 nautical miles off its coasts. Together with the countries with opposite coasts or its neighboring countries, China shall, through consultation and on the basis of international laws and the principle of fairness, fix the dividing lines of each country's marine jurisdiction. China has sovereignty over all archipelagoes and islands listed in the Law of the People's Republic of China on Its Territorial Seas and Adjacent Zones. Regarding disputes over marine issues between China and its neighboring countries, the Chinese government shall, in view of the vital interests bearing on peace and development, stand for their settlement through friendly consultation. With regard to issues that cannot be solved for the time being, China stands for pigeonholing them and for strengthened cooperation and joint development.
——统筹规划海洋的开发和整治。加强海岸带的综合开发和管理，合理开发保护近海，积极参与国际海底和大洋的开发利用；沿海陆地区域海洋区域一体化开发，逐步形成临海经济带和海洋经济区，推动沿海地区的进一步繁荣和发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
--Overall planning for marine development and control. China will strengthen the comprehensive development and administration of its coastal zones, rationally develop and protect the offshore areas, actively participate in the development and utilization of international seabeds and oceans, and exploit the coastal land and sea areas in a unified way in order to gradually form coastal economic belts and marine economic zones, thus making the coastal areas more prosperous and developed.
——合理利用海洋资源，促进海洋产业协调发展。实行开发与保护并重的方针，确保海洋资源可持续利用；综合开发利用海洋资源；不断发现新资源，利用新技术，形成和发展海洋新产业，推动海洋经济持续、快速、健康发展。
--Rationally utilizing marine resources and promoting the coordinated development of the marine industries. China adopts the policy of placing equal stress on development and protection, to guarantee the sustainable utilization of marine resources. It will comprehensively develop and utilize its marine resources, continue to explore the oceans for new resources, make use of new technologies, and form and develop new marine industries to promote the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the marine economy.
——海洋资源开发和海洋环境保护同步规划、同步实施。制定海洋开发和海洋生态环境保护协调发展规划，按照预防为主、防治结合，谁污染谁治理的原则，加强海洋环境监测、监视和执法管理；重点加强陆源污染物管理，实行污染物总量控制制度，防止海洋环境退化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
--Simultaneously planning and implementing the development of marine resources and the protection of the marine environment. China will work out a program for the coordinated development of marine resources and the protection of the marine eco-environment and, in line with the principles of "putting prevention first, combining prevention with control" and "making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it," improve the monitoring, surveillance, law enforcement and management of the marine environment. Stress will be laid on strengthening the control of land-sourced pollutants and implementing the system for controlling the total quantity of pollutants, in order to prevent the marine environment degenerating.
——加强海洋科学技术研究与开发。重视基础研究，组织海洋关键技术攻关，发展海洋高技术，不断提高海洋开发和海洋服务领域的技术水平；加快先进适用技术的推广应用，不断缩小地区间海洋开发技术水平的梯度差；健全高等院校的海洋专业，加强职业教育，培育多层次的海洋科技人才，同时也加强公众海洋知识传播。
--Reinforcing oceanographic technology research and development. China will pay attention to basic research and marshal all necessary forces to tackle key oceanographic problems, develop marine high-techs, and constantly improve the technological levels of marine development and services. It will speed up the promotion and utilization of advanced and applicable technologies, and consistently narrow the differences between the regions in terms of the technological level of marine development. Furthermore, the discipline of oceanography will be further emphasized in institutions of higher learning, including vocational education, and oceanographic personnel of various levels will be trained. At the same time, oceanographic knowledge will be spread among the general public.
——建立海洋综合管理制度。不断完善海洋功能区划和规划，加强海洋开发和保护以及海域使用的科学管理；积极进行海岸带综合管理试验，逐步建立海岸带综合管理制度。
--Setting up a comprehensive marine management system. China will continue to improve its marine function zoning and planning and strengthen the scientific management of marine development and protection, as well as the utilization of sea areas. Experiments in the comprehensive management of the coastal zones will be actively carried out, and a comprehensive control system will be gradually put in place.
——积极参与海洋领域的国际合作。认真履行《联合国海洋法公约》规定的义务，积极参与国际海洋事务，推动国际和地区性海洋事务的合作与交流，促进全球海洋事业的繁荣和发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
--Actively participating in international cooperation in the field of marine development. China will conscientiously fulfill the obligations defined in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, actively take part in international marine affairs, promote international and regional cooperation and exchanges related to oceanic matters, and contribute its full share to the prosperity and development of the world's work in this field.
二、合理开发利用海洋资源
II. Rational Development and Utilization of Marine Resources
依据海洋资源的承载能力，中国采取综合开发利用海洋资源的政策，以促进海洋产业的协调发展。近年来，中国不断改造海洋捕捞业、运输业和海水制盐业等传统产业；大力发展海洋增养殖业、油气业、旅游业和医药业等新兴产业；积极勘探新的可开发海洋资源，促进深海采矿、海水综合利用、海洋能发电等潜在海洋产业的形成和发展。1997年，中国的海洋渔业、海盐和盐化工业以及海洋运输业、造船业、油气业和旅游业等主要海洋产业的总产值达3000多亿元，成为国民经济发展的积极推动力量。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In the light of the bearing capacity of marine resources, China adopts a policy of developing and utilizing them in a comprehensive way, so as to promote the coordinated development of the marine industries. In recent years China has made constant efforts to upgrade the maritime fishing, transportation, salt-making and other traditional industries. At the same time, it has spared no effort to develop the industry of marine reproduction and mariculture, offshore oil and gas, tourism, marine pharmaceuticals and other burgeoning industries. It has actively explored new marine resources as far as possible, and promoted the formation and development of some potential marine industries, such as deep-water mining, comprehensive utilization of seawater, and power generation with marine energy. In 1997 the total output value of the major marine industries, including ocean fishing, salt-making, the salt chemicals industry, marine transportation, shipbuilding, offshore oil and gas, and tourism, topped 300 billion yuan. As a result, these industries have become forces actively promoting the development of China's economy as a whole.
中国有悠久的海洋渔业发展史，积累了丰富的经验。中国渔业的发展，坚持“加速发展养殖，养护和合理利用近海资源，积极扩大远洋渔业，狠抓加工流通，强化法制管理”的方针。八十年代中期以来，中国的海水养殖业迅速发展，养殖的种类增多，区域扩大。海水养殖产量从1987年的192.6万吨增加到1997年的791万吨，占海洋渔业产量的比重从27%上升到36%。根据海洋渔业资源的实际情况，中国积极调整海洋捕捞结构，养护和合理利用近海渔业资源，积极开发新资源、新渔场，使捕捞业不断适应资源结构的变化。1997年，中国海洋捕捞总产量1385.4万吨。中国发展远洋渔业和国际渔业合作，本着严格遵守有关国际海洋法，并充分注意保护生态环境，在平等互利、合理开发可利用资源、不损害别国利益的原则基础上，积极开展同有关国家和地区的渔业合作，共同发展渔业经济。八十年代以来，中国与30多个国家和地区建立了渔业合作关系。
China's ocean fishing industry has a long history steeped in experience. In developing this sector, the country adheres to the principle of "speeding up the development of aquaculture, conserving and rationally utilizing offshore resources, actively expanding deep-sea fishing, emphasizing processing and circulation, and strengthening legal administration". Since the mid-1980s, China's saltwater aquaculture has developed rapidly, with a large increase in species and expansion of breeding areas. The output of such products rose from 1.926 million tons in 1987 to 7.91 million tons in 1997, with their proportion in the total output of the maritime harvest rising from 27 percent to 36 percent. In accordance with the actual conditions of marine fisheries resources, China has actively readjusted the structure of this sector, made efforts to conserve and rationally utilize off-shore fisheries resources, and actively exploited new resources and fishing grounds, so as to make the fishing industry constantly adapt to the changes in the structure of marine resources. In 1997 the total output of China's ocean fishing industry came to 13.854 million tons. While expanding deep-sea fishing and international fishing cooperation, China adheres strictly to relevant international maritime laws, pays full attention to protection of the eco-environment and, in the light of the principle of "equality, mutual benefit, rational development of the exploitable resources, and abstention from infringement on the interests of other countries" actively develops fishing cooperation with relevant countries and regions, in order to jointly expand the fishing economy. Since the 1980s, China has established cooperative fishing relations with more than 30 countries and regions.
中国重视海洋渔业资源的保护工作，采取了各种养护渔业资源的措施，以保障海洋可持续发展战略的实施。中国先后建立了各种禁渔期、禁渔区、保护区和休渔制度，取缔有害渔具渔法，限制网目尺寸和幼鱼比例。中国早在1979年就开始实行了捕捞许可证制度，限制捕捞强度的盲目增长，并从1987年开始实行渔船马力控制指标政策。从1995年起，中国实行新的伏季休渔制度，每年的7月至8月，在北纬27度以北海域全面休渔，取得了明显的经济、生态和社会效益。从今年起，中国伏季休渔的范围扩大到北纬26度，休渔时间延长至3个月。中国重视渔业资源的增殖工作，多年来一直坚持对虾和其他品种的增殖放流，取得了积极成果。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China attaches great importance to the protection of marine fisheries resources, and has adopted various measures to conserve such resources so as to guarantee the implementation of a sustainable marine development strategy. It has done this by instituting various closed fishing seasons, closed fishing areas, marine sanctuaries and moratorium systems, banning harmful fishing gear and methods, and restricting the size of net meshes and the proportion of young fish. In 1979 China began to adopt a fishing permit system to curb reckless fishing, and in 1987 the country began to control fishing boats' horsepower. Since 1995 China has practiced a new midsummer moratorium system--every year during July and August fishing is banned in the sea areas north of 27 degrees north latitude. The new system has achieved encouraging economic, ecological and social results, and from this year the midsummer moratorium area will be expanded to 26 degrees north latitude and its duration will be lengthened to three months. China attaches great importance to the marine reproduction and the reproduction of fisheries resources, and has always insisted on the marine reproduction and releasing of prawns and other species, a measure which has achieved positive results.
中国自六十年代开始进行海洋油气资源的自营勘探开发，八十年代开始吸引外国资金和技术，进行合作勘探开发。中国的海洋石油天然气开发实行油气并重，向气倾斜，自营勘探开发与对外合作相结合，上下游一体化的政策，并取得了重大进展。到1997年底，中国已与18个国家和地区的67个石油公司签订了131项合同和协议，引进资金近60亿美元；发现含油气构造100多个，找到石油地质储量17亿吨，天然气3500亿立方米；已有20个油气田投入开发，形成了海洋石油天然气产业。1997年，中国海洋石油产量超过1629万吨，天然气产量为40亿立方米。
As far back as in the 1960s China began to explore and exploit offshore oil and gas resources on its own. In the 1980s it started to absorb foreign capital and technology to develop this industry in cooperation with foreign companies. In exploiting offshore oil and natural gas, China follows the policy of placing equal stress on oil and gas, with the balance inclined slightly toward gas, combining domestic exploration and exploitation with cooperation with foreign companies, and integrating upstream and downstream. As a result, great progress has been made. By the end of 1997 China had signed 131 contracts and agreements with 67 oil companies from 18 countries and regions and imported a total capital of close to six billion US dollars for this industry. At the same time, more than 100 structures with oil and gas had been discovered, and 1.7 billion tons of oil reserves and 350 billion cu m of natural gas had been found. Twenty oil and gas fields are under development. With an offshore oil and natural gas industry in place, in 1997 China's offshore oil output exceeded 16.29 million tons, and its natural gas output stood at four billion cu m.
中国制定了深水深用、合理利用岸线资源的政策，一切深水岸线优先用于港口建设，积极发展海洋运输业。新中国成立以来，特别是改革开放以来，海洋运输业的发展取得了很大成绩。到1997年底，中国民用船舶已发展到32万艘，近5000万载重吨，其中从事外贸运输的船队达2300多万载重吨。中国的港口建设和海洋运输依据建设水运主通道、港口主枢纽和水运支持保障系统的规划设想，以集装箱、煤炭、石油、矿石、粮食等大宗货物专业化泊位建设为重点，配套建设后方集疏运通路，加快装运卸系统建设，建设干线与支线衔接、装卸配套技术先进的集装箱运输系统，同时强化老港口技术改造，提高吞吐能力和效率。目前，中国共有年吞吐量1000万吨以上的海港15个。1997年，沿海主要海港货物吞吐总量达9.05亿吨。近年来，中国沿海造船业呈高速发展态势，1997年造船总吨位居世界第三。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has worked out a policy of utilizing its deep-sea waters and coastal resources in a rational way. According to the policy, priority shall be given to the construction of harbors in deepwater coastal areas, and vigorous efforts will be made to develop marine transportation. Significant achievements have been attained in marine transportation development since the founding of New China, especially since the implementation of reform and opening to the outside world. By the end of 1997, merchant ships had increased to 320,000 with a total deadweight tonnage of close to 50 million, of which more than 23 million were of the fleets in foreign trade transportation. Harbor construction and marine transportation in China are based on the planning concept of constructing major waterways, harbor hubs and water transport support system. China will put special efforts into the construction of specialized berths for bulk goods such as containers, coal, oil, ore and grain, set up collection and distribution channels in the rear, speed up the establishment of a modern loading-unloading-hauling system, and construct a container transport system with advanced freight-handling technologies and featuring a combination of trunk lines with branch lines while strengthening the technical transformation of old harbors to improve their handling capacity and efficiency. At present, China has 15 harbors each with an annual handling capacity of more than 10 million tons. In 1997 the volume of freight handled by the country's major coastal harbors totaled 905 million tons. In recent years China's coastal shipbuilding industry has shown a trend of rapid development, and in 1997 China's shipbuilding tonnage ranked third in the world.
中国的海洋旅游业采取依托沿海城市，突出海洋特色，分区分片建设的政策。近年来，沿海地区开发建设了300多处海洋和海岛旅游娱乐区，兴建了各具特色的旅游娱乐设施，使海洋旅游业成为迅速发展的新兴海洋产业。1997年，中国海洋旅游共接待境外游客超过1000万人次。
China's marine tourism development policy features relying on the coastal cities, stressing marine characteristics, and developing it region by region and sector by sector. In recent years, the coastal areas have created more than 300 marine and island tourism and recreational zones, with a variety of marine features. Marine tourism is now a burgeoning industry. In 1997 this sector received more than 10 million overseas tourists.
中国是世界上最早利用海水制盐的国家之一。目前，海水资源开发采取以盐为主、盐化结合，积极发展海水综合利用的方针，形成了盐业、盐化工业，以及海水直接利用和海水淡化等新兴产业。中国有盐田面积43万公顷，1997年生产原盐2928.1万吨。中国的盐化工业产品主要有氯化钾、溴素、无水硝、氯化镁等，其中氯化钾、溴素等总产量超过50万吨。天津、大连、青岛、烟台、秦皇岛等沿海城市，都在扩大直接利用海水作为工业冷却水和大生活用水，这对于缓解中国淡水资源严重短缺的状况意义重大。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China was one of the world's pioneers in making salt from seawater. Some of China's new industries are associated with this aspect of marine resources development and exploitation: salt, salt chemicals, direct seawater utilization and seawater desalination. With an area of 430,000 ha, China's salt pans produced 29.281 million tons of raw salt in 1997. The major salt chemical products are potassium chloride, bromide, anhydrous nitre and magnesium chloride. The annual output of potassium chloride and bromide each exceeds 500,000 tons. In addition, Tianjin, Dalian, Qingdao, Yantai, Qinhuangdao and other coastal cities are now making efforts to use more seawater directly as industrial chilled water and non-potable water, which is of great significance for alleviating China's serious shortage of freshwater resources.
中国政府把大洋矿产资源勘探开发列为国家长远发展项目给予专项投资，成立了负责协调、管理中国在国际海底区域进行勘探开发活动的专门机构。中国是国际海底区域第五大投资国，并在国际海底区域获得了7.5万平方公里的专属勘探开发区。今后，中国将一如既往地积极参与国际海底的管理和开发活动，发展勘探开发新技术，为全人类和平利用国际海底资源作出应有的贡献。
The Chinese government has listed the exploration and exploitation of the mineral resources of the Pacific Ocean as a long-term development project for which it intends to offer special investment. Meanwhile, it has established a special institution in charge of coordinating and administering China's exploratory and exploitative activities in the international seabed region. China is the fifth-largest investor in international efforts for seabed development, and has obtained an exclusive exploration and development area of 75,000 sq km. In the future, China will continue to actively participate in the administration and development of international seabed areas, and develop new exploration and exploitation technologies to make its due contribution to the peaceful utilization of international seabed resources for the benefit of the whole of mankind.
三、保护和保全海洋环境
III. The Protection and Preservation of the Marine Environment
中国十分重视海洋环境保护工作，逐步建立了海洋环境保护机构和海洋环境保护法规体系，社会各界保护海洋的意识和法制观念不断增强，海洋环境保护事业不断取得新进展。由于海洋环境保护工作不断加强，在沿海地区国民经济快速增长，入海污染物急剧增加的情况下，污染严重恶化的势头得到缓解，局部海区的环境质量得到改善，并使大面积海域水质基本保持在良好的状态。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China attaches great importance to the protection of the marine environment. Organs and laws aimed at marine environmental protection have been gradually established, and the people's consciousness of the importance of protecting the marine environment and abiding by the laws have been further strengthened, both of which have speeded up the work of marine environmental protection. As a result, the momentum of serious marine pollution has been slowed; the environmental quality of some of the country's sea areas has been improved; and most offshore waters are of good quality, despite the drastic increase in the amounts of pollutants brought about by the booming economy of the coastal areas.
1982年，中国全国人大常委会通过了《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》。这是中国保护海洋环境的基本法律，对防止因海岸工程建设、海洋石油勘探开发、船舶航行、废物倾倒、陆源污染物排入而损害海洋环境等作了法律规定。中国政府还颁布了《中华人民共和国防止船舶污染海域管理条例》、《中华人民共和国海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》、《中华人民共和国海洋倾废管理条例》、《中华人民共和国防止拆船污染环境管理条例》、《中华人民共和国防止陆源污染物污染损害海洋环境管理条例》和《中华人民共和国防止海岸工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》，以及10余项政府各部门制定的海洋环境保护规章和保护标准等，形成了海洋环境保护法律体系。国家有关部门还制定了海洋环境保护规划和计划，以及湿地保护、生物多样性保护等专业计划，建立了全海域海洋监测网和近岸海域环境监测网。
In 1982 the Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, a basic law of the country to protect the marine environment, was approved by the NPC Standing Committee to prevent damage to the marine environment resulting from coastal construction projects, offshore oil exploration and exploitation, navigation of ships, wastes dumping, and discharge of land-sourced pollutants. Later, several concrete regulations were issued by the Chinese government, such as the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Marine Pollution Caused by Ships, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Environmental Protection and Control Pertaining to Offshore Oil Exploration and Exploitation, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Control of the Marine Dumping of Wastes, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution from Shipbreaking, Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment from Land-Sourced Pollutants, and Regulations of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Pollution Damage to the Marine Environment from Coastal Construction Projects. In addition, a dozen rules and standards were enacted concerning marine environmental protection by government departments. All of these laws, regulations and rules have formed a legal framework for marine environmental protection. Besides, programs and plans for marine environmental protection, professional plans for the protection of wetlands and biological diversity, an overall marine monitoring network and a nearshore environmental monitoring network have also been put in place by related state organizations.
近年来，中国逐步建立了海洋环境保护管理体制。国家环境保护部门主管全国海洋环境保护工作；国家海洋管理部门负责组织海洋环境的调查、监测、监视，开展科学研究，并主管防止海洋石油勘探开发和海洋倾废污染损害的环境保护工作；国家港务监督机构负责船舶排污的监督和调查处理，以及港区水域的监视，并主管防止船舶污染损害的环境保护工作；国家渔政渔港监督机构负责渔港船舶排污的监督和渔业港区水域的监视；军队环境保护部门负责军用船舶排污的监督和军港水域的监视；沿海地方人民政府环境保护部门主管防止海岸工程和陆源污染物污染损害的环境保护工作等等。这一分工合作的管理体制，对确保海洋环境保护法律的实施及有效保护海洋环境发挥了重要作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, an administration system for marine environmental protection has been gradually set up: State environmental protection departments are in charge of marine environmental protection for the whole country; state marine administrations are responsible for the organization of survey, monitoring and surveillance of the marine environment, the conduct of scientific research and the prevention of pollution damage to the marine environment resulting from offshore oil exploration and exploitation and the dumping of wastes at sea; state harbor administrations are responsible for the supervision, investigation and disposal of pollutant discharge by ships, the surveillance of harbor waters and the prevention of pollution damage to the marine environment caused by vessels; state fishing port administrations are responsible for the supervision of pollutant discharge by fishing boats and the surveillance of fishing grounds; environmental protection organs of the armed forces are responsible for the supervision of pollutant discharge by military vessels and surveillance of naval port waters; and environmental protection organs of the local people's governments in coastal areas are responsible for the environmental protection work of preventing pollution damage resulting from coastal construction projects and land-sourced pollutants. This coordinated network plays an important role in the implementation of the related laws and the efficient protection of the marine environment.
中国的海洋污染管理贯彻预防为主、防治结合的方针。在做好海洋生物资源保护和海上污染防治的同时，把防治陆源性污染作为海洋环保的重点。在控制陆源污染方面建立了一系列制度，加强重点排污口的监测、监视和管理。大中城市不断调整工业布局，加强技术改造，开展三废综合利用，对污染严重的企业限期治理或关、停、并、转、迁，还建设了一批污水处理厂，控制新污染源，减少了陆源污染物入海量。为防止船舶和港口污染海洋，各类船舶均按规定装备了油水分离装置，编制了《船上油污应急计划》。港口普遍建设了含油污水接收处理设施和应急器材，每年处理船舶含油污水370万吨，回收废油4.2万吨。为了防止海上石油开发对海洋环境的污染，采油平台全部配备了含油污水处理装置，钻井船舶全部配备了机舱油水分离装置，各油田都配备了围油栏、化学消油剂，以及溢油回收船。海上油田还制定了《海洋石油勘探开发溢油应急计划》。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China carries out the policy of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control in managing existing marine pollution. While endeavoring to make a success in the protection of marine biological resources and the prevention and control of marine pollution, China makes the prevention and control of land-sourced pollution the focal point of its marine environmental protection work. A series of regulations have been drawn up to check land-sourced pollutant emission, and enhance the monitoring, surveillance and control of the main pollutant-emission outlets. Large and medium-sized cities have paid constant attention to readjusting the distribution of industries, improving technical transformation, and recovering waste gas, waste water and industrial residue (the "three wastes") for multipurpose use. Enterprises creating serious pollution are required to take effective measures to control it within a definite period of time; otherwise they have to close down, suspend operations, merge with other plants, change their products or move to other places. Besides, a number of sewage treatment plants have been built to control new pollution sources and reduce the amount of land-sourced pollutants dumped into the sea. To prevent marine pollution resulting from ship and port discharge, in addition to the formulation of the Crash Program to Combat Ships' Oil Pollution, oil-water separators have been installed aboard ships of all types in accordance with relevant stipulations, and oil-polluted water treatment equipment, including emergency treatment equipment, has been installed at all sea ports. This equipment can help dispose of 3.7 million tons of oil-polluted water from vessels and recover 42,000 tons of waste oil a year. Similarly, to prevent marine environment pollution resulting from offshore oil exploitation, besides the formulation by offshore oilfields of the Crash Program to Combat Oil Spills During Offshore Oil Exploration and Exploitation, oil-polluted water treatment equipment has been installed on all drilling platforms, engine-room oil-water separators have also been installed aboard all drilling ships, and oil barriers, chemical de-oiling agents and spill recovery ships provided in all China's offshore oilfields.
作为《1972年防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》（伦敦倾废公约）的缔约国，中国重视执行该公约的规定，并不断加强对海洋倾废的管理。到目前为止，中国已建立了34个三类疏浚物倾倒区，4个空中放油区，签发倾倒许可证近2000份。同时，大力加强倾倒区的环境质量监测工作。中国严格禁止在海上处置一切放射性物质，逐步停止海上倾倒工业废物，并禁止有毒废物海上焚烧。
As one of the contracting parties to the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matters signed in 1972 in London, China attaches great importance to the fulfillment of the provisions under the convention and is steadily improving its control of the dumping of wastes into the sea. So far, China has designated 34 dumping areas for dredged materials of the third category and four areas for midair oil discharge. It has issued about 2,000 dumping permits and tightened up the monitoring of the environmental quality of dumping areas. Besides, it has strictly prohibited the disposal of any radioactive substance and incineration of toxic waste at sea, and plans to gradually stop the dumping of industrial waste into the sea.
为了保护渔业水域的生态环境，中国政府制定了《渔业水质标准》，有关部门还制定了《贝类生产环境卫生监督管理规定》等规章制度，并采取了一系列管理措施，加强对海洋鱼、虾类产卵场、索饵场、越冬场、洄游通道、养殖场的生态环境保护。国家和沿海地区建立了多级渔业环境保护机构，全国建立了15个省级以上海洋渔业环境监测站，重点渔业水域建立了一批海洋生物保护区。1995年，中国政府有关部门制定《海洋自然保护区管理办法》，贯彻养护为主、适度开发、持续发展的方针，对各类海洋自然保护区划分为核心区、缓冲区和试验区，加强海洋自然保护区的建设和管理。目前，已建立各种类型海洋自然保护区59个，总面积1.29万平方公里，其中包括海湾保护区、海岛保护区、河口海岸保护区、珊瑚礁保护区、红树林保护区、海岸泻湖保护区、海洋自然历史遗址保护区、海草床保护区和湿地保护区等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To protect the ecological environment of fishing grounds, the Water Quality Standards of Fishing Grounds have been drawn up by the Chinese government and the Regulations on the Supervision and Control of the Environmental Sanitation of Shellfish-Raising Areas and other regulations have been drawn up by departments concerned. In addition, a sequence of measures have been taken to further strengthen the eco-environmental protection of spawning grounds of saltwater fish and shrimps, feeding grounds, wintering grounds, migration channels and aquatic farms. A multilevel setup for the protection of the fisheries environment has been established by the state and coastal region authorities, including 15 monitoring stations at and above the provincial level around the country and a number of marine life protected areas in major fishing grounds. In 1995 the department concerned worked out the Procedures for the Administration of Marine Reserves, based on the guiding principle of ``conservation first, appropriate exploitation and sustainable development,'' and divided each marine nature reserve into core, buffer and experimental zones, in order to improve the building and management of the marine nature reserves. At present 59 marine protected areas, covering gulfs, islands, estuaries, coasts, coral reefs, mangrove swamps, coastal lagoons, marine natural history sites, seaweed beds and wetlands, have been built, covering a total area of 12,900 sq km.
中国是世界上海洋灾害最严重的国家之一。影响中国沿海的风暴潮、海浪、海冰、地震海啸、海岸侵蚀、台风和海雾，以及赤潮生物灾害等海洋灾害，在各类自然灾害总经济损失中约占10%。经过几十年的努力，中国已初步建成了由近海到远海、多部门合作的海洋环境及灾害观测网络和预报、警报系统，开展了主要海洋灾害分析、预警报和评估业务，建设了海上搜救中心和沿岸防灾准备应急系统，形成了海洋减灾体系。
China is one of the countries which are most vulnerable to marine calamities. The economic losses suffered by the coastal areas from storms, tidal waves, ice floes, seaquakes, coastal erosion, typhoons, fog and red tides account for about 10 percent of the total of all natural disasters afflicting China. After making unremitting efforts for decades, China has installed a basic marine environment and disaster observation network and forecast-alarm system, covering both offshore areas and distant waters, with the cooperation of several departments. This network engages in analysis, forecast and grading of major marine calamities, and runs maritime rescue centers and coastal emergency stations. As a result, a marine disaster alleviation framework has been put in place.
随着沿海地区经济的迅速发展、人口的逐步增加和海洋开发规模的不断扩大，中国海洋环境保护和减灾工作面临的形势依然严峻。为了保护和保全海洋环境，中国制定了《全国海洋环保“九五”（1996—2000年）计划和2010年长远规划》，继续贯彻预防为主、防治结合，谁污染谁治理，强化环境管理三大政策，并采取以下主要措施保护海洋环境：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The rapid economic growth and steady population increase in the coastal areas, coupled with the constant expansion of marine exploitation, mean that China continues to face problems of marine environmental protection and disaster alleviation. To cope with this situation, China has adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) and Long-Term Program to the Year 2010 for National Marine Environmental Protection, which further advances the three major policies of "putting prevention first, combining prevention with control", "making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it" and "improving the control of the environment". The following are the principal measures China will take to protect the marine environment:
——加强污染源控制，制定入海河流全流域水质目标，建立重点海域排污总量控制制度，确定主要污染物排海指标，严格限制超过规定数量的排放；
--Control of pollution sources will be enhanced by setting quality standards for the water in all parts of rivers which flow into the sea, establishing a system to control the total amount of pollutant discharge into the key sea areas, identifying the marine discharge indices of the main pollutants, and strictly restricting discharge above the initial amount;
——加强海洋污染调查、监测和管理，完善污染监测网，健全卫星、船舶、岸站立体监视和执法体系；
--The investigation, monitoring and control of marine pollution will be stepped up by improving the pollution monitoring network, strengthening surveillance by satellites, ships and offshore monitoring stations, and perfecting the law enforcement system;
——逐步建立排污收费制度，鼓励社会各方面发展海洋环保技术和产业；
--Fees will gradually be levied for pollutant discharge, and all walks of life will be encouraged to develop marine environmental protection technologies and industries;
——加强海洋监测和灾害预警系统建设，建设观测网、数据采集与通讯网、预警和服务网，以及资料质量控制系统，等等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
--The construction of the system of marine monitoring and disaster forecasting and alarm will be stepped up, complete with an observation network, a data collection and communication network, a forecast-alarm and service network and a data quality control system.
四、发展海洋科学技术和教育
IV. The Development of Oceanographic Science, Technology and Education
近年来，中国不断深化海洋资源和环境调查、勘探，积极寻找新的可开发资源，研究新的开发、保护技术和方法，大力培养海洋开发与保护的科技人才队伍，普及海洋知识，努力提高全民族的海洋意识。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years China has made further efforts to promote the investigation and exploration of marine resources and the marine environment, search actively for new exploitable resources, study new techniques and methods of marine resources exploitation and protection, train technical personnel in marine development and protection, and spread oceanographic knowledge among the general public in order to rouse the whole nation to protect the marine environment.
中国现有涉海科研机构109个、科研人员13000多人，已经形成了一支学科比较齐全的海洋科技队伍，在海洋调查和科学考察、海洋基础科学研究、海洋资源开发与保护、海洋监测技术以及海洋技术装备制造等方面取得了许多成绩。
On the basis of a multidisciplinary oceanographic research setup, which consists of 109 research institutes and 13,000-some research personnel, China has many achievements to its credit in oceanographic survey and research, studies in basic oceanographic science, development and protection of ocean resources, marine monitoring technologies and manufacturing of oceanographic technical equipment.
新中国成立以来，在海洋调查和海洋科学考察方面做了大量的工作。其调查范围从近海逐步扩展到大洋，调查方式从海面观测逐步发展到航空航天遥感、海面观测、水下探查。早在1958年至1960年，中国就组织了全国海洋综合普查；1980年至1986年，进行了全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查，并开展了海岸带综合开发利用试验；1988年至1995年，又进行了全国海岛资源综合调查和海岛综合开发试验等等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 a large amount of work has been done in the field of oceanographic surveys and research, which started in offshore areas with surface observation of the sea and later expanded to deep-sea regions by means of aerospace remote sensing and underwater detection, as well as surface observation. As early as in the period 1958-1960 a national comprehensive survey of China's offshore waters was made; later, from 1980 to 1986, a comprehensive survey of coastal zones and shoals resources was conducted nationwide, along with the launching of a number of pilot projects on the comprehensive development and utilization of coastal zones; and from 1988 to 1995 a general investigation of the country's island resources and an experiment on their comprehensive development were carried out.
1983年，中国加入了《南极条约》，并从1984年开始进行南极及其周围海域调查，到1997年共进行了14次科学考察，先后建立了长城、中山南极科学考察站，为人类和平利用南极作出了积极贡献。1996年中国又加入了国际北极科学委员会，积极参与《北极在全球变化中的作用》等相关的国际合作项目。
China signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1983 and began to make surveys of the Antarctic and the surrounding sea areas in 1984. By 1997 the country had completed 14 programs of scientific investigation in this region, using the Great Wall and Zhongshan survey stations as bases. Thus, China has made positive contributions to the world's peaceful exploitation of the Antarctic. In 1996 China joined the International Scientific Committee on North Pole Research, and has taken an active part in international cooperation projects in the Arctic, such as "The Role of the Polar Region in Global Change".
中国海洋科学研究以近海陆架区海洋学为主，已经形成了具有区域特征的多学科的海洋科学体系。国家有关部门制定了海洋科学发展战略和支持海洋科学发展的规划和计划。近年来，中国在物理海洋学、生物海洋学、海洋地质学、海洋化学等学科取得了显著进展，为海洋渔业发展、海洋油气资源开发、海洋环境保护和海洋防灾减灾等，提供了科学指导和依据。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
With more attention paid to the study of the inshore shelf oceanography, China has established a multidisciplinary oceanographic research system with regional characteristics. Under the direction of the oceanographic development strategy and the support programs and plans for the development of oceanography drawn up by relevant state departments, marked progress has been made in recent years in physical oceanography, biological oceanography, marine geology and marine chemistry. These achievements have provided scientific directions and references for the promotion of offshore fishing and oil and gas exploitation, protection of the marine environment, and reduction and prevention of marine disasters.
中国积极发展海洋技术，已经形成了海洋环境技术、资源勘探开发技术、海洋通用工程技术三大类，包括20多个技术领域的海洋技术体系。目前，中国正在实施海洋高技术计划、海洋科技攻关计划和“科技兴海”计划。中国海洋高技术研究的重点是海洋监测技术、海洋探查资源开发技术、海洋生物技术。海洋科技攻关计划的重点是海岸带资源与环境可持续利用、海水淡化、海洋能利用和海水资源综合利用等与现代海洋开发直接相关的领域。1996年，中国政府有关部门联合制定了《“九五”（1996—2000年）和2010年全国科技兴海实施纲要》。据此，中国重点研究、开发和推广海洋增养殖技术、海洋生物资源深加工技术、海洋药物开发提取技术和海水化学资源利用技术。通过实施这个纲要，培育海洋科技企业，带动海洋产业生产力水平的提高，并力争使科技进步在海洋产业产值增长中的贡献率从30%提高到50%。
China makes vigorous efforts for the development of oceanographic technologies, building up an oceanographic technology system focusing mainly on the marine environment, exploration and exploitation of marine resources, and general marine engineering, and covering more than 20 technological fields. The country has now turned its attention to implementing a marine high-tech program, a program for tackling key problems in marine science and technology and one for marine development by reliance on science and technology. In its marine high-tech research China gives priority to technologies covering marine monitoring, marine exploration and resources exploitation, deep-sea exploration and marine biology. The program for tackling key problems in marine science and technology centers on fields directly related to modern marine development, such as sustainable exploitation of the resources and environment of coastal zones, desalinization of seawater, exploitation of marine energy and comprehensive utilization of seawater resources. In 1996 government departments concerned jointly formulated the National Plan for Implementing the "Program for Marine Development by Reliance on Science and Technology" in the Ninth Five-Year Period (1996-2000) and to the Year 2010, which focuses on research, development and dissemination of the technologies of marine reproduction and mariculture, fine processing of marine biological resources, exploration and extraction of marine pharmaceuticals and exploitation of chemical resources in seawater. Through implementation of this plan, China hopes to foster marine technology enterprises, improve the productivity of the marine industries, and make the technological progress factor rise from 30 percent to 50 percent in the output increase of the marine industries.
中国初步形成了海洋专业教育、海洋职业教育、公众海洋知识教育体系。目前共有设立海洋专业的高等院校37所，中等专业学校29所，不断为海洋事业输送大批科技与管理人才。海洋职业教育现有20多个技术岗位，仅近3年就培训8000多人。中国还常年利用新闻媒体对青少年进行海洋知识教育，并在沿海地区公众中开展合理开发利用海洋和保护海洋环境的常识教育。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has basically evolved an oceanographic education system embracing professional education, vocational education and popular knowledge education. Oceanography as an area of study is taught in 37 institutions of higher learning and 29 secondary specialized schools in China, training large numbers of technical and managerial personnel. The vocational schools, offering courses in more than 20 oceanographic fields, have trained more than 8,000 people in the past three years. The mass media is frequently used in China to inform young people about oceanographic topics and educate the people living in coastal regions in the proper way to exploit marine resources and protect the marine environment.
经过几十年的发展，中国已经建成了以国家海洋信息中心为主的海洋资料信息服务系统，为海洋开发、海洋科研和环境保护提供了大量的信息服务。九十年代初，中国初步建成了国家有关部门、产业、研究机构、沿海地区共同参与的海洋信息交换网络。
In addition, a service system providing oceanographic data and information headed by the National Oceanographic Information Center has been established in China in the wake of the progress in the past dozens of years in this field; it provides comprehensive information services for ocean development, oceanographic research and marine environmental protection. Besides, in the early 1990s China built up a basic network jointly run by government departments concerned, enterprises, research institutes and coastal zones to promote oceanographic information exchanges.
为进一步发展海洋科学技术，推动海洋开发保护事业发展，中国政府制定了《中长期海洋科技发展纲要》、《海洋技术政策（蓝皮书）》和多项海洋科技发展规划。今后中国海洋科技发展的主要目标是：加强基础科学研究，解决海洋资源开发与环境保护的关键技术，提高海洋科技产业化水平，增强海洋开发和减灾、防灾的服务保障能力，提高对海洋环境的保护能力，缩小中国海洋科技水平与发达国家的差距。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To give a further boost to oceanographic technology, offshore development and marine environment protection, the Chinese government has worked out the Medium- and Long-Term Program for the Development of Oceanographic Science and Technology, the Oceanographic Technology Policy (Blue Paper) and a number of concrete development plans. The main tasks for oceanographic technology development in the future are: To strengthen research into basic oceanographic science; tackle the key technologies of marine resources exploitation and environmental protection; promote the application of oceanographic technologies to marine industries; improve marine resources development and service support for marine disaster prevention and reduction; improve marine environmental protection; and narrow the gap between China and the developed countries in oceanographic technology.
五、实施海洋综合管理
V. The Implementation of Comprehensive Marine Management
1992年联合国环境与发展大会制定的《21世纪议程》提出，为了保证海洋的可持续利用和海洋事业的协调发展，沿海国家应建立海洋综合管理制度。这一倡议得到了包括中国在内的世界各国的普遍赞同。近年来，中国陆续建立并完善了国家和沿海地方海洋管理机构，形成了一定规模的海洋执法、管理监测和科学研究队伍，并制定了有关法规，开展各项海洋综合管理工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The UNCED Agenda 21, formulated at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, recommends that a comprehensive marine management system be established by countries with sea coasts to ensure sustainable utilization of the sea and coordinated development of the marine programs. This recommendation has received endorsement from all the countries in the world, including China. In recent years China has established and perfected state marine management organs as well as local organs in coastal regions, with a fairly large contingent of personnel engaged in marine law enforcement, management, monitoring and scientific research. Marine-related laws and regulations have been formulated and comprehensive management exercised.
中国加强了有关海洋领域的法制建设。中国全国人大通过了《中华人民共和国领海及毗连区法》、《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》、《中华人民共和国海上交通安全法》、《中华人民共和国渔业法》、《中华人民共和国矿产资源法》等海洋和涉海管理法律。国务院制定了《对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例》、《涉外海洋科学调查研究管理规定》、《铺设海底电缆管道管理规定》和《矿产资源勘查区块登记管理办法》等行政法规。这些法律、行政法规的内容与《联合国海洋法公约》的原则和有关规定是一致的；它们的制定和实施，既维护了国家主权和海洋权益，也促进了海洋资源的合理开发和海洋环境的有效保护，使中国的海洋综合管理初步走上法制化轨道。
China has also improved its legislation work concerning maritime matters. The National People's Congress has adopted the Law of the People's Republic of China on Its Territorial Seas and Adjacent Zones, Marine Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, Maritime Traffic Safety Law of the People's Republic of China, Fisheries Law of the People's Republic of China, Mineral Resources Law of the People's Republic of China and other related laws. The State Council has promulgated administrative regulations, encompassing the Regulations on the Exploitation of Offshore Petroleum Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Enterprises, Regulations on the Administration of Sino-Foreign Oceanographic Surveys, Regulations Governing the Laying of Submarine Cables and Pipelines, and Procedures for the Registration and Administration of Mineral Resources Survey Zones and Sectors. In content, these laws and administrative regulations are all consistent with the principles and relevant provisions contained in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. The formulation and implementation of these laws, rules and regulations has, on the one hand, protected China's state sovereignty and marine rights and interests, and on the other, promoted the rational development of marine resources and the effective protection of the marine environment. Comprehensive management of China's marine areas is beginning to be contained within a legal framework.
为了科学、有效地进行海洋综合管理，1989年至1995年，国家有关部门和沿海地区编制了海洋功能区划，划出了3663个海洋功能区，包括开发利用区、治理保护区、自然保护区、特殊功能区、保留区等不同类型。1991年至1994年，国家有关部门和沿海地区编制了《全国海洋开发规划》，提出了海洋开发的战略目标、海洋产业结构和布局规划、海洋开发的区域规划，以及推动海洋开发的政策和措施。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Aiming at the scientific, effective and comprehensive management of marine areas, from 1989 to 1995 a total of 3,663 marine zones have been divided into different functional types by the relevant departments of the central and coastal area governments, encompassing development and utilization zones, control and protection zones, nature preservation zones, special function zones and reserved zones. From 1991 to 1994, these departments worked out the National Plan for Marine Development, in which the strategic objective of marine development, marine industrial production and distribution planning, and regional marine development planning were put forward, along with policies and measures to promote marine development.
近年来，中国积极开展海岸带综合管理试验，并取得了一些可喜成绩。1979年至1986年开展的“全国海岸带和海涂资源综合调查”，为开展海岸带综合管理积累了丰富的资料。自1994年起，中国政府与联合国开发计划署等机构合作，在厦门市建立海岸带综合管理示范区，取得了良好的效果，受到国际组织的好评，为中国和其他国家进行海岸带综合管理提供了经验。1997年，中国又与联合国开发计划署合作，在广西的防城市、广东的阳江市、海南的文昌市进行海岸带综合管理试验。
In recent years, China has achieved gratifying successes in comprehensive management experiments in the coastal zones. The Comprehensive Survey of China's Coastal Zones and Tideland Resources, which was carried out from 1979 to 1986, has accumulated abundant information for further efforts to be made in this field. Since 1994, construction of the Coastal Zone Model Comprehensive Management Area has been going on in Xiamen, with joint efforts by the Chinese government, the UN Development Program (UNDP) and other organizations. This project, which has achieved good results, has been praised by international organizations and provided experience for China and other countries to draw on for work in this regard. In 1997, China again cooperated with the UNDP in coastal zone comprehensive management experiments carried out in Fangcheng in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Yangjiang in Guangdong Province and Wenchang in Hainan Province.
海洋综合管理的基本目的是保证海洋环境的健康和资源的可持续利用。为更好地做好这项工作，中国今后将在以下几个方面继续作出努力：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The basic objective of comprehensive marine management is to ensure a healthy marine environment and the sustainable utilization of marine resources. To make a greater success in this, China will make further efforts in this field, as follows:
——完善海域使用管理法律制度；
--It will perfect the legal system pertaining to the use and administration of sea areas;
——建立和完善海洋综合管理信息系统，深化海洋资源环境调查和评价；
--It will set up and perfect an information system to bolster comprehensive marine management, and expand the survey and appraisal of marine resources and the marine environment;
——制定大比例尺海洋功能区划和综合性海洋开发保护规划；
--It will formulate large-scale offshore functional divisions and plans for comprehensive marine development and protection;
——建立综合决策机制，促进海洋事业协调发展；
--It will set up an overall policy-making mechanism to promote the coordinated development of marine programs;
——逐步完善多职能的海上监察执法队伍，形成空中、海面、岸站一体化海洋监察管理体系；
--It will gradually perfect the multi-functional force of marine supervision and law enforcement personnel so as to form an integrated air, sea and onshore marine surveillance and management system;
——广泛动员社会各界参与海洋资源和环境保护，增强广大民众热爱海洋、保护海洋的意识。
--It will mobilize people from all walks of life to take part in the protection of marine resources and the marine environment and enhance their consciousness of the need to cherish and protect the ocean.
六、海洋事务的国际合作
VI. International Cooperation in Maritime Affairs
世界海洋是一个整体，研究、开发和保护海洋需要世界各国的共同努力。中国作为一个重要的发展中国家，深知自己在国际海洋事务方面担负的责任和义务。中国一贯主张和平利用海洋，合作开发和保护海洋，公平解决海洋争端。中国积极参与国际和地区海洋事务，推动海洋领域的合作与交流，认真履行自己承担的义务，为国际海洋事业的发展作出了应有的贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
As the world's oceans are an integral whole, the research, development and protection of the oceans require common efforts by all countries in the world. As an important developing country, China is well aware of its responsibilities and obligations concerning international maritime affairs. China has consistently insisted that the ocean be peacefully utilized, and jointly developed and protected, and disputes over maritime matters be settled in a fair manner. China has always taken an active part in international and regional maritime affairs, promoted cooperation and exchanges in this field, conscientiously fulfilled its duties and contributed its share to international development of the oceans.
中国支持并积极参与联合国系统开展的各种海洋事务，相继加入了联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会、海洋研究科学委员会、海洋气象委员会、国际海事组织、联合国粮农组织、北太平洋海洋科学组织、太平洋科学技术大会等近20个国际组织，并与几十个国家在海洋事务方面开展了广泛的合作与交流。
China has always supported and actively participated in the various forms of marine-related activities promoted by the United Nations. China has joined nearly 20 international organizations, including the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO/IOC), Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Commission on Maritime Meteorology (CMM), International Maritime Organization (IMO), UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES), and Pacific Conference on Science and Technology (PACON). China has also engaged extensively in cooperation and exchanges in maritime affairs with scores of countries in the world.
中国参与了联合国第三次海洋法会议的历次会议和《联合国海洋法公约》的制定工作，并成为缔约国。中国还参加了联合国国际海底管理局、国际海洋法法庭筹备委员会会议，以及国际海底管理局的建立工作，并当选为国际海底管理局首届B类理事国。中国作为国际海底开发先驱投资者，投入了大量的资金、技术和人才，进行海底区域的勘探活动，不仅维护了中国在国际海底的权益，而且也是对人类开发利用大洋资源的贡献。中国学者还当选为首任国际海洋法法庭法官，在国际海洋事务中发挥了积极作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In addition, China has attended all the sessions of the Third Conference on the Law of the Sea of the United Nations (UNCLOS) and joined the formulation of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, thus becoming a contracting party to the latter. It has also attended the meetings of the preparatory committees on the International Seabed Authority (ISA) and the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea. China took part in the establishment of the ISA and was elected as one of its first B-level council member states. As one of the first investors in international seabed development, China has put large amounts of capital, technology and qualified personnel into seabed exploration, which has not only safeguarded China's rights and interests in the international seabed but it also constitutes a contribution to man's endeavors to exploit marine resources. Moreover, a Chinese scientist was elected as one of the first judges of the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea, playing a positive role in international marine affairs.
中国重视公海及其资源的保护管理工作。1993年至1995年，中国参与了联合国关于养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的协定的制定工作。先后与俄罗斯、美国、日本等国就开发和保护白令海渔业资源问题进行谈判，签署并核准了《中白令海狭鳕资源养护和管理公约》。为了保护公海渔业资源，中国参与了保护金枪鱼、鲸类，以及濒危物种的国际活动，加入了《养护大西洋金枪鱼国际公约》，并参加了《促进公海上渔船遵守国际养护和管理措施的协定》的制定工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China sets store by the protection and management of the high seas and their resources. From 1993 to 1995, China participated in the formulation of the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the December 10, 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks. China has successively engaged in negotiations with Russia, the United States and Japan on the development and protection of the fisheries resources of the Bering Sea, and signed and ratified the Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollack Resources in the Central Bering Sea. In order to protect fisheries resources on the high seas, China has taken part in international activities to protect tunas, whales and other endangered species of marine life, acceded to the International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas, and participated in the formulation of the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas.
海洋是全球大通道，海洋交通运输领域的国际合作对于推动全球物资流通和经济发展具有重要意义。作为国际海事组织成员国，中国与51个国家签定了双边海运协定，积极开展海洋交通运输的国际合作与交流。在国际海事组织第16至20届大会上，中国连续当选为A类理事国。中国先后加入了国际海事组织制定的30多项公约，其中包括《1965年便利国际海上运输公约》、《1990年国际油污防备、反应和合作公约》、《1995年海员培训、发证和值班标准国际公约》、《1974年国际海上人命安全公约》、《1973/78年国际防止船舶造成污染公约》及其有关修正案、《1974年海上旅客及其行李运输雅典公约》、《统一船舶碰撞某些法律规定的国际公约》等国际公约。
Oceans being a main artery across the world, international cooperation in sea transportation is of great importance for promoting the interflow of commodities and economic development globalwide. As a member of the IMO China has signed bilateral maritime transportation agreements with 51 countries, making positive efforts to promote international cooperation and exchanges in maritime transportation. At the 16th to 20th sessions of the IMO, China was successively elected as an A-level council member state. China has also acceded to the 30-some conventions formulated by the IMO, such as the 1965 Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1990 International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation, International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, As Amended, 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL, or 73/78 Convention on Pollution Convention), Athens Convention Relating to the Carriage of Passengers and Their Luggage by Sea, 1974, and International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law with Respect to Collision Between Vessels.
中国参与了全球性海洋科研活动，包括全球海洋污染研究与监测、热带海洋与全球大气研究（TOGA）、世界大洋环流试验（WOCE）、全球联合海洋通量研究（JGOFS）、海岸带陆海相互作用研究（LOICE）、全球海洋生态系统动力学（GLOBEC）等，为推动全球海洋科技合作作出了积极努力。1985年至1990年，中国派出3艘船、300多名海洋科技人员参加了热带西太平洋海气耦合响应试验，获得大量科学资料，为了解西太平洋“暖池区”海气耦合作用对全球气候变化的影响，改进全球海洋和气候预报模式，研究厄尔尼诺等现象提供了重要依据。1990年，中国参加了北太平洋海洋科学组织（PICES），并于1992年参加了政府间海洋学委员会西太分委会。中国还参加了联合国亚太经社理事会海洋环境与海洋学研究工作组等地区性组织。中国参与了联合国教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会等国际组织倡导和发起的全球海洋观测计划（GOOS），并发起组织东北亚海洋观测系统。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has also taken part in global oceanographic activities, including the GSMMP (global studies and monitoring of marine pollution), the TOGA (tropical ocean and global atmospheric project), the WOCE (world ocean circulation experiment), the JGOFS (joint global ocean flux study), the LOICE (land-ocean interaction in the coastal zone), and the GLOBEC (global ocean ecosystem dynamics), making positive efforts to promote worldwide oceanographic cooperation. From 1985 to 1990, China sent three ships and more than 300 scientific workers to conduct the coupled ocean and atmospheric response experiment in the tropical Western Pacific (COARE). Large amounts of scientific data were obtained, providing important materials for understanding the influence of that kind of response in the Western Pacific's "Warm Pool" on global climate changes, for improving global ocean and climate forecast modes and studying the El Nino Phenomena. China joined the North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) and the Regional Committee for the Western Pacific of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission in 1990 and 1992, respectively. China also joined the Working Group on Marine Resources Conservation of the Asia-Pacific Economic Conference and other regional organizations, as well as the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) initiated by the UNESCO/IOC and other international organizations, and helped to initiate and organize the Northeast Asia Ocean Observation System.
自八十年代以来，中国同美国、德国、法国、加拿大、西班牙、俄罗斯、朝鲜、韩国、日本等几十个国家广泛开展海洋科技合作，先后进行了长江口、黄河口、黑潮、海气相互作用、海南岛生物多样性等项合作调查和研究，取得了积极成果。仅中国和日本于1986年至1992年合作进行的黑潮调查，就进行了100多个航次的外业调查，交流科学家200多人次，为认识黑潮运动、变化规律和成因，以及西太平洋渔区资源变动等问题积累了大量资料。
Since the 1980s, China has engaged in extensive scientific cooperation in marine projects with dozens of countries, including the United States, Germany, France, Canada, Spain, Russia, the DPRK, the ROK and Japan, resulting in fruitful achievements in projects concerning the deltas of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers, Kuroshio, air-sea interaction, and the bio-diversity of Hainan Island. During the Kuroshio survey, jointly conducted by China and Japan from 1986 to 1992, more than 100 field operations were carried out, and meetings of over 20 scientists were arranged, which helped to accumulate a rich store of information for understanding the movement of Kuroshio, its regular pattern of changes and its origin, as well as the resources variations in the fishing grounds of the Western Pacific.
依据平等互利原则，中国积极开展地区性海洋渔业合作。在1975年中、日渔业协定的框架下，中、日两国每年都协商安排渔业资源的开发和保护工作。1997年中、日两国又签定了新的渔业协定，为中、日之间长期开展渔业合作奠定了基础。中国还与韩国、菲律宾等其他周边国家进行渔业谈判，讨论周边海域渔业资源开发和保护问题。
China has made strenuous efforts to foster cooperation in regional marine fisheries on the principles of equality and mutual benefit. Under the Agreement of Fisheries Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of Japan in 1975, China and Japan arranged for the development and protection of their fisheries resources every year through negotiations. In 1997, China and Japan signed a new agreement on fisheries, laying the foundation for long-term cooperation between the two countries in this regard. China has held talks with the ROK, the Philippines and other neighboring countries on the development and protection of fishery resources in the surrounding sea areas.
中国还承担了帮助发展中国家培训海洋专业和综合管理人才的国际义务，并多次举办海洋方面的国际会议。1987年首次在中国北京举办了国际海洋学院海洋管理培训班。1994年10月，国际海洋学院中国中心在中国设立，到目前为止，已先后举办了3次培训班，为19个发展中国家培训了海洋专业和海洋管理人才50多人次。1996年在中国举办了第24届世界海洋和平大会，发表了北京宣言，取得了积极成果。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China is also committed to helping developing countries train people for marine development and comprehensive management work, and has hosted many international maritime conferences. In 1987, the training course on ocean management of the International Ocean Institute was offered for the first time in Beijing. In October 1994, the China Center of the International Ocean Institute was set up. So far, it has held three training seminars for over 50 people from 19 developing countries, majoring in marine development. In 1996, the Pacem in Maribus XXIV Conference was held in China, at which positive results were attained and a Beijing Declaration was announced.
中国为发展海洋事业，开发和保护海洋作出了积极努力。与此同时，中国政府也清醒地认识到，由于中国是一个发展中国家，发展水平和经济力量有限，使得中国的海洋开发与保护同世界上一些发达国家相比，还存在着差距：中国的海洋科学技术水平还比较低，海洋开发技术装备比较落后，许多海洋开发领域尚处在粗放型阶段，特别是近年来随着沿海地区人口的不断增加和经济的快速发展，给海洋环境的保护和海洋资源的合理开发带来了很大压力。中国已经把合理开发利用与保护海洋资源和环境列入跨世纪的国民经济和社会发展总体规划之中，把海洋事业可持续发展作为一项基本战略。随着社会生产力的不断发展，综合国力的进一步增强，以及国民海洋意识的逐步提高，中国的海洋事业必将得到更大的发展。中国将一如既往地与世界各国和有关国际组织一道，为促进人类开发和保护海洋事业走上可持续发展道路而作出应有的贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
While making great efforts for the development and protection of the ocean, China is clearly aware of the fact that, as a developing country with inadequate level of development and limited economic strength, China has lagged behind some of the developed countries in this regard. The marine scientific and technological level in China is relatively low, the equipment used in marine development is backward and many development areas are still in rough shape. Especially, the increasing population and rapid economic growth in the coastal areas in recent years have put great pressure on the marine environmental protection and hampered the rational development of marine resources. China has put the issue of rational utilization and protection of marine resources and the marine environment into the overall, cross-century plans for national economic and social development, and has adopted the sustainable development of marine programs as a basic strategy. With the continuing growth of the forces of social production, the further building-up of comprehensive national strength and the gradual awakening of the people's consciousness of the importance of marine protection, China's marine programs will definitely enjoy still greater development. Together with other countries and international organizations concerned, China will, as always, play its part in bringing mankind's work for marine development and protection onto the road of sustainable development.
