关于中美贸易平衡问题
On Sino-US Trade Balance
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China
一九九七年三月·北京
March 1997, Beijing
目 录
Contents
一、 迅速发展的中美贸易
I. Soaring Trade Between China and the United States
二、 关于中美贸易平衡的统计问题
II. Statistical Difference in Sino-US Trade Balance
三、 按原产地统计难以真实反映中美贸易平衡状况
III. Statistics Based on Rules of Origin Cannot Accurately Reflect the Situation of Sino-US Trade Balance
四、 美国对中国出口管制是双边贸易平衡的主要障碍
IV. US Export Control Against China -- a Major Obstacle for Bilateral Trade Balance
五、 中美经济贸易合作有着广阔前景
V. Sino-US Economic and Trade Co-operation Shows Vast Vistas
发展中美经贸关系符合两国人民的根本利益。中美建交以来，两国经济贸易关系发展迅速，呈现出比较强的互补性和互利性，也不时出现一些摩擦和分歧。当前，美国方面所过分强调甚至渲染的中美贸易平衡问题，已经影响两国经贸关系的健康发展，也引起有关国家和地区的关注。基于发展中美关系和推动两国贸易的愿望，我们认为有必要就这一问题阐述中国政府的立场和观点。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Developing Sino-US economic and trade relations serves the fundamental interests of both peoples. Following the establishment of diplo"imatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the United States, bilateral economic and trade ties have grown fast, featuring complement and mutual benefit. Occasionally, however, frictions and differences took place. At present, the issue of bilateral trade balance -- much too stressed and even exaggerated by the United States -- has hindered the healthy development of economic and trade relations between the two countries. It has also caused concerns among relevant countries and regions. In our bid to develop Sino-US relations and promote bilateral trade, we think it necessary to make clear the position and viewpoints of the Chinese Government on the issue.
一、迅速发展的中美贸易
I.Soaring Trade Between China and the United States
1979年1月，中美两国正式建立外交关系。同年7月，两国政府签订《中美贸易关系协定》，相互给予最惠国待遇。中美经济贸易从此进入迅速发展时期。据中国方面的统计，1979年中美贸易额为24.5亿美元，1996年达到428.4亿美元，18年累计2606亿美元；从1979年起，美国成为中国第三大贸易伙伴，1996年成为第二大贸易伙伴。据美国方面的统计，1979年双边贸易额为23.7亿美元，1996年达到635亿美元，18年累计3760亿美元；1980年中国是美国第二十四位贸易伙伴，1995年上升为第五位。尽管两国的统计数据不尽相同，但双方的贸易统计都表明，在过去18年中，两国贸易年均增长18%以上。这是中美经济贸易发展的主流。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In January 1979, the People's Republic of China and the United States established formal diplomatic relations. Six months later, the governments of the two countries signed the "Agreement on Trade Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America" granting each other the most-favoured-nation trading status. Since then, Sino-US trade and economic relations entered a period of fast growth. According to Chinese statistics, Sino-US trade volume was 2.45 billion US dollars in 1979 but rocketed to 42.84 billion US dollars in 1996, with an accumulative volume of 260.6 billion US dollars over the past 18 years. The United States became China's third largest trade partner in 1979, and rose to the second place in 1996. According to US statistics, bilateral trade was 2.37 billion US dollars in 1979 and topped 63.5 billion US dollars in 1996, totalling 376 billion US dollars in the past 18 years. Among trade partners of the United States, China ranked the 24th in 1980 and claimed the fifth place in 1995. Despite statistical discrepancies, trade figures of the two sides both suggested an average annual bilateral trade growth rate of more than 18% over the last 18 years. This has been the mainstream in the development of Sino-US economic and trade relations.
1996年，按各自的统计，中国自美国的进口占中国进口总额的11.6%，美国自中国的进口占美国进口总额的5.42%。美国是中国出口增长最快的市场之一，中国也是美国出口增长最快的市场之一。从1990年至1996年，美国对华出口额，双方统计都是年均增长16%以上，大大高于同期美国出口增长速度，居美国对各国出口增长速度的前列。中美两国贸易迅速增长的根本原因，在于两国资源条件、经济结构、产业结构以及消费水平存在着较大差异，经济具有互补性。中国是发展中国家，劳动成本低，但资金短缺，科技相对落后。美国是经济发达国家，资本充足，科技发达，但劳动成本高。中国主要向美国出口纺织品、服装、鞋、玩具、家用电器和旅行箱包等劳动密集型产品。美国主要向中国出口飞机、动力设备、机械设备、电子器件、通讯设备和化工等资本技术密集型产品，以及粮食、棉花等农产品。贸易产品结构的互补性和互利性，有力地推动了两国贸易的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Chinese statistics indicate that, in 1996, US products accounted for 11.6% of China's total imports, while US statistics show 5.42% of its imports last year came from China. The United States is one of the fastest growing markets for Chinese exports while China is also one of the fastest growing markets for US exports. Both countries' statistics suggest that between 1990 and 1996, US exports to China grew by more than 16% a year on average, far exceeding the overall US export growth in the period. China is one of its trade partners with which the United States scored the highest export growth. This is mainly attributable to the marked differences in the two countries' resources, economic structures, industrial setup and consumption levels, and to the fact that their economies can be complementary to each other. China is a developing country with low labour costs, but suffers from capital constraint and relatively under-developed scientific and technological development. The United States is a developed country with abundant capital and highly advanced technologies, but suffers from high labour costs. China mainly sells to the United States labour-intensive products such as textiles, garments, shoes, toys, electric home appliances and luggage. The United States mainly sells to China capital- and technology-intensive products such as aircraft, power generation equipment, machinery, electronics, telecommunications equipment and chemical machinery, as well as agricultural products including grain and cotton. So complementary and mutually beneficial is the structure of their exchanges of goods that it has greatly pushed the development of bilateral trade.
（以下英文暂缺）中美两国贸易的持续增长对两国发展经济和增加就业发挥了积极作用。就美国而言，仅对华直接出口就提供30万个就业岗位，双边贸易至少为美国工业和服务业提供了上百万个工作岗位，且呈逐年增加之势。中国比较低廉的劳动成本，降低了鞋、服装、玩具等日常生活用品在美国市场的销售价格，有助于疏缓美国的通货膨胀，使广大消费者得到实际好处。世界银行1994年的分析报告指出，如果从中国以外的国家进口同样的商品，美国消费者每年需要增加140亿美元的支出。就中国而言，数百万工人从事对美出口的加工组装业，促进了中国沿海地区的经济发展。中国从美国进口一些技术相对先进的产品，也有利于现代化建设。
中美贸易方式有两个显著的特点：一是以转口贸易为主，即无论中国对美国出口，还是美国对中国出口，大量货物都是经过以香港地区为主的第三方转口的；二是以加工贸易为主，即中国对美国出口的产品绝大部分为加工产品，中国进口原材料和零部件、初加工件，加工后再出口。以转口和加工为主的贸易方式，促进了两国贸易数量的迅速增长，同时也形成了两国贸易统计与贸易实况之间的较大偏离。
除进出口贸易往来外，美国对华投资也有很大发展。截至1996年底，美国在华投资的项目数为22240个，协议投资额为351.7亿美元，实际投资额142.9亿美元。除香港、台湾地区之外，美国仅次于日本，居各国对华投资的第二位。同时，美国对华服务贸易也在迅速发展。
二、关于中美贸易平衡的统计问题
II.Statistical Difference in Sino-US Trade Balance
近年来，双边贸易的平衡问题，特别是美国方面所说的对华贸易巨额逆差问题，引起人们的关注。统计分析表明，近年来美国对华贸易逆差是事实，但美国方面显然把逆差的程度严重地夸大了。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In recent years, bilateral trade balance, particularly huge US trade deficit from its trade with China as claimed by the US side, has roused extensive attention. Statistics and analyses prove it true that Sino-US trade has been in favour of China in recent years, but it is obvious that the size of the US de cit has been largely exaggerated by the US side.
美国方面的统计显示，在中美贸易中，1979年至1982年美国为顺差，1983年开始出现逆差，1996年贸易逆差达到395亿美元。中国方面的统计则表明，在从1979年到1992年的14年里，中方一直为逆差，自1993年转为顺差，1996年顺差为105亿美元。显然，中美两国关于双边贸易平衡状况的统计存在着明显的差异（见表一）。
Statistics from the US side indicate that Sino-US trade had been in favour of the US side during the 1979-82 period, but the United States started suering from decit in 1983 and the gure amounted to 39.5 billion US dollars in 1996. Chinese statistics, however, indicate that China had suered from decit in the bilateral trade during the 14 years between 1979 and 1992. Surplus rst appeared in 1993 and the figure rose to 10.5 billion US dollars in 1996. Obviously, there exists remarkable difference between China and the United States in their estimation of bilateral trade balance situation (see Table 1).
表一：中美双边贸易统计 （单位：亿美元）
中方统计 美方统计
中国出口 中国进口 中国平衡 美国出口 美国进口 美国平衡
1993 169.7 106.9 62.8 87.7 315.4 -227.7
1994 214.6 139.7 74.9 92.9 387.8 -294.9
1995 247.1 161.2 85.9 117.5 455.6 -338.1
1996 266.9 161.6 105.3 119.7 514.9 -395.2
资料来源：中国海关、美国商务部
Table 1 Sino-US Trade Statistics (in billions of US dollars)
Chinese statistics US statistics
Chinese Chinese Balance US US Balance
exports imports exports imports
1993 16.97 10.69 6.28 8.77 31.54 -22.77
1994 21.46 13.97 7.49 9.29 38.78 -29.49
1995 24.71 16.12 8.59 11.75 45.56 -33.81
1996 26.69 16.16 10.53 11.97 51.49 -39.52
Data sources: Chinese Customs and US Department of Commerce
为了弄清楚中美两国贸易统计差异过大及美国贸易统计反映的对华贸易逆差过大的原因，1994年，美方同意中方倡议，在中美商贸联委会下成立双边贸易统计小组，进行专题研究。美方成员由美国商务部普查局的专家组成，中方成员由中国外经贸部和海关总署的专家组成。双方专家经过一年多时间的努力，比较了中国、美国和香港地区1992年和1993年的贸易统计数据，处理了几十万条记录，整理了几百套分析表，根据翔实的数据形成了《中美商贸联委会贸易和投资工作组贸易统计小组工作报告》。报告认为，美方统计的对华贸易逆差至少在以下几个方面被高估了：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To diagnose the large difference in the bilateral trade statistics by China and the United States and the large US trade deficit against China under US statistics, the US side agreed to a proposal made by China in 1994 on establishing a bilateral trade statistics expert group under the Sino-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade to undertake special studies of the subject. US members in the group were composed of experts from the Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce of the United States, while Chinese members in the group were experts from the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation and the General Administration of Customs. The experts from both sides completed the work report of the Trade Statistics Subgroup of the Trade and Investment Working Group of the Sino-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade on the basis of abundant facts after they spent more than one year comparing 1992 and 1993 statistical data from China, the United States and the Hong Kong region, processing several hundred thousand records, sorting out several hundred analysis tables. The report believed that the US statistics had over-estimated at least the following factors in producing the large trade deficit against China:
第一，美方的进口统计，因忽视转口和转口增加值而高估了从中国的进口。中美两国贸易的很大一部分是经第三方转口的。据中方统计，中国对美出口的60%是经过以香港地区为主的第三方转口的。据美方资料分析，中国的货物只有20%直接运往美国，其余80%是通过第三方转口到美国的。货物离开中国后在第三方增加的价值，显然不应计算为中国的出口。中美商贸联委会贸易统计小组分析的结论是，这两年中国出口货物经香港转口到美国的平均增值率高达40.7%，远高于一般情况下的转口增值率。一些主要转口货物，如玩具和针织服装等，增值率甚至超过100%。1992年和1993年香港向美国转口中国内地产品的增加值分别为52.3亿美元和63亿美元。美方将香港转口增加值也统计成自中国的进口，从而大大高估了从中国的进口值。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
First, the US import statistics has ignored entrepot trade and value added from entrepot trade to over-estimate its imports from China. A large part of Sino-US trade is conducted through entrepot trade via a third place. Under Chinese statistics, 60% of Chinese exports to the United States are conducted through entrepot trade via a third place, mainly the Hong Kong region. According to US information, only 20% of Chinese goods are directly shipped to the United States, while the remaining 80% get into the United States through a third place. It is obvious that the added value created at the third place after the goods have left China shall not be calculated as exports from China. The conclusion of the Trade Statistics Subgroup of the Trade and Investment Working Group of the Sino-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade was: The average rate of value-adding of Chinese exports to the United States via the Hong Kong region was 40.7% in the past two years, which was far above the re-export value-adding rate under general circumstances. The value adding rate of some of the major re-exported commodities, such as toys and knitwear, even exceeded 100%. Chinese mainland products acquired an added value of 5.23 billion US dollars in 1992 and 6.3 billion US dollars in 1993 at Hong Kong before they were re-exported to the United States. The US side, however, calculated the added value created in Hong Kong region's entrepot trade as imports from China, and thus greatly over-calculated its import value from China.
第二，美方的出口统计，因忽视转口而低估了对中国的出口。根据中美商贸联委会专家的分析，美国对中国的出口统计中，经香港对中国的转口只占香港方面统计的四分之一左右。1992年和1993年经香港转口的美国对中国出口额分别约有18亿美元和23亿美元未被计入美国对华出口总额中。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Secondly, the US statistics of its exports to China has been under-estimated by neglecting re-exports. According to analyses by experts of the Sino-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade, the amount of re-exports to China via the Hong Kong region included in the US statistics of its exports to China was only about a quarter of that included in Hong Kong's statistics. In 1992 and 1993 respectively, about 1.8 billion US dollars and 2.3 billion US dollars worth of US exports to China, through entrepot trade via Hong Kong, were not included in the US statistics of its exports to China.
第三，美国确定货物原产地所采用的方法，导致双方统计上的差异。对一般进口货物原产地的判定，通常是根据进口商的申报。被判定原产地为中国的货物被记录为来自中国的进口，无论是否实际上由中间方出口，或者货物在中间方是否有增加值。某些被美国记录成自中国的进口，很有可能是应该记录为自其它中间方进口的。双方专家认识到，需要进一步对原产地的判定问题进行研究。
Thirdly, the US method in determining the origin of goods also leads to the discrepancies in the statistics of the two sides. The judgment of the origin of ordinary imported goods is usually based on the declaration by importers. Goods determined as originating in China are recorded as imports from China, regardless of whether they are actually exports via a third place or whether the goods have acquired added value in that third place. Some imports which have been recorded by the United States as imports from China should, most probably, be recorded as imports from other third countries or regions. Experts of both sides acknowledged that further studies are needed on the issue of determination of origin.
不考虑按原产地原则统计带来的误差，仅因忽视转口和转口增加值这一因素，美国1992年和1993年统计的对华贸易逆差分别被高估大约70亿美元和86亿美元，即美国当年公布的对华逆差平均被夸大了60%以上（见表二）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Leaving aside the error caused by the rules of origin, the US statistics over-estimated trade deficit against China by 7 billion US dollars in 1992 and 8.6 billion US dollars in 1993, or the published US trade deficits against China in these two years were exaggerated by more than 60% (see Table 2), merely through neglecting entrepot trade and value added from entrepot trade alone.
表二：转口及香港转口增加值导致美方高估对华贸易逆差（单位：亿美元）
1992 1993
美公布自华进口 257.3 315.4
香港转口增加值 -52.3 -63
调整后美方进口 205 252.4
美公布对华出口 74.2 87.7
经香港转口美方与香港统计差额 18 23
调整后美方出口 92.2 110.7
美公布对华逆差 183.1 227.7
调整后美方逆差 112.8 141.7
资料来源：《中美商贸联委会贸易和投资工作组贸易统计小组工作报告》
Table 2 The United States' Over-estimated Trade Deficit against China as the Result of Neglecting Re-exports and Added Value from Re-exports via the Hong Kong Region (in billions of US dollars)
1992 1993
US published imports from China 25.73 31.54
Value added via Hong Kong's re-exports -5.23 -6.3
Adjusted US imports 20.5 25.24
US published exports to China 7.42 8.77
US and Hong Kong statistic difference
over re-exports via Hong Kong 1.8 2.3
Adjusted US exports 9.22 11.07
US published deficit against China 18.31 22.77
Adjusted US deficit 11.28 14.17
Data source: Work report of the Trade Statistics Subgroup of the Trade and Investment Working Group of the Sino-US Joint Commission on Commerce and Trade
此外，美国因出口统计不完全而低估了对中国的出口值。1996年12月5日，美国商务部普查局官员在美国《商业日报》上指出，由于出口不像进口那样能够通过征税为政府带来直接收入，所以美国出口统计可能漏掉了10%以上的记录。据此推算，1992年和1993年美国对华出口统计可能分别漏掉10亿美元以上。
In addition, the United States has also under-estimated its export value to China because of its incomplete export statistics. On December 5, 1996, officials with the Census Bureau of the US Department of Commerce pointed out in the Business Journal that at least 10% of US exports might have been overlooked in statistics because exports, unlike imports, are not taxed and do not bring the government any direct revenue. According to such estimate, at least 1 billion US dollars of US exports to China might have been left out in the US statistics in 1992 and 1993 respectively.
考虑到上述因素，1992年和1993年美方对华贸易逆差分别高估了约80亿美元和96亿美元，即平均高估70%左右。贸易统计小组只负责调查分析中美双方公布的贸易统计之间的差异，双方的贸易统计方法并没有进行相应的调整，美方对华贸易逆差高估的格局至今也没有实质性的改变。如按上述比例测算，1996年美方公布的对华贸易逆差被高估了160亿美元左右。
Considering the aforementioned factors, the US trade deficit against China was over-estimated by 8 billion US dollars in 1992 and 9.6 billion US dollars in 1993, and that represents an average over-estimation rate of about 70%. The trade statistics expert group was only in charge of investigating and analyzing the difference between the trade statistics published by China and the United States. The trade statistics methods adopted by the two sides have not been correspondingly adjusted, and the US side's over-estimation of its trade deficit against China has not since changed substantially. Calculated by the aforesaid rate, the 1996 US trade deficit against China, as published by the US side, was over-estimated by an amount of some 16 billion US dollars.
近年来，美方统计的所谓对华巨额贸易逆差，其原因是多方面的。既有统计技术方法上的缺陷，也有美国对华政策方面的因素。因此，依据美方的贸易统计来评价两国间的贸易平衡状况是远远不够的。从根本上说，美国对外贸易的长期逆差，是由自身深层次经济因素决定的，不应把责任归咎于其它国家。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The so-called enormous trade deficit against China under the US statistics in recent years is attributable to a variety of factors, including flaws in statistical techniques and methods as well as the US policies to China. Therefore, it is far from being sufficient to evaluate the two nations' trade balance situation only on the basis of the trade statistics of the US side. Fundamentally, the protracted US trade deficit against other countries is determined by its own deep-rooted economic factors. It should not shift the blame upon other countries.
三、按原产地统计难以真实反映中美贸易平衡状况
III.Statistics Based on Rules of Origin Cannots Accurately Reflect the Situation of Sino-US Trade Balance
目前，中美双方对外贸易统计都是按照原产地原则进行的。越来越多的国际经济学家和统计学家认为，目前国际通行的这种统计原则，存在着不合理性，特别是对于转口贸易和加工贸易的统计，往往存在较大误差。这是美国对华贸易逆差被严重夸大、中美贸易平衡状况被扭曲的实质所在。
Currently, both China and the United States calculate their external trade according to the principle of origin of goods. A growing number of international economists and statisticians believe, however, that there are irrationalities in this currently widely-used international statistical principle, especially because big errors might occur when it is applied to calculating entrepot trade and processing trade. Here lies the essence of the matter when the United States seriously exaggerates its trade deficit against China and distorts bilateral trade balance.
原产地统计是指进口货物的国别要按其原产地，即商品的生产地、制造地或发生实质性改变的加工地进行统计。虽然原产地原则作为各国实施贸易管理的工具，在世界贸易发展历史上发挥过重要作用，至今在国际多边贸易协定的执行和各国贸易政策措施的实施中仍然被广泛应用，但对如何判定货物是否发生“实质性的改变”，至今没有统一的实施细则。1973年，海关合作理事会制定《关于简化和协调海关手续的国际公约》，其中有一个关于原产地规则的附约，但也只是原则性的规定，没有可操作的规则。关贸总协定乌拉圭回合谈判制定了《原产地规则协议》，确定了协调各国非特惠制原产地规则的原则，并委托世界海关组织承担协调规则技术标准的制订工作，但至今仍未完成。由于缺乏国际统一的原产地规则，各国在制订自己的原产地规则时，往往从本国需要出发，标准不一，宽严各异，在判定进口货物原产地时往往存在随意性。
Statistics by origin refers to the determination of the source of the imports as the place where they were grown, manufactured or processed to make substantial changes. As a tool for countries to exercise trade management, the rules of origin have been important in the history of world trade. Today it is still widely applied to executing multinational trade accords and implementing foreign trade policy measures by different countries. On how to judge whether goods concerned have undergone "substantial changes", however, there lacks a unified and detailed criterion for its application. The "International Convention on Customs Procedures of Simplification and Harmonization" stipulated by the Customs Co-operation Council in 1973 contains in its appendix one annex on the rules of origin, which indicates only principles but no enforceable provisions. The Uruguay Round negotiations of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) reached the "Agreement on Rules of Origin", aiming at co-ordinating member countries' rules of origin on non-preferential imports. The job to formulate the technical standards on the co-ordination principle was entrusted to the World Customs Organization but has not been accomplished till today. Due to the lack of internationally unified rules of origin, countries formulate rules of origin according to their own needs, resulting in different criteria, leaving room for discretion.
特别需要指出的是，随着世界经济发展和经济格局的巨大变化，原产地原则的局限性愈来愈清楚地暴露出来。过去国际贸易和投资数额不大，各国之间商品交换关系比较简单，按原产地统计大致可以反映国与国之间的分工、贸易关系以及相应的利益格局。现在由于世界各国经济贸易关系迅速发展，跨国投资日趋增加，国际贸易所交换的已经远不是单个国家生产的产品，而是跨越国界的“世界性产品”。按现行原产地统计进出口贸易的办法，显然难以准确反映世界经济发展变化的大势，甚至会扭曲国与国之间的贸易平衡状况。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
It deserves to be specially noted that the limitations of the old rules of origin are being increasingly exposed by the development of the world economy and great changes in the global economic pattern. In the past when cross-border trade and investment were scarce and commodity exchange ties among countries relatively simple, statistics based on the origin of goods could grossly reflect the division of labour, trade relations and corresponding pattern of interests among countries. Today, propelled by fast-growing economic and trade co-operation among countries in the world and cross-border investment that is increasing by the day, goods exchanged through international trade are no longer products made by one country, but "world products" whose manufacture involves efforts from several countries. It is obviously difficult for the current rules of origin, as employed by trade statistics, to accurately reflect the main changes in world economic development; these rules could even result in a distorted picture of trade balance situation.
近二三十年来，一些国家和地区加工贸易的迅速发展，更增加了这一问题的复杂性。加工贸易是指一国从国外进口主要原材料、零部件，加工装配后复出口的一种贸易方式。由于货物在该国发生了实质性改变，按原产地统计，便将该国列为原产地国。但由于主要原材料、零部件来自进口，该国从中获得的实际收益往往并不高。1996年9月22日美国《洛杉矶时报》刊登的文章《芭比娃娃与世界经济》中所举的芭比娃娃的例子，就是一个很好的说明。这篇文章说，从中国进口的“芭比娃娃”玩具，在美国的零售价为9.99美元，而从中国的进口价仅为2美元。在这2美元中，中国只获得35美分的劳务费，其余65美分用于进口原材料，1美元是运输和管理费用。按原产地统计，将这2美元全部计为中国对美国的出口，显然是不合理的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Processing trade that has boomed in some countries and regions over the last two to three decades had the problem further complicated. Processing trade means a country importing main raw materials and auxiliary parts to be processed or assembled and re-exported. According to current rules, the country is deemed the place of origin because within it the imported goods have undergone substantial changes. Due to the fact that main raw materials and auxiliary parts are imported, however, the processing country often profits little from the trade. This was well illustrated in the "Barbie doll" example cited in the "Barbie and the World Economy" story which was run on the September 22, 1996 edition of the Los Angles Times. The story said that in the United States, the retail price of a "Barbie" toy imported from China was 9.99 US dollars compared to an import price of 2 US dollars. Of the 2 US dollars, China gained 35 US cents in service fee, another 65 US cents were spent on importing raw materials and still another 1 US dollar covers costs of transportation and management. To account the 2 US dollars as the revenue of Chinese exports to the United States according to rules of origin is clearly unreasonable.
中国自90年代以来外贸出口增长的一个重要因素是加工贸易出口的扩大。1990年至1996年，中国出口总额从621亿美元增加到1511亿美元，平均每年增长16%，其中加工贸易出口从254.2亿美元增加到843.3亿美元，平均每年增长22.1%，加工贸易出口占出口总额的比重从41%增加到55.8%，在对美出口中高达70%。中国的加工贸易，大部分是80年代中期以来，美国、日本等发达国家以及新加坡、韩国、香港、台湾等国家和地区，为降低生产成本和提高竞争能力，转移劳动密集型产业或工序而发展起来的。其产品依赖原有的销售渠道，主要经香港等地转口到美国等传统市场。按原产地原则统计，产品的出口国就从这些国家和地区转移到了中国。据美国商务部公布的数据和美中贸易全国委员会的报告，从1987年到1995年，美国对新加坡、韩国以及香港和台湾地区的贸易逆差，从340亿美元减少到78亿美元，同期对中国的贸易逆差从28亿美元增加到338亿美元。这些数据反映了上述转移过程，也说明美国对这些亚洲国家和地区的贸易平衡关系，在总体上并没有实质性的变化。近几年，中国对美出口三分之二以上是经过香港地区转口的。这些产品在香港的增值率远高于在中国内地的增值率，香港实际获利远远高于中国内地。如果把在香港增值较大的部分计为香港的出口，中国对美贸易顺差就会相应减少，甚至成为逆差。
Processing trade expansion is a major factor behind China's export growth in the 1990s. Total export volume rose to 151.1 billion US dollars in 1996 from 62.1 billion US dollars in 1990, up 16% per year on average. In the period, processing trade soared from 25.42 billion US dollars to 84.33 billion US dollars, an annual rise of 22.1%. In the 1990-96 period, the ratio of processing trade to overall Chinese exports rose from 41% to 55.8% and even amounted to 70% in its share of Chinese exports to the United States in 1996. The bulk of the sector has developed since the mid-1980s when investors from developed countries including the United States and Japan as well as Singapore, the Republic of Korea, and the Hong Kong and Taiwan regions started to move their labour-intensive industries or production procedures to China in a bid to cut production cost and enhance international competitiveness. Dependent on overseas investors' original marketing channels, processing trade products are primarily sold to their traditional markets including the United States via entrepot trade through Hong Kong. To calculate them according to certain rules of origin, China -- instead of the investors' home countries or regions and exporters of materials and auxiliary parts -- became the exporter. According to statistics published by the US Department of Commerce and reports from the US-China Business Council, the United States' trade deficit against Singapore, the Republic of Korea and the Hong Kong and Taiwan regions fell from 34 billion US dollars to 7.8 billion US dollars in the 1987-95 period, and in the meantime its trade deficit against China rocketed from 2.8 billion US dollars to 33.8 billion US dollars. These figures reflected the aforementioned process of place-of-origin transfer and showed that the trade balance between the United States and the countries and regions in Asia as a whole has not substantially changed over the years. In recent years, more than two-thirds of US-bound Chinese exports have undergone entrepot trade in the Hong Kong region. The value added at Hong Kong has been far greater than that in China's mainland, hence Hong Kong has benefited far more than the mainland from the processing trade. If that part of the added value is counted as Hong Kong exports, China's trade surplus against the United States will drop accordingly, or even turn into deficit.
由此不难得出结论：
Hence it is not difficult to conclude that,
（一）在使用原产地统计的同时，必须充分认识它的局限性，透过表面数字，认真分析各方在贸易中获得的实际利益。这样才有助于消除误解，妥善解决国与国之间的贸易争端。
1) While applying the origin-based statistics, it is imperative to be fully aware of the method's limitations and discern from the figures the actual benefits of all trading parties after careful analysis. That is the only way conducive to removing misunderstanding and properly settling bilateral trade disputes.
（二）必须考虑国际经济交往日益密切和国际投资、服务贸易等日益增长的趋势，改进和完善贸易统计方法，使统计数字符合客观实际，为世界各国间的互利合作和世界经济贸易的健康发展，创造良好的条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
2) It is also a must to note the trend of increasingly closer international economic links and ever-growing cross-border investment and service trade that are growing by the day, and on that ground improve and perfect the computing of trade figures so that statistics will comply with reality and better serve the mutually beneficial co-operation among countries in the world.
四、美国对中国出口管制是双边贸易平衡的主要障碍
IV.US Export Control Against China -- a Major Obstacle for Bilateral Trade Balance
多年来，美国对中国采取歧视性出口管制政策。这是制约美国对中国出口，影响双边贸易平衡的主要障碍。
The United States has adopted discriminatory export control policies towards China for many years. These policies have hindered US exports to China and therefore have become a major obstacle for bilateral trade balance.
人们看到，1979年中美建交以来，美国逐步放松了对华出口管制，先后将中国划入“P”组和“V”组。但是，在美国的政策规定和执行过程中，仍保留有许多歧视性规定，使中国未能真正享受到“V”组国家的待遇。1983年以后，包括美国在内的原巴黎统筹委员会成员国，开始考虑放宽对中国的出口管制，并于1985年9月形成简化对中国出口审批程序的决议，但同时提出对出口到中国的所谓“受控商品”不能改变用户和用途的要求。中国政府对此作出了积极反应。多年来，中国政府对“最终用户”和“最终用途”的有关承诺一直持严肃认真态度，相应采取了一系列积极措施，效果是明显的。对于中国政府出具的《最终用户和最终用途说明》，其它西方国家均予以承认并接受，只有美国仍持疑虑态度，要求中方对美国出口的所谓“受控商品”做这样那样的额外承诺，如提出对最终用户实施许可前检查及到货后核实的要求，对出口许可证附带各种苛刻条件，如24小时现场监控、随时抽样检验等，这些都是中国难以接受的。1994年3月，作为冷战产物的巴黎统筹委员会宣布解散，美国出口管制政策不能不作某些调整，但其对中国歧视性的出口管制政策基本没有改变。
It is acknowledged that, since the two countries established diplomatic relations in 1979, the United States has relaxed control on exports to China by categorizing the latter into group "P" first and group "V" later. But China has not fully enjoyed treatment for "V" countries as the United States has retained a number of discriminatory measures in its policy making and implementation. It was after 1983 that member states of the former COMCO, including the United States, began to consider an ease of export control on China. In September of 1985, resolutions were adopted to simplify approval procedures concerning exports to China, which, however, demanded not to change the final use and end users of "controlled export items". The Chinese Government's response was positive. For many years, the Chinese Government has been earnest in carrying out its promise about "end users" and "final use". Certain effective measures have been adopted to honour the promise. The results have been obvious. Other Western countries have accepted "Elaboration on End Users and Final Use" made by the Chinese Government. However, only the United States have indicated doubts, demanding China to come up with extra undertakings about US "controlled export items". For example, end users should accept pre-licensing inspection and double check after unloading of imported goods; and various unduly strict conditions are attached to granting of licenses, such as around-the-clock spot surveillance and free random check. All these are difficult for China to accept. Upon the disintegration of COMCO -- a product of the Cold War -- in March 1994, the United States could not but adjust its export control policies. Nevertheless, its discriminatory measures towards China remained largely intact.
我们注意到，80年代美国对华出口管制有所放宽，双边经贸关系由此得到一定改善和发展。但是，90年代以来，美国对中国采取了一系列新的制裁措施，其中多项涉及出口管制，这给中美经贸关系造成了严重后果，中美贸易平衡关系出现了新的变化，美方逐步由顺差转为逆差。这种损人而不利己的政策，很难说是明智的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
We have noticed that Sino-US trade relations witnessed certain progress in the 1980s when the United States relaxed export control on China. But, since the beginning of the 1990s, the United States has instituted a series of new sanctions against China, many of which concern export control. This change has led to severe consequences and gradually an unfavourable reverse of trade balance for the United States. It is hard to say that such a change -- indeed a double-edged sword -- is wise.
美国对中国的歧视性出口管制政策，以及至今尚未解除的对华制裁措施，极大地限制了美国对中国的出口，也对美国在华进行高技术领域的投资带来了十分不利的影响，成为发展中美经贸合作关系的制约因素。美国对中国出口管制给中美经贸合作带来的负面影响，以及给美国厂商带来的损失，由以下事例可见一斑：
The US export control policies and lingering sanctions against China have greatly restricted US exports to China as well as US investment in high-tech sectors on the territory of the latter. In short, these measures have bottlenecked Sino-US economic and trade co-operation. The negative effects of these measures on bilateral economic and trade co-operation and on US businesses can be seen in the following examples:
——早在80年代初期，中方企业曾与美国西屋公司、通用电气公司等就购买秦山30万千瓦、大亚湾90万千瓦核电站设备进行过技术与商务谈判，但由于美国政府出口管制而未果。《中美和平利用核能合作协定》是中美两国政府于1985年签订的，中国方面随即批准了这一协定，但美国国会在批准协定时附加许多先决条件，致使协定至今未能生效。当前，中国的核电行业正处于发展时期，核电站建设需要进口大批技术设备。美国核电厂商对参与中国核电站建设抱有浓厚兴趣，但由于美国政府控制核能技术对中国出口而丧失了向中国出口的机会。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- In early 1980s, China conducted technical and commercial negotiations with the US Westinghouse and General Electric companies over the purchase of equipment for the Qinshan nuclear power plant (300,000 kilowatts) and the Daya Bay nuclear power plant (900,000 kilowatts). But the talks failed due to US export control. In 1985, China and the United States signed the "Agreement for Co-operation Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America Concerning the Peaceful Use of Nuclear Energy". It was immediately approved by China. But the US Congress insisted on attaching many preconditions thereto. As a result, the protocol has yet to take effect. At present, China's nuclear power industry is expanding, prompting substantial import of technologies and equipment. US nuclear power enterprises, with enormous interests, have lost their chance of export to China because of the US Government control over nuclear energy technology.
——80年代中期，中国计划引进集成电路和程控交换机技术及设备，由于美国政府的限制，使美国出口商失去了几十亿美元的出口机会。最近几年，中国仍希望从美国进口电子元器件及其生产检测设备，美国政府的歧视性出口管制阻碍着美国企业向中国的出口。
-- In mid-1980s, similar restrictions ripped US exporters of potential business opportunities worth several billion US dollars when China planned to import technologies and equipment for integrated circuits and programme-controlled telephone switching boards. In recent years, China still hopes to buy electronic components and related manufacturing and testing equipment from the United States. But again, the US Government's discriminatory control policies have prevented US businesses from selling them to China.
——中国需要进口先进机床设备，给美国制造厂商带来了良好的贸易机会。由于美国政府严格的出口管制，众多美国公司正常的对华贸易活动难以开展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- China needs to import advanced machine tools, thus providing good trade opportunities for US manufacturers. But the US Government's strict export control has forestalled normal business with China.
此类事例，不胜枚举。美国政府歧视性的对中国出口管制政策，不仅使大量中国用户对美国出口商失去合作机会，也使美国出口商丧失了贸易机会。据有关方面的分析，由于美国歧视性的出口管制，近几年，每年美国要丧失对中国出口几十亿美元的贸易机会。美方一面强调对中国贸易逆差问题，一面又不放宽对中国出口管制，这是自相矛盾的。
The above examples are but a drop in the sea. Under the US Government's discriminatory export control policies towards China, not only a large number of Chinese customers are unable to co-operate with US exporters, but US exporters themselves stand to lose trade opportunities. Some analyses have concluded that the United States has lost an average of several billion dollars of exports each year to China in the recent past due to such discriminatory policies. It makes no sense for the United States to play up trade deficit against China on the one hand, and continue its export control on the other.
在美国政府继续采取对中国歧视性出口管制政策的同时，其它工业发达国家政府相继取消歧视性政策，而且向中国提供资本品进口的政府间金融支持，从而促进了对中国的出口。这无疑会提高其商品在中国市场的竞争能力。正因为如此，欧盟国家对中国贸易不仅没有逆差，每年还有几十亿美元的贸易顺差。这充分显示了不同的对中国出口政策对双方贸易平衡带来的影响。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
While the US Government maintains such discriminatory export control policies towards China, other industrialized countries have, one by one, cancelled their discriminatory policies and have even provided China with governmental financial support for its import of capital goods. This has definitely enhanced the competitiveness of their products on the Chinese market. The European Union member countries are not only free from any trade deficit, but have enjoyed an average annual trade surplus worth several billion US dollars with China. This comparison between EU and the United States speaks aloud on the different effects on bilateral trade balance brought by different export policies towards China.
中国政府希望美国政府能从发展双边贸易与经济合作的长远利益考虑，切实采取有效措施，放宽乃至取消现行歧视性的出口管制政策，为促进中美贸易平衡健康发展多做些有益的工作。这是解决中美贸易平衡问题的现实出路。
The Chinese Government hopes the US Government will, proceeding from the long-term interest of bilateral trade and economic co-operation, adopt effective measures to relax or even cancel the current discriminatory export control policies against China so as to usher in a healthy and balanced Sino-US trade relationship. This is a realistic way of resolving the trade balance issue between China and the United States.
五、中美经济贸易合作有着广阔前景
V.Sino-US Economic and Trade Co-operation Shows Vast Vistas
中美贸易的持续均衡发展，是两国之间长期经济贸易合作的需要。中国方面一直非常重视并采取积极措施扩大自美国进口。中国市场对美国的产品和服务是开放的。多年来，中国购买了大量的美国产品，美商在华投资领域和规模不断扩大，为美国企业带来了巨大的利益。
微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Lasting economic and trade co-operation between China and the United States requires sustainable and balanced growth in bilateral trade. The Chinese side has always paid great attention to the need and taken active measures to increase imports from the United States. China's market is open to US goods and services. Over the past years, China has purchased a great amount of US products. Investment sectors in China for US businesses have widened and the scale of US investment in the country has been growing continuously. All these have brought US enterprises huge profits.
——在商品贸易方面，从1979年到1996年，中国累计购买美国小麦6947.6万吨，共计116.2亿美元，目前中国已成为美国小麦的最大买主；累计购买美国化肥4624.3万吨，共计95.6亿美元；累计购买美国飞机308架，共计87.2亿美元。
-- Trade in commodities: Between 1979 and 1996, China bought 69.476 million tons, or 11.62 billion US dollars worth, of wheat from the United States. Now, China is the largest buyer of US wheat. In the period, China also bought 46.243 million tons, or 9.56 billion US dollars worth, of chemical fertilizers and 308 aircraft worth 8.72 billion US dollars from the United States.
——在来华投资方面，美商投资迅速增加。美国《幸福杂志》提名的500家大企业中，目前在华有投资的已超过100家，分布于众多领域。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- US investment in China: US investment in China has been increasing rapidly. Among the top-500 US enterprises listed by the Fortune magazine, more than 100 have so far invested in various fields in China.
——在银行与保险方面，美国已有5家银行在中国开设了8家分行。在华开业的6家外国保险公司中有3家是美国公司，分别是由美国国际集团下属美国友邦保险公司和美国美亚保险公司开设的。
-- Banking and insurance: Five US banks have altogether set up eight branches in China. Three out of the six foreign insurers operating in China are US companies, respectively set up by American International Assurance Co. and the AIU Insurance Co. -- both subsidiaries of American International Group Inc. (AIG).
——在航运服务方面，美国总统轮船（中国）公司和美国海陆轮船（中国）公司是最先在中国开业的外商独资船务公司，目前这两家公司已在中国拥有9家分公司。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Shipping services: APL (China) and Sealand (China) are the earliest wholly foreign-owned shipping companies to start operating in China, where they already have nine subsidiaries at present.
——在商业零售方面，美国企业也进入了中国市场，其中包括美国著名的沃马特公司。
-- Retailing: US retailers, including the renowned Walmart Co., have also entered the Chinese market.
为了进一步开放中国市场，中美双方于1992年10月签订了《中美市场准入谅解备忘录》。几年来，中方切实履行了备忘录规定的各项义务，并根据中国改革开放的进程，采取了一系列积极措施。例如，在动植物检疫方面，中方在同美方专家共同研究、科学分析的基础上，取消了对美华盛顿州苹果、加利福尼亚州小麦的限制，并与美方签署了有关猪、马、犬及遗传物质等方面的新的进口检疫认定书。1994年4月，中美双方就美华盛顿州樱桃、爱达荷州和俄勒冈州有关品种苹果进入中国市场的卫生检疫条款达成了协议。这些都有利于中美经贸关系的进一步发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In order to open China's market wider, China and the United States signed the Memorandum of Understanding Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Market Access in October 1992. In the following years, China has made earnest efforts to fulfill the various obligations as stipulated in the memorandum, and has taken a series of active measures in line with its reforms and opening drive. Take sanitary and phyto-sanitary quarantine as an example: After joint research and analyses by experts from both countries, China not only abolished its import control over apples from the Washington State and wheat from California, but has signed with the United States new quarantine protocols on such imports as pigs, horses, dogs and genetic materials. In April 1994, China and the United States reached an agreement on hygiene quarantine provisions on cherry imports from the Washington State and imports of relevant species of apples grown in Idaho and Oregon. All these have helped further development of Sino-US economic and trade ties.
中国正处在经济快速发展时期。从现在到本世纪末，中国的经济增长率将在8%以上，下个世纪前十年增长率将保持7%以上，市场前景广阔。以能源、交通建设为例，今后五年，中国将新增发电装机容量8000万千瓦，新建铁路16000公里，高速公路2800公里，光纤通讯线路150000公里，新增电话交换机7000—8000万门。中国将继续积极合理有效地引进国外资金、技术和设备。从1978年到1996年，中国的进口贸易额从109亿美元增加到1388亿美元，平均每年增长15.2%。从1997年到2000年，进口总额累计将超过7000亿美元。中国经济的发展将为世界贸易和投资提供广阔的市场。美国商务部1994年就将中国列在世界“十大新兴市场”之首，这反映了美国对中国市场潜力的高度评价。中国市场是日益开放的，同时也是竞争激烈的。我们愿意看到美国企业在中国市场上有更多的竞争机会。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China is now in a period of rapid economic growth, estimated to average at least 8% a year in the run-up to 2000 and maintain above 7% in the first decade of the 21st century -- promising broad market potentials. An example is the market demand for energy and communications construction. In the next five years, China will increase its installed power-generating capacity by 80,000 megawatts and build 16,000-kilometres-long new railways plus another 2,800 kilometres of freeways. It also plans to build another 150,000 kilometres of optic fibre cables and increase telephone switching capacity by 70-80 million lines. China will continue to introduce overseas capital, technologies and equipment in an active, rational and effective way. China's imports increased to 138.8 billion US dollars in 1996 from 10.9 billion US dollars in 1978, representing an annual average growth of 15.2%. Between 1997 and 2000, cumulative imports to China will top 700 billion US dollars. China's economic growth will offer a massive market for world trade and investment. Back in 1994, the United States' Department of Commerce had put China on the top of "top-10 emerging markets" reflecting its high evaluation on potentials of the Chinese market. The Chinese market is opening wider while the competition is also getting tougher. We are willing to see that US enterprises win more chances to compete on the Chinese market.
中国对美国的出口，主要是劳动密集产品，这些产品不会对美国企业的生产构成竞争。美国《华盛顿邮报》1996年6月刊登的一篇文章中，援引美国国际经济研究所经济学家的话说：“美国从中国进口的玩具、鞋类等产品的确越来越多，但是这些工业在美国已经几乎绝迹了”。1996年12月，美国经济战略研究所所长克莱德·普雷斯托维茨在《美国新闻与世界报道》刊登的一篇文章中指出，中国对美出口，大多产生于我们已不再生产任何产品的行业。中国劳动密集产品对美国出口，不仅不会影响美国的工业生产和就业，也不会影响美国产品在国际市场上的份额，是对美国经济结构的有益补充，有利于美国经济结构的调整。
Chinese exports to the United States are mainly labour-intensive products. These products pose no threat to the production of US enterprises. An economist from the US-based Institute of International Economics was quoted by a Washington Post story in June 1996 as saying: It is true that the United States imports more and more toys and shoes from China, but these industries have almost vanished in the United States. Clyde Prestowitz, president of the Economic Strategy Institute of the United States, pointed out in an article in a December 1996 issue of the US News & World Report that China's exports to the United States are large in industries where the United States does not make things anymore. Labour-intensive Chinese exports to the United States will neither affect industrial production and employment in the United States, nor affect international market shares for US products. Instead, they are beneficial complements to the economic structure of the United States and can help the United States to readjust its economic structure.
近年来，随着中国经济体制改革的逐步深化，涉外法律体系日益健全，贸易、投资环境不断改善，知识产权保护制度得到实施。在贸易体制透明度问题上，中国已经清理、公布了全部原有内部管理文件，公开废止了744件，并于1993年设立了《对外贸易经济合作部文告》，专门刊登对外经济贸易管理法规。进一步放宽了进口限制，到1995年底中国已取消协议项下826个税号商品的进口许可证和配额控制。近一年来，中国在涉外经济体制和政策方面，又采取了一系列新的重大举措：
Paralleling with the gradual deepening of its economic reforms in recent years, China has increasingly amplified its foreign-related legal system, steadily improved its trade and investment environment and enforced the intellectual property rights protection system. On the issue of trade system transparency, China has sorted out and publicized all management documents that used to be deemed confidential and publicly abolished 744 of them. In 1993, the Bulletin of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation of the People's Republic of China was launched to exclusively carry laws and regulations on the management of foreign trade and economic co-operation. Import restriction was further eased and by the end of 1995, China had rescinded import licensing and quota control over 826 tariff lines. Since the past year, China has again taken a series of imortant measures in improving its foreign-related economic regime and policies as follows:
——从1996年4月起，大幅度降低关税，涉及4000多个税号，平均关税水平从35.3%降低至23%，并宣布在2000年使总体关税水平降至15%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- A massive cut in the import tariffs of more than 4,000 tariff lines was introduced in April 1996, bringing average tariff from 35.3% down to 23%. It has also pledged to further lower overall tariff rate to 15% by the year 2000.
——采取积极步骤，分阶段取消非关税措施，非关税措施涉及的产品已从1247种降至384种，并提出继续取消的时间表。
-- China has taken active steps to phase out non-tariff measures. Only 384 items of imports are subject to the measures today as compared with 1,247 before. China has also set forth a timetable to further lift such measures.
——1996年，实现了人民币经常项目下的可兑换，使外资企业的经常性国际交易支付和转移不受限制。
-- In 1996, the Chinese currency Renminbi became freely convertible under the current account, enabling foreign-invested companies to be free in international settlement and transfer under the current account.
——国内商业、金融、保险、对外贸易等服务领域的对外开放已经开始试验实施。外国的一些企业和金融机构已进入这些领域的市场。在上海浦东一些外资银行也已开始经营人民币业务。
-- China has started, on a trial basis, to open its market to foreign investors in such service sectors as domestic retailing, finance, insurance and foreign trade. Some foreign companies and financial institutions have already entered these markets. In the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, some foreign banks have begun handling Renminbi business.
2000年，中国将初步建立社会主义市场经济体制，建立统一规范的对外经济体制，这将为包括美国在内的各国工商界发展同中国的经济贸易交流与合作创造更好的条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
By the year 2000, China will have initially established a system of socialist market economy and built up a unified and standard foreign-related economic regime, which will create better conditions for the world's business communities including those from the United States to develop economic and trade co-operation with China.
在国际贸易中，基本原则是平等互利，各国追求各自的利益是正常的，出现一些摩擦和纠纷也是难以完全避免的。关键在于要以冷静而明智的态度正确对待和处理。中国一贯主张，对于双边和多边经济贸易关系中出现的摩擦和争端，有关方面应当本着相互尊重的原则，通过友好协商谋求合理解决。中美关系经历曲折，应该珍视中美贸易发展的主流，着眼于未来，以建设性的态度面对现实。采取盛气凌人的态度，动辄以贸易制裁相威胁，提出对方难以接受的要求，甚至执行制裁措施，将不利于问题的解决，只会损害双方的利益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Equality and mutual benefit are the cardinal principle of international trade. It is normal that countries will seek to protect their own interests, which may lead to trade frictions and disputes. The key lies in how to cope with these issues correctly in a cool and wise way. China has always advocated that parties involved should adhere to the principle of mutual respect and settle bilateral or multilateral trade disputes, reasonably, through friendly discussions. Having experienced a winding course in their bilateral relations, China and the United States should cherish the mainstream in the two-way trade development, look to the future and face the reality with a constructive attitude. Bullying, forcing unacceptable demands on the other through constant threats of trade sanctions and even actually imposing sanctions will not help solve problems but cause damage to the interests of both sides.
扩大中美经济贸易合作是中国方面真诚的愿望，也是美国的利益所在。中美两国政府有责任为双边经济贸易的长期发展，提供一个良好、稳定的环境，切实改善双边经贸关系，为两国贸易的发展和平衡奠定坚实基础。我们欢迎美国工商企业界积极参与中国市场的平等竞争。我们希望美国政府采取切实有力的政策措施，促进中美经济贸易的更大发展。
It is China's sincere wish and also to the interest of the United States to expand bilateral trade and economic co-operation. Both governments are obliged to provide a sound and stable climate for the long-term development of the bilateral trade and economic co-operation. It is their duty to substantially improve bilateral trade ties and lay a solid foundation for developing and balancing trade between the two countries. We welcome the business communities from the United States to play an active role in fair competition on the Chinese market. We wish the US Government will take forcible measures to fuel stronger growth in two-way trade and economic co-operation.
我们高兴地看到，1996年11月，江泽民主席与克林顿总统在菲律宾马尼拉亚太经合组织非正式首脑会议期间举行会晤，就发展全面、健康、稳定的中美关系达成了广泛的共识。中美商贸、经济和科技等三个联委会的相继召开，以积极务实的态度推动了中美经贸关系的发展，加强了交流与合作，促进了相互谅解，为中美关系注入了新的活力。放眼未来，中国对中美经贸合作的发展抱有信心。中美两国有充分的理由，共同努力，开创经贸关系新的良好前景，这符合两国人民的根本利益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
We are happy to note that, when they met on the sideline of the summit meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) forum last November in Manila, the Philippines, Chinese President Jiang Zemin and US President Bill Clinton reached a wide range of consensus on the comprehensive, healthy and stable development in bilateral ties. Following the summit, three Sino-US joint committees on commerce and trade, economy and science and technology were convened in succession. The active and pragmatic attitude as reflected in the meetings helped promote the development in bilateral trade ties, reinforce exchange and co-operation, enhance mutual understanding and inject new vigour into bilateral ties. Looking to the future, China has confidence in the development of Sino-US economic and trade co-operation. China and the United States have every reason and should strive together to open new and better prospects in their trade ties. It serves the fundamental interests of both peoples.
