中国的儿童状况

The Situation of Children in China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China

一九九六年四月·北京

April 1996, Beijing

目　录

Contents   

前言

Foreword  

一、 儿童权益的保障

I. Guarantee of Children's Rights and Interests

二、 儿童的健康与保健

II. Children's Health and Care

三、 儿童的教育

III. Education for Children  

四、 残疾儿童的保护

IV. Protection of Disabled Children

五、 儿童福利院

V. China's Welfare Homes for Children

附　录

Appendix

前 言

Foreword

　　中国是一个发展中国家，有12亿多人口，其中16岁以下儿童有3亿多，约占世界儿童总数的五分之一。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is a developing country with a population of over 1.2 billion, of whom over 300 million are children under the age of 16, making up about one fifth of the total number of children in the world.

　　如何看待中国儿童今天的状况呢？联合国《世界儿童状况1996》曾公布过的一组数字，已反映了几个方面的具体情况：

What is the situation of Chinese children today? The 1996 State of the World's Children Report of the United Nations issued a group of figures, which reflect concrete conditions in the following aspects:

　　———关于儿童的基本指标，1994年5岁以下儿童的死亡率，发展中国家平均为101‰，东亚和太平洋地区平均为56‰，中国为43‰。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- The basic indexes on children. In 1994, the mortality rate of children under five in developing countries was 101 per thousand; that in East Asia and the Pacific region, 56 per thousand; and in China, 43 per thousand.

　　———关于儿童的营养状况，1980年到1994年，低体重（中重度）儿童的比例，发展中国家平均为35%，东亚和太平洋地区平均为23%，中国为17%。

-- Children's nutrition. Between 1980 and 1994, children with low weight in developing countries made up 35 percent on average, 23 percent in East Asia and the Pacific region, and 17 percent in China.

　　———关于儿童的卫生状况，1994年1岁儿童卡介苗、百白破、小儿麻痹和麻疹的免疫所占的百分比，发展中国家平均分别为87%、80%、80%和78%，东亚和太平洋地区平均分别为94%、91%、92%和89%，中国分别为94%、93%、94%和89%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Health care for children. In 1994, in developing countries, one-year-old children who were immune to the BCG vaccine totaled 87 percent; those immune to pertussis, diphthe"iria and tetanus, 80 percent; to infantile paralysis, 80 percent; and to measles, 78 percent. The immunity percentages for East Asia and the Pacific region were respectively 94 percent, 91 percent, 92 percent and 89 percent; and those for China, 94 percent, 93 percent, 94 percent and 89 percent.

　　———关于儿童的教育状况，1986年至1993年，发展中国家的小学净入学率男女平均分别为87%和80%，东亚和太平洋地区平均分别为99%和94%，中国分别为99%和94%。

-- Children's education. Between 1986 and 1993, the net attendance rate of schoolage boys of primary schools in developing countries averaged 87 percent, and that of girls, 80 percent. This compares to, respectively, 99 percent and 94 percent in East Asia and the Pacific region, and 99 percent and 94 percent in China.

　　为使世人更为全面地了解中国的儿童状况，了解中国政府和全社会保护儿童生存和发展的状况，以及中国作为发展中国家在儿童的发展方面还存在什么尚待解决的困难和问题，现将有关情况公之于世。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To help the world toward a more comprehensive understanding of the situation of Chinese children, of how the Chinese Government and the whole society protect children's survival and development, and of the difficulties and problems on the development of children that remain to be resolved in a developing country like China, we now reveal to the public a range of relevant information about the condition of children in China.

一、儿童权益的保障

I. Guarantee of Children's Rights and Interests

　　儿童是人类的未来和希望，今天的儿童是二十一世纪的主人。儿童的生存、保护和发展是提高人口素质的基础，是人类发展的先决条件，直接关系到一个国家和民族的前途与命运。中华民族素有“携幼”、“爱幼”的传统美德，中国古语“幼吾幼以及人之幼”流传至今。中国政府一向以认真和负责的态度，高度关心和重视儿童的生存、保护和发展，把“提高全民族素质，从儿童抓起”作为社会主义现代化建设的根本大计，在全社会倡导树立“爱护儿童、教育儿童、为儿童做表率、为儿童办实事”的公民意识，并努力为儿童事业的发展创造良好的社会条件。中国实行改革开放政策以来，儿童工作进一步走上社会化、科学化、法制化的轨道，儿童工作成为国家建设和全社会义务的重要组成部分。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Children are the future and hope of mankind. Today's children will be masters of the 21st century. Children's survival, protection and development, which are the basis for improving the quality of the population and the prerequisite conditions for the advance of mankind, directly concern a country and a nation's future and destiny. The Chinese nation has long cultivated the traditional virtues of ``bringing along the young'' and ``loving the young.'' An old saying, ``Love our own and others' children,'' is still very popular. The Chinese Government, with an earnest and responsible attitude, always shows great concern for children's survival, protection and development. It regards ``the education of children to improve the quality of the whole people'' as a fundamental policy for its socialist modernization program. The government educates society at large to ``protect and educate children, and set an example and do practical things for children.'' It spares no effort to create favorable social conditions for the progress of children's programs. Since the initiation of reform and opening to the outside world, children's programs in China have moved into social, scientific and legal tracks; and children's programs have become an important component part of the nation's construction and the duties of the whole society.

　　面向二十一世纪的儿童工作纲领

Children's Programs for the 21st Century

　　1992年2月16日，中国政府正式颁布了《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》。《纲要》的制定，充分显示了中国政府重视和关怀儿童事业严肃、负责的态度。《纲要》根据中国国民经济和社会发展十年规划和第八个五年计划（1991—1995）提出的任务和总目标，依据世界儿童问题首脑会议通过的两个文件精神，结合中国儿童工作的实际情况，以面向世界、面向未来、面向现代化的姿态，提出了到2000年将1990年的婴儿死亡率和5岁以下儿童死亡率分别降低三分之一、使1990年5岁以下儿童中度和重度营养不良患病率降低一半等10项主要奋斗目标和实现这些目标的策略和措施。中国30个省、自治区、直辖市都依据《纲要》，结合本地区的实际制定了儿童发展规划，全国范围内实现《纲要》的措施和工作是扎实而有效的。

On February 16, 1992, the Chinese Government formally promulgated the Outline of the Program for Chinese Children's Development in the 1990s. The formulation of this program fully displays the Chinese Government's earnest and responsible attitude toward, and its concern for, the work impacting children. In accordance with the tasks and general objectives proposed by the Ten-Year Program for China's National Economic and Social Development and the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1991-95), the spirit of the two documents adopted by the Summit Conference on the Issue of World Children, as well as China's actual children's programs, the Outline, having the world, the future and China's modernization program in view, puts forward ten main objectives and tactics and measures for realizing these objectives. It states that the mortality rate of infants and that of children under five in 1990 will both be reduced by one third, and that disease occurrence in children under five caused by moderate and severe malnutrition will drop by 50 percent in 2000. All of the 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government in China have worked out development programs for children in light of the Outline and their respective local conditions. The measures and work for implementing the Outline are carried out in a down-to-earth and effective way throughout the country.

　　立法保护

Protection Through Legislation

　　中国多年来致力于通过立法来保护儿童的合法利益，进而使儿童权益的保护法制化、规范化。

For many years, China has striven to protect children's legitimate rights and interests through legislation, endeavoring to place such protection on a legal and normal footing.

　　中国从国情出发，参照世界各国立法，特别是有关保护儿童权益的法律和国际文件，制定了以《中华人民共和国宪法》为核心，包括《刑法》、《民法通则》、《婚姻法》、《教育法》、《义务教育法》、《残疾人保障法》、《未成年人保护法》、《妇女权益保障法》、《母婴保健法》、《传染病防治法》和《收养法》等在内的一系列有关儿童生存、保护和发展的法律，以及大量相应的法规和政策措施，形成了较为完备的保护儿童权益的法律体系。中国宪法明确规定：“国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展”，“儿童受国家的保护”，“禁止虐待儿童”。根据中国宪法，中国的有关法律对儿童的生命权、生存与发展、基本健康和保健、家庭环境和替代性照料、教育、休闲和文化活动以及残疾儿童的特殊保护等均有全面系统的规定，并规定对虐待、遗弃、故意杀害儿童以及偷盗、拐卖、绑架、出卖、收买儿童等犯罪行为，予以严厉惩处。在中国的宪法、法律和有关行政法规中，还对保护儿童权益的政府职能、社会参与、工作原则以及相应的法律责任有比较完整的规范，从中可以清楚地看出中国为保护儿童权益制定的法律框架和社会保障机制是行之有效的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In accordance with the actual conditions in China and by reference to relative legislation in other countries, especially to the laws and international documents on the protection of children's rights and interests, China has worked out a series of laws concerning children's survival, protection and development. With the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the core, these provisions include the Criminal Law, the General Principles of Civil Law, the Marriage Law, the Education Law, the Compulsory Education Law, the Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons, the Law on the Protection of Juveniles, the Law on the Protection of Women's Rights and Interests, the Law on Health Protection of Mothers and Infants, the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and the Law on Adoption, in addition to a great number of other relevant regulations and measures. Hence a fairly complete legal system for the protection of children's rights and interests has been formed.The Constitution of China clearly specifies: ``The state promotes the all-round moral, intellectual and physical development of children and young people,'' ``... child are protected by the state,'' and ``maltreatment of ... children is prohibited.'' Formulated according to the Constitution, China's relevant laws include comprehensive and systematic provisions on children's right to life, survival and development, as well as basic health and health care. Provisions also address children's family environment and substitutional care, education, free time and cultural activities and the special protection of disabled children. It is specified that criminal acts, such as maltreating, abandoning and deliberately killing children, as well as stealing, abducting and trafficking, kidnaping, selling and buying in children, should be severely punished. In addition, China's Constitution, laws and relevant administrative legislation also include comparatively complete provisions on the government's functions, the society's participation, work principles and corresponding legal responsibilities in the protection of children's rights and interests. From these it can be clearly seen that China's legal framework for the protection of children's rights and interests and its social guarantee mechanisms are effective in practice.

　　司法保护

Judicial Protection

　　中国在司法程序中十分重视保护未成年人的合法权益，许多重要的法律对此都有特殊规定。中国对违法犯罪的未成年人，实行教育、感化、挽救的方针，并坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则。公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院在办理未成年人犯罪的案件时，充分考虑未成年人的身心特点，尊重违法犯罪的未成年人的人格尊严，保障他们的合法权益。中国的公安机关、人民检察院、人民法院和司法行政机关对审前羁押的未成年人，采取与羁押的成年人分别看管的办法，对经人民法院判决服刑的未成年人，也采取与服刑的成年人分别关押、管理的办法。中国法院对14周岁以上不满16周岁的未成年人犯罪案件，一律不公开审理。对16周岁以上不满18周岁的未成年人犯罪案件，一般也不公开审理。对未成年人犯罪案件，在判决前，新闻报道、影视节目、公开出版物不得披露该未成年人的姓名、住所、照片及可能推断出该未成年人的资料。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China's judicial procedure attaches great importance to the protection of juveniles' legal rights and interests, on which there are many important laws containing special provisions. To the juveniles who break the law and commit crimes, China adopts the policy of education, help and reform and adheres to the principle of relying mainly on education while making punishment subsidiary. While handling criminal cases concerning juve"iniles, public security organs, people's procuratorates and people's courts take full consideration of juveniles' physical and mental characteristics, respect their personality and dignity, and safeguard their legal rights and interests. Before criminals are tried, public security organs, people's procuratorates, people's courts and judicial administrative organs detain juveniles separately from adults; and juveniles who serve a sentence decided by the people's court are separately imprisoned from adult criminals and are treated differently. All criminal cases of persons aged 14 and 15 are not tried publicly by the people's court; and in general, criminal cases of persons aged 16 and 17 are not tried publicly. Before a criminal case of a teenager is judged, it is stipulated that the press, films, TV programs and public publications should not reveal the teenager's name, home address, photo and other identifying data.

　　组织保障

Organizational Guarantee

　　为了切实保护儿童权益，中国的立法、司法、政府各有关部门以及社会团体都建立了相应的机制，以监督、实施和促进保护儿童事业的健康发展。

To truly protect children's rights and interests, China's legislation, judicial and government departments concerned as well as mass organizations have set up corresponding mechanisms to supervise, effect and propel the healthy development of the work impacting children's protection.

　　作为中国最高国家权力机关的全国人民代表大会，其内务司法委员会负责妇女儿童权益保障的立法和执法监督检查，委员会内设立了妇女、儿童专门小组，配有专职人员。中国人民政治协商会议设有社会与法制委员会，其职责之一是监督和促进国家有关妇女、青年、儿童等方面的法律、法规的实施，并就这方面的问题和情况向国家的立法、行政部门提出建议。

As the highest organ of state power in China, the National People's Congress (NPC) has a Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs responsible for legislation for the protection of women and children's rights and interests and for the supervision and check-up of law enforcement. This committee has a special group for women and children staed with full-time working personnel. The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) has a Subcommittee on Social and Legislative Aairs, one of whose responsibilities is to supervise and promote the implementation of the state's laws and regulations on women, youth and children and raise proposals on work in this regard to the state's legislation and administrative departments.

　　中国国务院成立了妇女儿童工作委员会，该委员会由有关的政府职能部门和社会团体的负责人组成，由政府一名国务委员担任主任。该委员会负责协调和推动政府有关部门实施《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》；协调和推动政府有关部门为妇女儿童办实事。中央和地方政府的各有关部门，如教育、卫生、文化、公安、体育、民政等部门，也设立了负责儿童工作的职能机构。各省、自治区、直辖市组建了妇女儿童工作委员会或未成年人保护委员会，组织并指导当地的儿童权益保护工作的开展。一些群众性团体和组织也承担了大量的保障儿童事业发展的任务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The State Council of China has set up the Work Committee for Women and Children, which consists of responsible persons from the concerned government departments and mass organizations, and a state councilor who serves as chairperson. This committee has as its tasks to coordinate and promote the governmental departments concerned with implementing the Outline of the Program for Chinese Children's Development in the 1990s; and harmonize and propel these departments to do practical things for women and children. Both the central and local government departments involving education, pub"ilic health, culture, public security, physical culture and civil administration have set up functional organs to take charge of the work for children. The provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have set up committees on women and children's aairs or juvenile protection committees to organize and guide the work of protecting local children's rights and interests. Some mass organizations also perform many tasks to guarantee the development of the work concerning children in China.

　　国际合作

International Cooperation

　　为促进儿童保护领域的国际合作，中国政府和社会力量在扎实、有效地做好国内儿童生存、保护和发展工作的同时，还积极参与有关儿童生存、保护和发展的全球性和区域性国际合作与交流活动。多年来，中国与联合国儿童基金会、联合国教科文组织和世界卫生组织在有关儿童保护领域进行了卓有成效的合作，得到了有关国际组织和权威人士的好评。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To promote international cooperation in the protection of children, the Chinese Government and society at large have taken an active part in global and regional international cooperation and exchanges regarding children's survival, protection and development while devoting themselves to this cause in a down-to-earth and effective manner. In recent years, China has achieved great success through cooperating with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in its work to protect children. In this regard, China has been highly praised by international organizations and authoritative persons in the child protection field.

　　中国政府总理李鹏代表中国政府签署了1990年世界儿童问题首脑会议通过的《儿童生存、保护和发展世界宣言》及《执行九十年代儿童生存、保护和发展世界宣言行动计划》两个文件，这既是对数亿中国儿童，也是对国际社会的庄严承诺。中国积极参与联合国制定《儿童权利公约》的工作，1989年第四十四届联合国大会审议并通过该公约时，中国是提出通过公约的决议草案的共同提案国之一。1990年12月29日，中国正式签署了该公约。翌年，中国全国人民代表大会批准该公约，公约于1992年4月1日正式对中国生效。公约是国际社会为保护儿童权利制定的一项普遍适用的标准，中国政府承担并认真履行公约规定的各项义务。

Chinese Premier Li Peng, on behalf of the Chinese Government, signed the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children and the Plan of Action for Implementing the World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children in the 1990s (both adopted by the World Summit for Children in 1990), which represent a solemn promise made to several hundred million Chinese children as well as to the international community. China actively participated in working out the UN Convention on the Rights of Children. When the convention was examined and approved at the 44th Session of the UN General Assembly in 1989, China was one of the co-sponsor countries that raised the draft resolution for the approval of the convention. On December 29, 1990, China formally signed the convention. The following year, the NPC approved the convention, which formally became effective in China as of April 1, 1992. The convention is a universally applicable standard worked out by the international community for the protection of children's rights. The Chinese Government has undertaken and conscientiously fullled the obligations specied in the convention.

二、儿童的健康与保健

II. Children's Health and Care

　　中国政府和社会各界高度重视儿童的健康和保健，为保护儿童的生命和健康做了大量艰苦细致的工作，成效明显。

The Chinese Government and various circles in Chinese society have paid great attention to the health and care of its children. Much painstaking work has been done in protecting children's lives and health. As a result of these efforts, remarkable success has been achieved.

　　出生与死亡

Birth and Death

　　1995年，中国人口出生率为17.12‰，出生人口2063万人，人口自然增长率为10.55‰。

In 1995, China's birthrate was 17.12 per thousand and 20.63 million children were born, the natural growth rate being 10.55 per thousand.

　　5岁以下儿童死亡率是衡量一个国家儿童状况的一项重要指标。据1994年全国妇幼卫生监测报告，中国的婴儿死亡率由五十年代初期的200‰下降到37.79‰，5岁以下儿童死亡率为46.75‰。1950年至1980年，中国婴儿死亡率的年平均下降速率在5%以上，此下降速率既快于同期发展中国家平均婴儿死亡率下降速率（2.5%），也快于发达国家年平均下降速率（4.6%）。九十年代以来，中国的婴儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率的年平均下降速率分别为6.50%和5.85%。目前，没有一个人均年收入和中国相近的国家达到如此水平。

The mortality of children under five years old is an important indication of the situation of children in a country. According to a national maternity and child-care monitoring report in 1994, the infant mortality of China decreased to 37.79 per thousand from 200 per thousand in the early 1950s and the mortality rate for children under five years old to 46.74 per thousand. From 1950 to 1980, the annual decrease rate of China's infant mortality was above five percent, higher than the annual decrease rate (2.5 percent) of the average infant mortality of developing countries in the same period and also higher than that (4.6 percent) of developed countries. In the 1990s, the annual rate of decrease of infant mortality in China is 6.50 percent and that of children under five years old is 5.85 percent. So far, no other country in the world enjoying an annual per capita income approximate to China has reached such a high level.

　　医疗保健

Medical Care

　　中国已建立了符合国情的妇幼卫生服务体系，为实现“2000年人人享有卫生保健”的全球战略目标，遍布于城乡的三级医疗预防保健网，向广大儿童提供卫生保健和计划免疫服务。

In order to realize the global strategic target whereby everybody would enjoy health care by the year 2000, a maternity and child hygiene service system commensurate with its national conditions has been established in China and a three-level network of medical treatment, prevention and health care has been developed in its rural and urban areas, providing health care and planned immunity services for children.

　　应用价格低廉的疫苗对儿童进行免疫是既经济又有效的预防传染病、降低儿童死亡率的手段。中国自五十年代开始在全国普种痘苗，并在六十年代初成功地消灭了天花这一严重危害儿童健康的传染病。六十年代后，中国开始在大、中城市接种卡介苗、百日咳、白喉、破伤风、麻疹、脊髓灰质炎的疫苗的工作。七十年代每年利用冬春季节开展免疫活动，并于1978年开始在全国范围内普及儿童计划免疫工作。这项工作的开展，有效地降低了相应传染病的发病率和死亡率。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Using vaccines for children is an economical and effective way for preventing epidemic diseases and reducing children's deathrate. From the 1950s, China began to popularize the bovine vaccine and in the early 1960s, smallpox, an infectious disease seriously endangering children's health, was eliminated. After the 1960s, China began to inoculate BCG, pertussis, diphtheria, tetanus, measles and poliomyelitis vaccines. In the 1970s, activities for immunity from diseases were carried out during winters and springs; and in 1978 work on planned immunity for children was started on a nationwide scale. All this has led to a great drop in the incidence of the relevant infectious diseases and the mortality from such diseases.

　　八十年代，中国积极响应世界卫生组织扩大免疫规划号召，统一了儿童免疫程序，实行预防接种证制度，成立了计划免疫专家委员会，加强对计划免疫工作的技术指导，并与联合国儿童基金会合作开展冷链建设，使计划免疫得到进一步发展。1985年，中国政府正式宣布，分两步实现普及儿童免疫目标，即1988年以省为单位、1990年以县为单位儿童免疫接种率分别达到85%。1989年和1991年，联合国儿童基金会、世界卫生组织和中国卫生部联合对中国的计划免疫工作进行了两次审评，结果表明，中国按期实现了儿童免疫接种率目标，其中以县为单位计划免疫各种疫苗接种率在90%以上。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the 1980s, readily responding to the proposal of the WHO to expand the country's immunity program, China unified children's immunity procedures, initiated the system of issuing inoculation certificates, established the Specialists Committee for Planned Immunity and strengthened technical guidance for planned immunity work. At the same time, China cooperated with the UNICEF in the cold chain development, carrying work in this respect further. In 1985, the Chinese Government announced officially that its target for immunizing children would be realized in two steps, i.e. the inoculation rate of children would be 85 percent by 1988, counted at the provincial level, and again 85 percent by 1990, counted at the county level. In 1989 and 1991, the UNICEF, the WHO and the Ministry of Public Health of China jointly carried out two evaluations of China's work of planned immunity. The results showed that China had fulfilled, on schedule, its target on children's immunity and the inoculation rate of various vaccines was over 90 percent, counted at the county level.

　　为消灭脊髓灰质炎，中国在加强对儿童常规免疫工作和对脊髓灰质炎监测工作的基础上，自1993年12月至1996年1月每年的12月5日和1月5日，在全国范围内对4岁以下儿童进行了三次六轮强化免疫，每轮免疫儿童约8000万。强化免疫活动的开展，有力地推动了消灭脊髓灰质炎的工作进程。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In order to eliminate poliomyelitis, while strengthening regular work on immunity and the monitoring of poliomyelitis, China performed nationwide six rounds of reinforced inoculations on children under four years old, on December 5 and January 5 separately in each of the three years 1993-96, each round involving about 80 million children. In this way the timetable for eliminating poliomyelitis has been shortened.

　　中国实施计划免疫工作以来取得了巨大成就，传染病大幅度下降。据全国常规疫情报告资料：1994年麻疹、白喉、百日咳、脊髓灰质炎发病数分别比1978年下降了96.4%、99.4%、99.3%、97.5%；死亡数分别下降了97.4%、99.3%、96.5%、97.7%；1994年上述四种传染病发病总数较1978年减少了约351.7万例，死亡减少约1.3万例。1995年除云南省从外籍过境来滇就医的一名脊髓灰质炎患儿粪便中分离到一株野病毒外，全国尚未从急性弛缓性麻痹病例中分离到脊髓灰质炎野病毒。

Since the implementation of China's immunization program, great achievements have been made and the incidence of infectious diseases has sharply declined. A national report on the country's epidemic situation reveals that the number of cases of measles, diphtheria, pertussis and poliomyelitis in 1994 dropped by 96.4, 99.4, 99.3 and 97.5 percent respectively compared with 1978; the death rate decreased by 97.4, 99.3, 96.5 and 97.7 percent respectively. In 1994, the number of incidences of the above-mentioned four epidemic diseases fell by about 3.517 million and the number of deaths by about 13,000 as compared with 1978. In 1995, only one strain of a wild virus was found in the stool of a child suffering from poliomyelitis who came from abroad to Yunnan for medical treatment. No other poliomyelitis wild viruses were found in Acute Flaccid Paralysis cases.

　　中国计划免疫工作取得的成绩得到了国际社会的高度赞誉。1989年10月16日，当时的联合国儿童基金会执行主任詹姆斯·格兰特将一枚联合国儿童生存银质奖章授予中国卫生部卫生防疫司，以表彰中国在普及儿童免疫工作中所取得的巨大成绩。1994年11月24日和1995年8月8日，世界卫生组织总干事中岛宏博士和世界卫生组织西太区主任韩相泰博士先后致函中华人民共和国国务院总理李鹏和全国人大常委会委员长乔石，高度赞扬并肯定了中国取得的成绩，他们代表世界卫生组织对中国在消灭脊髓灰质炎方面所取得的进展表示非常满意，认为在世界卫生领域中国再次发挥了重要作用。

China's immunization achievements have been highly praised by the international community. On October 16, 1989, a silver medal was awarded to the Chinese Health and Antiepidemic Department of the Ministry of Public Health by the then UNICEF executive director, James P.Grant, to commend China's achievements made in children's immunity work. On November 24, 1994 and August 8, 1995, Dr Hiroshi Nakajima, Director General of the WHO, and Dr S.T.Han, Director of Western Pacific Regional Office of the WHO, successively wrote letters to Li Peng, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, and Qiao Shi, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, in which they spoke highly of these achievements and, on behalf of the WHO, expressed their great satisfaction with China's work in eliminating poliomyelitis. They held that China had played an important role in the world public health field.

　　中国还将降低肺炎和腹泻的死亡率作为儿童医疗保健工作的重要而紧迫的任务。中国卫生部为此制定了《全国儿童呼吸道感染控制规划（1992－1995）》和《腹泻病控制规划（1990－1994）》，通过推广适宜技术、逐级培训、健康教育、管理监测指导系统等措施来降低婴幼儿尤其是农村婴幼儿的死亡率。急性呼吸道感染（AIR）标准病例管理项目已于1994年扩展到全国的24个省（自治区、直辖市）的53个县，腹泻病控制项目已覆盖17个省（自治区、直辖市），并将急性呼吸道感染标准病例管理和腹泻病防治内容培训推广到300个贫困县，36万多乡村医生接受了培训。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China considers reducing children's mortality caused by pneumonia and diarrhoea as an important and urgent task of its medical and health work for children. For this purpose the Chinese Ministry of Public Health has formulated the National Plan on Controlling Infection Children's Respiratory Tract (1992-95) and the Plan on Controlling Diarrhoea (1990-94) and implemented a series of measures, such as popularizing proper techniques, personnel training, health education and monitoring systems. These have all served to reduce infant mortality, especially rural infant mortality. Management projects on standard AIR cases had been expanded to 53 counties in 24 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and diarrhoea control projects had covered 17 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities by 1994. And at the same time, 360,000 township and village doctors from 300 poor counties have been trained on managing standard AIR cases and controlling diarrhoea.

　　在中国，1949年以前，新生儿破伤风是新生儿死亡的主要原因。五十年代和六十年代在全国范围内建立了妇幼卫生保健机构，将新法接生作为控制产褥热和新生儿破伤风的主要措施，取得了很大成绩。1993年中国卫生部提出进一步降低新生儿破伤风死亡率，使之达到2000年时的国际消除标准。1995年中国卫生部颁发了《全国消除新生儿破伤风行动计划》，根据调查和监测资料，筛选新生儿破伤风高发地区，并在继续推广严格的新法接生提高住院分娩率的同时，迅速开展对育龄妇女的破伤风类毒素免疫工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Before 1949, tetanus was one of the main causes of death in China's newborn babies. Health centers for women and children were set up throughout China from the 1950s to the 1960s and new methods for child delivery as a major measure for controlling puerperal fever and tetanus neonatorum have been crowned with remarkable success. In 1993, the Ministry of Public Health of China put forward a new task to further reduce infant mortality caused by tetanus, so as to meet the 2000 international standard for eliminating tetanus. In 1995, the Ministry of Public Health promulgated the National Action Plan on Eliminating Tetanus Neonatorum. Basing on data gathered from investigation and monitoring, it designated areas highly susceptible to tetanus neonatorum attacks and, while continuing to popularize the new methods of child delivery and encourage hospital childbirths, strove to rapidly develop immunization work among women of childbearing age.

　　营养状况

Nutritional Status

　　中国重视不断改善儿童的营养状况，采取了多种医疗保健措施：建国初期政府在部分地区发放婴儿食品；六十年代、七十年代推广科学膳食制度；八十年代开发辅助食品；九十年代促进母乳喂养、优化膳食模式。儿童营养状况逐步提高，由食物缺乏引起的严重营养不良和严重维生素A缺乏症在中国已很少见。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has paid great attention to improving children's nutritional status and various medical and health measures have been adopted. In the early period after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the government handed out infant foodstuffs in some areas. From the 1960s to the 1970s, a scientific diet for children was popularized in China. The nutritional status of Chinese children has gradually improved since the supplementary food was developed in the 1980s and since breastfeeding was advocated and dietary scheme was optimized in the 1990s. Now it is rare to find cases of serious malnutrition caused by shortage of food or cases of serious vitamin-A deficiency.

　　自八十年代起，中国一些地区开始使用生长发育图，对儿童的生长趋势进行监测，并通过“社区营养监测”的方法，争取尽早发现问题并及时给予针对性的指导和干预。实践证明，这是一种较为适宜的儿童保健工作方法。

Since the 1980s, a chart has been used in some areas of China to monitor children's natural growth and a community nutrition monitoring program introduced. If something abnormal is detected by such monitorings, timely guidance and treatment are given. Experience has proved that this is a proper method to maintain the health of children.

　　中国响应世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会的倡议，大力开展促进母乳喂养、创建爱婴医院的活动，将2000年实现以省为单位母乳喂养达到80%作为《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》的一项主要目标，并承诺到1995年创建1000所爱婴医院。为此，中国卫生部于1992年5月向全国发出了《关于加强母乳喂养工作的通知》，并制定有关法规，加强对母乳代用品的销售管理，限制母乳代用品的销售活动。在各级政府的领导下，中国开展了大规模的以创建爱婴医院为主的爱婴行动。到1995年底的三年间，全国已创建2957所爱婴医院，居全球各国创建爱婴医院之首，为全球的爱婴行动作出了积极贡献。中国创建爱婴医院活动得到了联合国儿童基金会、世界卫生组织的高度评价。

In response to the proposals of the WHO and UNICEF, various activities to promote breastfeeding and build "baby friendly hospitals" have been developed. China planned to bring the breastfeeding rate on the provincial level up to 80 percent by the year 2000 as a major target for the Outline of the Program for Chinese Children's Development in the 1990s and it also promised to build 1,000 "baby friendly hospitals" by 1995. To this end, the Ministry of Public Health issued the Notice on Strengthening the Work on Breastfeeding in May management of the sale of mother's milk substitutes, so as to impose restrictions on the sale of such substitutes. Under the leadership of governments at various levels, a "baby friendly program" with the establishment of baby friendly hospitals as the main part was carried out in a big way. By the end of 1995, 2,957 baby friendly hospitals had been constructed, ranking first in number in the world-a significant contribution to the world baby friendly program. These efforts have won for China the high opinion of the UNICEF and WHO.

　　中国还通过加强乡镇卫生院、县防疫站、县妇幼保健院的建设来提高农村儿童的医疗保健水平，改善其营养状况。1991年以来，中央财政投资3亿元，带动全国各级财政和集体经济、农民群众共同筹资86.5亿元。截至1994年底，全国36%的乡镇卫生院、29.8%县防疫站、27.7%县妇幼保健院的建设得到了不同程度的改善。

At the same time, in order to improve the level of medical treatment and health care and the nutritional status of children in rural areas, measures for promoting the building of township clinics, county antiepidemic stations and county health centers for women and children have been adopted by the state. Since 1991, 300 million yuan from central finance has been allocated and 8.65 billion yuan from local financial administrations, collective economy and peasants had been pooled for input that direction. By the end of 1994, the conditions at 36 percent of the township clinics, 29.8 percent of the county antiepidemic stations and 27.7 percent of the county health centers for women and children have been improved by various degrees.

　　调查结果表明，中国儿童营养状况有了相当程度的改善。1995年与1990年相比，5岁以下儿童营养不良发生率下降了23.82%，提前实现了《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》提出的中期目标。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Investigations show that childer's nutritional status in China has improved considerably. Compared with 1990, the rate of malnutrition in children under five years old dropped by 23.82 percent in 1995, fulfilling, ahead of the time, the medium-term target envisaged in the Outline of the Program for Chinese Children's Development in the 1990s.

三、儿童的教育

III. Education for Children

　　中国政府一直把儿童教育置于整个教育事业发展的优先地位。在政府和全社会的共同努力下，近年来，中国的儿童教育事业有了很大发展，许多指标优先于其他发展中国家，有的接近发达国家水平。

The Chinese Government always gives pride of place to children's education in the promotion of education in general. Thanks to the mutual efforts made by the government and society, children's education in China has seen great progress in the past few years, with many indexes higher than those of other developing countries and some indexes close to those of developed countries.

　　大力增加教育投入

Vigorously Increase Input in Education

　　近年来，中国确立了以财政拨款为主，其他多种渠道筹措教育经费为辅的教育经费筹措体制，并规定中央和地方政府的教育拨款的增长要高于财政经常性收入的增长，使按在校学生人数平均的教育费用逐年增长。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In recent years, China has established an educational fund-raising system, whereby financial allocations are the predominant source, with funds collected through other channels as a supplement. It is stipulated that the increase of allocations for education by the central and local governments should be higher than the increase of regular revenue, thus ensuring a year-by-year increase of average educational appropriations for every student.

　　据统计，1994年中国用于小学教育经费达594亿元，每个学生平均事业性公用经费89.47元；用于普通中学教育经费已达435亿元，每个学生平均事业性公用经费239.89元。

According to statistics, in 1994 China spent 59.4 billion yuan on primary education, with operating expenses for public use averaging 89.47 yuan per student; 43.5 billion yuan was spent on ordinary middle schools, with operating expenses for public use averaging 239.89 yuan per student.

　　中国政府十分关注边远、贫困和少数民族地区的教育事业。八十年代以来，国家设立了普及小学教育补助费和发展职业教育、师范教育、民族教育补助费等。国家教委和财政部决定从1995年到2000年，利用中央普及义务教育专款和地方各级政府的配套资金，组织实施“国家贫困地区义务教育工程”。这项工程总投入预计100多亿元，重点用于改善贫困地区小学、初中学校的办学条件。

The Chinese Government pays great attention to educational development in remote and poor areas, as well as areas inhabited by national minorities. Since the 1980s, the state has appropriated school aid for the popularization of primary education, and subsidies for developing vocational education, normal education and education for national minorities. The State Education Commission and the Ministry of Finance have decided that in 1995-2000, the special funds allocated by the central government for the popularization of compulsory education, plus the supporting money provided by the local governments, should be used to implement the National Compulsory Education Project in Poor Areas. It is estimated that over 10 billion yuan will be put into the project. The money will be used mainly to improve conditions in primary schools and junior middle schools in poor areas.

　　中国还努力通过多种渠道筹措教育经费。据不完全统计，1991－1994年间，中国多渠道筹措用于改善中小学办学条件的经费共338亿元，使全国绝大多数中小学的教学仪器、图书资料、文体器材和校园设施等有了不同程度的改善和充实。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has been making great efforts in raising educational funds through various channels. According to incomplete statistics, during 1991-94, it collected a total of 33.8 billion yuan for primary and middle schools to buy more and better quality teaching aids, books and reference materials, sports requisites and campus facilities.

　　发展学前教育

Develop Preschool Education

　　动员全社会的力量，采取多种形式，多渠道地发展幼儿教育，在当地政府举办幼儿园的同时，鼓励单位、团体及个人根据有关规定举办幼儿园，是中国发展学前教育的方针之一。近年来，由于各级政府和全社会的大力支持和积极参与，中国学前教育事业稳步发展，已形成了国家、集体和公民个人一起办幼儿园的局面。1995年中国有幼儿园18万所，在园儿童2711.23万人，3－5周岁儿童入园率达42.2%。在城市，幼儿教育形式多为全日制幼儿园，辅之部分寄宿制和部分学前班。在农村，经济发展情况较好的地区已做到乡乡有中心幼儿园，村村有学前班。一些经济发展落后、人口居住分散、交通不便的农村、山区和牧区，除了努力创造条件举办学前班外，还有儿童活动站、游戏小组和巡回辅导组等非正规幼儿教育形式。

Mobilizing the whole society to develop preschool education in vari"ious forms and channels and encouraging not only government institutions and enterprises but also mass organizations and individuals to open kindergartens in light of relevant regulations--this is one of the principles adopted by China in developing preschool education. In recent years, due to the vigorous support and active participation of governments at all levels and society at large, China's preschool education has been developing steadily. A new era has dawned in which kindergartens are run by the state, the collectives and the individuals together. By 1995 China had 180,000 kindergartens, with an enrollment of 27.1123 million children. In all, 42.2 percent of children aged 3-5 years old go to kindergartens. In urban areas, full-time kindergarten is the dominant form of preschool education, with the boarding system and preschool classes as a supplement; in rural areas where the local economy is better-developed, central kindergartens can be found in every township and preschool classes in every village. In backward countryside, mountain and pastoral areas, which are remote and sparsely populated, while endeavoring to create conditions for running preschool classes, people are opening children's activities stations, games groups, mobile groups giving children guidance, and other nonregular forms of preschool education.

　　提高适龄儿童入学率

Higher Enrollment Ratio for Children of School Age

　　普及九年义务教育，是中国实施基础教育的一项主要目标。由于政府的努力和全社会的大力支持，到1995年，全国小学在校生13195万人，小学适龄儿童入学率为98.5%；在校生辍学率为1.49%；小学毕业生升学率为90.8%。按中国现行测定普及小学义务教育的标准，占全国人口91%的地区基本普及了初等教育。根据联合国教科文组织的材料，中国的适龄儿童入学率明显高于其他同等发展水平的国家。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Popularization of compulsory nine-year schooling is the key goal of China's elementary education program. Thanks to the government's effort and powerful support from society, in 1995 the number of children attending primary school reached 131.95 million, with an enrollment rate of 98.5 percent for children of school age. In addition, only 1.49 percent of the students discontinued their studies and 90.8 percent of the primary school graduates entered a higher school. According to China's present standard on popularization of compulsory primary schooling, elementary education has been basically popularized in areas covering 91 percent of the country's population. UNESCO statistics show that the enrollment ratio of school-age children in China is much higher than in other countries of the same economic development level.

　　女童教育是发展中国家儿童教育面临的突出问题。新中国成立时，全国女童入学率只有15%。建国后，中国政府采取了许多措施，使女童教育有了很大发展，男女儿童入学率差距逐年缩小，较好地解决了许多发展中国家至今尚未解决的问题。据统计，1995年全国小学适龄女童入学率为98.2%，男女性别差仅为0.7个百分点，女在校生比例占47.3%。

Education for girls is a key problem which faces developing countries in the field of children's education. When New China was firstly founded, the country's enrollment rate of girls was only 15 percent. The Chinese Government later took many measures so that great progress was made in education for girls and the gap between enrollment rates of boys and girls was reduced year by year. China therefore has solved a problem which remains unsolved in many other developing countries. According to statistics, in 1995 the enrollment ratio of school-age girls in primary schools was 98.2 percent, only 0.7 percentage point lower than that of boys; girl students accounted for 47.3 percent of total primary school enrollment.

　　救助失学儿童

Help for Children Unable to Go to School

　　在中国贫困地区，存在着因家庭贫困而失学的小学生。各级政府把帮助贫困家庭儿童就学纳入各类扶贫计划，采取各种措施帮助这些儿童重返校园。同时，在政府的关心和大力推动下，社会各界也纷纷伸出援助之手，使失学儿童获得受教育的基本权利。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In China's poor areas there are children unable to go on to school because of poverty. Governments at all levels have incorporated help for children from poor families to enter school in their help-the-poor programs and, at the same time, have taken various measures to help them return to school. In the mean time, thanks to the concern of and vigorous promotion by the government, people from all walks of life have been helping these children, enabling them to enjoy the fundamental right to education.

　　1989年10月，中国青少年发展基金会在北京宣布实施“希望工程”。它通过设立助学金，长期资助贫困地区因家庭经济困难失学的孩子重返校园，并为一些贫困乡村新建、修缮校舍，购置教具、文具和书籍等；通过“百万爱心行动”、“1（家）＋1助学行动”等活动，广泛动员全社会的力量来帮助贫困地区的失学儿童重返校园。到1995年底，“希望工程”已筹集资金6.9亿元，资助125万失学儿童继续其小学学习，并资助建设了2000多所希望小学。

In October 1989, the China Youth Development Foundation initiated the Hope Project in Beijing. It provides grants-in-aid as long-term financial assistance to children in poor areas who dropped out of school because of straitened family circumstances, thus enabling them to return to school. In some poor rural areas, it also helps build or repair schoolhouses and buy teaching aids, stationery and books. It has sponsored the ``One Million People's Love Movement'' and the ``1 (family) + 1 (dropout) Help Movement,'' mobilizing the entire society to help dropouts return to school. By the end of 1995, the Hope Project had raised 690 million yuan, given financial assistance to 1.25 million children for continuing primary education and subsidized construction of over 2,000 Hope Project primary schools.

　　从1989年开始，中国儿童少年基金会实施了“春蕾计划”，设立帮助女童入学的专项基金，对贫困地区的女童实施免费初等义务教育。“春蕾计划”1994年和1995年两年共资助10万名失学女童重返校园。

The China Children's Foundation began to carry out the Spring Buds Program in 1989. It established a special fund to help girls enter school, enabling girls in poor areas to receive charge-free compulsory primary education. In total, the Spring Buds Program helped 100,000 girls return to school in 1994 and 1995.

四、残疾儿童的保护

IV. Protection of Disabled Children

　　中国高度重视残疾儿童的保护，努力为残疾儿童的生存和发展创造良好条件。

China has all along attached great importance to protecting disabled children, making great efforts to create favorable conditions for their survival and development.

　　权益保护

Protection of Disabled Children's Rights and Interests

　　中国重视残疾儿童的权益保护。在中国0－14岁儿童中，有残疾儿童900余万人，占全国同龄儿童总数的2.66%。中国的宪法和有关法律对保护包括残疾儿童在内的残疾人的合法权益有明确的规定。《残疾人保障法》对保障残疾人合法权益作了全面、系统的规定，包括残疾人在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有同其他公民平等的权利；禁止歧视、侮辱、侵害残疾人；国家有计划地开展残疾预防工作；保障残疾人康复、教育、劳动、娱乐、福利等权益。这些规定都适用于残疾儿童。该法还对残疾儿童的特殊保护问题作了专门规定。

The Chinese Government has devoted much attention to guaranteeing the rights and interests of disabled children. Among children aged 14 and under, there are over 9 million disabled, accounting for 2.66 percent of children of the same age group in China. The Chinese Constitution and relevant laws contain clear statements regarding the rights and interests of the disabled, including disabled children. The Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons contains all-inclusive, systematic provisions guaranteeing the legitimate rights and interests of the disabled. It states clearly that the disabled enjoy equal rights with other citizens in all spheres: political, economic, cultural, social and family life; that discrimination, insult and harassment against the disabled are prohibited; that the state should develop disability prevention programs; and that the rights of the disabled to rehabilitation, education, labor, entertainment and welfare should be protected. While all these provisions also apply to disabled children, the law includes specific statements on special protection of disabled children.

　　为保障残疾人权益，促进残疾人事业的发展，经中国政府批准成立了残疾人的代表、服务和残疾人事业的管理机构———中国残疾人联合会（简称中国残联），它的一项重要任务就是保护残疾儿童的合法权益。在地方，建立了省（自治区、直辖市）、地、县残联，对本地包括残疾儿童在内的残疾人事业实施服务和管理。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In order to protect rights and interests of the disabled and promote their cause, the China Disabled Persons' Federation (CDPF), an organization that represents the disabled, serves their interests and administrates the work concerning the disabled, has been established with the approval of the Chinese Government. One of its principal tasks is to protect the lawful rights and interests of disabled children. Also, local disabled persons' federations at the provincial (autonomous regional and municipal), prefectural and county levels have been established to serve the disabled, including disabled children in the region, and administrate their affairs.

　　残疾预防与康复

Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation

　　中国政府实行预防为主的方针，采取一系列措施预防儿童的先天致残。

Following the policy of putting prevention rst, the Chinese Government has adopted a series of measures to prevent children's congenital disability.

　　中国大力开展强化计划免疫，有计划、大规模地给儿童少年补碘，并进一步治理地方病，控制环境污染，对地甲病、克汀病、大骨节病流行地区，采取补碘、改土净水等措施。同时，各级政府和医疗保健机构严格执行《婚姻法》、《母婴保健法》及预防先天残疾的有关法规，控制有害遗传，加强婚育、孕产系统管理，搞好婚前检查、婚前教育、产前检查、遗传咨询、围产期保健、母婴保健、早期教育等服务工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has expended great eorts in strengthening the immunization program and in planned, large-scale replenishment of iodine for children. In order to further control endemic diseases and curb environmental pollution, it has taken effective measures such as replenishing iodine, improving soil and purifying water in regions where goiter, cretinism and Kaschin-Beck disease are rampant. The Marriage Law, the Law on Health Protection of Mothers and Infants and relevant regulations for preventing congenital disability have been strictly implemented by governments and medical and health institutions at all levels. In order to curb harmful heredity and improve prenatal, birthing and postnatal education and administration, services like premarital check-ups and education, prenatal examinations, heredity consultancy, birthing-process care, mother-baby care and early education have been strengthened.

　　中国政府为帮助残疾儿童恢复或者补偿功能，增强其参与社会生活的能力做了大量工作，效果良好。

The Chinese Government has expended great efforts and attained remarkable achievements in helping disabled children recover maximum health and in enhancing their abilities to participate in social life.

　　开展“三项康复”（小儿麻痹后遗症矫治、聋儿听力语言训练以及白内障复明）工作。截至1995年底，共有36万小儿麻痹后遗症患者经矫治手术改善了功能，有效率达98%左右；完成6万多名聋儿康复任务，使他们都能开口说话，其中10%的康复聋儿进入普通幼儿园、小学学习；为3万名低视力儿童配用了助视器，提高了视力；使10万智残儿童增强了认知和自理能力。目前，中国已建立了全国聋儿康复研究中心和26座省级聋儿康复中心，以及1000多个残疾儿童康复站、寄托所、训练班。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has actively developed the ``Three Recoveries'' program (rectifying polio sequelae, training deaf children in hearing and speech and performing cataract operations). By the end of 1995, China had rectified 360,000 children of polio sequelae (a success rate of 98 percent), helped more than 60,000 deaf children recover their hearing and speech abilities (10 percent of which had entered regular kindergartens and elementary schools to receive regular education), had provided 30,000 poor-sighted children with sight aids and helped 100,000 mentally retarded children enhance their cognitive capacity and self-suciency. At present, China has established the National Rehabilitation Research Center for Deaf Children, in addition to 26 provincial-level rehabilitation centers for deaf children and over 1,000 rehabilitation stations, kindergartens and training classes for disabled children.

　　建立社区康复服务体系。中国利用城乡三级医疗预防保健网开展社区康复，使城乡基层的大多数残疾儿童能够享有基本的康复服务。同时，在各级地方政府领导下，成立了由卫生、民政、残联等有关部门参加的社区康复领导小组，相互协调、分工合作，共同制定社区康复规划，并组织实施。

Community rehabilitation service systems for disabled children also have been set up. China has fully used the urban-rural three-level network of health services to develop community rehabilitation, helping most disabled children in grassroots areas enjoy basic rehabilitation services. Moreover, under the leadership of local governments at different levels, community rehabilitation leading groups have been founded, consisting of public health departments, civil administration departments, disabled persons' federations and other relevant departments, which coordinate and cooperate with each other to mutually formulate community rehabilitation plans and manage their implementation.

　　1982年，中国民政部与联合国儿童基金会开展了“残疾儿童社区康复”合作项目。到1994年为止，已在全国23个省的32个市、县建立了残疾儿童康复网络，对残疾儿童工作者及家长进行了系统的培训，有效地提高了残疾儿童康复工作的管理水平。

In 1982, the Chinese Ministry of Civil Affairs started to cooperate with the UNICEF in the Community Rehabilitation for Disabled Children project. By the end of 1994, the rehabilitation network for disabled children covered 32 cities and counties in 23 provinces of the country and systematically trained disabled children's parents and rehabilitation instructors. These efforts were successful in effectively improving the management of the rehabilitation work for disabled children.

　　残疾儿童教育

Education for Disabled Children

　　中国的《教育法》、《义务教育法》、《残疾人保障法》、《残疾人教育条例》等法律法规中，对残疾儿童教育的职责、特点、发展方针、办学渠道、教育方式等作出了全面、系统的规定。根据有关法律法规，中国政府将残疾儿童教育纳入义务教育。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Regarding disabled children's education, the Education Law, the Compulsory Education Law, the Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons and the Regulations for Disabled Persons' Education clearly and completely state the duties, characteristics, guiding principles of development, channels for running schools and methods of instruction, etc. According to relevant laws and regulations, the education of disabled children is compulsory.

　　在中国，经过多年努力，以在普通学校附设特殊教育班和随班就读为主体、以特殊教育学校为骨干的残疾儿童义务教育格局已经形成。到1995年底，全国残疾人特殊教育学校已达1379所，比1980年增长4倍，普通学校附设特教班6510个，在校生总数（含随班就读学生）达29.6万人，比1980年增长8倍。全国盲、聋、弱智儿童的平均入学率已达60%，在经济发达地区达到80%。

After years of efforts, China has formed a compulsory education set-up for disabled children, which takes special-education schools as the backbone and special-education classes attached to, and attendance of individual disabled students in, ordinary schools as the main body. By the end of 1995, China had set up 1,379 special-education schools for the disabled, an increase of 400 percent over 1980; there were also 6,510 special-education classes attached to ordinary schools with 296,000 disabled students (including those attending regular schools), an increase of 800 percent over 1980. In 1995 the national average school enrollment rate of blind, deaf and mentally retarded children reached 60 percent; in the economically developed areas enrollment reached 80 percent.

　　社会环境

Social Environment

　　中国动员社会采取多种方式关心和帮助残疾儿童的成长，大力弘扬残疾儿童自强不息的精神，倡导团结、友爱、互助的社会风尚。大众传媒积极反映残疾儿童生活，报道残疾人事业发展情况。广播、电视普遍开办残疾儿童专题节目，并配制手语、字幕。逐步实行方便残疾人的城市道路和建筑物设计规范，采取无障碍设施等措施，为残疾儿童的生存和发展创造良好的社会环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese Government has done a great deal of work to mobilize various circles in society to care for, in various manners, the development of disabled children, to greatly encourage the spirit of unceasing self-improvement among disabled children and to advocate the social virtues of unity, friendship and mutual aid. The Chinese media actively reports on the life conditions of disabled children and the work concerning the disabled. Virtually all radio and TV stations offer specific programs for disabled children, compounded with sign language and captions. To create a favorable social environment for disabled children's survival and development, China has worked out and gradually implemented Standards for the Design of Urban Roads and Buildings for the Disabled's Convenience, which require obstacle-free structures when municipal works and various buildings are constructed.

　　中国政府规定，自1991年起，每年5月的第三个星期日，为全国助残日。少年儿童积极开展“红领巾助残”活动；青年积极开展“志愿者助残行动”。社会各界也通过各种方式广泛参加各种形式的助残活动。残疾儿童在全社会的关心下，得到了多方面的实际帮助和服务。

Since 1991, the Chinese Government has legally established National Helping-the-Disabled Day on the third Sunday in May every year. Children actively take part in Young Pioneers Helping the Disabled activities while young people enthusiastically participate in Volunteers Helping the Disabled activities. Meantime, the broad masses of people all over the country also widely participate in various activities to help the disabled. Closely looked after by the government, disabled children have also been receiving many types of help and services from various circles in society.

五、儿童福利院

V. China's Welfare Homes for Children

　　中国的儿童福利院工作是中国儿童工作的特殊组成部分。儿童福利院和其他也监护养育部分儿童的社会福利院监护养育的儿童主要是因天灾和不可预测事故失去双亲的孤儿，同时也监护养育因身患难以完全康复的智残、肢残等重残或因严重疾病而被父母遗弃的儿童，目前，这类在院监护养育的儿童共有2万名左右，约占中国未成年人总数的十万分之五左右。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China's welfare homes for children play a special role in the country's efforts to care for children. The welfare homes and some social welfare institutions that also accept orphans oer guardianship and rearing mainly to children who have lost their parents during natural disasters or accidents, and also to those abandoned by their parents because they are seriously or almost irremediably disabled mentally or physically, or because they have contracted a serious illness. Currently, there are about 20,000 such children under the guardianship and rearing of welfare institutions, accounting for five per one hundred thousand of the total number of juveniles in China.

　　监护养育

Rearing Under Guardianship

　　在中国，由民政部门具体负责孤儿和被遗弃的病残儿童的监护养育和安置工作。

In China, such rearing and emplacement of orphans or children abandoned for physical disability are under the charge of civil administration departments.

　　中国现阶段的孤儿的监护养育办法是：一部分由国家和集体举办社会福利事业单位集中监护养育，直至他们长大成人，对监护养育的痴呆和重残孤儿实行终身供养；另有一部分分散在社区群众家中寄养，福利院对其实行监护；还有一部分由国内公民根据法律规定收养，少部分被外国公民依法收养。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

These are the ways that orphans are reared under guardianship in China: social welfare institutions set up by the government or collectives oer guardianship and rearing to some of the orphans till their adult age and give life support to idiotic and seriously disabled orphans under their care; some orphans are brought up in citizens' homes under the guardianship of welfare institutions; some orphans are adopted by domestic citizens and a small number by foreign citizens according to relevant laws.

　　截至1995年底，由各地政府投资举办的儿童福利院73所，监护养育孤儿和被遗弃的病残儿童8900人，全国城市的1200多个社会福利院和部分农村敬老院，也监护养育部分孤儿和被遗弃的病残儿童，还有一些孤儿和被遗弃的病残儿童或分散在群众家中寄养，或由群众依法收养。此外，全国各地区还兴办了孤儿学校、康复中心、弱智儿童培训班、残疾儿童康复站、社区康复站等为社区孤儿、残疾人服务的组织近万个，社会个人或组织还兴办社会福利机构上百家。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

By the end of 1995, there were a total of 73 welfare homes for children set up by local governments, oering guardianship and rearing to 8,900 orphans and abandoned ill or disabled children. More than 1,200 social welfare institutions in urban areas and some homes for the aged in rural areas have also oered guardianship and rearing to orphans and abandoned ill or disabled children. Some orphans and abandoned ill or disabled children are under the care of or legally adopted by common people. Moreover, there are a total of nearly ten thousand organizations serving orphans and disabled persons in communities throughout China, such as schools for orphans, rehabilitation centers, training classes for mentally retarded children, rehabilitation stations for disabled children and community rehabilitation stations, as well as about a hundred social welfare institutions established by individuals or organizations.

　　除政府和社会建立福利院抚养孤儿和被遗弃的病残儿童外，中国还积极开展公民收养工作，使这些丧失家庭的儿童重新得到家庭的温暖，健康成长。为了保护合法的收养关系，维护当事人的合法权利，有利于被收养的未成年人的抚育、成长，中国全国人民代表大会常务委员会制定了《收养法》，根据该法，经国务院批准，司法部、民政部发布施行了《外国人在中华人民共和国收养子女实施办法》。中国的孤儿收养工作有法可依，也完全符合联合国《儿童权利公约》提出的原则。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Apart from welfare institutions set up by the government and the society to take care of orphans and abandoned children, China encourages citizens to adopt these children so that they can enjoy a normal family life and grow up sound of body and mind. In order to protect legal adoption and the legal rights of the persons concerned, and to benefit the care and growth of adopted juveniles, the NPC Standing Committee of China stipulated the Adoption Law. According to this law, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, with the approval of the State Council, published for implementation the Procedures for the Adoption of Children by Foreigners in the People's Republic of China. The adoption of orphans in China has laws to go by and is in full accord with the principles put forward by the United Nations in the Convention on the Rights of Children.

　　实施收养的各种手续是严格依法进行的。不论是中国公民还是外国人，收养都必须符合法律规定的条件和程序。中国政府的各有关部门在为当事人办理收养手续的过程中，严格按法律规定收取各项费用。根据法律规定，收养人要向福利院支付被收养人抚育费，支付的数额主要通过协商确定，该项费用用于改善福利设施和院内孩子的生活。

All adoption procedures are done strictly according to law. Both Chinese citizens and foreigners shall meet the conditions required by law and go through all necessary procedures. While handling the adoption procedures for the person concerned, the related departments of the Chinese Government charge the fees strictly according to law. As required by law, the adoptor shall pay to the welfare home the cost for upbringing of the adoptee, which will then be used to improve living conditions for other children in the institution. This cost is determined mainly through negotiations between the two parties.

　　经 费

Funds

　　中国儿童福利院的经费，以国家和地方财政拨款为主，集体集资、发行福利彩票和社会捐助为辅。其中财政拨款列入当年财政预算，实行全额拨款。1990－1994年，仅地方财政用于城市各类福利院儿童养育费用直接投入就达5.15亿元，其中40%左右直接用于儿童生活，年平均增长25.5%，保证了福利院儿童生活的基本需要。五年来，国家专门用于改善儿童福利院办院条件的资金7.4亿元，其中中央和地方投入福利彩票募集的福利资金2.4亿元，地方财政投入1.5亿元，社会捐赠3.5亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Most of the funds for China's welfare homes for children come from appropriations by state and local financial departments (the funds being budgeted as full operating expenses for welfare homes in the financial report of each year), supplemented by other means, such as collective fund raising, welfare lotteries and donations. From 1990 to 1994, local financial departments had appropriated a total of 515 million yuan directly to urban welfare homes for children (of this total, 40 percent being used directly for the livelihood of the children), at an annual increase rate of 25.5 percent, thus guaranteeing the basic needs of the children. During this period, the state appropriated 740 million yuan specially for the improvement of welfare homes for children, including 240 million yuan raised from welfare lotteries published by central and local governments, 150 million yuan from local financial departments and 350 million yuan from donations.

　　由于各地经济发展水平不同，各儿童福利院获得的经费数额也有所不同。在经济发达地区，儿童福利院每个儿童每月平均费用400－500元，欠发达地区的儿童福利院每个儿童每月平均费用200－300元，在中国相对较低的物价水平的情况下，福利院儿童的生活费用一般都不低于当地居民生活的平均水平。

The funds received by each welfare home around the country are different due to the various levels of economic development in each area. In economically developed areas, the average expense per child per month is 400 to 500 yuan while in the less developed areas, the amount is 200 to 300 yuan. Living expense of the children in the welfare homes is usually no lower than that of local citizens, in view of the fact that prices are comparatively low in China.

　　管理制度

Administrative System

　　中国的儿童福利院已形成一套较完善的系统的管理制度。如：规定入院的儿童需经观察期，在为时2－3个月的观察期里，由有关部门寻找其父母或进行身份认定，做体格检查，实行医护隔离，使儿童入院后身体健康，不带传染病；规定福利院必须有一定数量的专业技术人员，其中国家一级福利院专业技术人员需占职工总数的70%以上，二级福利院占65%以上。各个儿童福利院都制定了规章制度，各项工作规程有十分严格的要求，这些制度和规程涉及到福利院内部管理及儿童生活的各个方面，如养育、护理、医疗、康复、科研、培训、社区康复、后勤保障等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China's welfare homes for children have adopted a fairly complete, systematic administrative system. The system requires that the children shall be under a two to three month observation period before they are accepted. During the observation period the related departments search for the child's parents or confirm his or her identification while at the same time the child is given a comprehensive physical examination and isolation is practiced on children suffering from infectious diseases. The system also requires that there shall be a certain number of specialized personnel in each welfare home -- the specialized personnel in first-level state welfare homes shall account for above 70 percent, and in second-level, above 65 percent, of the total welfare home staff. Each welfare home for children has drawn up strict rules and regulations concerning every aspect of internal management and of the children's lives -- upbringing, nursing, medical care, rehabilitation, scientific research, community rehabilitation, training, and supporting service.

　　为了监督这些管理办法的执行，民政部门经常进行检查，对执行好的单位予以表彰，对严重违反规定的单位与个人予以处罚。

To supervise the implementation of these administrative procedures, the civil affairs departments have carried out regular inspections. Units that perform well are commended and those units or individuals who seriously violate regulations are penalized.

　　“养、治、教”相结合的方针

The Principle of Combining Upbringing, Treatment and Education

　　中国的儿童福利院实行“养、治、教”相结合的办院方针，重养、重治、重教。

The welfare homes for children in China practice the principle of combining upbringing, treatment and education.

　　羸弱无助的孤儿和被遗弃的病残儿童在福利院得到精心照料和养育，他们中的许多人在这里长大成人后走上了社会。1976年的唐山大地震造成了4200余名失去父母的孤儿，大的16岁，小的才几个月，在政府和社会各界的热忱关心和帮助下，他们中除由其亲属领养外，其余的都先后被安置在邢台市的儿童福利院和唐山市、石家庄市等地的孤儿学校，生活和学习费用大都由国家负担。1995年10月，由福利院监护养育的最后一位唐山大地震的孤儿王安也离开了福利院，到一家医院工作。位于长春的吉林省儿童福利院，建院38年来，已有2478名孤儿于这里长大成人后走上了社会。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Due to the special care given to China's helpless orphans and abandoned ill or disabled children, many of them have grown up and found jobs. With help from the government and people from all circles, the more than 4,200 orphans left in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake -- from a few months to 16 years old, except for those adopted by their relatives -- were all settled in the Xingtai Welfare Home for Children and at orphans' schools in Tangshan and Shijiazhuang. Most of their living and study expenses were borne by the state. In October 1995, Wang An, the last ``Tangshan earthquake orphan,'' left the welfare home that had oered him guardianship and rearing to work in a hospital. The Jilin Provincial Welfare Home for Children in Changchun has brought up 2,478 orphans since its establishment 38 years ago.

　　来到福利院的儿童，大部分入院时身患重病或有严重的先天性残疾。儿童福利院很重视对这些儿童的医疗和康复，使病残儿童最大程度地得到救治。对重度病残儿童，福利院将其送往所在地区的医院进行治疗。1995年经治疗脱残的儿童达200余人。儿童福利院均配有医生、康复师、营养师，设置医务室、康复室、抢救室、化验室和药房，对监护养育儿童所患疾病及时进行医治。许多儿童福利院在政府和社会各界的关心下，拥有了较先进的医疗设施，以满足儿童的基本医疗需求。目前，中国已有一支热爱孤残儿童福利事业的专业人员队伍，儿童福利院中医护人员占正式工作人员的32%。

When they come to welfare homes, most children are suffering from serious illness or inherent disabilities. Welfare homes have paid much attention to treating these children to the most degree. Ill or disabled children in serious condition are sent to local hospitals for better treatment. In 1995, the number of the children nursed back to health exceeded 200. Welfare homes for children boast doctors, rehabilitators, nutritionists, as well as clinics, rehabilitation rooms, emergency treatment rooms, laboratories and pharmacies, giving timely treatment to ailing children. With help from the government and from people in all walks of life, many welfare homes own fairly advanced medical equipment to meet the basic needs of their children. At present, China has a professional staff who are devoted to the well-being of orphans and disabled children; medical personnel account for 32 percent of the total welfare home staff.

　　从1995年起，民政部与卫生部在全国实施了残疾孤儿康复工程，大型医院对施行手术的孤儿免费住院，半费收取手术费和治疗费。福利院的残疾儿童，都不同程度地参加了形式多样的康复训练。一些经过康复训练的残疾儿童已恢复或基本恢复了身体功能。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since 1995, the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Pub"ilic Health have jointly launched health projects for disabled orphans throughout the country. Under the project, large hospitals give free hospitalization to orphans who need to undergo operations, and charge half of the normal surgical operation and treatment fees. Disabled children in welfare homes take part in various rehabilitation training programs, and some of them have recovered or basically recovered from disability.

　　在儿童福利院，智力健全的儿童，无论是否身体残疾，均与正常儿童一样全部接受义务教育。对盲、聋、弱智的儿童，由福利院负责把他们送到特殊教育学校学习。此外，国家还举办了30余所专门的孤儿学校，针对这些儿童的身心特点进行教育；有的实行义务教育和职业教育相结合的办校方针，使孤儿毕业后有一技之长。为方便重度残疾儿童接受教育，各儿童福利院均建立了特殊教育班，培养孩子们的生活自理能力。政府从1989年起设立了特殊教育专项资金，1995年这项资金为2300万元人民币，其中用于儿童福利院特教班的经费为110万元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

At welfare homes, children with normal intelligence, no matter if they are physically handicapped or not, receive compulsory education like other children. Blind, deaf and mentally retarded children are sent to special education schools. In addition, the state has set up over 30 schools especially for orphans. These schools educate children according to their physical and mental abilities and characteristics; some schools even combine compulsory education with vocational education to enhance the students' career opportunities. For seriously disabled children, every welfare home has set up a special education class that teaches self-sufficiency. In 1989, the government established a separate fund for special education. In 1995, the fund totalled 23 million yuan, of which 1.1 million yuan was appropriated to special education classes at welfare homes.

　　群众性助孤活动

Mass Movements to Help Orphans

　　中国政府倡导助孤活动，要求全社会都来关心和帮助孤儿健康成长。近几年，中国群众性助孤活动日益深入。

The Chinese Government encourages activities to help orphans and has called upon the whole society to show concern for orphans. In recent years, mass movements to help orphans have blossomed.

　　———群众性献爱心活动广泛开展，涌现出一批志愿者队伍。在上海、北京等地开展的“好心人抱一抱孤儿”、“为孤残儿童献爱心、送健康”、“援助孤儿大行动”、“爱心同盟”等活动，均得到社会各界的积极响应。在这些活动中，众多城市的许许多多家庭或在节假日或在平时纷纷将福利院的儿童接到自己家中，使他们能享受到家庭的温暖和爱抚。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- A mass campaign encouraging kindness to orphans is now wide"ispread and volunteers are numerous. In Shanghai and Beijing, campaigns such as ``Let kind-hearted people give orphans a big hug,'' ``Offer your affections to orphans and disabled children and bring health to them,'' ``Help orphans in every way'' and ``Link your hearts to orphans' hearts'' are enthusiastically responded to by people from all walks of life. In these campaigns, many urban families take children from children's welfare institutions and let them stay in their homes during holidays or at ordinary times so that these children can enjoy the warmth and affection of a family.

　　———成立中华慈善总会，宣传慈善事业，广泛募集捐助。截至1995年底，中华慈善总会已在全国各地发展了44个地方组织作为团体会员，总会系统共募集社会捐助1亿多元，其中相当一部分用于资助孤儿就业培训和为孤儿实施脱残手术。

-- The China Charity Federation was established to promote charities and extensively collect donations. By the end of 1995, the China Charity Federation had recruited 44 local organizations throughout China as group members and it had collected donations of over 100 million yuan. A considerable amount of the money was used to support orphans in vocational trainings and perform corrective surgical operations on disabled children.

　　———社会各界关心儿童福利院，向儿童福利院捐款捐物，支持儿童福利院不断改善养育、救治和教育条件。山东省青岛市、新疆维吾尔自治区策勒县等一些地方建立了孤儿福利基金。上海市儿童福利院仅1994年和1995年就收到社会各界的捐款440万元。目前，全国已有8000名孤儿得到入学资助。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- People from all walks of life show much concern for children's welfare institutions. They donate money and materials to help the institutions improve their conditions. This allows the institutions to improve the quality of their care and education. Welfare funds for orphans have been established in Qingdao, Shandong Province, Cele County in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and other places. In 1994 and 1995 the Shanghai Municipal Welfare Home for Children received 4.4 million yuan in donations. At present, 8,000 orphans throughout China are financially supported in their school education.

　　———个人兴办福利院的积极性日见高涨，民间社会福利机构不断增多。广州市个人举办的社会福利机构的床位已占该市社会福利机构总床位的10%。

-- Individuals are becoming ever more enthusiastic about running children's welfare homes and non-governmental welfare homes are on the increase. In Guangzhou the number of beds in social welfare institutions run by individuals now account for 10 percent of all social welfare institution beds.

　　中国在儿童的生存、保护和发展方面作出了巨大的努力，取得的成就受到联合国儿童基金会、联合国教科文组织和世界卫生组织以及其他国际组织和有关人士的积极评价。同时，中国政府清醒地看到，由于中国是一个人口众多的发展中国家，经济基础较薄弱，人均收入在世界各国中仍处于比较落后的位置，城市与农村之间、地区之间发展水平还很不平衡，儿童工作还存在着许多困难，不少方面的情况还需要继续改善。比如：在儿童的医疗保健方面，中国农村儿童的疾病发生率还较高，某些贫困地区的儿童营养状况还低于正常标准；在儿童的教育方面，一些边远和贫困地区学校教学条件困难，中小学生的失学现象在一定程度上还存在；在残疾儿童的保护方面，国家在较短的时间内还难以筹集到更多的经费，充分满足保护残疾儿童的实际需要；由于各地经济发展水平不同，有些儿童福利院办得较好，有些则因经济困难条件较差。因此，随着国家经济和社会的发展，不断改善中国儿童的状况，促进儿童事业的发展，仍然是中国政府面临的一项重要任务。中国政府将一如既往地继续为之不懈努力，中国的儿童事业必将得到更大的发展。

China has made great efforts to support the survival, protection and development of children. The UNICEF, UNESCO, WHO and other international organizations and public figures all made positive comments on China's achievements in this connection. Of course, the Chinese Government is sober about the fact that since China is a developing country with a large population and since its economic foundation is still comparatively weak, its per capita income is in a rather rear position in the world per capita income listings and its development level is unbalanced between city and countryside and between different areas, there is much difficulty in the work for children and therefore much room for improvement. Take medical care for children, for example. The incidence of disease among children in the countryside is high and in some poor areas children's nutrition is below the normal level. As for children's education, the teaching conditions in some outlying and poor areas are not up to par and the phenonmenon of primary and middle school children discontinuing their studies still exists. As for the protection of disabled children, the state is not able to amass in a short period enough money to fully satisfy the actual needs in the protection of these children. Since the level of economic development varies from area to area, some welfare homes are better run than others with economic diculties. Therefore, as China develops economically and socially, an important task facing the Chinese Government is to constantly improve children's conditions and promote activities and programs to help children. The Chinese Government will continue to work persistently toward this end, as it has done in the past, and the cause of children will surely develop further as a result.

附　录

Appendix

英国第四频道和“亚洲人权观察”组织对中国儿童福利院的描述和指责是站不住脚的

The Description and Accusations About China's Children's Welfare Institutions by Britain's Channel Four and the Human Rights Watch/Asia Do Not Hold Water

（一）I

　　英国商业电视台第四频道于1995年6月14日播出的《秘密亚洲死亡屋》和1996年1月9日播出的《重返死亡屋》(它是前者的翻版)采用拙劣的手法，指称中国儿童福利院存在着虐待儿童致死的“死亡屋”。经调查核实，《秘密亚洲死亡屋》中的所谓“死亡屋”，实际上是湖北省黄石市社会福利院的一间库房，片中的其他一些主要情节也是编造的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The British commercial television station Channel Four broadcast ``Secret Asia, the Dying Rooms'' on June 14, 1995, and ``Return to the Dying Rooms'' (a refurbished version of the former) on January 9, 1996. Using clumsy tricks, the programs stated that in China's children's welfare homes there were dying rooms where children were abused to death. An investigation proved that the so-called dying rooms in the program ``Secret Asia, the Dying Rooms'' refer actually to a warehouse in the Huangshi City Social Welfare Home in Hubei Province and that the major part of the program is fabricated.  

　　该片的炮制者凯特－布莱维特等人是假冒“美国儿童基金会”工作人员来到湖北黄石市社会福利院的。据该院保育员刘秋凉回忆，凯特－布莱维特等人来后，她发现其中一个外国男子在院后的一间库房拍摄。当时库房里面有一些旧床，墙角堆放着物品。那个外国男子将已打捆堆放的物品解开，摆放在床上，然后进行拍摄。刘问他，为什么到库房来，弄乱了物品?那个外国男子嘀咕了几句便出去了。正是这间库房，后来在片子中竟被指称为“死亡屋”。《死亡屋》称，1994年有80多名儿童在这间屋子里死去。这完全是杜撰的数字。这家福利院的统计表和1994年接受送养和认领的名单显示，当年该院共有161名儿童，当年陆续被领养的儿童为128人，怎么可能有80多人死去呢?将由于许多儿童被送养和认领后空出来的床，称为儿童死去留下的床，将库房指为“死亡屋”，这是对事实别有用心的歪曲。

Kate Blewett, producer of the program, and others visited the Huangshi welfare home, disguising themselves as staff members of the American Children's Fund. After Blewett, et al arrived, recalled Liu Qiuliang, nurse of the welfare home, she found one of the foreigners, a man, filming in a warehouse at the back of the courtyard. At that time, there were some old beds in that warehouse and some other articles were lying around. The cameraman untied the articles, spread them on the bed and began to shoot. Liu came to the warehouse and asked him what he was doing. He just grunted and came out. This is the warehouse which was later labeled as the ``dying rooms'' in the television program. The ``Dying Rooms'' claimed that in 1994 more than 80 children died in that house. This is sheer fabrication. The welfare home's statistics record and the list of children taken in or identified and adopted shows that there were 161 children in the institution in 1994 and 128 were adopted later in the year. How come more than 80 children died? Claiming that the empty beds formerly used by children who were later adopted or identified and so left the welfare home were the beds of dead children and further referring to the warehouse as the ``dying rooms'' is deliberate distortion of facts.

　　《死亡屋》片中讲述了一个所谓“没名”病童无人照顾，病重没有得到医治，只有等死的故事。这是凯特－布莱维特等人在广东省肇庆市端州区福利院拍摄的。据了解，这位病童是1995年2月20日由当地派出所捡到后送福利院的，当时已经病得很重。福利院在这位病童入院后即对其进行了救治。负责照料“没名”病童的保育员杨金英介绍说，凯特－布莱维特等人在进入病儿室时让她留在门外不要进去，而片子中却说，保育人员都不愿进入这间病房。当时是冬天，凯特－布莱维特等人进屋后就掀掉病童的棉被，解开病童的衣服。杨劝阻他们说，天太冷，孩子有病，但凯特－布莱维特说没有关系。凯特－布莱维特自己穿着皮衣，却让病孩光着身子。他们拍摄了十五至二十分钟，拍摄完后也不给病童穿好衣服盖上被子，便扬长而去。这位病童后因救治无效而死亡。凯特－布莱维特等人企图通过展示并渲染这位病重儿童的病状来说明一些女婴在福利院受虐待致死，用这种编造肆意对观众进行欺骗和误导，不能不使人感到气愤。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The ``Dying Rooms'' recounted a story about a ``nameless,'' seriously ill child who was left unattended without any medical treatment, waiting for death. The shots were taken by Blewett and others at Duanzhou District Welfare Home, Zhaoqing City, Guangdong Province. As far as we know, the sick child was found on February 20, 1995 on the street by someone from a local police station; the child was then sent to the welfare home. The child was seriously ill when admitted to the welfare home, and the welfare home immediately gave the child medical treatment. Yang Jinying, the nurse who was responsible for looking after the ``nameless'' child, said that after Blewett and others entered the sick child's room, they told Yang to stay outside. Contrary to fact, the television program claimed that nurses hardly ever went into that room. It was winter and after Blewett and company entered the room, they removed the sick child's warm cotton-batting quilt and unbuttoned the latter's clothes. Yang tried to stop them. She said that it was cold and the child was sick. But Blewett said it did not matter. Wearing a fur coat, Blewett had the sick child stripped to the waist and shot for 15 to 20 minutes. After they finished shooting, they left the child undressed and didn't even cover the latter with the quilt. The sick child later died despite medical treatment. By playing up the condition of the sick child, Blewett and others intended to say that girls were systematically abused to death in the welfare homes. Using wanton fabrication to cheat and mislead viewers cannot but arouse indignation among the people.

　　《死亡屋》电视片还编造了一个妇女被强迫堕胎的“悲惨故事”。该片向观众介绍说这位妇女被警察得知未经许可就怀了第二胎时,她被迫堕胎,还给她做了绝育手术。而事实是，这位家住广西阳朔金阳村的妇女叫谢莲凤。当凯特－布莱维特等人尾随谢的婆婆从村口来到她家,并询问她生了几个孩子时,谢告诉他们：“生了一男一女”。凯特·布莱维特等人又问：“还能再生吗?”谢说：“已经结扎了，不能再生了”。据谢介绍，她从未做过流产，与她生活在一起的两个兄嫂也未做过。当善良老实的谢莲凤得知凯特－布莱维特等人将她当时的介绍编成了怎样的故事时，她气愤地说：“他们胡说八道！”

The ``Dying Rooms'' made up another ``miserable story'' about a woman's forced abortion. It said that when the police were informed that a certain woman was pregnant with her second child (without having obtained prior permission), she was forced to have an abortion and a sterilization operation. The facts are as follows: The woman, named Xie Lianfeng, lives in Jinyang Village, Yangshuo, Guangxi. Blewett and company followed Xie's mother-in-law to Xie's home and asked Xie how many children she had. When Xie told them she had a boy and a girl, Blewett and others asked if she could have any more children. Xie answered, ``I had a ligation of the oviduct. I cannot bear children now.'' Xie said that she had never had an abortion, nor had her two sisters-in-law who lived with her. When the kind-hearted and honest Xie was told how Blewett, et al distorted her story, she said furiously, ``They are talking rubbish!''

　　国际人口科学联盟(IUSSP)理事蒋正华指出：“从我们看到的情况来说，这个片子中描写的很多事情，有一些完全是无中生有，有一些是被歪曲了。所以我们看到这片子也感到很奇怪：作为标榜新闻要讲职业道德的这样一个机构，竟然拍出这样的片子来。我有很多学者朋友，他们看到了这样的片子也感到气愤。”瑞典国际领养家庭联合会总经理纽格伦指出：“我们看了这部片子非常气愤，因为我们有130个家庭去过中国，领养了孩子。很多人都认为这部片子是对中国福利院的不公正报道。……我去过世界许多国家的领养机构，能够比较不同国家领养机构的状况，所以我才对这部对中国福利院不公正报道的片子作出如此的反应。”微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Jiang Zhenghua, council member of the IUSSP, pointed out, ``As far as what we have seen is concerned, of the many things described in the telefilm some are sheerly concocted out of thin air and some are distortions. I felt strange when I saw the film. How could an institution which parades professional ethics for news coverage have produced such a film. Many of my scholar friends are also furious about the film.''Britt-Marie Nygren, chief executive of the Family Association for Intercountry Adoption, Sweden, said, ``We were furious after we watched this film. There are 130 families in our association that have visited China and adopted children there. Many of them think that this film is an unjust report on China's welfare homes....I have visited many countries and seen their institutions responsible for adoption, so I can compare the conditions at institutions in different countries. That's why I reacted that way to this film's unjust reporting of the situation in China's welfare homes.''

　　凯特－布莱维特等人编造谎言，也许可以骗人于一时，但是不会长久的。开放的中国每年接待数百万外国来访者，他们都有机会看到与《死亡屋》电视片截然相反的事实。

Blewett and others may fabricate lies to cheat some people for sometime, but not for a long time. China, which has opened its door to the outside world, now receives millions of foreign visitors every year. They have opportunities to see the true situation, one which is completely contrary to what's described in the ``Dying Rooms.''

（二）II

　　“亚洲人权观察”组织于1996年1月7日发表一份报告，对中国的儿童福利院状况进行无端指责。这份报告的许多内容是根据歪曲、夸大的东西拼凑的。

The Human Rights Watch/Asia made a gratuitous accusation in its report, published on January 7, 1996, on the situation of children's welfare homes in China. Many parts of the report are cooked up based on distorted and exaggerated matters.

该报告指责上海市儿童福利院虐待残疾儿童，是没有事实根据的。上海儿童福利院是一所由上海市政府主办的社会福利慈善机构。该院目前监护养育着500余名儿童，大部分为身患残疾的儿童，其中包括接受社会寄养的100多名伤残儿童。全院职工有320名，其中医务人员42名，老师23名，保育员220名。该院对孤儿采取供养、治疗、教育的方针。在供养方面重点是加强营养和保育。院里专门配备了一名营养师，根据孤儿的体质和年龄编制食谱，以适应他们健康生长发育的需要。在院儿童的营养状况普遍良好。在治疗康复方面，该院设立了住院部和儿童康复中心，对那些患有疾病的孩子或在院里治疗或送到市区各大医院治疗；对经治疗恢复健康的儿童，每年进行２次体格检查；凡是适应手术矫治的，送市内各大医院进行手术。近两年已对87名残疾儿童分别进行了手术治疗；对有运动障碍的儿童进行康复训练，康复率达90%。在教育方面，由福利院出资将智力正常、肢体残缺的学龄儿童送普通中小学就读，盲童和聋哑儿童分别送盲校和聋哑学校学习。该院在外读书的孩子现有32名，为了加强对这些孩子的教育，还专门配备了2名教师进行课外辅导和管理。该院在社会资助下创办了一所建筑面积2500平方米、操场1200平方米的学校，为无法到普通学校入学的孤残儿童提供了良好的学习环境。因此，生活在上海市儿童福利院的残疾儿童的合法权利是有保障的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The censure of the report on the ``maltreatment'' of disabled children by the Shanghai Municipal Welfare Home for Children is not based on facts. The Shanghai children's welfare home is a social welfare charity institution directed by the Shanghai Municipal Government. The institution now oers guardianship and rearing to more than 500 children, most of whom are disabled, including over 100 disabled children entrusted to its care by the society. It has a staff of 320 members, including 42 medical personnel, 23 teachers and 220 nurses. The orphans in the welfare home receive food, medical treatment and education. Regarding the food supply for the orphans, the emphasis is placed on nutrition and nursing; the food menu, designed to meet the needs of growing children, is worked out by a nutritionist according to the physical conditions and ages of the orphans. As a result, the nutritional status of the children is good overall. With regard to medical care and rehabilitation, the welfare home has set up an in-patient department and a children's rehabilitation center. Sick children are taken care of in the welfare home or sent to larger hospitals in the city for treatment, and physical check-ups are conducted for those recovered from illness twice a year. Those who are suitable for rectification are sent to the city's major hospitals to receive the operation. In the last two years 87 disabled children have received surgical operations. Rehabilitative training has been practiced on children suffering from impaired or abnormal motion, with the recovery rate reaching 90 percent.In education, school-age children with physical deformities but normal mental conditions are sent, at the welfare home's expense, to study in ordinary primary or middle schools, while the blind and deaf-mutes are sent to special schools. There are 32 children who study outside the welfare home. In order to strengthen their education, two teachers are designated to instruct and take care of them after class. In addition, funded by the public, the welfare home has set up a school with 2,500 square meters of floor space and a sportsground of 1,200 square meters to provide the orphaned and disabled children who can not go out to study in ordinary schools with an excellent education environment. Judging from the above, the legal rights of the disabled in the Shanghai children's welfare home are well protected.

　　“亚洲人权观察”组织称，这一报告的许多内容是根据一个叫张淑云的女人提供的材料编写的。据了解，张淑云于1988年9月调到上海市儿童福利院，在该院化验室从事肝功能化验工作，1993年6月辞职。在该院工作期间，她因不安心工作，不听从工作安排，多次受到领导批评。她对此怀恨在心，并经常采取捏造事实的卑劣手法，“举报”福利院工作中存在的所谓问题。经上海市有关部门组织慎重的专门调查，否定了张的举报。张仍一再纠缠，并到处编造和散布谎言，对该院负责人进行人身攻击。该院的几十名职工对张的行径表示愤慨，曾多次联名对张提出批评。在有关当事人向司法机关起诉时，张便辞职经香港出走美国。在美国，张淑云怀着不可告人的目的，继续捏造事实，诬蔑上海市儿童福利院的工作，这完全是别有用心的。以这样的人提供的所谓材料对中国福利院状况进行指责，怎么能叫人相信呢?微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Human Rights Watch/Asia said many parts of its report were written according to data provided by a woman named Zhang Shuyun. It was learned, after investigation, that Zhang Shuyun came to the Shanghai Municipal Welfare Home for Children in September 1988 to work as a laboratory tech"inician for testing liver functions; she left the job in June 1993. During her time there she was criticized a great deal by her leaders for not setting her mind to her work and for disobedience regarding her work arrangement. For this, she harbored resentment and, while she was still an employee of the institution, resorted to fabricating a story about the ``problems'' that existed in the welfare home. After a careful investigation, the allegations present in her report were refuted by the relevant department in Shanghai, but she still quibbled over it, continuing to make up and spread rumors about the leaders of the welfare home and launching personal attacks against them. Dozens of staff members expressed their indignation and jointly criticized her several times. When the party concerned in the matter brought a lawsuit to the court, Zhang Shuyun resigned her post and left for the United States via Hong Kong. In the United States, Zhang continued her prevaricating, spewing stories slandering the work in the Shanghai children's welfare home. Obviously, she did all this with ulterior motives. How can people give credence to the materials provided by such a person for the purpose of slandering China's welfare institutions?

　　“亚洲人权观察”组织的报告渲染一张所谓“因受虐待而死于福利院”的病童的照片，对中国的儿童福利事业进行攻击。经核查，这位在1988年2月24日入院的病童由福利院取名叫简训，入院前患有严重的精神发育迟滞等病状，入院后在护理人员的精心救治照护下，一度体重有所增加，后因病情发展，病及呕吐中枢，喂食后即频繁呕吐，人逐渐消瘦，医生对其进行救治，喂食牛奶、静脉补液，但终因其吸收功能出现严重障碍，救治无效而于1992年7月17日病死。这些救治过程均有当时的诊断书证明。当过１１年内科医生、当时任该福利院院长的韩伟成介绍，简训这个病童是因中枢神经系统疾病引起吸收障碍而导致营养不良的，而根本不是什么因饥饿导致营养不良。“亚洲人权观察”和张淑云说简训是因饥饿致死，这是蓄意捏造用以欺骗和愚弄社会公众。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Human Rights Watch/Asia in its report plays up the photograph of a sick child, claiming the death of the child was caused by his being maltreated in the welfare home. It was learned, after investigation, that the child, given the name of Jianxun by the welfare home, suffered a serious illness caused by mental retardation; after he entered the welfare home, on February 24, 1988, he put on weight under meticulous care and medical treatment. Later, his illness deteriorated and affected the vomiting center, which caused frequent vomiting after feeding. As a result, the patient grew thinner and thinner, but the doctors still persevered in their efforts, feeding him milk and giving intravenous injections. However, because of the serious handicap in his assimilating function, the treatment ended in failure and he died on July 17, 1992. The patient's medical treatment and care can be documented by the medical records kept. Han Weicheng, who was the principal of the children's welfare home at that time and himself a physician with 11 years standing, states that Jianxun's malnutrition was caused by malabsorption resultant from diseases of the central nervous system, certainly not by starvation. That the death of Jianxun was due to deliberate starvation, as claimed by the Human Rights Watch/Asia and Zhang Shuyun, is just a story made up by them to cheat and fool the public.

　　至于照片上简训双手被绑和袒露胸膛的情形，现院长周竹青和前院长韩伟成指出，上海市儿童福利院绝对不会如此对待简训，因为简训没有自伤行为，当时又那么虚弱，根本不需要采取任何保护性约束措施。即使对有的病人采取保护性的约束措施，也是严格按照医疗处理上的常规办法来做的，决不可能用绳子捆绑，像照片上这般绑扎的事，院里从来没有发生过，这显然是拍摄者特别布置的。据了解，张淑云在院工作期间，由于其工作表现不好，受到领导和同事批评，后来发现她经常指使由福利院监护养育长大的艾明偷偷地到一些病房拍照，并在拍照时有意将病童摆弄成某种姿势。艾明还叫另外两个大孩子展×和翟×同他一起拍照。据展×反映，照相机是张淑云给艾明的，拍摄时让翟×把孩子衣服解开。因此，“亚洲人权观察”的这张照片是怎么炮制出来的，张淑云最清楚。这种以卑劣的手法捏造事实、编造谎言的行径，为一切正直、善良的人们所不齿。

As for the scene in the photograph where Jianxun's hands are tied up and his chest exposed: Zhou Zhuqing, the present principal, and Han Weicheng, the former principal, of the welfare home deny this ever occurred, pointing out that it would have been utterly illogical to treat Jianxun like that, as there was no need to take any protective, restraining measures on this patient, who was very weak; and there were no signs that he would take any actions to injure himself. Even if there was a case in which a patient needed to be restrained, it would be handled strictly by regular medical means. There has never been a case at the Shanghai children's welfare home in which a patient was tied up with ropes. This photograph was obviously arranged. An investigation into Zhang Shuyun's history shows that she was criticized by her leaders and colleagues at the Shanghai children's welfare home due to her work quality. Later it was found that she often directed one of the young orphans at the welfare home, Ai Ming, to take photographs for her in secret. Before taking pictures Ai Ming put sick children in special poses and asked two bigger children Zhan and Zhai to help him. Zhan later reported that the camera had been supplied by Zhang Shuyun and that Zhai had been told to help to unfasten the clothes of the sick children. Therefore, it is Zhang Shuyun who knows most clearly how the photograph published by the Human Rights Watch/Asia was produced. Would any upright and decent person adopt such despicable means and create such spurious stories and rumors?

　　“亚洲人权观察”的报告说，几十名患重病的孤儿被从上海市儿童福利院转移到崇明岛的上海市第二社会福利院，指称儿童福利院以此虐待儿童。事实是，因市儿童福利院旧房子大修，部分孤儿被临时安置到第二社会福利院，这是很正常的。有时老人社会福利院的房子大修时，也有一些老人临时搬到市儿童福利院去住。这何谈是虐待儿童？市儿童福利院将在院儿童抚养、教育至年满16岁后，他们中有的参加工作，还有一些大龄智力障碍者，因就业难，被分散安排到市里的其他四个福利院，崇明安排多些，其他地方少些。“亚洲人权观察”组织的报告将此指称为将重病儿童转移到崇明的福利院处置，这纯属无稽之谈。

The Human Rights Watch/Asia report also alleges that the Shanghai Municipal Welfare Home for Children maltreated their children by transferring dozens of the seriously sick orphans to the Shanghai Second Social Welfare Home on Chongming Island. The fact is that this occurred when the old houses of the children's welfare home needed large-scale renovation. As a result, some of the orphans were sent to the social welfare home temporarily, which was only normal. In fact, the same thing had happened before. Once, for instance, when the houses of a social welfare home for the aged in Shanghai needed major repair, some of the seniors there were transferred to the Shanghai Municipal Welfare Home for Children. Is this the maltreatment of children? The children in the Shanghai children's welfare home are transferred when they grow up at the age of 16. Some are sent out to take up jobs, while some, whose mental retardation prevents them from taking up jobs, are sent to four other welfare institutions in the city or on Chongming Island, the one on Chongming taking in more than those in Shanghai. Obviously, the claim that children with serious illnesses were sent to the social welfare home on Chongming Island, which is alleged in the Human Rights Watch/Asia report, is sheer nonsense.

　　“亚洲人权观察”组织的报告称，中国儿童福利院的资金，大部分为工作人员的工资、奖金等开支，用于儿童的食品、衣着和其他必需品的开支很少。事实是，以1994年为例，中国各级财政拨款用于城市各类福利院儿童的养育费用为1.69亿元，其中40%左右直接用作收养的孤残儿童的生活费用，还有20%左右则是有关的设备维修、人员培训和用以保证福利院正常工作的费用，工作人员的工资、奖金以及离退休人员的工资总共约占40%左右，根本不存在所谓的大部分资金被用作工作人员工资奖金的情况。而且，1994年中国城市各类福利院儿童的人均每月生活费用在281.7元，同年中国城镇的人均每月生活费用为264.9元，福利院儿童的人均生活费用高于城镇的人均生活费用。“亚洲人权观察”组织的指责是站不住脚的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The report also says that most of the funds slated for China's welfare homes for children are used as sta salaries and bonuses -- and only a small part is used for buying food, clothing and other daily necessities of the children. In fact, the sum for bringing up children in urban welfare institutions of various kinds in China allocated by China's financial departments at different levels in 1994, for instance, totalled 169 million yuan, of which about 40 percent was used for the living expenses of the orphans and disabled children; about 20 percent was spent on equipment maintenance, staff training and daily operating expenses; finally, about 40 percent was used for staff salaries and bonuses and for retirement pensions. From the above figures it can be clearly seen that the claim that most of the funds were used for salaries and bonuses is inaccurate. Moreover, the average monthly living expenses for each child in urban welfare institutions in 1994 was 281.7 yuan, while that for each urban citizen was 264.9 yuan. This shows that the average daily expense for each child in the welfare institutions for buying daily necessities was higher than that of each urban citizen. The accusation of the Human Rights Watch/Asia, therefore, has no ground to stand on.

　　1996年1月8日，来自美国、英国、德国等20家西方新闻机构的近30位记者采访了上海市儿童福利院，在那里实地参观并座谈了解了4个小时。1月25日，美国、英国、法国、德国、荷兰、奥地利、丹麦、日本等10个西方国家的驻沪总领馆的官员们参观了上海市第二社会福利院。尔后，美国新闻机构记者也在那里进行了实地采访。他们看到的和所了解的，与“亚洲人权观察”组织的那份报告所描述的情形截然不同。在事实面前，谎言只能是谎言。因此，这一报告以及英国商业电视台第四频道播出的《死亡屋》一片对中国福利院的描述和指责，理所当然地遭到了美国、英国等许多国家人士的批评和谴责。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

On January 8, 1996, nearly 30 reporters from 20 news agencies from the United States, Britain, Germany and other countries went to visit the Shanghai Municipal Welfare Home for Children. There they were shown around and talked with some of its staff members for four hours. On January 25, officials from the consulates general in Shanghai of ten countries, including the United States, Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark and Japan, visited the Shanghai Second Social Welfare Home. Afterward, American reporters visited it too. What they saw and understood is completely different from that described in the report published by the Human Rights Watch/Asia. When faced with the facts, a lie is always nothing but a lie. Therefore, the description of China's welfare institutions and the accusations hurled at them in the Human Rights Watch/Asia report and the ``Dying Rooms'' telefilm shown by the British commercial TV station Channel Four inevitably have met with criticism and condemnation from people in the United States, Britain and many other countries.

　　中国的儿童福利院可以接受参观访问，并欢迎对外交流经验和合作，而且也一直是这么做的，几乎每天都有人去参观访问，或在儿童福利院做“志愿工作者”。一些国家的政府和政界人士，仅仅根据“亚洲人权观察”组织编造的这类报告，就对中国政府进行指责，是毫无道理的，也是不负责任的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China's children's welfare homes accept visitors and welcome the exchange of experiences as well as cooperation with other countries. Nearly every day people go to visit these institutions; some work as volunteers. It is neither reasonable nor responsible that governments and political figures in some countries should denounce the Chinese Government merely on the basis of the report cooked up and dished out by the Human Rights Watch/Asia.