台湾问题与中国的统一

The Taiwan Question and Reunification of China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China

一九九三年八月·北京

August 1993, Beijing

目　录

Contents

前言

Foreword

    一、 台湾是中国不可分割的一部分

I. Taiwan -- an Inalienable Part of China

    二、 台湾问题的由来

II. Origin of the Taiwan Question

    三、 中国政府解决台湾问题的基本方针

III. The Chinese Government's Basic Position Regarding Settlement of the Taiwan Question

    四、 台湾海峡两岸关系的发展及其阻力

IV. Relations Across Taiwan Straits: Evolution and Stumbling Blocks

    五、 国际事务中涉及台湾的几个问题

V. Several Questions Involving Taiwan in International Relations

结束语

Conclusion

前　言

Foreword

　　维护国家统一和领土完整，是每个主权国家的神圣权利，也是国际法的基本原则。联合国宪章明确规定：联合国和它的成员国不得侵害任何会员国或国家之领土完整或政治独立，不得干涉在本质上属于任何国家国内管辖的事件。联合国《关于各国依联合国宪章建立友好关系及合作之国际法原则之宣言》指出：凡以局部或全部破坏国家统一及领土完整或政治独立为目的之企图，都是不符合联合国宪章精神的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

It is the sacred right of each and every sovereign State and a fundamental principle of international law to safeguard national unity and territorial integrity. The Charter of the United Nations specifically stipulates that the United Nations and its Members shall refrain from any action against the territorial integrity or political independence of any of its Members or any State and shall not intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any State. The United Nations Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations points out that any attempt aimed at the partial or total disruption of the national unity, territorial integrity or political independence of a State or country is incompatible with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

　　中国近代史是一部被侵略、被宰割、被凌辱的历史，也是中国人民为争取民族独立，维护国家主权、领土完整和民族尊严而英勇奋斗的历史。台湾问题的产生与发展，都与这段历史有着紧密的联系。由于种种原因，台湾迄今尚处于与大陆分离的状态。这种状态一天不结束，中华民族所蒙受的创伤就一天不能愈合，中国人民为维护国家统一和领土完整的斗争也一天不会结束。

The modern history of China was a record of subjection to aggression, dismemberment and humiliation by foreign powers. It was also a chronicle of the Chinese people's valiant struggles for national independence and in defense of their state sovereignty, territorial integrity and national dignity. The origin and evolution of the Taiwan question are closely linked with that period of history. For various reasons Taiwan is still separated from the mainland. Unless and until this state of affairs is brought to an end, the trauma on the Chinese nation will not be healed and the Chinese people's struggle for national reunification and territorial integrity will continue.

　　台湾问题的现状如何？症结何在？中国政府解决台湾问题的立场与主张是什么？为了便于国际社会有一个清楚的了解，有必要就下列问题加以阐述。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

What is the present state of the Taiwan question? What is the crux of the problem? What are the position and views of the Chinese Government regarding the settlement of this issue? In order to facilitate a better understanding by the international community, it is necessary to elucidate the following points.

一、台湾是中国不可分割的一部分

I. Taiwan -- an Inalienable Part of China

　　台湾地处中国大陆的东南缘，是中国第一大岛，同大陆是不可分割的整体。

Lying off the southeastern coast of the China mainland, Taiwan is China's largest island and forms an integral whole with the mainland.

　　台湾自古即属于中国。台湾古称夷洲、流求。大量的史书和文献记载了中国人民早期开发台湾的情景。距今一千七百多年以前，三国时吴人沈莹的《临海水土志》等对此就有所著述，它们是世界上记述台湾最早的文字。公元三世纪和七世纪，三国孙吴政权和隋朝政府都曾先后派万余人去台。进入十七世纪之后，中国人民在台湾的开拓规模越来越大。十七世纪末，大陆赴台开拓者超过十万人。至公元一八九三年(清光绪十九年)时，总数达到五十点七万余户，二百五十四万余人。二百年间增长二十五倍。他们带去先进的生产方式，由南到北，由西及东，筚路蓝缕，披荆斩棘，大大加速了台湾整体开发的进程。这一史实说明，台湾和中国其他省区一样，同为中国各族人民所开拓所定居。台湾社会的发展始终延续着中华文化的传统，即使在日本侵占的五十年间，这一基本情况也没有改变。台湾的开拓发展史，凝聚了包括当地少数民族在内的中国人民的血汗和智慧。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Taiwan has belonged to China since ancient times. It was known as Yizhou or Liuqiu in antiquities. Many historical records and annals documented the development of Taiwan by the Chinese people in earlier periods. References to this effect were to be found, among others, in Seaboard Geographic Gazetteer compiled more than 1,700 years ago by Shen Ying of the State of Wu during the period of the Three Kingdoms. This was the world's earliest written account of Taiwan. Several expeditions, each numbering over ten thousand men, had been sent to Taiwan by the State of Wu (third century A.D.) and the Sui Dynasty (seventh century A.D.) respectively. Since early seventeenth century the Chinese people began to step up the development of Taiwan. Their numbers topped one hundred thousand at the end of the century. By 1893 (19th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Guangxu) their population exceeded 2.54 million people in 507,000 or more households. That was a 25-fold increase in 200 years. They brought in a more advanced mode of production and settled the whole length and breadth of Taiwan. Thanks to the determined efforts and hard toil of the pioneers, the development of the island as a whole greatly accelerated. This was the historical fact of how Taiwan, like the other parts of China, came to be opened up and settled by the Chinese people of various nationalities. From the very beginning the Taiwan society derived from the source of the Chinese cultural tradition. This basic fact had not changed even during the half century of Japanese occupation. The history of Taiwan's development is imbued with the blood, sweat, and ingenuity of the Chinese people including the local ethnic minorities.

　　中国历代政府在台湾先后建立了行政机构，行使管辖权。早在公元十二世纪中叶，宋朝政府即已派兵驻守澎湖，将澎湖地区划归福建泉州晋江县管辖。元朝政府在澎湖设置行政管理机构“巡检司”。明朝政府于十六世纪中后期，恢复了一度废止的“巡检司”，并为防御外敌侵犯，增兵澎湖。一六六二年(清康熙元年)，郑成功在台湾设“承天府”。清朝政府逐步在台湾扩增行政机构，加强了对台湾的治理。一六八四年(清康熙二十三年)设“分巡台厦兵备道”及“台湾府”，下设“台湾”(今台南)、“凤山”(今高雄)、“诸罗”(今嘉义)三县，隶属福建省管辖。一七一四年(清康熙五十三年)，清政府派员测绘台湾地图，勘丈全境里数。一七二一年(清康熙六十年)，增设“巡视台湾监察御史”，改“分巡台厦兵备道”为“分巡台厦道”。尔后又增设“彰化县”和“淡水厅”。一七二七年(清雍正五年)，复改“分巡台厦道”为“分巡台湾道”(后又改为“分巡台湾兵备道”)，增“澎湖厅”，定“台湾”为官方统一的名称。一八七五年(清光绪元年)，清政府为进一步经营和治理台湾，再增设“台北府”及“淡水”、“新竹”、“宜兰”三县和“基隆厅”。一八八五年(清光绪十一年)，清政府正式划台湾为单一行省，任刘铭传为首任巡抚，行政区扩为三府一州，领十一县五厅。刘在任内，铺铁路，开矿山，架电线，造商轮，兴办企业，创设新学堂，把台湾社会经济文化的发展大大向前推进。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Chinese governments of different periods set up administrative bodies to exercise jurisdiction over Taiwan. As early as in the mid-12th century the Song Dynasty set up a garrison in Penghu, putting the territory under the jurisdiction of Jinjiang County of Fujian's Quanzhou Prefecture. The Yuan Dynasty installed an agency of patrol and inspection in Penghu to administer the territory. During the mid- and late 16th century the Ming Dynasty reinstated the once abolished agency and sent reinforcements to Penghu in order to ward off foreign invaders. In 1662 (first year of the reign of Qing Emperor Kangxi) General Zheng Chenggong (known in the West as Koxinga) instituted Chengtian Prefecture on Taiwan. Subsequently, the Qing government expanded the administrative structure in Taiwan, thereby strengthening its rule over the territory. In 1684 (23rd year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi) a Taiwan-Xiamen Patrol Command and a Taiwan Prefecture Administration were set up under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province. These in turn exercised jurisdiction over three counties on the island: Taiwan (present-day Tainan), Fengshan (present-day Gaoxiong) and Zhuluo (present-day Jiayi). In 1714 (53rd year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi) the Qing government ordered the mapping of Taiwan to determine its size. In 1721 (60th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi) an office of imperial supervisor of inspecting Taiwan was created and the Taiwan-Xiamen Patrol Command was renamed Prefecture Administration of Taiwan and Xiamen, incorporating the subsequently-created Zhanghua County and Danshui Canton. In 1727 (5th year of the reign of Emperor Yongzheng) the administration on the island was reconstituted as the Prefecture Administration of Taiwan (which was later renamed Prefecture Command for Patrol of Taiwan) and incorporated the new Penghu Canton. The territory then became officially known as Taiwan. In order to upgrade the administration of Taiwan, the Qing government created Taibei Prefecture, Jilong Canton and three counties of Danshui, Xinzhu and Yilan in 1875 (1st year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu). In 1885 (11th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu), the government formally made Taiwan a full province covering three prefectures and one subprefecture and incorporating 11 counties and 5 cantons. Liu Mingchuan was appointed first Governor of Taiwan. During his tenure of office, railways were laid, mines opened, telegraph service installed, merchant ships built, industries started and new-style schools set up. Considerable social, economic and cultural advancement in Taiwan was achieved as a result.

　　一九四五年中国人民抗日战争胜利后，中国政府重新恢复了台湾省的行政管理机构。

After the Chinese people's victory in the war against Japanese aggression in 1945, the Chinese government reinstated its administrative authority in Taiwan Province.

　　海峡两岸中国人为反对外国侵占台湾进行了长期不懈的斗争。十五世纪后期起，西方殖民主义者大肆掠夺殖民地。一六二四年(明天启四年)，荷兰殖民者侵占台湾南部。一六二六年(明天启六年)，西班牙殖民者入侵台湾北部。一六四二年(明崇祯十五年)，荷兰又取代西班牙占领台湾北部。两岸同胞为反对外国殖民者侵占台湾进行了包括武装起义在内的各种方式的斗争。一六六一年(清顺治十八年)，郑成功率众进军台湾，于次年驱逐了盘踞台湾的荷兰殖民者。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Chinese on both sides of the Taiwan Straits carried out a prolonged, unremitting struggle against foreign invasion and occupation of Taiwan. Since the late 15th century Western colonialists started to grab and conquer colonies in a big way. In 1624 (4th year of the reign of Ming Emperor Tianqi) Dutch colonialists invaded and occupied the southern part of Taiwan. Two years later Spanish colonialists seized the northern part of Taiwan. In 1642 (15th year of the reign of Ming Emperor Chongzhen) the Dutch evicted the Spaniards and took over north Taiwan. The Chinese people on both sides of the Straits waged various forms of struggle including armed insurrections against the invasion and occupation of Taiwan by foreign colonialists. In 1661 (18th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Shunzhi) General Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) led an expedition to Taiwan and expelled the Dutch colonialists from the island in the following year.

　　一八九四年(清光绪二十年)，日本发动侵略中国的“甲午战争”。翌年，清政府战败，在日本威迫下签订丧权辱国的《马关条约》，割让台湾。消息传来，举国同愤。在北京会试的包括台湾在内的十八省千余举人“公车上书”，反对割台。台湾全省“哭声震天”，呜锣罢市。协理台湾军务的清军将领刘永福等和台湾同胞一起，与占领台湾的日军拼死搏斗。中国大陆东南各地居民为支援这一斗争，或捐输饷银，或结队赴台，反抗日本侵略。在日本侵占台湾期间，台湾同胞一直坚持英勇不屈的斗争。初期，他们组织义军，进行武装游击抵抗，前后达七年之久。继而，在辛亥革命推翻清政府后，他们又汇同大陆同胞一道，先后发起十余次武装起义。及至本世纪二十和三十年代，岛内反抗日本殖民统治的群众运动更加波澜壮阔，席卷台湾南北。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Japan launched a war of aggression against China in 1894 (20th year of the reign of Qing Emperor Guangxu). In the ensuing year, as a result of defeat the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki, ceding Taiwan to Japan. This wanton betrayal and humiliation shocked the whole nation and touched off a storm of protests. A thousand or more candidates from all 18 provinces including Taiwan who had assembled in Beijing for the Imperial Examination signed a strongly-worded petition opposing the ceding of Taiwan. In Taiwan itself, people wailed and bemoaned the betrayal and went on general strikes. General Liu Yongfu and others of the garrison command stood with Taiwan compatriots and put up a fierce fight against the Japanese landing forces. To support this struggle, people on the mainland, particularly in the southeastern region, showed their solidarity by generous donations or organizing volunteers to Taiwan to fight the Japanese forces. Taiwan compatriots never ceased their dauntless struggle throughout the Japanese occupation. Initially, they formed insurgent groups to wage guerrilla warfare for as long as seven years. When the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing monarchy they in turn lent support to their mainland compatriots by staging more than a dozen armed insurrections. The 1920s and 1930s witnessed surging waves of mass action sweeping across the island against Japanese colonial rule.

　　一九三七年，中国人民开始了全民族的抗日战争。中国政府在《中国对日宣战布告》中明确昭告中外：所有一切条约、协定、合同有涉及中日关系者，一律废止。《马关条约》自属废止之列。这一布告并郑重宣布：中国将“收复台湾、澎湖、东北四省土地”。中国人民经过八年艰苦的抗日战争，于一九四五年取得了最后的胜利，收复了失土台湾。台湾同胞鸣放鞭炮，欢欣鼓舞，祭告祖先，庆祝回归祖国怀抱的伟大胜利。

In 1937 the Chinese people threw themselves into an all-out war of resistance against Japanese aggression. In its declaration of war against Japan, the Chinese Government proclaimed that all treaties, conventions, agreements, and contracts regarding relations between China and Japan, including the Treaty of Shimonoseki, had been abrogated. The declaration stressed that China would recover Taiwan, Penghu and the four northeastern provinces. After eight years of grueling war against Japanese aggression the Chinese people won final victory and recovered the lost territory of Taiwan in 1945. Taiwan compatriots displayed an outburst of passion and celebrated the great triumph of their return to the fold of the motherland by setting off big bangs of fireworks and performing rites to communicate the event to their ancestors.

　　国际社会公认台湾属于中国。中国人民的抗日战争是世界反法西斯斗争的一部分，得到了世界人民的广泛支持。在第二次世界大战中，为了反对德、日、意法西斯轴心国，中国与美国、苏联、英国、法国等结成同盟国。一九四三年十二月一日，中、美、英三国签署的《开罗宣言》指出：“三国之宗旨，在剥夺日本自一九一四年第一次世界大战开始以后在太平洋所夺得或占领之一切岛屿，在使日本所窃取于中国之土地，例如满洲、台湾、澎湖列岛等，归还中国。”一九四五年七月二十六日，中、美、英三国签署(后苏联参加)的《波茨坦公告》又重申：“开罗宣言之条件必将实施。”同年八月十五日，日本宣布投降，《日本投降条款》规定：“兹接受中美英三国共同签署的、后来又有苏联参加的一九四五年七月二十六日的波茨坦公告中的条款。”十月二十五日，同盟国中国战区台湾省受降仪式于台北举行，受降主官代表中国政府宣告：自即日起，台湾及澎湖列岛已正式重入中国版图，所有一切土地、人民、政事皆已置于中国主权之下。至此，台湾、澎湖重归于中国主权管辖之下。

The international community has acknowledged the fact that Taiwan belongs to China. The Chinese people's war of resistance against Japanese aggression, being part of the world-wide struggle against Fascism, received extensive support from people all over the world. During the Second World War China, the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, France and others formed an alliance to oppose the Axis of Germany, Japan and Italy. The Cairo Declaration issued by China, the United States and Great Britain on 1 December 1943 stated: "It is the purpose of the three great Allies that Japan shall be stripped of all the islands in the Pacific which she has seized or occupied since the beginning of the First World War in 1914, and that all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa [Taiwan] and the Pescadores [Penghu], shall be restored to China." The Potsdam Proclamation signed by China, the United States and Great Britain on 26 July 1945 (subsequently adhered to by the Soviet Union) reiterated: "The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out." On 15 August of the same year, Japan declared surrender. The instrument of Japan's surrender stipulated that "Japan hereby accepts the provisions in the declaration issued by the heads of the Governments of the United States, China and Great Britain on July 26, 1945 at Potsdam, and subsequently adhered to by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics." On 25 October the ceremony for accepting Japan's surrender in Taiwan Province of the China war theater of the Allied powers was held in Taibei. On the occasion the chief officer for accepting the surrender proclaimed on behalf of the Chinese government that from that day forward Taiwan and the Penghu Archipelago had again been incorporated formally into the territory of China and that the territory, people, and administration had now been placed under the sovereignty of China. From that point in time forward, Taiwan and Penghu had been put back under the jurisdiction of Chinese sovereignty.

　　中华人民共和国成立以来，一百五十七个国家先后同中国建立了外交关系，它们都承认只有一个中国，中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府，台湾是中国的一部分。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, 157 countries have established diplomatic relations with China. All these countries recognize that there is only one China and that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China and Taiwan is part of China.

二、台湾问题的由来

II. Origin of the Taiwan Question

　　台湾在第二次世界大战之后，不仅在法律上而且在事实上已归还中国。之所以又出现台湾问题，与随后中国国民党发动的反人民内战有关，但更重要的是外国势力的介入。

Taiwan was returned to China de jure and de facto at the end of the Second World War. It became an issue only as an aftermath of the ensuing anti-popular civil war started by Kuomintang, and more especially because of intervention by foreign forces.

　　台湾问题与国民党发动的内战。中国抗日战争期间，在中国共产党和其他爱国力量的推动下，中国国民党与中国共产党建立了抗日民族统一战线，抗击日本帝国主义的侵略。抗日战争胜利后，两党本应继续携手，共肩振兴中华大业，惟当时以蒋介石为首的国民党集团依仗美国的支持，置全国人民渴望和平与建设独立、民主、富强的新中国的强烈愿望于不顾，撕毁国共两党签订的《双十协定》，发动了全国规模的反人民内战。中国人民在中国共产党领导下被迫进行了三年多的人民解放战争，由于当时的国民党集团倒行逆施，已为全国各族人民所唾弃，中国人民终于推翻了南京的“中华民国”政府。一九四九年十月一日成立了中华人民共和国，中华人民共和国政府成为中国的唯一合法政府。国民党集团的一部分军政人员退据台湾。他们在当时美国政府的支持下，造成了台湾海峡两岸隔绝的状态。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Taiwan question and civil war launched by Kuomintang. During the war of resistance against Japanese aggression the Chinese Communist Party and other patriotic groups pressed Kuomintang into a national united front with the Communist Party to fight Japanese imperialist aggression. After victory of the war the two Parties should have joined hands to work for the resurgence of China. But the Kuomintang clique headed by Chiang Kaishek flouted the people's fervent aspirations for peace and for building an independent, democratic and prosperous new China. Relying on U.S. support, this clique tore up the 10 October 1945 agreement between the two Parties and launched an all-out anti-popular civil war. The Chinese people were compelled to respond with a people's liberation war which was to last more than three years under the leadership of the Communist Party. Since the Kuomintang clique had already been spurned by the people of all nationalities for its reign of terror, the government of the "Republic of China" in Nanjing was finally overthrown by the Chinese people. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and the Government of the new People's Republic became the sole legal government of China. A group of military and political officials of the Kuomintang clique took refuge in Taiwan and, with the support of the then U.S. administration, created the division between the two sides of the Straits.

　　台湾问题与美国政府的责任。第二次世界大战后，在当时东西方两大阵营对峙的态势下，美国政府基于它的所谓全球战略及维护本国利益的考虑，曾经不遗余力地出钱、出枪、出人，支持国民党集团打内战，阻挠中国人民革命的事业。然而，美国政府最终并未达到它自己所希望达到的目的。美国国务院一九四九年发表的《美国与中国的关系》白皮书和艾奇逊国务卿给杜鲁门总统的信，都不得不承认这一点。艾奇逊在他的信中说：“中国内战不祥的结局超出美国政府控制的能力，这是不幸的事，却也是无可避免的”；“这种结局之所以终于发生，也并不是因为我们少做了某些事情。这是中国内部各种力量的产物，我国曾经设法去左右这些力量，但是没有效果”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Taiwan question and responsibility of the United States. Against the backdrop of East-West confrontation in the wake of the Second World War and guided by its conceived global strategy and national interest considerations, the U.S. government gave full support to the Kuomintang, providing it with money, weapons and advisors to carry on the civil war and block the advance of the Chinese people's revolution. However, the U.S. government never achieved its objective. The White Paper on United States Relations with China released by the Department of State in 1949 and Secretary of State Dean Acheson's letter of transmittal to President Harry S. Truman had to admit this. Dean Acheson lamented in his letter: "The unfortunate but inescapable fact is that the ominous result of the civil war in China was beyond the control of the government of the United States. ... Nothing that was left undone by this country has contributed to it. It was the product of internal Chinese forces, forces which this country tried to influence but could not."

　　中华人民共和国诞生以后，当时的美国政府本来可以从中国内战的泥潭中拔出来，但是它没有这样做，而是对新中国采取了孤立、遏制的政策，并且在朝鲜战争爆发后武装干涉纯属中国内政的海峡两岸关系。一九五○年六月二十七日，美国总统杜鲁门发表声明宣布：“我已命令第七舰队阻止对台湾的任何攻击”。美国第七舰队侵入了台湾海峡，美国第十三航空队进驻了台湾。一九五四年十二月，美国又与台湾当局签订了所谓《共同防御条约》，将中国的台湾省置于美国的“保护”之下。美国政府继续干预中国内政的错误政策，造成了台湾海峡地区长期的紧张对峙局势，台湾问题自此亦成为中美两国间的重大争端。

At the time of the founding of the People's Republic of China the then U.S. administration could have pulled itself from the quagmire of China's civil war. But it failed to do so. Instead, it adopted a policy of isolation and containment of New China. When the Korean War broke out, it started armed intervention in the inter-Taiwan Straits relations which were entirely China's internal affairs. On 27 June 1950 President Truman announced: "I have ordered the Seventh Fleet to prevent any attack on Formosa." Thus the Seventh Fleet invaded the Taiwan Straits and the U.S. 13th Air Force set up base in Taiwan. In December 1954 the U.S. concluded with the Taiwan authorities a so-called mutual defense treaty placing China's Taiwan Province under U.S. "protection". The erroneous policy of the U.S. government of continued interference in China's internal affairs led to prolonged and intense confrontation in the Taiwan Straits area and henceforth the Taiwan question became a major dispute between China and the United States.

　　为了缓和台湾海峡地区的紧张局势，探寻解决中美两国之间争端的途径，中国政府自五十年代中期起，即开始与美国对话。一九五五年八月至一九七○年二月，中美两国共举行了一百三十六次大使级会谈，但在缓和与消除台湾海峡地区紧张局势这个关键问题上，未取得任何进展。及至六十年代末七十年代初，随着国际局势的发展变化和新中国的壮大，美国开始调整其对华政策，两国关系逐步出现解冻的形势。一九七一年十月，第二十六届联合国大会通过二七五八号决议，恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的一切合法权利，并驱逐台湾当局的“代表”。一九七二年二月，美国总统尼克松访问中国，中美双方在上海发表了联合公报。公报称：“美国方面声明：美国认识到，在台湾海峡两边的所有中国人都认为只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分。美国政府对这一立场不提出异议”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In order to ease tension in the Taiwan Straits area and seek ways of solving the dispute between the two countries, the Chinese Government started dialogues with the United States from the mid-1950s onwards. The two countries held 136 sessions of talks at ambassadorial level from August 1955 to February 1970. However, no progress had been made in that period on the key issue of easing and removing tension in the Taiwan Straits area. It was not until late 1960s and early 1970s when the international situation had undergone changes and as New China had gained in strength that the U.S. began to readjust its China policy and the relations between the two countries started a thawing. In October 1971 the United Nations General Assembly adopted at its 26th session Resolution 2758 which restored all the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations and expelled the "representatives" of the Taiwan authorities from the U.N. U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China in February 1972 in the course of which the two countries issued a joint communiqu'e?? in Shanghai stating that: "The U.S. side declared: the United States acknowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Government does not challenge that position."

　　一九七八年十二月，美国政府接受了中国政府提出的建交三原则，即：美国与台湾当局“断交”、废除《共同防御条约》以及从台湾撤军。中美两国于一九七九年一月一日正式建立外交关系。中美建交联合公报声明：“美利坚合众国承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府。在此范围内，美国人民将同台湾人民保持文化、商务和其他非官方联系”；“美利坚合众国政府承认中国的立场，即只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分”。自此，中美关系实现正常化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In December 1978 the U.S. Government accepted the three principles proposed by the Chinese Government for the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries, namely, the United States should sever "diplomatic relations" and abrogate the "mutual defense treaty" with the Taiwan authorities and withdraw U.S. military forces from Taiwan. On 1 January 1979 China and the United States formally established diplomatic relations. The Communiqu'e on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations said that: "The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan ... ... The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China." Normalization of Sino-U.S. relations was thus achieved.

　　但遗憾的是，中美建交不过三个月，美国国会竟通过了所谓《与台湾关系法》，并经美国总统签署生效。这个《与台湾关系法》，以美国国内立法的形式，作出了许多违反中美建交公报和国际法原则的规定，严重损害中国人民的权益。美国政府根据这个关系法，继续向台湾出售武器和干涉中国内政，阻挠台湾与中国大陆的统一。

Regrettably, however, scarcely three months after the event, a so-called Taiwan Relations Act was passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by the President. A domestic legislation of the U.S. as it was, this Act contained many clauses that contravened the communiqu'e? on the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the U.S. and the principles of international law, and seriously prejudiced the rights and interests of the Chinese people. Invoking this legislation, the U.S. Government has continued its arms sales to Taiwan, interference in China's internal affairs and obstruction to Taiwan's reunification with the mainland.

　　为解决美国售台武器问题，中美两国政府通过谈判，于一九八二年八月十七日达成协议，发表了有关中美关系的第三个联合公报，简称“八·一七公报”。美国政府在公报中声明：“它不寻求执行一项长期向台湾出售武器的政策，它向台湾出售的武器在性能和数量上将不超过中美建交后近几年供应的水平，它准备逐步减少它对台湾的武器出售，并经过一段时间导致最后的解决。”然而，十多年来美国政府不但没有认真执行公报的规定，而且不断发生违反公报的行为。一九九二年九月，美国政府甚至决定向台湾出售一百五十架F-16型高性能战斗机。美国政府的这一行动，给中美关系的发展和台湾问题的解决增加了新的障碍和阻力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In order to resolve the issue of U.S. arms sales to Taiwan, the Chinese and the U.S. governments negotiated and reached an agreement on 17 August 1982. A communique? bearing the same date became the third joint communique? governing Sino-U.S. relations. In that communique? the U.S. Government stated that: "It does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan, that its arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed, either in qualitative or in quantitative terms, the level of those supplied in recent years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China and that it intends gradually to reduce its sale of arms to Taiwan, leading, over a period of time, to a final resolution." Yet in the past dozen or more years the U.S. Government has not only failed to implement the communiqu'e? in earnest, but has repeatedly contravened it. In September 1992 the U.S. Government even decided to sell 150 F-16 high-performance fighter aircraft to Taiwan. This action of the U.S. Government has added a new stumbling block in the way of the development of Sino-U.S. relations and settlement of the Taiwan question.

　　由上可见，台湾问题直到现在还未得到解决，美国政府是有责任的。自七十年代以来，美国朝野许多有识之士和友好人士，曾经为促使中美之间在台湾问题上的分歧的解决做了大量有益的工作，上述三个联合公报就包含着他们的努力和贡献。中国政府和人民对此十分赞赏。然而也不能不看到，美国确也有人至今仍不愿看到中国的统一，制造种种借口，施加种种影响，阻挠台湾问题的解决。

It is clear from the foregoing that the U.S. Government is responsible for holding up the settlement of the Taiwan question. Since the 1970s many Americans of vision and goodwill in or outside the administration have contributed much by way of helping to resolve the differences between China and the U.S. on the Taiwan question. The aforesaid three joint communiqu'e?s testify to their effort and contribution of which the Chinese Government and people are highly appreciative. On the other hand, one cannot fail to note that there are people in the U.S. who still do not want to see a reunified China. They have cooked up various pretexts and exerted influence to obstruct the settlement of the Taiwan question.

　　中国政府相信，美国人民与中国人民是友好的。两国关系的正常发展，是符合两国人民的长远利益和共同愿望的。中美两国都应珍视来之不易的指导两国关系发展的三个联合公报。只要双方都能恪守三个公报的原则，相互尊重，以大局为重，历史遗留下来的台湾问题就不难得到解决，中美关系就一定能不断获得改善和发展。

The Chinese Government is convinced that the American and the Chinese peoples are friendly to each other and that the normal development of the relations between the two countries accords with the long-term interests and common aspiration of both peoples. Both countries should cherish the three hard-won joint communiqu'e?s guiding the development of bilateral relations. As long as both sides abide by the principles enshrined in those communique?s, respect each other and set store by their overall common interests, it will not be difficult to settle the Taiwan question that has been left over from history and Sino-U.S. relations will surely see steady improvement and development ahead.

三、中国政府解决台湾问题的基本方针

III. The Chinese Government's Basic Position Regarding Settlement of the Taiwan Question

　　解决台湾问题，实现国家统一，是全体中国人民一项庄严而神圣的使命。中华人民共和国成立后，中国政府为之进行了长期不懈的努力。中国政府解决台湾问题的基本方针是“和平统一、一国两制”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To settle the Taiwan question and achieve national reunification -- this is a sacrosanct mission of the entire Chinese people. The Chinese Government has persistently worked towards this end since the founding of the People's Republic. Its basic position on this question is: peaceful reunification; one country, two systems.

　　“和平统一、一国两制”方针的形成。早在五十年代，中国政府就曾设想以和平方式解决台湾问题。一九五五年五月，周恩来总理在全国人民代表大会常务委员会会议上即提出：中国人民解决台湾问题有两种可能的方式，即战争的方式和和平的方式，中国人民愿意在可能的条件下，争取用和平的方式解决问题。一九五六年四月，毛泽东主席又提出：“和为贵”、“爱国一家”、“爱国不分先后”等政策主张。但由于某些外国势力的干预等原因，这些主张未能付诸实践。

Peaceful reunification; one country, two systems -- how has this position been formulated? The Chinese Government conceived a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question as early as in the 1950s. In May 1955 the late Premier Zhou Enlai said at a NPC Standing Committee meeting that two alternatives were open to the Chinese people for the solution of the Taiwan question -- by resort to war or by peaceful means. The Chinese people would strive for a peaceful solution wherever possible, he affirmed. In April 1956 the late Chairman Mao Zedong put forward thoughts for policymaking such as "peace is the best option", "all patriots are of one family" and "it is never too late to join the ranks of patriots". However, those wishes have not come to fruition for reasons such as interference by foreign forces.

　　自七十年代末开始，国际国内形势发生了一些重要变化：中美建立外交关系，实现了关系正常化；中国共产党召开十一届三中全会，决定把党和国家的工作中心转移到现代化经济建设上来。与此同时，海峡两岸的中国人、港澳同胞以及海外侨胞、华人，都殷切期望两岸携手合作，共同振兴中华。在这样的历史条件下，中国政府出于对整个国家民族利益与前途的考虑，本着尊重历史、尊重现实、实事求是、照顾各方利益的原则，提出了“和平统一、一国两制”的方针。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Major changes took place in and outside China in the 1970s. Diplomatic ties were established and relations normalized between China and the United States. The Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to shift the focus of the work of the Party and the State to the economic modernization programme. In the meantime, people on both sides of the Taiwan Straits, compatriots of Hong Kong and Macao as well as overseas Chinese and people of Chinese descent all expressed their fervent hope that the two sides of the Straits would join hands to work for a resurgence of China. It was against this historical background that the Chinese Government formulated the position of "peaceful reunification; one country, two systems". The position takes the overall national interests and the future of the country into consideration. It respects history as well as the prevailing situation. It is realistic and takes care of the interests of all.

　　一九七九年一月一日，中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会发表《告台湾同胞书》，郑重宣告了中国政府和平解决台湾问题的大政方针，呼吁两岸就结束军事对峙状态进行商谈。表示在实现国家统一时，一定“尊重台湾现状和台湾各界人士的意见，采取合情合理的政策和办法”。

On 1 January 1979 the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China issued a message to compatriots in Taiwan, pronouncing the Chinese Government's basic position regarding peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. It called for the holding of talks between the two sides of the Straits to seek an end to the military confrontation. It pledged that in the pursuit of national reunification, the Government "will respect the status quo on Taiwan and the views of people of all walks of life there and adopt reasonable policies and measures".

　　一九八一年九月三十日，全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长叶剑英发表谈话，进一步阐明解决台湾问题的方针政策。表示“国家实现统一后，台湾可作为特别行政区，享有高度的自治权”，并建议由两岸执政的国共两党举行对等谈判。

In a statement on 30 September 1981 the late Chairman Ye Jianying of the NPC Standing Committee further elaborated the policy and principles for the settlement of the Taiwan question. He affirmed that "after the country is reunified, Taiwan can enjoy a high degree of autonomy as a special administrative region" and proposed that talks be held on an equal footing between the ruling Parties on each side of the Straits, namely, the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang.

　　一九八二年一月十一日，中国领导人邓小平就叶剑英的上述谈话指出：这实际上就是“一个国家、两种制度”，在国家实现统一的大前提下，国家主体实行社会主义制度，台湾实行资本主义制度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Referring to Ye Jianying's remarks, Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping pointed out on 11 January 1982 that this in effect meant "one country, two systems", i.e., on the premise of national reunification, the main body of the nation would continue with its socialist system while Taiwan could maintain capitalism.

　　一九八三年六月二十六日，邓小平进一步发挥了关于实现台湾与大陆和平统一的构想，指出，问题的核心是祖国统一。他还就两岸统一和设置台湾特别行政区问题，阐明了中国政府的政策。

On 26 June 1983 Deng Xiaoping further enunciated the concept of peaceful reunification, stressing that the crucial point was national reunification. He went on to expound the Government's policy on reunification and on the creation of a Taiwan special administrative region.

　　一九九二年十月十二日，中共中央总书记江泽民指出：“我们坚定不移地按照‘和平统一、一国两制’的方针，积极促进祖国统一。”“我们再次重申，中国共产党愿意同中国国民党尽早接触，以便创造条件，就正式结束两岸敌对状态、逐步实现和平统一进行谈判。在商谈中，可以吸收两岸其他政党、团体和各界有代表性的人士参加。”

On 12 October 1992 General Secretary Jiang Zemin of the CPC Central Committee pointed out: "We shall work steadfastly for the great cause, adhering to the principles of peaceful reunification and 'one country, two systems' ... ... We reiterate that the Chinese Communist Party is ready to establish contact with the Chinese Kuomintang at the earliest possible date to create conditions for talks on officially ending the state of hostility between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits and gradually realizing peaceful reunification. Representatives from other parties, mass organizations and all circles on both sides of the Taiwan Straits could be invited to join in such talks."

　　“和平统一、一国两制”的基本点。“和平统一、一国两制”是建设有中国特色的社会主义理论和实践的重要组成部分，是中国政府一项长期不变的基本国策。这一方针，有以下基本点：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Basic Contents of "peaceful reunification; one country, two systems". This position is an important component of the theory and practice of building socialism with Chinese characteristics and a fundamental state policy of the Chinese Government which will not change for a long time to come. Its basic contents are as follows:

　　(一)一个中国。世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分，中央政府在北京。这是举世公认的事实，也是和平解决台湾问题的前提。

1. Only one China. There is only one China in the world, Taiwan is an inalienable part of China and the seat of China's central government is in Beijing. This is a universally recognized fact as well as the premise for a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question.

　　中国政府坚决反对任何旨在分裂中国主权和领土完整的言行，反对“两个中国”、“一中一台”或“一国两府”，反对一切可能导致“台湾独立”的企图和行径。海峡两岸的中国人民都主张只有一个中国，都拥护国家的统一，台湾作为中国不可分割的一部分的地位是确定的、不能改变的，不存在什么“自决”的问题。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese Government is firmly against any words or deeds designed to split China's sovereignty and territorial integrity. It opposes "two Chinas", "one China, one Taiwan", "one country, two governments" or any attempt or act that could lead to "independence of Taiwan". The Chinese people on both sides of the Straits all believe that there is only one China and espouse national reunification. Taiwan's status as an inalienable part of China has been determined and cannot be changed. "Self- determination" for Taiwan is out of the question.

　　(二)两制并存。在一个中国的前提下，大陆的社会主义制度和台湾的资本主义制度，实行长期共存，共同发展，谁也不吃掉谁。这种考虑，主要是基于照顾台湾的现状和台湾同胞的实际利益。这将是统一后的中国国家体制的一大特色和重要创造。

2. Coexistence of two systems. On the premise of one China, socialism on the mainland and capitalism on Taiwan can coexist and develop side by side for a long time without one swallowing up the other. This concept has largely taken account of the actual situation in Taiwan and practical interests of our compatriots there. It will be a unique feature and important innovation in the state system of a reunified China.

　　两岸实现统一后，台湾的现行社会经济制度不变，生活方式不变，同外国的经济文化关系不变。诸如私人财产、房屋、土地、企业所有权、合法继承权、华侨和外国人投资等，一律受法律保护。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

After reunification, Taiwan's current socio-economic system, its way of life as well as economic and cultural ties with foreign countries can remain unchanged. Private property, including houses and land, as well as business ownership, legal inheritance and overseas Chinese and foreign investments on the island will all be protected by law.

　　(三)高度自治。统一后，台湾将成为特别行政区。它不同于中国其他一般省区，享有高度的自治权。它拥有在台湾的行政管理权、立法权、独立的司法权和终审权；党、政、军、经、财等事宜都自行管理；可以同外国签订商务、文化等协定，享有一定的外事权；有自己的军队，大陆不派军队也不派行政人员驻台。特别行政区政府和台湾各界的代表人士还可以出任国家政权机构的领导职务，参与全国事务的管理。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

3. A high degree of autonomy. After reunification, Taiwan will become a special administrative region. It will be distinguished from the other provinces or regions of China by its high degree of autonomy. It will have its own administrative and legislative powers, an independent judiciary and the right of adjudication on the island. It will run its own party, political, military, economic and financial affairs. It may conclude commercial and cultural agreements with foreign countries and enjoy certain rights in foreign affairs. It may keep its military forces and the mainland will not dispatch troops or administrative personnel to the island. On the other hand, representatives of the government of the special administrative region and those from different circles of Taiwan may be appointed to senior posts in the central government and participate in the running of national affairs.

　　(四)和平谈判。通过接触谈判，以和平方式实现国家统一，是全体中国人的共同心愿。两岸都是中国人，如果因为中国的主权和领土完整被分裂，兵戎相见，骨肉相残，对两岸的同胞都是极其不幸的。和平统一，有利于全民族的大团结，有利于台湾社会经济的稳定和发展，有利于全中国的振兴和富强。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

4. Peace negotiations. It is the common aspiration of the entire Chinese people to achieve reunification of the country by peaceful means through contacts and negotiations. People on both sides of the Straits are all Chinese. It would be a great tragedy for all if China's territorial integrity and sovereignty were to be split and its people were to be drawn into a fratricide. Peaceful reunification will greatly enhance the cohesion of the Chinese nation. It will facilitate Taiwan's socio-economic stability and development and promote the resurgence and prosperity of China as a whole.

　　为结束敌对状态，实现和平统一，两岸应尽早接触谈判。在一个中国的前提下，什么问题都可以谈，包括谈判的方式，参加的党派、团体和各界代表人士，以及台湾方面关心的其他一切问题。只要两岸坐下来谈，总能找到双方都可以接受的办法。

In order to put an end to hostility and achieve peaceful reunification, the two sides should enter into contacts and negotiations at the earliest possible date. On the premise of one China, both sides can discuss any subject, including the modality of negotiations, the question of what Parties, groups and personalities may participate as well as any other matters of concern to the Taiwan side. So long as the two sides sit down and talk, they will always be able to find a mutually acceptable solution.

　　鉴于两岸的现实状况，中国政府主张在实现统一之前，双方按照相互尊重、互补互利的原则，积极推动两岸经济合作和各项交往，进行直接通邮、通商、通航和双向交流，为国家和平统一创造条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Taking into account the prevailing situation on both sides of the Straits, the Chinese Government has proposed that pending reunification the two sides should, according to the principle of mutual respect, complementarity and mutual benefit, actively promote economic cooperation and other exchanges. Direct trade, postal, air and shipping services and two-way visits should be started in order to pave the way for the peaceful reunification of the country.

　　和平统一是中国政府既定的方针。然而，每一个主权国家都有权采取自己认为必要的一切手段包括军事手段，来维护本国主权和领土的完整。中国政府在采取何种方式处理本国内部事务的问题上，并无义务对任何外国或图谋分裂中国者作出承诺。

Peaceful reunification is a set policy of the Chinese Government. However, any sovereign state is entitled to use any means it deems necessary, including military ones, to uphold its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Chinese Government is under no obligation to undertake any commitment to any foreign power or people intending to split China as to what means it might use to handle its own domestic affairs.

　　这里还应指出，台湾问题纯属中国的内政，不同于第二次世界大战后经国际协议而形成的德国问题和朝鲜问题。因此，台湾问题不能和德国、朝鲜问题相提并论。中国政府历来反对用处理德国问题、朝鲜问题的方式来处理台湾问题。台湾问题应该也完全可以通过两岸的协商，在一个中国的架构内求得合理的解决。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

It should be pointed out that the Taiwan question is purely an internal affair of China and bears no analogy to the cases of Germany and Korea which were brought about as a result of international accords at the end of the Second World War. Therefore, the Taiwan question should not be placed on a par with the situation of Germany or Korea. The Chinese Government has always opposed applying the German or Korean formulas to Taiwan. The Taiwan question should and entirely can be resolved judiciously through bilateral consultations and within the framework of one China.

四、台湾海峡两岸关系的发展及其阻力

IV. Relations Across Taiwan Straits: Evolution and Stumbling Blocks

　　台湾海峡两岸目前的分离状态，是中华民族的不幸。所有中国人无不殷切盼望早日结束这种令人痛心的局面。

The present division between the two sides of the Taiwan Straits is a misfortune for the Chinese nation. All the Chinese people are yearning for an early end to this agonizing situation.

　　为了实现两岸人民正常往来和国家统一，中国政府在提出和平统一主张的同时，也采取了一系列推动两岸关系发展的措施：

In order to enable normal movement of people across the Straits and to achieve reunification of the country, the Chinese Government has made proposals towards this end and, at the same time, adopted measures to step up the development of inter-Straits relations.

　　政治方面，调整有关政策措施，化解敌对情绪。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院决定不再追诉去台人员在中华人民共和国成立前的犯罪行为。

On the political plane, policy adjustments have been made with a view to breaking down the mentality of hostility. The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate have decided respectively that people who had gone to Taiwan would no longer be prosecuted for offenses prior to the founding of the People's Republic of China.

　　军事方面，主动缓和海峡两岸军事对峙状态，停止对金门等岛屿的炮击，并把福建沿海一些前沿阵地、观察所开辟为经济开发区和旅游点。

On the military plane, initiatives have been taken to ease military confrontation across the Straits. Shelling of Jinmen and other islands have been discontinued. Some forward defense positions and observation posts along the Fujian coast have been transformed into economic development zones or tourist attractions.

　　经济方面，敞开门户，促进交流，欢迎台商来大陆投资和从事贸易活动，并为之提供优惠条件和法律保障。

On the economic plane, doors have been flung open to facilitate the flow of goods and people. Businessmen from Taiwan are welcome to invest or trade on the mainland. They are accorded preferential treatment and legal safeguards.

　　其他如人员往来、邮电交通以及科技、文化、体育、学术、新闻等方面，中国政府亦持积极态度，采取了相应措施，鼓励发展两岸在各个领域的交流与合作。还成立了得到政府授权的民间团体“海峡两岸关系协会”，同台湾“海峡交流基金会”及有关民间团体建立联系，维护两岸人民的合法权益，推动两岸关系的发展。

The Chinese Government has also adopted a positive attitude and taken measures to encourage bilateral exchanges and cooperation in areas such as two-way travels, post and communications as well as scientific, cultural, sports, academic and journalistic activities. A non-governmental Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits has been set up and authorized by the Government to liaise with the Straits Exchange Foundation and other relevant non-governmental bodies in Taiwan for the purpose of upholding the legitimate rights and interests of people on both sides and promoting inter-Straits relations.

　　中国政府的对台政策和措施，得到了越来越多的台湾同胞、港澳同胞和海外侨胞、华人的理解和支持。广大台湾同胞为发展两岸关系作出了很大的努力。台湾当局近几年也相应调整了对大陆的政策，采取了一些松动措施，诸如开放岛内民众赴大陆探亲，逐步放宽对两岸民间交流交往的限制，扩大间接贸易，开放间接投资，简化两岸同胞通话、通邮、通汇的手续。这些都是有利于相互交往的。近年来，两岸的经济贸易迅速发展，人员住来及各项交流活动不断扩大。一九九三年四月举行的“汪辜会谈”签订了四项协议，迈出了两岸关系上具有历史意义的重要一步。台湾海峡出现了四十余年来前所未有的缓和气氛，这是有利于和平统一的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Such policies and measures of the Chinese Government have won the understanding and support of more and more Taiwan compatriots, compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao as well as overseas Chinese and people of Chinese descent. On their part, Taiwan compatriots have contributed tremendously to the development of inter-Straits relations. In recent years the Taiwan authorities have in turn made readjustments in their policy regarding the mainland. They have taken steps to ease the situation, such as allowing people to visit relatives on the mainland, gradually reducing the restrictions on people-to-people exchanges and contact, expanding indirect trade, permitting indirect investment and cutting red tape in inter-Straits post, telecommunications and bank remittance services. All these are conducive to better interchanges. The past few years have witnessed rapid growth of economic relations and trade as well as increasing mutual visits and sundry exchanges across the Straits. The Wang Daohan--Koo Chen-fu Talks in April 1993 resulted in four agreements, marking a step forward of historic significance in inter-Straits relations. Thus an atmosphere of relaxation prevails in the Taiwan Straits for the first time in the past four decades. This is auspicious to peaceful reunification.

　　必须指出，台湾当局虽对两岸关系作了某些松动，但其现行大陆政策仍严重阻碍着两岸关系的发展和国家的统一。他们口头上虽声称“中国必须统一”，但行动上却总是背离一个中国的原则，继续维持与大陆分离的局面，拒绝就和平统一问题进行商谈，甚至设置障碍，限制两岸交往的进一步发展。

It should be pointed out that notwithstanding a certain measure of easing up by the Taiwan authorities, their current policy vis-a-vis the mainland still seriously impedes the development of relations across the Straits as well as the reunification of the country. They talk about the necessity of a reunified China, but their deeds are always a far cry from the principle of one China. They try to prolong Taiwan's separation from the mainland and refuse to hold talks on peaceful reunification. They have even set up barriers to curb the further development of the interchanges across the Straits.

　　近年来，台湾岛内“台独”活动日形嚣张，给两岸关系的发展和国家和平统一投下了阴影。“台独”的产生有着复杂的社会历史根源和国际背景，而台湾当局拒绝和谈、限制交往、在国际上推行“双重承认”和“两个中国”的政策，又实际上为“台独”活动提供了条件。应当说，台湾同胞要求当家作主管理台湾的愿望是合情合理的、正当的，这不同于“台湾独立”，更与极少数坚持要走“台独”道路的人有着根本的区别。极少数“台独”分子鼓吹“独立”，甚至投靠外国，妄图将台湾从中国分裂出去，这是违背包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的根本利益的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

中国政府严重关注这一事态的发展，对任何制造“台湾独立”的行径绝不会坐视不理。

In recent years the clamours for "Taiwan independence" on the island have become shriller, casting a shadow over the course of relations across the Straits and the prospect of peaceful reunification of the country. The "Taiwan independence" fallacy has a complex social-historical root and international background. But the Taiwan authorities have, in effect, abetted this fallacy by its own policy of rejecting peace negotiations, restricting interchanges across the Straits and lobbying for "dual recognition" or "two Chinas" in the international arena. It should be affirmed that the desire of Taiwan compatriots to run the affairs of the island as masters of their own house is reasonable and justified. This should by no means be construed as advocating "Taiwan independence". They are radically distinct from those handful of "Taiwan independence" protagonists who trumpet "independence" but vilely rely on foreign patronage in a vain attempt to detach Taiwan from China, which runs against the fundamental interests of the entire Chinese people including Taiwan compatriots. The Chinese Government is closely following the course of events and will never condone any manoeuvre for "Taiwan independence".

　　某些国际势力不希望中国统一，仍千方百计插手中国内政，支持台湾当局的“反共拒和”政策和岛内的分裂势力，为中国的和平统一制造障碍，严重伤害了中国人民的民族感情。

Certain foreign forces who do not want to see a reunified China have gone out of their way to meddle in China's internal affairs. They support the anti-Communist stance of the Taiwan authorities of rejecting peace talks and abet the secessionists on the island, thereby erecting barriers to China's peaceful reunification and seriously wounding the national feelings of the Chinese people.

　　中国政府坚信，广大台湾同胞是要求国家统一的；台湾朝野政治力量的大多数也是主张国家统一的。在两岸人民共同努力下，上述障碍和阻力一定可以排除，两岸关系一定可以获得更好的发展。

The Chinese Government is convinced that Taiwan compatriots want national reunification and that this is also true with most of the political forces in or out of office in Taiwan. The people on both sides of the Straits will overcome all the barriers and stumbling blocks by their joint efforts and ensure a better development of relations across the Straits.

五、国际事务中涉及台湾的几个问题

V. Several Questions Involving Taiwan in International Relations

　　如前所述，世界上只有一个中国，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。中华人民共和国政府作为代表全中国人民的唯一合法政府，得到了联合国及世界各国的普遍承认。为维护国家主权和实现国家的统一，中国政府在国际事务中处理涉及台湾的问题时，始终坚持一个中国的原则，一贯维护台湾同胞的利益。中国政府相信，这一立场必能赢得各国政府和人民的尊重。在此，中国政府认为有必要就以下几个问题重申自己的立场和政策。

As has been elucidated in the foregoing, there is only one China in the world, of which Taiwan is an inalienable part. The Government of the People's Republic of China has been recognized by the United Nations and throughout the world as the sole legal government representing the entire Chinese people. In the interest of safeguarding state sovereignty and realizing national reunification the Chinese Government has always stood firm on the principle of one China and ensured the interests of Taiwan compatriots in international relations involving Taiwan. The Chinese Government has no doubt that its position will be respected by all other governments and people.The Chinese Government deems it necessary to reiterate its position and policy on the following matters.

　　(一)与中国建交国同台湾的关系问题。

(1) Relations between Taiwan and countries maintaining diplomatic ties with China

目前，世界上凡与中国建交的国家，均遵照国际法和一个中国的原则，与中国政府就台湾问题达成正式协议或谅解，承诺不与台湾建立任何官方性质的关系。按照国际法，一个主权国家只能有一个中央政府代表这个国家。台湾作为中国的一部分，它在国际上无权代表中国，不能与外国建立外交关系和发展具有官方性质的关系。但考虑到台湾经济发展的需要和台湾同胞的实际利益，对台湾同外国的民间经济、文化往来，中国政府不持异议。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

All countries maintaining diplomatic relations with China have, in conformity with international law and the principle of one China, undertaken in formal agreement or understanding with the Chinese Government not to establish any ties of an official nature with Taiwan. According to international law, a sovereign state can only be represented by a single central government. As a part of China, Taiwan has no right to represent China in the international community, nor can it establish diplomatic ties or enter into relations of an official nature with foreign countries. Nevertheless, considering the needs of Taiwan's economic development and the practical interests of Taiwan compatriots, the Chinese Government has not objected to non-governmental economic or cultural exchanges between Taiwan and foreign countries.

　　近几年，台湾当局在国际上竭力推行所谓“务实外交”，谋求同一些与中国建交的国家发展官方关系，推行“双重承认”，达到制造“两个中国”、“一中一台”的目的。对此，中国政府坚决反对。

In recent years the Taiwan authorities have vigorously launched a campaign of "pragmatic diplomacy" to cultivate official ties with countries having diplomatic relations with China in an attempt to push "dual recognition" and achieve the objective of creating a situation of "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan". The Chinese Government is firmly against this scheme.

　　应该指出，世界上绝大多数国家都能珍视同中国的友好关系，恪守在台湾问题上和中国达成的协议和谅解，中国政府对此表示赞赏。但也不能不指出，有的国家竟不顾国际信誉，违反与中华人民共和国建交时所作的承诺，同台湾发展官方关系，从而给中国统一事业设置障碍。中国政府衷心希望，有关国家的政府能够采取措施，纠正这一做法。

It is noted that the overwhelming majority of the countries of the world cherish friendly relations with China and abide by their agreement or understanding with China on the issue of Taiwan. The Chinese Government appreciates this. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that, in disregard of their international credibility, certain countries have breached the undertaking made at the time of the establishment of diplomatic ties with the People's Republic of China by evolving official relations with Taiwan, thereby putting a spoke in the wheel of China's reunification. The Chinese Government sincerely hopes that the governments in question will take measures to rectify the situation.

　　(二)国际组织与台湾的关系问题。

(2) Relations between international organizations and Taiwan

    每个国家的主权是完整的，既不能分割，也不能分享。中华人民共和国政府作为中国的唯一合法政府，有权利也有义务在国际组织中行使国家主权，代表整个中国。台湾当局企图在某些只有主权国家才能参加的国际组织中搞所谓“一国两席”，就是要制造“两个中国”。中国政府坚决反对这种行径。这一原则立场完全符合包括台湾同胞和海外侨胞在内的全中国人民的根本利益。只有在坚持一个中国原则立场的前提下，中国政府才可以考虑，根据有关国际组织的性质、章程规定和实际情况，以中国政府同意和接受的某种方式，来处理台湾参加某些国际组织活动的问题。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The sovereignty of each State is an integral whole which is indivisible and unsharable. The Government of the People's Republic of China, as the sole legal government of China, has the right and obligation to exercise state sovereignty and represent the whole of China in international organizations. The Taiwan authorities' lobbying for a formula of "one country, two seats" in international organizations whose membership is confined to sovereign states is a manoeuvre to create "two Chinas". The Chinese Government is firmly opposed to such an attempt. Its principled position fully conforms to the fundamental interests of the entire Chinese people including Taiwan compatriots and overseas Chinese. Only on the premise of adhering to the principle of one China and in the light of the nature and statutes of the international organizations concerned as well as the specific circumstances, can the Chinese Government consider the question of Taiwan's participation in the activities of such organizations and in a manner agreeable and acceptable to the Chinese Government.

　　联合国系统的所有机构，是由主权国家代表参加的政府间国际组织。在恢复中华人民共和国在联合国的合法权利后，联合国系统的所有机构都已通过正式决议，恢复中华人民共和国享有的合法席位，驱逐了台湾当局的“代表”。自此，在联合国组织中的中国代表权问题已获得了彻底的解决，根本不存在台湾再加入的问题。需要指出的是，近一个时期来，台湾当局的某些人又为“重返联合国”而大肆鼓噪。十分明显，这是一种妄图割裂国家主权的行径，它无论在法理上或实际上都是行不通的。中国政府相信各国政府和联合国系统的组织会识破这一图谋，不做有损于中国主权的事情。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

All the specialized agencies and organizations of the United Nations system are inter-governmental organizations composed of sovereign states. After the restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations, all the specialized agencies and organizations of the U.N. system have formally adopted resolutions restoring to the People's Republic of China its lawful seat and expelling the "representatives" of the Taiwan authorities. Since then the issue of China's representation in the U.N. system has been resolved once and for all and Taiwan's re-entry is out of the question. However, it should be pointed out that recently some elements of the Taiwan authorities have been clamouring for "returning to the United Nations". Apparently, this is an attempt to split state sovereignty, which is devoid of any legal or practical basis. The Chinese Government is convinced that all governments and organizations of the U.N. system will be alert to this scheme and refrain from doing anything prejudicial to China's sovereignty.

　　其他政府间国际组织，原则上台湾也无权参加。至于亚洲开发银行(ADB)、亚太经济合作组织(APEC)等地区性经济组织，台湾的加入系根据中国政府与有关方面达成的协议或谅解，明确规定中华人民共和国作为主权国家参加，台湾只作为中国的一个地区以“中国台北”(英文在亚行为TAIPEI，CHINA；在亚太经济合作组织为CHINESETAIPEI)的名称参加活动。这种做法属于特殊安排，不能构成其他政府间国际组织及国际活动效仿的“模式”。

In principle, Taiwan is also ineligible for membership in other categories of inter-governmental organizations. As to regional economic organizations such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), Taiwan's participation is subject to the terms of agreement or understanding reached between the Chinese Government and the parties concerned which explicitly prescribe that the People's Republic of China is a full member as a sovereign state whereas Taiwan may participate in the activities of those organizations only as a region of China under the designation of Taipei, China (in ADB) or Chinese Taipei (in APEC). This is only an ad hoc arrangement and cannot constitute a "model" applicable to other inter-governmental organizations or international gatherings.

　　在民间性质的国际组织中，中华人民共和国的相应组织同有关方面达成协议或谅解，在中国的全国性组织以中国的名义参加的情况下，台湾的相应组织可以以“中国台北”(TAIPEI，CHINA)或“中国台湾”(TAIWAN，CHINA)的名称参加。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

As regards participation in non-governmental international organizations, the relevant bodies of the People's Republic of China may reach an agreement or understanding with the parties concerned so that China's national organizations would use the designation of China, while Taiwan's organizations may participate under the designation of Taipei, China or Taiwan, China.

　　(三)与中国建交国同台湾通航问题。

(3) Aviation services between Taiwan and countries having diplomatic relations with China

一个国家的领空是该国领土不可分割的组成部分。一九一九年公布的《巴黎航空公约》和一九四四年签署的《芝加哥公约》均确认，每个国家对其领空具有完全的、排他性的主权的原则。因此，凡是同中国建交国家的任何航空公司，即使是私营航空公司与台湾通航，都是涉及中国主权的政治问题，而不是一般的民间关系。与中国建交国家的官方航空公司当然不可与台湾通航，而其民间航空公司如欲同台湾通航，则须由其政府与中国政府磋商。在征得中国政府同意后，其民间航空公司始可同台湾的私营航空公司互飞。实际上，根据上述原则，中国政府已经同意英、德、加拿大等国的民间航空公司与台湾的私营航空公司通航。

Airspace is an inalienable part of a country's territory. The 1919 Paris Aviation Convention and the 1944 Chicago Convention affirm the principle of complete and exclusive sovereignty of each country over its airspace. Therefore, the opening of aviation services with Taiwan by any airlines, including privately-operated ones, of countries having diplomatic relations with China is a political issue affecting China's sovereignty and cannot be regarded as a non-political transaction. State-run airlines of countries having diplomatic relations with China certainly must not operate air services to Taiwan. Privately-operated airlines must seek China's consent through consultations between their government and the Chinese Government before they can start reciprocal air services with privately-operated airlines of Taiwan. As a matter of fact, according to the afore-said principle the Chinese Government has consented to such services between privately-operated airlines of Britain, Germany, Canada, etc. and their counterparts in Taiwan.

　　有的国家在与中华人民共和国建交前就同台湾通航的，则可通过与中国政府谈判，改变其同台湾通航的官方性质后继续其民间商业运输安排。

As for countries which already had aviation services with Taiwan before the establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, they can negotiate with the Chinese Government to change the official nature of such services so as to be able to continue the operations as privately-run commercial transportation undertakings.

　　(四)与中国建交国向台湾出售武器问题。

(4) Arms sales to Taiwan by countries having diplomatic relations with China

中国政府一贯坚决反对任何国家向台湾出售任何种类的武器装备或提供生产武器的技术。凡与中国建交的国家，都应遵循互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不干涉内政的原则，而不以任何形式或借口向台湾提供武器，否则就是违反国际关系准则，干涉中国内政。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese Government has always firmly opposed any country selling any type of arms or transferring production technology of the same to Taiwan. All countries maintaining diplomatic relations with China should abide by the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity and non-interference in each other's internal affairs, and refrain from providing arms to Taiwan in any form or under any pretext. Failure to do so would be a breach of the norms of international relations and an interference in China's internal affairs.

　　世界各国，尤其是对世界和平事业负有重大责任的大国，理应严格遵守联合国安理会五常任理事国关于限制常规武器扩散的指导原则，为维护和促进地区的和平与安全作出贡献。然而，在目前台湾海峡两岸关系日益缓和的形势下，有的国家竟违背自己在国际协议中的承诺，置中国政府的一再严正交涉于不顾，向台湾出售武器，在海峡两岸之间制造紧张局势。这不仅是对中国安全的严重威胁，为中国的和平统一事业设置障碍，也不利于亚洲和世界的和平与稳定。中国人民当然要强烈反对。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

All countries, and especially big powers shouldering major responsibilities for world peace, are obligated to strictly abide by the guidelines laid down by the five permanent members of the U.N. Security Council to restrict the proliferation of conventional weapons so as to contribute to maintaining and promoting regional peace and security. However, at a time when relations across the Taiwan Straits are easing up, certain powers have seen fit to renege on their undertakings under international agreements and to flout the Chinese Government's repeated strong representations by making arms sales to Taiwan, thereby whipping up tension between the two sides of the Straits. This not only constitutes a serious threat to China's security and an obstacle to China's peaceful reunification, but also undermines peace and stability in Asia and the world at large. It stands to reason that the Chinese people should voice strong resentment against this conduct.

　　在国际事务中，中国政府一贯奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，坚持“互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处”五项原则，积极发展同世界各国的友好关系，从不损害别国利益，不干涉别国内政。同样，中国政府也要求各国政府，不做损害中国利益、干涉中国内政的事情，正确处理与台湾的关系问题。

In international affairs the Chinese Government always pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and adheres to the Five Principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful Co-existence. It actively seeks to develop friendly relations with all countries of the world and will never undermine any country's interests nor interfere in its internal affairs. By the same token it expects all other governments to refrain from undermining China's interests or interfering in China's internal affairs and to correctly handle their relations with Taiwan.

结束语

Conclusion

　　中国的统一是中华民族的根本利益所在。

Reunification of the country embodies the fundamental interest of the Chinese nation.

　　中国实现统一后，两岸可携手合作，互补互助，发展经济，共同振兴中华。原来一直困扰台湾的各种问题，都将在一个中国的架构下得到合理解决。台湾同胞将与祖国其他地区人民一道共享一个伟大国家的尊严和荣誉。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

After national reunification the two sides of the Taiwan Straits can pool their resources and make common cause in economic development and work towards China's resurgence. Numerous problems that have been besetting Taiwan would be judiciously resolved within the framework of one China. Taiwan compatriots will share the pride and glory of a great nation with their kith and kin from the other parts of the motherland.

　　长期以来，台湾问题一直是亚洲与太平洋地区一个不稳定的因素。中国的统一，不仅有利于中国本身的稳定和发展，也有利于中国同各国进一步加强友好合作关系，有利于亚太地区乃至全世界的和平与发展。

Taiwan question has long been a destabilizing factor in the Asia-Pacific region. Reunification of China will not only bolster the stability and development of the country itself, but also contribute to the further enhancement of the friendly relations and cooperation between China and other countries as well as to peace and development in the Asia-Pacific region and the world as a whole.

　　中国政府相信，在维护自己国家主权与领土完整的正义事业中，一定能够得到世界各国政府和人民的理解和支持。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese Government is confident that it can count on the understanding and support of governments and people of all countries in the pursuit of its just cause of safeguarding its state sovereignty and territorial integrity.