‍‍‍‍‍‍‍新疆各民族平等团结发展的历史见证

Historical Witness to Ethnic Equality, Unity and Development in Xinjiang

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2015年9月

September 2015

目录

Contents

前言

Foreword

一、实行民族区域自治制度

I. Implementing the System of Ethnic Regional Autonomy

二、坚持各民族平等团结

II. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity

三、不断夯实发展基础

III. Constantly Strengthening the Foundations of Development

四、改善民生造福各族人民

IV. Improving Standards of Living for All

五、推进文化事业繁荣发展

V. Promoting Cultural Prosperity

六、依法维护社会和谐稳定

VI. Maintaining Social Harmony and Stability in Accordance with the Law

七、尊重和保护宗教信仰自由

VII. Respecting and Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief

八、发挥兵团特殊作用

VIII. Promoting the Unique Role of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

九、国家对新疆的支持与帮助

IX. State Support and Assistance to Xinjiang

结束语

Conclusion

前言

Foreword

中国是统一的多民族国家。新疆自古以来就是中国多民族共同生活的家园。在漫长的历史长河中，生活在新疆的中华各族儿女密切交往、相互依存、休戚与共，共同开发建设新疆，共同维护边疆稳定、国家统一、民族团结，共同推动国家的发展进步。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is a unified and multiethnic country. Xinjiang has been home to several of China’s ethnic peoples since ancient times. Over the long course of history the ethnic groups in Xinjiang have maintained close relations with each other, trusting and depending on each other and sharing weal and woe together. They have worked hard to build Xinjiang, to safeguard border stability, national unification and ethnic unity, and to promote the development and progress of China.

在国家的统一领导下，在少数民族聚居地方实行区域自治，是中国的一项基本政治制度，是中国特色解决民族问题的正确道路的重要内容和制度保障。在新疆实行民族区域自治制度，符合中国国情和新疆实际，维护了国家统一和新疆各民族平等团结发展。

Under the unified state leadership, implementing regional autonomy in areas where ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities is a basic political system of China. It is an important step on the correct path towards resolving ethnic problems in a Chinese manner and an institutional guarantee that the path will be followed. Implementing the system of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang is a measure that accords with the prevailing situation in China and with the realities of life and the needs of Xinjiang. Doing so has acted as a bulwark to national unification and to the equality, unity and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang.

自1949年新疆和平解放，特别是1955年新疆维吾尔自治区成立以来，在国家的大力支持和全国各地的有力帮助下，在全区各族人民的共同努力下，新疆民生不断改善，各项事业全面进步，社会大局稳定，发展势头良好。2010年和2014年，中央先后召开新疆工作座谈会，不断丰富完善治疆理念和治疆方略，新疆经济社会发展进入了新的历史时期。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since the peaceful liberation of Xinjiang in 1949, and the founding of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in 1955 in particular, Xinjiang has seen continued improvement in its standard of living, comprehensive progress in various areas, stability in the overall situation of society, and positive momentum for development. All this has been made possible by strong support from the state and other parts of the country, as well as by the concerted efforts of all of Xinjiang’s ethnic groups.

In 2010 and 2014, the central government held two meetings to discuss work related to Xinjiang, resulting in a steady improvement of the guiding principles and strategies for governing Xinjiang, ushering in a new era in the economic and social development of the region.

新疆的发展进步，是包括新疆各族人民在内的全中国人民团结拼搏的伟大成果，是中国各族人民共同繁荣发展的生动体现，是中国民族区域自治制度在新疆的成功实践。

The development and progress witnessed in Xinjiang has been achieved by all the peoples of China – including the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang – working together in pursuit of a common goal. It gives a vivid expression to the progress made by China’s ethnic groups towards achieving common prosperity, and marks the successful implementation of China’s system of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang.

一、实行民族区域自治制度

I. Implementing the System of Ethnic Regional Autonomy

新疆地处中国西北边疆，早在公元前60年就纳入中国版图，成为中国统一多民族国家不可分割的组成部分。历代中央政府根据新疆的实际情况，采取多种形式治理新疆。新疆各族人民在共同创建和发展中国统一多民族国家的历史过程中，形成了你中有我、我中有你的血肉联系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Located in China’s northwest, Xinjiang was documented as forming part of China’s territories as early as 60 BC, and went on to become an integral part of the unified and multiethnic country. In light of the actual local conditions, the central governments in successive dynastic periods adopted various different forms of governance in this region. During the process of creating and developing a unified and multiethnic country, all the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang developed close ties and became integrated as one.

历史上，生活在新疆地区的各族人民，以其勤劳、智慧和勇敢，创造了灿烂的多民族文化，成为中华文化的重要组成部分，新疆也成为连通中外、传播文明的重要通道。1840年鸦片战争后，中国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会，新疆各族人民遭受着外国侵略者、封建势力和剥削阶级的压迫，社会地位极为低下。到20世纪40年代末，南疆、伊犁和乌鲁木齐农业区的大部分土地都为少数地主所霸占，大部分农民只占有很少的土地。在南疆维吾尔农民聚居的偏远农村，还分散地、极少量地存有较完整的农奴主庄园，农奴主对农奴有支配一切的权力，农奴们无偿地为农奴主耕种土地，并承担各种家庭杂役。在北疆牧区，残留着封建氏族制度的社会关系，王公贵族、部落头领不仅占有大量的牲畜，而且享有种种封建特权。新中国成立前，新疆经济社会发展严重滞后，各族人民生活十分贫困，根本无法享有基本人权。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Known for their hard working, wisdom and bravery, the ethnic groups of Xinjiang created a distinctive multiethnic culture, which became an important part of overall Chinese culture. Xinjiang also became a key gateway connecting China with the rest of the world and disseminating diverse cultures.

After the First Opium War (1840-1842), China was gradually reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang suffered oppression under the foreign aggressors, feudal forces and exploiting classes, falling to the bottom of society.

By the late 1940s, most of the arable land in the farming areas of southern Xinjiang, Ili and Urumqi had been seized by a handful of landlords, leaving very little to the majority of peasants. In the remote villages inhabited by Uygur peasants in southern Xinjiang, a small number of serf owners’ estates existed in relatively complete form. The overlords of these estates owned their serfs from head to toe, and the serfs were forced to work their masters’ lands without payment and to perform all kinds of domestic chores. In the pastoral areas of northern Xinjiang, remnants of the feudal clan system were evident in that the nobility and the clan chiefs not only held large herds of livestock, but also enjoyed all kinds of feudal privileges.

Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China, Xinjiang lagged far behind the rest of the country in economic and social development, and the ethnic peoples there lived in dire poverty and were deprived of basic human rights.

1921年中国共产党成立后，就在为包括新疆各族人民在内的全体中国人民寻找一条实现民族独立、人民解放的正确道路。中国共产党成立初期，就有一些中共党员进入新疆地区从事革命工作。抗日战争时期，在中国共产党的领导下，新疆各族人民通过多种形式支援内地的抗战事业。一批各族进步青年受到先进思想的熏陶影响，积极追求进步，发动各族群众同反动落后势力进行斗争。共同的历史命运使新疆各族人民深信，唯有中国共产党才能救中国，这样的共识为后来新疆和平解放奠定了基本前提条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Founded in 1921, the Communist Party of China (CPC) took as its mission the search for a right path to realize national independence and the liberation of the people, including the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang. In its early days, the CPC sent some of its members to Xinjiang to carry out revolutionary work. During the Chinese people’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang lent their support to the cause of resistance through various means under the leadership of the CPC. A number of revolutionary youth, influenced by progressive ideas, actively mobilized the peoples of Xinjiang to fight against reactionary and backward forces. The common call of history convinced them that only the CPC could save China – a prerequisite for the consensus against which Xinjiang later greeted its peaceful liberation.

1949年9月，在新疆各族人民的努力下，新疆实现和平解放。10月1日，新疆各族人民同全国人民共同迎来了中华人民共和国的成立。新疆和平解放后，仍沿用过去的行省制。1949年12月17日，在中共中央及中共新疆分局领导下，成立了以包尔汉为主席，由新疆各族各界代表组成的新疆省人民政府，掀开了人民民主政权建设新的一页。在中国共产党的领导下，在中国人民解放军的大力支持下，新疆省政府领导各族人民平叛剿匪、镇压反革命武装叛乱，同时还开展了改造起义部队、整编民族军等工作。根据民族平等、团结、互助的原则，新疆各族人民当家作主，第一次推选出各级人民代表大会代表。随后进行的以农村土地改革为中心的各项民主改革，废除了封建土地所有制，使无地、少地的各族农民分得了土地，从根本上改变了千百年来新疆各族劳动人民受压迫、受剥削的悲惨命运。

In September 1949, Xinjiang was liberated peacefully, thanks to the efforts made by people of all ethnic groups there. On October 1, together with all their fellow countrymen, the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang witnessed the founding of the People’s Republic of China. After liberation, Xinjiang kept its provincial system.

On December 17, 1949, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the CPC Xinjiang Bureau, the Xinjiang provincial people’s government was established. Represented by deputies from all ethnic groups and social sectors in Xinjiang, and with Burhan al-Shahidi as chair, this opened a new leaf in the development of a new people’s democratic government. Under the leadership of the CPC, and with the strong support of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the provincial government of Xinjiang led the local ethnic peoples in successfully quelling revolts, suppressing bandits and putting down reactionary armed rebellions. The uprising troops of the former regime and ethnic armed forces were regrouped.

In line with the principles of equality, unity, and mutual assistance for ethnic groups, the peoples of Xinjiang became the masters of the region, and for the first time elected deputies to the people’s congresses at all levels. The democratic reform that followed, with rural land reform at its core, abolished feudal land ownership and distributed land to the deprived local peasants, putting an end once and for all to centuries of oppression and exploitation for the working people of Xinjiang.

新中国把坚持各民族平等团结和各民族共同繁荣发展作为解决民族问题和处理民族关系的基本原则，并确定在少数民族聚居地方实行民族区域自治制度。新中国成立时，在新疆聚居生活的主要有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、回、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯、塔吉克、满、乌孜别克、俄罗斯、达斡尔和塔塔尔等民族，其中维吾尔族人口居多。以上各民族呈“大杂居、小聚居”的特点，各民族之间存在密切而广泛的联系，这是新疆多民族共同聚居历史的延续。新疆实行民族区域自治制度，有力保障了新疆各民族人民当家作主的民主权利，对于加强各民族平等、团结、互助、和谐的关系，维护国家统一，加快新疆经济发展，促进新疆社会进步，都有着十分重要的意义。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The People’s Republic of China has upheld ethnic equality, unity, common prosperity and development of all ethnic groups as the basic principles in solving ethnic problems and handling ethnic relations. It made it a state policy to practice ethnic regional autonomy in areas where people of ethnic minorities live in concentrated communities. When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, the ethnic peoples of Xinjiang mainly comprised the Uygur, Han, Kazak, Hui, Kirgiz, Mongolian, Xibe, Tajik, Manchu, Uzbek, Russian, Daur and Tartar, with the Uygurs boasting the largest population. Each of these ethnic groups was characterized by living in homogenous communities of its own, or by living together with or mixing with other groups, and the various peoples maintained close and extensive relations – a continuation of the traditional lifestyle. The practice of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang has ensured the democratic rights of all ethnic peoples in the region, making them the masters of Xinjiang. It is also of great significance in strengthening the harmonious relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance of the various ethnic groups, safeguarding national unification, accelerating economic development, and promoting social progress in Xinjiang.

根据中央人民政府颁布的《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》相关规定，1952年8月22日，新疆省召开了第一届第二次各族各界人民代表大会，并于9月10日通过了《关于执行〈中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要〉的决议》，成立了新疆省民族区域自治筹备委员会。1953年12月22日，中央人民政府政务院批复同意《新疆省民族区域自治实施办法》，新疆自治地方筹建准备工作有序展开。截至1954年，经中央政府批准，新疆完成了州以下自治地方的筹建工作，成立了5个自治州，即：巴音郭楞蒙古自治州、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、昌吉回族自治州和伊犁哈萨克自治州；6个自治县，即：焉耆回族自治县、察布查尔锡伯自治县、木垒哈萨克自治县、和布克赛尔蒙古自治县、塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县和巴里坤哈萨克自治县。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

On August 22, 1952, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Program of the People’s Republic of China for Implementing Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the second session of the first people’s congress of all ethnic groups and walks of life was held in Xinjiang Province, passing the Resolution on Executing the Program of the People’s Republic of China for Implementing Ethnic Regional Autonomy and forming a preparatory committee for exercising ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang Province on September 10.

In its official written reply on December 22, 1953, the Government Administrative Council of the Central People’s Government approved the Measures for Exercising Ethnic Regional Autonomy in Xinjiang Province, initiating the preparatory work for establishing autonomous areas in Xinjiang in an orderly fashion. By 1954, with the approval of the central government, Xinjiang had completed the preparations for the establishment of autonomous areas at or below the prefecture level, establishing five autonomous prefectures, i.e., Bayingolin Mongolian, Bortala Mongolian, Kizilsu Kirgiz, Changji Hui and Ili Kazak, six autonomous counties, i.e., Yanqi Hui, Qapqal Xibe, Mori Kazak, Hoboksar Mongolian, Tashkurghan Tajik and Barkol Kazak.

各自治地方的建立为新疆维吾尔自治区的成立奠定了基础。中共中央新疆分局依照《中华人民共和国民族区域自治实施纲要》，积极慎重地推进成立新疆维吾尔自治区的筹备工作。1955年9月13日，第一届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议通过了成立新疆维吾尔自治区、撤消新疆省建制的决议，并以原新疆省的行政区域为新疆维吾尔自治区的行政区域。

The establishment of these autonomous prefectures and counties laid the foundation for the establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. In accordance with the Program of the People’s Republic of China for Practicing Ethnic Regional Autonomy, the CPC Xinjiang Bureau made proactive and prudent preparations for establishing the autonomous region. The 21st meeting of the Standing Committee of the First National People’s Congress passed on September 13, 1955 the resolution to establish the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to replace the former Xinjiang Province, with the former areas under the jurisdiction of the Xinjiang Province being put under the jurisdiction of the newly established autonomous region.

1955年9月20－30日，新疆省第一届人民代表大会第二次会议在乌鲁木齐召开。此次会议通过了《关于新疆维吾尔自治区筹备工作的报告》等文件，选举产生了以赛福鼎·艾则孜（维吾尔族）为主席，高锦纯（汉族）、买买提明·伊敏诺夫（维吾尔族）、帕提汗·苏古尔巴也夫（哈萨克族）为副主席的41人组成的新疆维吾尔自治区人民委员会。1955年10月1日，新疆维吾尔自治区宣告成立。

In September 20-30, 1955, the second session of the First People’s Congress of Xinjiang Province was convened in Urumqi. The meeting approved the Report on Preparatory Work for the Establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region along with some other instruments, and elected a 41-member People’s Committee of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, with Seypidin Ezizi (Uygur) as chair, and Gao Jinchun (Han), Memetmin Iminof (Uygur) and Patihan Sugurbayev (Kazak) as vice chairs. On October 1, 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was officially founded.

新疆维吾尔自治区的成立，标志着民族区域自治制度在新疆的全面贯彻实施。在中央政府的领导、关心和全国各兄弟省（区、市）的大力支持帮助下，新疆各族人民开展了大规模社会主义建设。1984年，国家颁布实施《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》，将民族区域自治制度确定为国家一项基本政治制度，为新疆各族人民在维护国家统一的原则下充分行使自治权利提供了有力的法律保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The establishment of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region marked the full implementation of the system of ethnic regional autonomy in Xinjiang. Under the leadership and care of the central government and with the strong support and help from other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, the people of the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang plunged into the construction of Xinjiang in a massive scale.

In 1984, the state promulgated and put into effect the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, establishing ethnic regional autonomy as a basic political system of the state, thereby providing a powerful legal basis for all ethnic peoples in Xinjiang to fully exercise their right of autonomy based on the principle of safeguarding national unification.

2010年5月、2014年5月，中央先后召开第一、二次新疆工作座谈会，强调要坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，努力建设团结和谐、繁荣富强、文明进步、安居乐业的社会主义新疆，新疆各项事业发展进入了一个新阶段。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In May 2010 and May 2014, the central government held two meetings to specially discuss work in relation to Xinjiang, emphasizing the importance of upholding and improving the system of ethnic regional autonomy, and calling for efforts to build a socialist Xinjiang featuring unity and harmony, prosperity and vigor, civility and progress, and peace and contentment for its people. The various undertakings of Xinjiang had entered a new stage of development. 

二、坚持各民族平等团结

II. Upholding Ethnic Equality and Unity

新疆维吾尔自治区成立以来，坚持和完善民族区域自治制度，贯彻落实国家的民族政策，努力促进各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，发展和巩固了平等、团结、互助、和谐的新型社会主义民族关系。

Since its establishment in 1955, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has remained committed to supporting and improving the system of ethnic regional autonomy. It has implemented China’s ethnic policies, endeavored to promote the unity and common prosperity of various ethnic groups, and developed and consolidated the new type of socialist ethnic relations of equality, unity, mutual assistance and harmony.

坚持各民族一律平等。在中国，各民族不论人口多少、发展程度高低，都具有同等地位，依法享有相同的权利，履行相同的义务。民族区域自治制度的建立，实现了保护少数民族合法权益和保障公民个人平等权利相统一。新疆各族人民享有平等的法律地位，享有宪法和法律赋予的选举与被选举的权利，同时还享有参与国家事务管理、宗教信仰自由、接受教育、使用本民族语言文字、继承本民族传统文化等各项权利。自治区着力消除历史遗留下来的民族隔阂，坚决反对任何形式的民族压迫和歧视，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。各级自治地方既尊重和保护本地区各民族的权利，同时还担负着维护国家统一、民族团结、社会稳定的责任。

The principle of equality among all ethnic groups has been upheld. All ethnic groups in China, regardless of the sizes of their population and levels of development, are equal. They enjoy equal rights and are required to fulfill the same obligations in accordance with the law. The establishment of the system of ethnic regional autonomy served to protect the legitimate rights and interests of ethnic minorities and safeguard the equal rights and interests of individual citizens. People of all ethnic origins in Xinjiang are ensured an equal legal status. They enjoy the rights to vote and stand for election as prescribed by the Constitution and the law, the right of equal participation in the administration of state affairs, the right of religious belief, the right to receive education, the right to use their own spoken and written languages, the right to inherit and carry on the traditional culture of their own ethnic groups, etc.

The region has focused on eliminating ethnic misunderstandings carried over from the past; it has firmly opposed any form of ethnic oppression or discrimination, and outlawed any action that might sabotage ethnic unity or incite ethnic separatism. In addition to respecting and protecting the rights and interests of all ethnic peoples within their jurisdiction, governments of ethnic autonomous areas at various levels shoulder at the same time the responsibility of safeguarding national unification, ethnic unity and social stability.

自主管理本民族、本地区的内部事务。新疆维吾尔自治区是多民族共居的自治地方，也是全国唯一三级自治地方（区、州、县）俱全的自治区。自治区内设有５个自治州、６个自治县和42个民族乡。自治地方的各族人民共同选举出人民代表大会（以下简称“人大”）代表，组成自治机关，行使管理本地区内部事务的权利。自治机关在历届人大代表组成以及干部配备上，坚持各民族平等参与、共同管理的原则。2014年，自治区第十二届人大代表名额共550名，有14个民族成份，其中少数民族代表占66%，比少数民族人口在新疆总人口中的比例高出3个百分点。目前，在9位现任自治区人大常委会主任、副主任中，有少数民族6名。自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长均由实行区域自治民族的公民担任，绝大多数地区的专员以及市长、县长、区长也由少数民族干部担任。新疆各民族还享有平等参与管理国家事务的权利。2014年，出席第十二届全国人大的新疆代表共60名，其中少数民族代表38名，占63.33%。还有一批少数民族干部在中央和国家机关中担任领导职务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Internal affairs of the ethnic autonomous areas are administered independently. Home to more than a dozen major ethnic groups, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the only autonomous region in China with three levels of autonomous administrative divisions (region, prefecture and county). It boasts five autonomous prefectures, six autonomous counties and 42 ethnic townships. The people of each ethnic autonomous area elect their own deputies to the people’s congress and form the self-government organs of power to exercise the right to manage their own internal affairs. In the composition of deputies to the people’s congresses and the appointment of officials, the region’s self-government organs at each level have always adhered to the principles of equal participation and common management. In 2014, the 550 deputies to the 12th People’s Congress of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region came from 14 ethnic groups, with 66 percent being ethnic minorities themselves, three percentage points higher than the proportion of the total population of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Of nine chairperson and vice chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the current regional people’s congress, six are citizens of ethnic minority origins. In Xinjiang now, the heads of the autonomous region, all the autonomous prefectures and all autonomous counties are citizens from the ethnic group(s) exercising regional autonomy in the areas concerned. Moreover, an overwhelming number of the heads of other prefectures, cities and counties are citizens of ethnic minority origins. Ethnic groups in Xinjiang also enjoy the right of equal participation in the administration of state affairs. Of 60 deputies from Xinjiang who attended the 12th National People’s Congress in 2014, 38, or over 63 percent, were ethnic minorities. There are many people of ethnic minority origins from Xinjiang holding leading posts in central and state organs.

根据《中华人民共和国宪法》和《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》的规定，民族自治地方有权依照当地特点制定自治条例和单行条例，对法律、行政法规、地方性法规作出变通规定。这些规定对保障和维护各少数民族合法权益、促进自治地方经济社会发展发挥了重要作用。

According to the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, ethnic autonomous areas have the right to enact autonomous and separate regulations to adapt the provisions of the state law, administrative regulations and local regulations in accordance with their local conditions. These stipulations have played an important role in safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of the ethnic minorities and promoting economic and social development in ethnic autonomous areas.

保障各民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利。新疆是多语言文字地区，主要使用10种语言。自治区颁布《新疆维吾尔自治区语言文字工作条例》，少数民族语言文字在司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播影视、网络等领域以及日常生活中得到广泛应用。政府机关在执行公务、各类机构在招聘及晋级考试时，使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。自治区中小学教育共使用7种语言教学，广播、电视用5种语言播放节目，图书、音像和电子出版物用6种语言文字出版。根据《中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法》，普通话和规范汉字为国家通用语言和文字。自治区积极倡导少数民族学习国家通用语言和文字，在中小学对少数民族学生进行通用语言文字教育，提倡各民族相互学习语言，增进各民族间的了解和沟通。自2010年起，自治区要求新录用公职人员正式上岗前必须具备基本的国家通用语言和少数民族语言能力，并提供培训“双语”的机会和条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

All ethnic groups are guaranteed the right to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Xinjiang is a region of multiple spoken and written languages, of which there are ten principal ones. The region has enacted theRegulations for Work Concerning Spoken and Written Languages in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which provides a legal basis for the extensive use of the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities in such fields as justice, administration, education, news media, publishing, radio, movies, television programs, the Internet and daily life. Government organs in handling public affairs and various other organizations in recruitment and promotion tests all use the language(s) of the ethnic groups exercising autonomy in a given area. Seven languages are used as teaching languages in primary and secondary schools in the region, five languages are used in broadcasting and television programs, and six languages are used in publishing books, audio-visual products and electronic publications.

The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Standard Spoken and Written Chinese Language rules that the standard spoken and written Chinese language is Putonghua (a common speech with pronunciation based on the Beijing dialect) and the standardized Chinese characters. The autonomous region encourages ethnic minorities to study the standard spoken and written Chinese and offers appropriate courses in primary and secondary schools, and it also encourages ethnic minority peoples to study one another’s languages so as to enhance mutual understanding and communication. Since 2010, the autonomous region has required that newly recruited civil servants must acquire basic skills in both the standard and ethnic languages before they enter the service, and that they must be provided with opportunities of and conditions for bilingual training.

尊重少数民族风俗习惯，保障各民族保持或者改革本民族风俗习惯的自由。2004年，自治区制定《新疆维吾尔自治区清真食品管理条例》，依法保障有清真饮食习惯民族的饮食习俗，规定县级以上人民政府民族事务主管部门负责本行政区域内清真食品的监督管理工作。扶持和保证少数民族特需用品的生产和供应。在有土葬习俗的少数民族中，不推行火葬，并采取划拨专用土地、建立公墓等措施予以保障。少数民族重大节日成为新疆法定公众假期。自治区提倡各民族相互尊重风俗习惯，倡导少数民族在衣食住行、婚丧嫁娶、礼仪风俗各方面奉行科学、文明、健康的新习俗。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The customs of ethnic minorities are respected and the freedom of each ethnic group to maintain or reform its own customs is protected. In 2004, the region formulated the Halal Food Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to protect the halal dietary customs of the relevant ethnic groups, which stipulated that departments in charge of ethnic affairs of the people’s governments at/above the county level are vested with the responsibility of supervising and exercising control over the production and supply of halal food within areas under their jurisdiction. The region also renders support to and guarantees the production and supply of special supplies to ethnic minorities. Ethnic minorities which have the tradition of inhumation (ground burial) are exempt from the government requirement for cremation, and are allotted special plots for cemeteries. Major festivals of the ethnic minorities are also made official public holidays in Xinjiang. The region encourages all ethnic groups to respect one another’s customs while encourages following more scientific, civilized and healthy customs in relation to food, clothing, shelter, transportation, weddings, funerals and etiquettes.

选拔、培养、使用少数民族干部和专业技术人才。自治区通过培训学习、基层锻炼、异地交流、岗位轮换等多种形式，培养了大批各领域少数民族行政和专业技术干部。1955年，新疆有少数民族干部4.6万人，2014年增至41.7万人，占自治区干部总数的51.4%。自治区在公开选拔领导干部、录用国家工作人员时，对少数民族适当放宽条件，通过划定比例、定向招考、适当加分等政策，确保一定数量的少数民族进入公务员队伍。2009－2014年，自治区招录少数民族公务员占招录总数的比例从29.9%提高到48.3%。少数民族专业技术人才培养得到特别支持。1992年开始，国家实施新疆少数民族科技骨干特殊培养工作，采取培训、研修、交流、锻炼等多种方式，至2014年共培养了3917名新疆急需的中高层次少数民族专业技术人才。自2000年起，自治区设立“少数民族科技人才特殊培养计划科研专项资金”，支持少数民族科技骨干实施科技项目。新疆少数民族专业技术人员由1985年的12.43万人增长到2014年的29.44万人，占全区专业技术人员总数的比例由34.43%增长到58.37%，仅高级职称少数民族专业技术人才就达2.11万人。

Candidates of ethnic minority origins are selected and cultivated as officials and professionals. A large number of administrative officials and technical professionals from ethnic minority groups have been fostered through training courses and working at the grassroots level, or through work exchanges or job rotation. In 1955, the number of ethnic minority officials in Xinjiang was 46,000, which increased to 417,000 in 2014, accounting for 51.4 percent of the total officials in the region. When selecting leading officials and recruiting civil servants, the autonomous region implements more flexible policies such as setting a recruitment ratio and offering directional recruitment and bonus points in favor of ethnic minorities, so as to make sure that a certain number of ethnic minorities join the civil service. The proportion of ethnic minority civil servants in the total recruitment increased from 29.9 percent in 2009 to 48.3 percent in 2014.

Special support has been given to professional personnel of ethnic minority origins. Since 1992, the state has put in place a special program to train professionals of ethnic minority origins in key areas of science and technology by way of holding training courses, advanced studies, exchanges and being placed on more challenging posts, etc. and by the end of 2014 the region had trained in total 3,917 middle- and high-caliber professionals of ethnic minority origins badly needed in Xinjiang.

In key areas of science and technology, Xinjiang has established and implemented a fund for special training of science and technology talents of ethnic minority origins since 2000. The number of ethnic minority technical professionals in Xinjiang increased from 124,300 in 1985 to 294,400 in 2014, and the proportion rose from 34.43 percent to 58.37 percent of the total number of such people in the region. The number of ethnic minority professionals with academic titles equivalent to professor and associate professor reached 21,100 in 2014.

民族区域自治为民族团结提供制度保障。1955年，新疆总人口511.78万人，2014年增长至2322.54万人，其中少数民族1463.04万人，占总人口的63%。自治区坚持开展形式多样的民族团结宣传教育，特别重视对青少年的教育，在小学至大学的各类学校教育中均设置民族团结及民族知识教育课程。坚持不懈地开展民族团结进步创建活动。自1983年开始，自治区先后召开了7次民族团结进步表彰大会，大力表彰民族团结进步模范单位和个人，在全社会推动形成以维护民族团结为荣、以损害民族团结为耻的社会风尚。目前，受到国务院、国家民委、自治区三级表彰的民族团结进步模范单位1304个（次）、模范个人2272人（次）。1983年开始，每年5月开展“民族团结教育月”活动，集中进行民族团结的宣传教育。2009年，自治区颁布实施《新疆维吾尔自治区民族团结教育条例》，进一步规范了民族团结教育活动，推动各族民众共同维护民族团结。2010年底，又出台了《新疆维吾尔自治区民族团结进步模范单位和模范个人创建表彰管理办法（试行）》，积极引导各族民众加强交往交流交融，相互帮助；提倡各民族中小学生同校学习，同班上课。“汉族离不开少数民族，少数民族离不开汉族，各少数民族之间也相互离不开”成为加强民族团结的重要思想保证。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The ethnic regional autonomy provides an institutional guarantee to ethnic unity. The region’s population totaled 5.1 million in 1955 while by 2014 it had increased to over 23.2 million, of which 14.6 million were ethnic minorities, making up 63 percent of the total. The region has carried out all kinds of educational programs advocating ethnic unity, paying particular attention to education of the youth, as evidenced by courses on ethnic unity and knowledge about the various ethnic groups offered in various institutions of learning – from primary schools to universities. In Xinjiang, unremitting efforts have also been made in holding activities promoting ethnic unity and progress. To advocate ethnic unity and counter acts undermining it, the autonomous region has since 1983 held seven meetings awarding those making outstanding contribution to ethnic unity and progress, and commending units and individuals who have excelled in this regard. To date, the State Council, the State Ethnic Affairs Commission and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region have commended 1,304 model units and 2,272 exemplary individuals. Since 1983, the region has held an “educational month of ethnic unity” each May, carrying out intensive and extensive public publicity on ethnic unity. In 2009, the region promulgated theRegulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Ethnic Unity Education, further regulating ethnic unity education activities in order to call people of all ethnic groups to safeguard ethnic unity. By the end of 2010, the region had enacted the Measures for the Administration of Commendation of Role Models Contributing to Ethnic Unity Activities (Trial). The region encourages all members of ethnic groups to strengthen contact, exchange, integration and mutual support mechanisms, and advocates that primary or secondary school students of all ethnic groups study in the same classes and schools. It has become an important ideological guarantee for ethnic unity that “the Han Chinese cannot live without the ethnic minorities, the ethnic minorities cannot do without the Han Chinese, and no any one minority group can live without the other minority groups.”

近年来，随着经济社会的发展，新疆各民族人口流动更加频繁，少数民族人口城市化、散居化趋势明显，民族间交往交流不断密切。在共同工作、学习、娱乐，以及共同的社区生活中，不同民族成员增进了彼此的了解和友谊。

Along with the region’s economic and social development in recent years, increasing mobility has been witnessed in the population of different ethnic groups in Xinjiang. There has been a rising trend in the urbanization and scattered living of ethnic minorities (who used to live in remote rural areas in concentrated communities – ed.), and as such the contact and exchange among them have grown ever closer. In work, study and entertainment as well as shared community life, people of different ethnic origins have enhanced their friendship and mutual understanding.

三、不断夯实发展基础

III. Constantly Strengthening the Foundations of Development

60年来，新疆经济发展水平不断提高。经济快速发展提升了新疆的现代化水平，为自治区各项事业发展以及各族人民生活水平提高奠定了坚实基础。

Over the past six decades, Xinjiang’s economy has achieved steady and rapid development, which has accelerated the region’s modernization and laid a solid foundation for improved standards of living and progress in various social programs.

综合实力显著增强。1955年，新疆地区生产总值12亿元，1978年为39亿元，到2014年达到9273.46亿元，扣除价格因素，比1955年增长115.6倍，年均增长8.3%，比同期全国增速快0.2个百分点。2010－2014年，新疆地区生产总值年均增速11.1%，高于全国同期增速2.5个百分点，增速在全国的位次由2009年的第30位跃升至2014年的第4位，创历史最好水平。新疆人均生产总值由1955年的241元提高到2014年的40648元，扣除价格因素，比1955年增长23.8倍，年均增长5.6%。1955年新疆财政收入只有1.7亿元，2014年达到1282.6亿元。2010－2014年，新疆财政收入合计实现4540.8亿元。新疆财政支出1955年只有1.8亿元，2014年达到3317.8亿元。2010－2014年，财政支出合计实现13088.4亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Marked improvement has been observed in Xinjiang’s overall strength. Its gross regional product (GRP) was only RMB1.2 billion in 1955 and RMB3.9 billion in 1978. In 2014, it reached RMB927.3 billion, a 116-fold increase over that of 1955 in real terms, with an annual growth rate of 8.3 percent, or 0.2 percentage point higher than China’s average during the same period. Over the years between 2010 and 2014, the average annual growth rate of Xinjiang’s GRP was 11.1 percent, 2.5 percentage points higher than the national average. It ranked the fourth of all the country’s province-level divisions – its highest ever placing as compared to the 30th in 2009. Xinjiang’s per-capita GRP rose to RMB40, 648 in 2014 from RMB241 in 1955, about a 24-fold increase in real terms, and a 5.6-percent annual growth. Xinjiang’s fiscal revenues and expenditure, no more than RMB170 million and RMB180 million in 1955, grew to RMB128 billion and RMB332 billion in 2014. Over the period from 2010 to 2014, Xinjiang collected a total of RMB454 billion in fiscal revenues, and spent a total of RMB1,308.8 billion.

城乡差距逐步缩小。自治区成立之初，新疆只有乌鲁木齐、喀什、伊宁、哈密等少数城市，农村处于封闭的自然经济状态，城乡差别很大。经过60年的建设和发展，城乡居民的生产生活条件得到极大改善。城镇人口与乡村人口由1955年的15.1：84.9演变为2014年的46.07：53.93。城乡居民收入比由2009年的3.2：1缩小至2014年的2.7：1，在西部12省区中城乡居民收入差距相对较小。随着新疆新型城镇化的加快发展，有更多的农民转变成市民，过上了现代化的城市生活。

The gap between urban and rural areas has gradually been narrowed. When the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region was founded, it had only few cities like Urumqi, Kashi (Kashgar), Yining (Ghulja) and Hami (Kumul). Its rural areas remained a closed natural economy. There was a yawning gap between urban and rural areas. After six decades of construction and development, enormous improvement has been observed in the production and living conditions of both urban and rural residents. The ratio of urban to rural population was 15.1:84.9 in 1955. By 2014, it had changed to 46.07:53.93. The ratio of urban residents’ income to that of rural residents decreased from 3.2:1 in 2009 to 2.7:1 in 2014, narrower than that in the 11 other provinces and autonomous regions of western China. As Xinjiang’s new model of urbanization develops fast, more and more rural residents are moving to the cities and enjoying a modern city life.

区域经济协调发展。由于历史原因和现实条件不同，新疆南疆、北疆发展水平差异较大。改革开放以来，新疆率先发展天山北坡经济带，有力地带动和辐射了自治区经济的发展。2014年，天山北坡经济带创造生产总值6386.9亿元，占新疆GDP的68.9%。国家和自治区十分重视少数民族占多数的南疆地区发展，特别是2010年以来，新疆积极推动南疆石油天然气化工带建设和大力扶持贫困地区发展，在资金、项目方面予以倾斜，南疆四地州（和田、阿克苏、喀什、克州）经济平均增速由2009年的10.5%提高到2014年的11.2%，南疆地区的经济实力显著增强，人民生活水平不断提高。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The economy of the various areas of Xinjiang is developing in a coordinated way. For historical reasons and due to different conditions, Xinjiang’s northern and southern parts, which are divided by the Tianshan Mountains, varied sharply in development. Following the launch of reform and opening-up drive in 1978, Xinjiang decided to first develop the economic belt along the northern slopes of the Tianshan Mountains. Development then extended to other parts and propelled the economic growth of the whole region. In 2014, the gross product of the economic belt reached RMB638.7 billion, accounting for 68.9 percent of Xinjiang’s total. The state and the autonomous region have also attached great importance to the development of southern Xinjiang, which is mainly populated by ethnic minorities. Since 2010 in particular, Xinjiang has actively encouraged the development of the southern Xinjiang petroleum, natural gas and chemical industry belt and made strenuous effort to support the development of poverty-stricken areas there by giving them a high priority in funding and projects. The average economic growth rate of the four southern Xinjiang prefectures (Hotan, Aksu and Kashi prefectures, and Kizilsu Kirgiz autonomous prefecture) increased from 10.5 percent in 2009 to 11.2 percent in 2014. A steady growth has been seen in the economic strength of southern Xinjiang, so has a constant improvement in the local people’s standards of living.

经济结构不断优化。1955年新疆三次产业增加值占地区生产总值的比重为54.4：26.1：19.5，是典型的以传统农牧业为主体的产业格局，三次产业的就业结构为86.9：6.1：7.0。到2014年，三次产业结构调整为16.6：42.6：40.8，就业结构进一步优化为45.4：16.0：38.6。初步形成以农业为基础、工业为主导、服务业占重要地位的现代产业结构。1978年后，新疆加快所有制结构调整。发挥公有制主导作用，形成了石油、有色、化工、钢铁、煤炭等支柱产业体系，保证国民经济持续、稳定、协调发展。鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展。1978年，新疆个体工商户仅为4168户，2014年达到72万户。2014年，民间固定资产投资4066.93亿元，投资贡献率达48.2%。非公有制工业经济增速高于整个工业经济增速5.4个百分点，对规模以上工业增长的贡献率为33.8%。

The economic structure is being steadily optimized. Xinjiang’s economy represented a typical pattern featuring traditional agriculture and husbandry as the main component. The ratio of added-value of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors was 54.4:26.1:19.5 in 1955, and the workforce distribution among the three sectors was 86.9:6.1:7.0. By 2014, the two ratios had improved to 16.6:42.6:40.8 and 45.4:16.0:38.6. A modern industrial structure, with the agricultural sector as the base, manufacturing sector as the spearhead, and service sector as an important component, had taken shape in Xinjiang. After 1978, Xinjiang has stepped up the adjustment of its pattern of ownership. It gave full play to the leading role of public ownership, forming a system of state-owned pillar industries such as petroleum, non-ferrous metals, chemical engineering, steel and coal, as the mainstays, thus having guaranteed the sustained, steady and coordinated growth of the national economy. Meanwhile, it has encouraged, supported and guided the development of the non-public sector. The number of individually owned businesses reached 720,000 in 2014, as compared to the mere 4,168 in 1978. In 2014, private investment in fixed assets was around RMB407 billion, contributing 48.2 percent of the total. Non-public industrial enterprises witnessed a growth rate 5.4 percentage points higher than the industrial sector as a whole, and contributed 33.8 percent to the increment of industrial enterprises with an annual sales revenue of RMB20 million or more.

基础设施日趋完善。2014年，公路通车总里程达17.55万公里，其中高速公路通车里程达到4316公里，是2009年的5倍，排名从全国第27位跃居第12位；农村公路总里程13.5万公里，乡镇通达率为99.93%，乡镇通畅率为98.21%，建制村通达率为98.71%，建制村通畅率为84.88%。铁路运输从无到有，不断发展，2014年铁路总里程达到5760.2公里。开通乌鲁木齐－兰州高速铁路，跨入高铁运营新时代。建成了贯通东西、连接南北疆、衔接内地、沟通欧亚的铁路运输干线。1978年，新疆仅有1个民航机场、9条区内航线。2014年，已建成运营16个民航机场，开辟了155条航线，通航总里程16万多公里，成为中国拥有机场数量最多，开通航线最长的省区。

The infrastructure has become more and more complete. In 2014, 175,500 km of highways were open to traffic, of which 4,316 km were expressways, five times more than in 2009, and Xinjiang had risen to the 12th place among all province-level administrative divisions in the country from the 27th in 2009. A total of 135,000 km of roads served the traffic in rural areas, linking 99.93 percent of towns and 98.71 percent of administrative villages. Some 98 percent of roads between towns and 85 percent of roads between administrative villages were concrete or asphalt ones that meet national standards and requirements. Rail transport in Xinjiang has developed from scratch. In 2014, the overall length of track reached 5,760 km. The region’s first high-speed rail between Urumqi and Lanzhou has opened to traffic. A trunk rail network, stretching from east to west and from north to south, connects Xinjiang with other parts of China and with countries in Asia and Europe. In 1978, Xinjiang had only one civil airport and nine regional air routes. By 2014, it had in operation 16 civil airports, and 115 air routes totaling 160,000 km. Thus, Xinjiang now boasts the most airports and the longest air routes in operation of all China’s province-level administrative divisions.

水利建设极大地改善了各族人民的生产生活条件。新疆水库数量由1949年的3座，总库容5234万立方米，发展到2014年的538座，总库容达到169.08亿立方米。2010年以来，新疆先后将农业高效节水工程、“定居兴牧”水利工程、农村饮水安全工程确定为重点民生水利工程加快建设。到2014年，示范带动全疆建成高效节水灌溉面积2770万亩，建设规模全国领先。改善灌溉面积398.49万亩，新增人工饲草料地372.08万亩，年净增精料和干草303万吨，为10.6万户牧民定居饲草料地建设提供了水源保障。农村建成大小水厂1315座，解决农村饮水不安全人口1125.63万人，占农村总人口的96%以上，有效遏制了水源污染导致的地方传染病、多发病的流行。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Water conservancy projects have led to a great improvement in working and living conditions. Xinjiang had 538 reservoirs with a total storage capacity of 16.908 billion cu m in 2014, as compared to three with a total storage capacity of 52.34 million cu m in 1949. Since 2010, key water conservancy projects bearing on daily life have taken priority in Xinjiang; they included high-efficiency water-saving projects in agriculture, “settlement of herdsmen” water projects, and safe drinking water projects in rural areas. By 2014, high-efficiency water-saving irrigation extended to 27.7 million (1.85 million ha) of farmlands, topping the whole country. Xinjiang had improved irrigation over 3,984,900 (265,660 ha), increased the area of forage land by 3,720,800 (248,053 ha), achieved a net increase of 3.03 million tons in fine forage and hay, and provided water sources for forage lands to safeguard the settlements of 106,000 herding families. Xinjiang’s rural areas had a total of 1,315 water works of different sizes, which provided safe drinking water to 11.3 million people, or over 96 percent of the rural population. This has effectively held in check the spread of local infectious and frequently occurring diseases caused by water source pollution.

电力工业发展迅速。2010年以来，“疆电外送”哈密南－郑州 800千伏首条特高压直流外送通道投产运行，准东－华东 1100千伏线路配套电源项目全面开工建设。全区电网由110千伏到220千伏联网并到750千伏高等级电网主网架。2014年，电力装机容量已达到5464万千瓦，发电量2091亿千瓦时，“疆电外送”175亿千瓦时，输电线路总长65656公里。新能源装机容量已占全区电力总装机的20.1%，形成以火电为主，水电、风电、燃气电站、光伏电站、生物质能电站多种发电形式并存的发电格局。

The power industry is developing rapidly. The South Hami-Zhengzhou +-800 kv UHVDC Transmission Project, Xinjiang’s first UHVDC transmission channel sending electricity out of Xinjiang, was put into operation in 2010, and the building of the supporting power projects of the Zhundong-Huadong +-1100 kv UHVDC Transmission Project has started. Xinjiang’s 110 kv and 220 kv grids were connected to the 750 kv higher-grade trunk grid. In 2014, Xinjiang had installed power-generating capacity of 55 million kw, and produced 209 billion kwh of electricity. It sent 17.5 billion kwh to other parts of China through transmission lines totaling 65,656 km. The installed capacity using new energy made up 20 percent of the total. A pattern of power generation with thermal power as the mainstay and other forms of power like hydro power, wind power, gas power, photovoltaic power and biomass power in support, has taken shape.

步入现代信息化社会。通信业从60年前的“骆驼电报，驴马邮政”逐步进入到现代信息时代。互联网基本实现全覆盖。2014年，互联网宽带用户总数达到305.7万户，移动电话普及率90.8部/百人，自然村通电话率98%，行政村通宽带率97%。不断提升乌鲁木齐区域性国际通信业务出入口局地位，疏通境外10余个国家的语音和数据业务，境内疏导国际电话业务的范围覆盖全国。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Xinjiang has become an information society. Six decades ago telegrams and post were mainly carried by animals. Now, its communications industry has entered the modern information era. There is Internet coverage across most of the region. In 2014, broadband user numbers exceeded 3 million, and there were 91 mobile phones per 100 people. Around 98 percent of villages had phone line connections and 97 percent of administrative villages had broadband connections. Xinjiang has invested great efforts in raising the status of Urumqi as a regional inward and outward hub in international telecommunication services. Its voice and data services have cross-border connections with more than ten foreign countries, and are able to connect international call services to the whole of the country.

对外开放扎实推进。1978年后，经国家批准，新疆先后开通了17个一类口岸、12个二类口岸，成功举办19届“乌鲁木齐对外经济贸易洽谈会”和4届“中国－亚欧博览会”。建立喀什、霍尔果斯两个国家级经济开发区、中国－哈萨克斯坦霍尔果斯国际边境合作中心。目前，全区已有国家级产业集聚区23个，主要贸易伙伴已扩大到186个国家和地区，一个全方位对外开放新格局已经形成。新疆外贸进出口总额由1955年的0.51亿美元提高到2014年的276.69亿美元，年均增长11.3%。2009－2014年，实际利用外资年均增长12.12%，境外承包工程营业额年均增长26.1%，对外投资年均增长25.1%。

Solid progress has been made in opening up to the outside world. Since 1978, Xinjiang, with state approval, has created 17 first-class ports and 12 second-class ports, in addition to successfully holding 19 Urumqi Foreign Economic Relations and Trade Fairs and four China-Eurasia Expos. It has set up two national economic development zones in Kashi and Khorgos, and the International Center for Cross-Border Cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in Khorgos. Now, there are in Xinjiang 23 state-class industrial clusters. It trades with 186 countries and regions. A new pattern of all-round opening up has taken shape in the region. The value of Xinjiang’s combined imports and exports grew from US$51 million in 1955 to almost US$27.7 billion in 2014, averaging an annual growth rate of 11.3 percent. Between 2009 and 2014, applied foreign investment grew at an annual rate of over 12 percent, the volumes of overseas contract business increased by an annual average of 26 percent, and investment outside China went up by an annual average of 25 percent.

科技创新对经济社会发展的驱动作用显著增强。自治区成立以来，科技投入、科技队伍、科技平台、科技成果稳步增长，逐步建立了具有区域特色的科技创新体系。农业科技进步贡献率逐年提高，良种覆盖率超过90%。工业科技和高新技术迅猛发展，铁路牵引变压器、太阳能和风力发电装备研制、少数民族文字信息处理等关键核心技术水平位居我国前列。资源环境领域科技取得重大突破，发现了塔里木盆地油气，塔里木沙漠公路及防护林生态工程建设技术达到国际先进水平。

The driving force of scientific and technological innovation has remarkably increased in Xinjiang’s socio-economic development. Since its founding, Xinjiang has experienced constant increases in its financial input in science and technology, in the size of staff in scientific work, in the variety research platforms and in the number of research achievements, which have gradually led to the establishment of a system of scientific and technological innovation with distinct regional characteristics. The contribution made by scientific and technological progress to the development of agriculture has increased year by year, and improved crop varieties make up over 90 percent of total output. Industrial technology and new and high technology are developing rapidly. Xinjiang leads the country in railway traction transformer technologies, solar and wind power equipment research and manufacturing, and information processing in ethnic minority languages. It has made major technological breakthroughs in the field of resources and environment technology, discovering the petroleum and natural gas reserves in the Tarim Basin. The technologies used in the Tarim Desert Highway and Shelter Forest Project meet the highest international advanced standards.

生态文明水平稳步提升。新疆生态环境极其脆弱，环境容量十分有限，绿洲面积仅占国土总面积的5%。60年来，特别是2010年以来，新疆坚持保护优先、生态立区和资源开发可持续、生态环境可持续，加大生态环境保护和建设力度，实现了经济发展与生态保护同步双赢。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Steady progress has been made in environmental protection. The ecological system in Xinjiang is extremely fragile, with very limited environmental capacity. Oases account for only 5 percent of the region’s total area. Over the past 60 years, and especially since 2010, Xinjiang has made ecological and environmental protection a top priority, insisting on sustainable development of resources and the eco-environment. It has devoted great efforts to protecting and building its ecological system, carefully balancing the interests of economic growth and environmental protection.

依法保护生态环境。坚持规划先行，发布实施了《新疆维吾尔自治区主体功能区规划》，修订颁布了《新疆维吾尔自治区环境保护条例》《新疆维吾尔自治区煤炭石油天然气开发环境保护条例》《新疆维吾尔自治区湿地保护条例》《乌鲁木齐市大气污染防治条例》等地方性法规。已建立自治区级以上各类自然保护区31个、风景名胜区18个、森林公园52个、地质公园9个，世界自然遗产地1个、湿地公园16个，湿地保护率达到53.52%，高于全国43.15%的平均水平。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Xinjiang protects its environment in accordance with the law. It has drawn up detailed plans and regulations first to protect the environment. It enacted the Zoning Program of Major Functional Areas of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and amended or issued a series of local regulations, including the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection, Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection in the Development of Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas, Regulations of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region on Wetland Conservation of the Autonomous Region, and Regulations of Urumqi City on Air Pollution Prevention and Control. It now has 31 natural reserves of various kinds at or above the autonomous region level, 18 scenic spots, 52 forest parks, nine geoparks, one world natural heritage site, and 16 wetland parks. Fifty-four percent of its wetland areas are under protection, higher than the national average of 43 percent.

加大生态环境保护工程建设力度。2010年至今，新疆每年人工造林和封山育林面积250万亩以上，森林面积和林木蓄积量在全国分别排名第14位和第12位。目前，82个县市基本实现农田林网化，45个县市达到国家平原绿化标准，95%的农田得到了林网的有效保护。绿洲森林覆盖率由14.95%提高到23.5%，退耕还林面积达到325.8万亩。启动实施伊犁河谷百万亩生态经济林工程、塔里木盆地周边防沙治沙工程等重点工程。累计治理沙化面积2460万亩，退牧还草工程建设围栏4160万亩。以小流域水土流失治理为载体，累计治理水土流失面积4000多平方公里。实施塔里木河流域综合治理工程，已完成15次应急输水，使塔里木河下游重现生机。全区79条重要河流水质优良率由2009年的88.3%提高到2014年的94%；湖库优良水质比例由43.3%提高到67.8%，远高于全国平均水平。

Xinjiang has intensified efforts in ecological and environmental protection programs. Since 2010, Xinjiang has planted or protected over 2,500,000 (166,667 ha) of forests by restricting access to mountain areas. Its total forest area and forest stock rank 14th and 12th in China. Now, belts of shelter-forests built to protect farmlands in all of Xinjiang’s 82 counties and county-level cities have merged to form a network, 45 counties and county-level cities have reached the national standards in plains afforestation, and 95 percent of farmlands are effectively protected by the shelter-forests. The forest coverage in oases has risen from 15 percent to 23.5 percent, and a total of 3,258,000 (217,200 ha) of farmland has been returned to forest. Major projects for ecological protection have been launched, such as the Million Ecological Economic Forest Project in Ili Valley and the Project for Prevention and Control of Desertification around Tarim Basin, restoring a total of 24.6 million (1.64 million ha) of degraded lands and enclosing 51.6 million (3.4 million ha) of grassland to prevent grazing. It has curbed water and soil erosion over more than 4,000 sq km of small river valleys. The Comprehensive Reclamation Project of Tarim River Valley has provided emergency water supplies to its lower reaches on 15 occasions, gradually restoring prosperity there. In 2014, water quality was good in 94 percent of major rivers and 67.8 percent of lakes and reservoirs, as compared to 88.3 percent and 43.3 percent in 2009. This is much higher than the national average level.

加强环境污染治理。开展了乌鲁木齐、奎屯－独山子－乌苏等区域大气污染治理和联防联控。首府乌鲁木齐市空气质量显著改善，2014年优良天数达到310天，创下近20年来最好成绩。实施了博斯腾湖、赛里木湖、乌伦古湖、喀纳斯湖等水质较好湖泊生态环境保护试点。完成367个城乡集中式饮用水源地保护和1836个村庄环境综合整治，切实保障了人民群众饮水安全和农村人居环境改善。开展生态文明示范创建工作，已建成国家环保模范城市2个，国家级生态区、生态乡镇、生态村共43个，自治区级生态区、生态乡镇、生态村共1057个。

Xinjiang has put in a lot of work to tackle pollution. Joint prevention and control of air pollution has been carried out in areas like Urumqi and Kuytun-Dushanzi-Wusu. There has been a considerable improvement in the air quality of the regional capital, Urumqi. During 2014, the city had 310 days with good air quality, the best ever for 20 years. Xinjiang has piloted environmental protection in some lakes with good water quality, such as Bosten Lake, Sayram Lake, Ulungur Lake and Kanas Lake. In order to safeguard drinking water, it has made great efforts to protect 367 centralized drinking-water source areas, and comprehensively improved the habitat of 1,836 villages. Xinjiang encourages ecological progress through examples. It has built up two national model cities for environmental protection, 43 national-level eco-friendly prefectures, towns and villages, and 1,057 autonomous region-level eco-friendly prefectures, towns and villages. 

四、改善民生造福各族人民

IV. Improving Standards of Living for All

自治区成立后，尤其是改革开放以来，经济社会全面发展，新疆各族人民充分享受到改革发展的成果。2010年以来，新疆持续加大民生建设和投入力度，连续6个“民生建设年”累计实施重点民生工程项目500余项，民生支出占年公共财政预算支出70%以上，成为各族群众得实惠最多、物质文化生活水平提高最快的时期。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since the founding of the autonomous region, and especially since the launch of the reform and opening-up drive, Xinjiang has enjoyed overall economic and social development, and people of the various ethnic groups in the autonomous region have all benefitted from the fruits of the reform and development. Since 2010, Xinjiang has stepped up efforts and input in improving the people’s living standards, undertaking over 500 key projects in this regard over the past six consecutive “people’s livelihood years,” with the expenditure on improving the people’s livelihood accounting for over 70 percent of the region’s yearly total public spending. This has made these six years a period in which the people are benefitted the most and see the greatest improvement in their material well-being and cultural life.

就业渠道不断拓宽。2014年新疆城镇登记失业率为3.2%。2010－2014年，新增城镇就业249.7万人，年均增长50万人。2010年，新疆建立就业困难人员和零就业家庭就业动态登记制度，截至2014年，帮助2.9万名零就业家庭成员实现就业，累计消除零就业家庭2.6万户。2010－2014年，解决30.3万名高校毕业生就业，高校毕业生就业率和少数民族高校毕业生就业率分别达88.6%和82.7%。2011年5月，基本解决2009年底前实名登记的7.5万名未就业大中专毕业生就业问题，其中少数民族毕业生占84.6%。农业富余劳动力转移就业从2009年166万人（次）增加到2014年285万人（次），转移就业获得工资性收入和劳务收入累计566亿元。

Employment channels are constantly expanding. In 2014, the registered urban unemployment rate of Xinjiang was 3.2 percent. From 2010 to 2014, 2.5 million new urban jobs were created, averaging a yearly growth of 500,000. In 2010, Xinjiang established a registration system for people with difficulties in finding work and for families of which no member was gainfully employed. By 2014, under this system Xinjiang had helped 29,000 members of these “zero-employment” families find jobs, cutting the number of zero-employment families by 26,000. From 2010 to 2014, Xinjiang provided jobs to 303,000 university graduates, with the employment rates of university graduates and university graduates of ethnic minority origins reaching 88.6 and 82.7 percent, respectively. By May 2011, it had virtually resolved the employment problems of 75,000 unemployed graduates of junior colleges and technical secondary schools who had registered before the end of 2009, of whom 84.6 percent came from ethnic minority groups. Some 1.66 million job opportunities were created for rural surplus labor in 2009. This figure increased to 2.85 million in 2014. During this five-year period, the relevant wage bill totaled RMB56.6 billion.

人民生活持续改善。2014年，城镇居民人均可支配收入21881元，是1980年的51.2倍，年均增长12.3%，比2009年增加9624元；农村居民人均纯收入8114元，是1980年的40.4倍，年均增长11.5%，比2009年增加4231元。城镇和农村居民恩格尔系数持续下降，分别从2009年的36.3%、41.5%下降到2014年的31.3%、34.5%。

The life of the people has kept improving. In 2014, the per-capita disposable income of urban residents averaged RMB 21,881, an increase of 51.2 fold over that of 1980, representing an average annual growth of 12.3 percent. This also represented an increase of more than RMB 9,624 over that of 2009. The per-capita net income of rural residents was RMB 8,114, increasing by 41.4 fold as compared with that of 1980, averaging an annual growth of 11.5 percent. This was an increase of more than RMB 4,231 as compared with 2009. The Engel coefficient of urban and rural residents continued to decline, from 36.3 percent and 41.5 percent respectively in 2009 to 31.3 percent and 34.5 percent in 2014.

城乡居住条件不断改善。2004年启动实施抗震安居工程，2010年以来启动安居富民、定居兴牧和城镇保障性安居工程建设，到2014年累计超过480万农牧民和207万城镇中低收入居民喜迁新居，城乡居民户均拥有住房面积分别达到85平方米和105平方米。100%的城镇和72%的农村住户有供暖设施，城镇供水普及率达96.3%，污水集中处理率达78.6%，生活垃圾无害化处理率达63%。城镇建成区绿化覆盖率34.9%，人均公园绿地面积10.7平方米。实施农村环境连片整治项目和农村环境综合整治示范工程，使200多万农牧民逐步享受到干净、整洁的村容环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Living conditions of both urban and rural residents have continued to improve. In 2004, Xinjiang started an earthquake-resistant and comfortable housing project; and since 2010, it has launched projects of offering comfortable housing and enriching the people, settlement of herdsmen for developing animal husbandry, and urban affordable housing. By 2014, more than 4.8 million farmers and herdsmen and 2.07 million middle- and low-income urban residents had moved into new homes. The average flood space for an urban household was 85 sq m, and that of a rural household was 105 sq m. All urban households and 72 percent of rural households have been provided with facilities for heating. In urban areas, the water supply covered 96.3 percent of the population, and the centralized sewage treatment rate reached 78.6 percent. Sixty-three percent of domestic garbage underwent hazard-free treatment. In built-up urban areas, the green coverage rate was 34.9 percent, and per-capita green park area was 10.7 sq m. Projects to improve the communal environment in rural areas and demonstration projects of comprehensive improvement of rural environment were launched, gradually bringing about a clean and neat village environment for more than 2 million farmers and herdsmen.

教育事业不断发展。2010年以来，教育事业发展进入新的快速发展时期，近5年教育经费支出超过2500亿元，2014年教育支出占GDP比重提高到6.47%。全疆有各级各类学校9230所，在校学生473.48万人，专任教师33.82万人。2010－2014年，学前三年入园率由51%提高到72.4%；初中毕业生升高中比例由74%提高到91%，高中阶段毛入学率由67%提高到84%；高考录取率由64%提高到79%，高等教育毛入学率由22%提高到31%，与全国同步进入高等教育大众化阶段。职业教育体系基本形成，有中等职业技术学校176所，在校学生21.95万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Continuous development has been seen in education. Since 2010, education in the region has ushered in a new period of rapid development. Over the past five years, education expenditure has exceeded RMB250 billion. In 2014, the proportion of education expenditure in the GDP increased to 6.47 percent. Xinjiang has 9,230 schools of various types and at all levels, with 4,734,800 students and 338,200 full-time teachers. From 2010 to 2014, the three-year kindergarten enrollment rate grew from 51 percent to 72.4 percent; the proportion of junior high school graduates getting enrolled into high schools increased from 74 percent to 91 percent, while the gross high school enrollment increased from 67 percent to 84 percent. The university and college admission rate grew from 64 percent to 79 percent, and the gross enrollment rate of higher education increased from 22 percent to 31 percent. This brought Xinjiang to a level of higher education take-up similar to the rest of the country. A full system of vocational education was in place, with 176 secondary vocational and technical schools providing for 219,500 students.

双语教育全面发展。20世纪50年代起，新疆逐步为少数民族学生开设汉语课程，积极稳妥推进双语教育。2014年，全区学前到高中阶段接受双语教育的学生达269.4万人，各种模式双语教育覆盖面达100%。2010－2014年，学前两年双语教育普及率由59%提高到89%。实践证明，双语教育进一步密切了各民族之间的关系，提高了少数民族人口的就业能力。

Bilingual education has undergone full development. As of the 1950s, ethnic minority students have gradually been offered bilingual courses, thus ensuing steady development in this regard. In 2014, a total of 269,400 Xinjiang students – from pre-school to high school – were receiving bilingual education, and the coverage of bilingual education in various forms reached 100 percent. From 2010 to 2014, the take-up of two-year pre-school bilingual education grew from 59 percent to 89 percent. Practice has proved that bilingual education has further promoted relations among different ethnic groups, in addition to improving the employability of the ethnic minorities.

逐步完善教育保障机制。与全国同步实行农村中小学“两免一补”政策，免除城市中小学学杂费，实现义务教育全免费。在南疆普通高中和中等职业学校实行“三免一补”资助政策，南疆四地州实现14年免费教育。实施覆盖36个县及内初班所有学生的农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。建立完善从学前教育至高等教育的学生资助体系，资助范围扩大至海外新疆籍自费留学生，各族学生公平受教育的权利得到切实保障。

The mechanism for guaranteeing education has improved. In tandem with the rest of China, Xinjiang has implemented the policy of “two exemptions and one subsidy” – exemption from miscellaneous fees and textbook fees, and subsidized living expenses for resident students, and abolishing tuition and miscellaneous fees for urban primary and middle schools and realizing free compulsory education. The policy of “three exemptions and one subsidy” has been implemented for high schools and secondary vocational schools in the four prefectures of southern Xinjiang, i.e., exemption from tuition, textbook and boarding fees, and subsidized living expenses for resident students, in order to realize 14-year free education there. A nutrition improvement program has also been implemented for all rural students undertaking compulsory education, covering 36 counties and all junior high school classes specially set up in some cities in Xinjiang for minority students from remote impoverished areas. A system for subsidizing students from pre-school to higher education has been established, and its coverage even extends to students from Xinjiang studying overseas at their own expense, ensuring that students from all ethnic groups enjoy equal access to education.

卫生事业稳步发展。经过60年的发展，卫生资源总量持续增长，卫生服务体系不断健全。2010年以来，卫生事业作为重要的民生保障目标，投入不断加大。2014年，有各级各类医疗卫生机构18873所、卫生技术人员153417人；每千人拥有医疗卫生机构床位数6.22张、执业（助理）医师2.38人、注册护士2.60人，均高于全国平均水平。重大传染病、地方病得到有效控制。突发事件卫生应急处置能力显著提升。人口主要健康指标显著改善。2010－2014年，婴儿死亡率从26.58 下降到21.65 ，孕产妇死亡率从43.41/10万下降到39.27/10万，人均预期寿命达到72.35岁。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Public health has been improved steadily. Through 60 years of development, total healthcare resources continue to expand, while the health service system continues to improve. As a major indicator of people’s livelihood, since 2010, financial input in healthcare has kept growing. In 2014, Xinjiang boasted 18,873 medical and health institutions at various levels and of various types, manned by 153,417 health professionals. In the region, every 1,000 people averaged 6.22 hospital beds, 2.38 licensed (assistant) doctors and 2.60 registered nurses, a level higher than the national average. The health emergency response capacity has been significantly enhanced, and major epidemic and endemic diseases have been brought under effective control. Key health indicators have improved remarkably. From 2010 to 2014, the infant mortality rate fell from 2.66 to 2.16 per thousand, the maternal mortality rate went down from 43.41 to 39.27 per 100,000, and average life expectancy reached 72.35 years.

社会保障水平逐步提高。2011年，新疆在全国率先建立统筹城乡、覆盖全民的基本养老保险和基本医疗保险制度，实现人人享有基本社会保障。新型农牧区合作医疗保险参保率99.69%。新型农村社会养老保险参保率98.5%。失业、工伤和生育保险制度对职业人群全覆盖。2014年，各项社会保险参保总人次达到3348万人次，比2009年增加1073万人次，增长47%，各项社会保险覆盖率均达到90%以上，基本实现应保尽保。连续10年调整企业退休人员基本养老金，月人均基本养老金由2009年的1338元提高到2014年的2298元，增幅位居全国前列。连续4年提高失业保险待遇水平，2014年月人均领取失业保险金761元。城镇居民医疗保险财政补助人均年标准由2009年的120元提高到2014年的330元，比全国平均水平高10元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

There has been a steady improvement in the provision of social security. In 2011, Xinjiang led the country in establishing systems of basic old-age insurance and basic medical insurance that gave overall consideration to both urban and rural areas and cover all the local population, providing everyone access to basic social security. The coverage of the new cooperative medical system for agricultural and pastoral areas was 99.7 percent. The coverage of the new rural social pension insurance reached 98.5 percent. Unemployment, work-related injury and maternity insurance systems have been extended to cover all occupational groups. In 2014, there were 33.5 million registrations in Xinjiang’s various social insurance schemes, an increase of 10.73 million or 47 percent over 2009. The coverage of these insurance schemes exceeded 90 percent, essentially ensuring that all those in need of insurance are provided for.

For 10 consecutive years, Xinjiang has adjusted the basic pension for enterprise retirees, increasing the basic monthly pension from an average of RMB 1,338 in 2009 up to RMB 2,298 in 2014, a level of increase that tops the whole country. For four consecutive years, the unemployment insurance benefits have been increased, with the per-capita average monthly unemployment insurance reaching RMB761 in 2014. The annual per-capita government subsidy for urban residents’ medical insurance was raised from RMB120 in 2009 to RMB330 in 2014, RMB10 higher than the national average.

社会救助不断加强。最低生活保障等生活救助制度全面建立。生活救助托底保障作用日益明显。最低生活保障制度覆盖城乡，实现“应保尽保”。2009－2014年，城镇和农村居民最低生活保障人均月补助水平分别从176元和68元，提高到329元和129元，各类优抚对象抚恤补助水平增长1倍。农村五保供养标准从集中供养3036元/年、分散供养2280元/年，分别提高到集中供养6750元/年、分散供养4301元/年。2014年，有养老机构1726家，床位52183张，每千名老人拥有床位20.6张。80岁以上老人享受基本生活津贴和免费体检。福利机构供养孤儿最低基本生活费由2009年360元/月提高到2014年900元/月。

Social assistance has continued to strengthen. Subsistence allowances and other life assistance systems have been established. Life assistance plays an increasingly important role in underpinning security. The system of subsistence allowances covers both urban and rural areas, again ensuring that all of those in need of insurance are provided for. From 2009 to 2014, the monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased from RMB 176 per capita to RMB 329 per capita, while that of rural residents rose from RMB 68 to RMB 129. Subsidies for disabled servicemen and family members of revolutionary martyrs and servicemen doubled. For rural households enjoying the “five guarantees” (proper food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral/educational expenses), subsidies for those living in nursing homes increased from RMB  3,036 to RMB 6,750 per year, and that for those living at home grew from RMB 2,280 to RMB 4,301 per year. In 2014, there were 1,726 old people’s homes, with a total of 52,183 beds, averaging 20.6 beds per thousand elderly people. People over the age 80 now enjoy a basic living allowance and free medical check-up. The minimum basic living expenses for orphans supported by welfare institutions grew from RMB 360 per month in 2009 to RMB 900 per month in 2014.

扶贫开发成效显著。20世纪90年代，国家实施“八七扶贫攻坚计划”，期间新疆解决了132万贫困人口的温饱问题。2001－2010年，新疆解决了284万人的温饱问题，进入巩固温饱、发展致富的新阶段。2011－2014年，针对南疆三地州（和田、喀什、克州）、边境地区、贫困山区实施区域发展与扶贫攻坚。4年间，仅财政专项扶贫资金投入就达到100.8亿元，执行扶贫项目1.2万个，面向贫困人口开展扶贫培训77.5万人次，在1902个贫困村实施整村推进扶贫规划，减少贫困人口139万人，贫困地区农牧民生产生活条件显著改善。

Remarkable results have been achieved in poverty alleviation. In the 1990s, the state launched the Seven-Year Poverty Alleviation Program (to lift 80 million people out of poverty), during which Xinjiang had managed to solve the problem of providing food and clothing for 1.32 million impoverished people. From 2001 to 2010, Xinjiang solved the problem of shortages of food and clothing for 2.84 million people, thus entering a new stage of consolidation and development in this regard. From 2011 to 2014, Xinjiang carried out policies of regional development and priority poverty alleviation in the three prefectures of southern Xinjiang (Hotan, Kashi and Kizilsu), and in border areas and poor mountainous areas. Over these four years, special funds allocated for poverty relief totaled RMB10.1 billion, 12,000 poverty alleviation projects were implemented, poverty alleviation training was provided to 775,000 recipients, and poverty reduction programs were carried out in 1,902 poverty-stricken villages. Thanks to these efforts, Xinjiang’s poverty-stricken population was reduced by 1.39 million, and marked improvement has been seen in the work and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen in the poverty-stricken areas. 

五、推进文化事业繁荣发展

V. Promoting Cultural Prosperity

自治区成立以来，新疆始终高度重视文化建设，保护、传承和弘扬优秀传统文化，大力发展现代文化，不断满足各族人民日益增长的精神文化需求，有力保障各族群众享有平等的文化权益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since the autonomous region was established in 1955, Xinjiang has attached great importance to culture, promoting the preservation, bequeathal and onward transmission of fine cultural traditions, and vigorously developing modern culture, in order to meet the ever growing cultural needs of the people of all ethnic groups and safeguard their equal cultural rights and interests.

公共文化服务水平显著提升。1955年，新疆仅有1个公共图书馆和36个文化馆。1978年，建成1个博物馆。2007年，国家支持新疆启动公益性文化工程“东风工程”和“农家书屋工程”。2008年、2012年先后启动惠及新疆广大农村群众的广播电视村村通工程和户户通工程。截至2014年，全区每个行政村都有农家书屋。2010年以来，国家、自治区累计投入资金15亿元，实施“县级文化馆、图书馆修缮工程”“文化信息资源共享工程”“乡镇综合文化站工程”“广播电视村村通和户户通”等一系列基础文化设施工程。截至2014年，建成117个文化馆、107个公共图书馆、82个博物馆（纪念馆）和1147个文化站，广播电视村村通、户户通用户共346万户，基本建成区、地、县、乡四级公共文化服务体系。

Public cultural services have improved remarkably. In 1955, Xinjiang had only one public library and 36 cultural centers. In 1978, Xinjiang built its first museum. In 2007, with state support, Xinjiang launched two nonprofit cultural projects – the East Wind Project (to give books and publications free of charge) and the Rural Library Project (to provide farmers with books, periodicals, newspapers and audio and video products). In 2008 and 2012, Xinjiang started the Radio and TV Programs for Each Village Project and the Radio and TV Programs for Each Rural Household Project, both benefiting all local rural population. By 2014, every administrative village in Xinjiang had its own rural library.

Since 2010, the state and the autonomous region have provided a total of RMB1.5 billion to improve cultural infrastructure, launching the County-level Library and Cultural Center Renovation Project, the National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project (constructing information centers to share Xinjiang’s resources with other areas of the country), and the Town and Township Comprehensive Cultural Center Project, as well as the aforementioned Radio and TV Programs for Each Village Project and Radio and TV Programs for Each Rural Household Project. By 2014, Xinjiang had built 117 cultural centers, 107 public libraries, 82 museums (memorial halls) and 1,147 cultural activity venues, made radio and TV access to 3.46 million rural households, and completed the basic public cultural service system of four levels (the autonomous region, prefecture, county (city) and town (township)).

文化遗产得到有效保护。新疆现有全国文物保护单位113处、自治区级文物保护单位550处、文物藏品128894件（套）。“丝绸之路：长安－天山廊道的路网”项目入选“世界文化遗产名录”。高昌故城、交河故城、北庭故城遗址、克孜尔尕哈烽燧、克孜尔石窟、苏巴什佛寺遗址成为新疆首批世界文化遗产。搜集、登记少数民族古籍11194册（件），整理出版140种。66部少数民族古籍被列入《国家珍贵古籍名录》。以维吾尔文和汉文分别翻译、出版濒于失传的喀喇汗王朝鸿篇巨制《福乐智慧》和《突厥语大词典》。2009年，启动维吾尔族历史文化保护工程——喀什市老城区危旧房改造。截至2014年，该项目获得补助资金累计30亿元，改造危旧房3.1万户。新疆现有入选联合国教科文组织“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”和“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”的项目3项，分别是新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、玛纳斯、麦西莱甫；入选国家级、自治区级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录的项目分别有127项、293项；国家级、自治区级非物质文化遗产代表性传承人分别有64位、459位。2010年，《新疆维吾尔自治区维吾尔木卡姆艺术保护条例》颁布实施，这是中国首个保护人类非物质文化遗产代表作的省级地方单项立法。搜集维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜等民族民间长诗700余部。蒙古族史诗《江格尔》、哈萨克族阿依特斯、回族花儿、塔吉克族鹰舞、锡伯族西迁节等一批民族传统文化瑰宝得到积极保护。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Cultural heritage has been effectively protected. Xinjiang has 113 cultural relic sites under state protection, and 550 under autonomous regional protection. The region boasts 128,894 individual items or sets of cultural relics. “Silk Roads: The Routes Network of Chang’ an-Tianshan Corridor” has been designated as a World Heritage Site. Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Jiaohe Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Site, Kizilgaha Beacon Tower, Kizil Grottoes and Subashi Buddhist Temple Ruins are the first group to be listed in the World Heritage Sites in Xinjiang. The autonomous region has collected and registered 11,194 copies of ancient ethnic minority books, and edited and published 140 of them. Sixty-six ancient ethnic minority titles have been included in the Catalogue of National Rare Ancient Books. Kutadgu Bilig and A Comprehensive Turkic Dictionary, masterpieces of the Karahan Kingdom, which were almost lost to posterity, have been translated into and published in both Uygur and Han Chinese. In 2009, the autonomous region launched the Uygur Historic and Cultural Preservation Project – Renovation of Dilapidated Buildings in the Old Kashi City Proper. By 2014, this project had received grants amounting to RMB3 billion, and old and dilapidated buildings for 31,000 households had been renovated.

Currently, Xinjiang has three projects on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding – The Art of Xinjiang Uygur Muqam, the Epic of Manas, and theMeshrep, in addition to 127 items of intangible cultural heritage of state class and 293 items of the autonomous regional class, as well as 64 representative trustees of intangible cultural heritages at state level and 459 at autonomous regional level. In 2010, Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Preservation of the Art of Uygur Muqam was promulgated, which was China’s first separate regulations at provincial level designed to protect intangible cultural heritage. The autonomous region has collected more than 700 long folk poems of the Uygur, Kazak, Mongol, Kirgiz and other ethnic groups. Vigorous efforts have been made to preserve traditional ethnic cultural treasures, such as the Mongolian epic Janger, the Kazak’s ballad singing Aytes, the Hui folk song Hua’er, the Tajik’s Eagle Dance and the Xibe’s West Moving Festival.

文学艺术事业繁荣发展。自治区成立后，新疆民间文学、古典文学得到搜集、整理、翻译、出版和研究，各民族作家、诗人、翻译家、剧作家、表演艺术家和文学评论家迅速成长，逐步形成一支多民族的文学艺术创作、表演和研究队伍。创作出杂技剧《你好，阿凡提》、话剧《大巴扎》、歌剧《艾力甫与赛乃姆》、音乐剧《冰山上的来客》、歌舞剧《情暖天山》、木卡姆乐舞《木卡姆的春天》等艺术精品。一批文学艺术作品获国家“五个一工程奖”“鲁迅文学奖”“全国少数民族文艺会演金奖”“国家舞台艺术精品工程”“文华奖”“荷花奖”“中国杂技金菊奖”“骏马奖”“天山文艺奖”等国家和自治区级奖项。

Literature and arts are prospering. Since the founding of the autonomous region, Xinjiang’s folk and classical literature has been collected, collated, translated, published and studied. Writers, poets, translators, playwrights, performing artists, literary critics of all ethnic minority origins have rapidly matured, forming a multiethnic literary writing, performing and research contingent. Works of excellence have been staged, including Hello, Apandi (acrobatic show), Grand Bazaar(drama), Gherip-Senem (opera), Visitors on the Icy Mountain (musical), Love over the Tianshan Mountains (musical), andThe Spring of Muqam (song and dance drama). A group of literary and art works have won the Best Works Award, the Lu Xun Literary Prize, the Gold Award of the National Ethnic Minority Theatrical Festival, Splendor Award and Lotus Award for Stage Arts of Excellence (the former for theatrical artworks and the latter for dance), the China Acrobatic Golden Chrysanthemum Award, the Steed Award (for ethnic minority writers), the Tianshan Literary Prize, and other national and autonomous regional prizes.

新闻出版事业稳步发展。2014年，公开发行报纸111种，其中少数民族文字报纸51种；发行期刊199种，其中少数民族文字期刊116种、外文3种。用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古4种文字出版的《新疆日报》是中国使用文种最多的省级机关报。《新疆经济报》在中亚出版。《乌鲁木齐晚报》（维吾尔文版）是中国第一张少数民族文字的晚报。《克孜勒苏报》（柯尔克孜文版）是中国唯一的柯尔克孜文报纸。《察布查尔报》是世界仅有的锡伯文报纸。新疆现有13家出版社使用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜、锡伯6种语言文字出版图书、音像制品和电子出版物。2010年以来，启动《新疆文库》、“新疆民族文学原创和民汉互译作品工程”、维吾尔和哈萨克文《中国大百科全书》等重大出版项目。一批优秀出版物获得“五个一工程奖”、中国出版政府奖等国家级奖项。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Press and publishing are making steady progress. In 2014, Xinjiang published 111 newspapers, including 51 in ethnic minority languages, and 199 periodicals, including 116 in ethnic minority languages and three in foreign languages.Xinjiang Daily, published in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Mongolian – is the official provincial-level newspaper published in the largest number of languages in China. Xinjiang Economic Daily has been published in Urumqi.Urumqi Evening News (Uygur edition) is China’s first evening post published in ethnic minority languages. Kizilsu News(Kirgiz edition) is China’s only newspaper published in the Kirgiz language. Qapqal News is the world’s only newspaper published in the Xibe language. Xinjiang now has 13 publishing houses publishing books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Mongolian, Kirgiz and Xibe. Since 2010, the autonomous region has launched several major publishing projects, including Xinjiang’s Library, Xinjiang Ethnic Literary Creation and Chinese-Ethnic Minority Language Translation Project, and Encyclopedia Sinica (Uygur and Kazak editions). A group of excellent publications have won the Best Works Award, the China Government Award for Publishing, and other national awards.

广播电影电视事业发展迅速。2014年，新疆有广播电台5座，电视台8座，广播电视台92座，中、短波广播发射台和转播台66座。广播、电视人口覆盖率分别达96.48%、96.94%。新疆人民广播电台现有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜5种语言的12套广播节目。新疆电视台现有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、柯尔克孜4种语言的12套电视节目。新疆人民广播电台的节目全部通过“新疆新闻在线网”和“国际在线”网站向全球传播。新疆广播、电视先后在吉尔吉斯斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、哈萨克斯坦、蒙古、土耳其等国家播出。新疆电视台是全国播出频道、语种最多的省级电视台，节目信号覆盖自治区、国内省会城市及香港、澳门特别行政区。近5年，新疆年均译制少数民族语言影视剧5500集左右，一批优秀广播、电影、电视作品获得“五个一工程奖”“中国新闻奖”“华表奖”等国家级奖项。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The radio, film and television industries are developing rapidly. By 2014, Xinjiang had five radio stations, eight TV stations, 92 radio and TV stations, and 66 medium and short-wave radio transmitter and relay stations. Some 96.5 percent of the local population had access to radio, and 96.9 percent to TV. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station now provides 12 radio channels in five languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Mongolian and Kirgiz, and Xinjiang TV provides 12 TV channels in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Kirgiz. Radio programs from Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station are available to the world through Xinjiang News Online (http://www.xjbs.com.cn) and CRI Online (http://gb.cri.cn). Xinjiang’s radio and TV programs have been broadcast in Kirghizstan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Turkey. Xinjiang TV is the provincial-level TV station boasting the largest number of channels and broadcasts in the largest number of languages in China; its program signal covers the whole of the region, the capital cities of all provinces and autonomous regions, plus the Hong Kong and Macau SARs. In the last five years, Xinjiang has dubbed an annual average 5,500 episodes of ethnic minority films and TV plays, and a number of fine films, radio and TV programs have won the Best Works Award, the China News Award and the China Huabiao Film Awards.

新媒体快速发展。目前，新疆登记网站有近1.7万家，网民数量达1140多万，互联网普及率近50%。2014年，自治区开通微信公众平台“最后一公里”，覆盖全国所有省市区和几十个国家地区，成为传播新疆声音、讨论新疆议题的公共话语重要平台。由自治区、地、县联合打造的“零距离”网络传播大平台构建了对外传播新体系。

New media is developing rapidly. Currently, Xinjiang has nearly 17,000 registered websites and 11.4 million netizens, and about 50 percent of the local population has access to the Internet. In 2014, the autonomous region opened a WeChat public account called “The Last Kilometer,” which covers all parts of China and dozens of other countries and regions. This has become an important public platform to spread the voice of Xinjiang and discuss issues in relation to Xinjiang. The autonomous region, the various subordinating prefectures and counties have jointly developed a “zero-distance” Internet communication platform, which constitutes a new system of international communications.

对外文化交流日趋活跃。先后派团赴美国、德国、日本、哈萨克斯坦、土耳其、利比亚等60多个国家和地区开展学术交流、文物展览、文艺演出。在土耳其、哈萨克斯坦、美国注册成立出版机构。中国新疆国际民族舞蹈节、中国－亚欧博览会“中外文化展示周”、中国新疆国际艺术双年展成为具有一定国际影响力的文化交流品牌。

Cultural exchanges with other countries are becoming increasingly lively. The autonomous region has sent delegations to more than 60 countries and regions, including the US, Germany, Japan, Kazakhstan, Turkey and Libya, to participate in academic exchanges, hold exhibitions of cultural relics and stage theatrical performances. Xinjiang has registered and founded publishing institutions in Turkey, Kazakhstan and the US. China Xinjiang International Ethnic Dance Festival, Chinese and Foreign Culture Week of China-Eurasia Expo, and China Xinjiang International Arts Biennale have become brand-name cultural exchange projects of considerable international influence.

体育事业不断发展。1955年，新疆有各类体育场地425个，到2014年，增加到2.6万余个。广泛开展全民健身运动，举办了13届自治区运动会、8届少数民族传统体育运动会，以及老年人运动会、残疾人运动会等。农村体育蓬勃发展，建设村级“农牧民体育健身工程”7726个，丰富有趣的体育比赛和健身活动深受广大农牧民的欢迎。截至2014年，共发掘、整理少数民族传统体育项目629个，维吾尔族传统体育项目“达瓦孜”享誉世界。

Sports have been promoted. Xinjiang had 425 sports venues of various types in 1955. By 2014, it had more than 26,000. The autonomous region encourages people to participate in the nationwide fitness campaign. It has held 13 Sports Meets of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, eight National Traditional Ethnic Minority Sports Meets, various sports meets for senior citizens, and Paralympic sporting events. Rural sports are thriving. Xinjiang has established 7,726 Farmers’ and Herders’ Sports and Fitness Projects at village level. These sports events and fitness activities have been much appreciated by the local farmers and herders. By 2014, the autonomous region had identified and revived 629 traditional ethnic minority sports. The Uygur traditional tightrope-walking activity known as Darwaz is of great repute around the world.

文化和体育产业发展态势良好。截至2014年，新疆建设国家级文化产业示范基地6家，自治区级、地级文化产业园区20个，自治区级文化产业示范基地76家。近年来，自治区努力探索体育职业化、市场化道路，引进、成立新疆天山雪豹足球、天山女子篮球等一批职业体育俱乐部。体育竞赛与表演市场日趋活跃，环塔拉力赛、CBA篮球职业联赛新疆区比赛保持较高市场化运作水平。培育以俱乐部为主体的体育健身市场和有特色的群众体育品牌，以国际露营大会、国际沙漠徒步赛、冰雪和航空体育运动为代表的体育休闲市场不断发展。

Cultural and sports industries have maintained a sound momentum of development. By 2014, Xinjiang had established six state-class cultural industry demonstration bases, 20 cultural industry parks (zones) at the autonomous regional and prefectural levels, and 76 cultural industry demonstration bases at the autonomous regional level. In recent years, the region has been proactively experimenting with the professionalization and commercialization of sports; a group of professional sports clubs have been introduced and established, including Xinjiang Tianshan Snow Leopard Football Club and Tianshan Women’s Basketball Club. Sports events and the market for sports performances are flourishing; Taklimakan Rally and CBA (Chinese Basketball Association) matches in Xinjiang have been commercial successes. Xinjiang has fostered a sports and fitness market supported by grassroots clubs, and promoted distinctive mass sports events. Continuous development has been seen in the sports leisure market, represented by the China International Camping Congress and the International Desert Hiking Contest, and featuring in particular winter sports and air sports.

六、依法维护社会和谐稳定

VI. Maintaining Social Harmony and Stability in Accordance with the Law

自治区成立以来，新疆不断加强法治建设，依法管理各项事务，坚决惩治暴力恐怖犯罪，促进各民族平等团结，实现社会和谐发展。

Ever since its founding, Xinjiang Autonomous Region has made constant efforts in strengthening rule of law, managing all affairs on the basis of law and remaining resolute in punishing violent terrorist crimes, in order to promote ethnic unity and achieve harmonious social development.

独具特色的地方立法体系基本形成。自治区地方立法机关根据宪法和法律，既享有普通省级行政区地方立法权，又享有根据自治区政治、经济和文化特点制定自治条例、单行条例的权力。截至2014年底，自治区人民代表大会及其常委会共制定具有区域特色的地方性法规150余件，作出具有法规性决议、决定30余件，批准各自治州和乌鲁木齐市报批的单行条例和地方性法规98件；自治区人民政府制定规章320余件。立法内容涉及政治、经济、文化、教育、宗教、民族团结、社会保障等各个方面。这些地方性法规规章的制定和实施，为维护各族人民的合法权益，促进自治区各项事业的发展提供了法律保障。

A distinctive local legislation system is now in place. According to the Constitution and state laws, the local legislature of the autonomous region enjoys both legislative power entitled to provincial-level administrative divisions and the power to enact regulations on the exercise of autonomy and separate regulations based on local special political, economic and cultural conditions. By the end of 2014, the autonomous regional people’s congress and its standing committee had formulated in total over 150 local regulations, passed more than 30 regulatory resolutions and decisions, and approved 98 separate regulations and other local regulations submitted by the various subordinating autonomous prefectures and Urumqi. The autonomous region people’s government had worked out over 320 administrative rules and regulations. The legislation covers various aspects, such as politics, economy, culture, education, religion, ethnic unity and social security. These local rules and regulations provide a legal guarantee to the legitimate rights and interests of all ethnic groups and promote the development of various undertakings of the region.

依法行政能力和水平进一步提高。自治区各级人民政府坚持宪法和法律至上，不断创新政府社会管理方式，依法管理行政事务和社会事务、管理经济和文化事业。逐步建立健全服务承诺、一次性告知、限时办结等各项行政管理制度，取消、调整和压减行政审批事项。推行评议考核制度、重大决策终身责任追究制度及责任倒查机制，实施行政执法责任制。确立规范性文件备案审查机制，及时纠正违法和不当的抽象行政行为。依法受理行政复议申请，有效化解行政争议。各级人民政府加大行政问责力度，加强重点领域和关键环节廉政风险防控，增强社会公众和新闻舆论对政府及执法部门的监督。建立和完善群众利益诉求机制和权益保障机制，及时处理各类行政投诉案件，严肃查处违纪违规行为。依法行政工作机制、各类公开办事制度和信息公开制度逐步建立和完善。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Further improvement has been seen in the capability and level of administration by law. The people’s governments at various levels in the autonomous region uphold the supremacy of the Constitution and laws and has made continuous endeavor in innovating new forms of social management for the government to exercise administration, manage social affairs and administer economic and cultural undertakings in accordance with the law. They have established and improved in succession a number of administrative management systems, such as guaranteed service, full notification and conclusion within a time limit, in addition to annulling, adjusting and reducing items subject to administrative examination and approval. Efforts have been made to promote and implement the system of appraisal, the system of life-long accountability for major policy decisions and a responsibility tracking-down system. The system of accountability in administrative enforcement of law has been put in practice. A record-filing and review system has been established for normative documents to correct illegal and improper abstract administrative acts in a timely manner. Administrative review applications have been handled in accordance with the law to resolve administrative disputes in an effective and timely manner. The people’s governments at all levels have intensified efforts in administrative accountability, made greater endeavor in preventing and controlling risks of integrity in key sectors and links, and strengthened oversight by the general public and the media over the government and law enforcement departments. They have established mechanisms for the public to express their concerns in relation to their rights and interests. They have promptly handled administrative complaints and seriously investigated and punished those violating the discipline and regulations. A system of law-based administration, various systems of open handling of affairs and the system of information disclosure have all been set up and augmented step by step.

公正司法水平稳步提升。公安、检察、法院相互配合、相互制约，按照法定权限和程序行使权力。公安机关依法履行职责，维护社会治安，打击刑事犯罪，有效维护了国家安全和社会稳定。检察机关认真履行检察职能，严厉打击各类刑事犯罪，严肃查办贪污贿赂、渎职侵权等职务犯罪，依法履行法律监督职能，自觉接受各级人大和社会各界的监督，促进司法公正。人民法院践行公正为民司法，保障公民、法人和其他组织合法权益，加强审判监督职能，年均办理各类案件30万件左右，并建立健全多元纠纷解决机制、司法救助制度和执行工作机制，推进司法信息公开,司法效率和公正司法水平稳步提升。2014年，新疆各级法院一审服判息诉率达86.85%，在中国裁判文书网上公布各类裁判文书34378份，公布执行案件47580件。

The level of impartial administration of justice has been steadily enhanced. The public security organs, procuratorates and courts have coordinated with and supervise one another and exercise their powers in accordance with the statutory jurisdiction and procedures. Tasked with maintaining social order and punishing crime, the public security organs perform their duties in accordance with the law and effectively safeguard state security and social stability. The procuratorates have earnestly performed their functions as the public prosecutors, striking severe blows at different types of criminal offences, thoroughly investigated and handled various white-collar crimes such as embezzlement, giving and taking bribes, malfeasance, and rights encroachment, exercise their function of legal supervision, and consciously subject themselves to the supervision of the people’s congresses at various levels and the society at large in order to better ensure judicial justice. Observing the principles of upholding justice, administering justice for the people and protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens, legal persons and other organizations, the people’s courts have strengthened the function of adjudication supervision, handled an annual average around 300,000 cases of various types, established and improved a multi-party dispute settlement mechanism, a system of judicial aid and a mechanism of execution, and promoted information disclosure in relation to administration of justice. As a result, gradual improvement has been observed in the efficiency of justice administration and level of impartial administration of justice. In 2014, 86.85 percent of those standing trial at courts of first instance gave up lodging appeals to courts at higher levels, and 34,378 judgment documents have been disclosed on www.court.gov.cn, so have 47,580 executed cases.

法治工作队伍建设不断加强。截至2014年，全区法院系统共有9656人，其中少数民族4192人；检察系统共有5994人，其中少数民族2293人。公安机关不断整合警力资源，队伍的专业化水平和执法能力稳步提升。司法行政机关大力加强队伍建设，充实基层一线力量，干警的履职能力和水平不断提高。法律服务队伍从新疆实际出发，扩大服务范围，提高服务水平。截至2014年底，全区共有各类法律服务机构1503家、各类法律服务人员8206人。其中有律师事务所435家、律师4092人；公证处125个，公证员435人；基层法律服务所738家，基层法律服务工作者2601人；司法鉴定机构93家，司法鉴定人员813名；法律援助机构112个，法律援助工作人员265人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The contingent of law work has continuously strengthened. By 2014, courts in the autonomous regions had a total of 9,656 law workers, including 4,192 from ethnic minorities; the procuratorates had a total of 5,994 staff members, of whom 2,293 were from minority ethnic groups; and the public security organs have made constant efforts to integrate the police resources, resulting in a steady uplift in their professional and law enforcement capability. The law-enforcing administrative organs have made great efforts to strengthen their ranks, strengthened front-line forces at the grassroots level and the policemen and officers have displayed steady improvement in their competence and capacity to perform their duties. Proceeding from Xinjiang’s reality, the legal service teams have extended the range of and improved the level of service. By the end of 2014, Xinjiang had a total of 1,503 legal service agencies of various types, employing 8,206 legal professionals. Of these, 435 law firms employed 4,092 lawyers; 125 notary offices were manned by 435 notaries; and 738 were community-level legal service offices which hired 2,601 legal service workers. There were 93 judicial expertise institutions with 813 judicial experts. There were also 112 legal aid agencies with 265 workers.

法治宣传教育持续开展。1985年以来，新疆已连续实施了6个五年普法规划。普法宣传教育结合新疆实际，广泛开展了宪法、民族区域自治法和婚姻法等法律法规的普及宣传工作，围绕自治区反恐维稳和“去极端化”工作，深入开展“反暴力、讲法治、讲秩序”宣传教育活动，筑牢各族群众反恐维稳的思想基础。不断创新法治宣传教育方式，加强法治文化阵地建设，加大媒体法治宣传教育力度。“法治新疆”网站成为西北地区第一家大型普法网站，“法律与你同行”“法治在线”广播节目等一批有特色、有影响的法治宣传品牌节目、栏目形成。围绕法治“进机关、进乡村、进社区、进学校、进企业、进单位”，扎实推进法治实践。2011年，《新疆维吾尔自治区法制宣传教育条例》颁布，法治宣传教育工作进入法治化轨道。截至2014年，自治区有60个村被命名为“全国民主法治示范村”，2个地州和21个县（市、区）被命名为“全国法治城市创建工作先进单位”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The autonomous region constantly promotes education and publicity concerning the rule of law. Since 1985, Xinjiang has implemented six five-year programs in spread of legal knowledge. In the course of carrying out these programs, due consideration has been given to the actual situation in Xinjiang, with major attention being extended to the publicity of such statutes as the country’s Constitution, the Law on Ethnic Regional Autonomy, and the Marriage Law. Centering around the situation of combating terrorism, safeguarding stability and countering extremism in the region, in-depth publicity and education activities themed “anti-violence, rule of law and order” have been carried out to arouse the awareness of people of all ethnic groups there, aiming at laying a solid ideological foundation for combating terrorism and maintaining stability. The region has constantly worked out new ways in the publicity of and education in law-based governance to inspire a culture of rule of law. The media has also intensified its efforts in the public of rule of law. The www.fzxj.cn has turned out to be the first large website in the northwest region to promote the law, and a number of distinctive and influential radio programs and columns publicizing legal knowledge have been emerged, and they included “The Law and You” and “Rule of Law Online.” Solid progress has been made in promoting rule of law in Party and government organs, rural areas, urban communities, schools, enterprises and all social entities. In 2011, the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Publicity and Education in Rule of Law were promulgated, making the work embark on law-based orbit. By 2014, 60 villages in the region had been named “National Model Villages of Democracy and Rule of Law,” and two prefectures and 21 counties (county-level cities, urban districts) had been nominated as “National Model City for Promoting Rule of Law.”

依法严惩暴力恐怖犯罪。20世纪90年代以来，境内外“三股势力”（民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力、暴力恐怖势力）策划和组织实施了爆炸、暗杀、投毒、纵火、袭击、骚乱及暴乱等一系列暴力恐怖事件，给各族人民群众的生命财产造成了极为严重的损失。其中，2009年乌鲁木齐“7·5”打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件，造成197人死亡，1700余人受伤，财产损失难以估算。2014年喀什莎车“7·28”严重暴力恐怖事件造成无辜群众37人死亡，13人受伤，31辆车被打砸烧毁。暴力恐怖犯罪分子血淋淋的罪行，充分证明了他们绝不是什么“民族”利益、“宗教”利益的代表，而是影响新疆民族团结、社会稳定的重大现实祸患。

Violent and terrorist crimes are punished severely in accordance with the law. Since the 1990s, the three forces (ethnic separatism, religious extremism, and violent terrorism) working from bases both inside and outside China have planned and staged a series of incidents of terror and violence, such as explosion, assassination, poisoning, arson, assault and riot, in Xinjiang and elsewhere, causing great loss to the lives and property of innocent civilians of all ethnic groups. Of them, the July 5 riot in Urumqi in 2009 killed 197, injured over 1,700, and caused huge property damage. Again, the terrorist attack in Kashi’s Shache County on July 28 claimed 37 lives and injured 13, with 31 vehicles being smashed or burned. These violent and bloody crimes show clearly that the perpetrators are anything but representatives of “national” or “religious” interests. They are a great and real threat to ethnic unity and social stability in Xinjiang.

自治区各级司法机关坚持法律面前人人平等、犯罪必惩原则，严格区分一般刑事犯罪与暴力恐怖犯罪，是什么问题就按什么问题处理，坚决维护社会公平正义。公安机关严密防范和严厉打击暴力恐怖犯罪，绝大多数的暴力恐怖团伙被摧毁在预谋阶段；人民检察院依法履行批准逮捕、审查起诉职能，严格履行对侦查、审判活动的法律监督职能；人民法院严格执行法律，坚持在依法保障被告人各项诉讼权利的前提下，对暴力恐怖犯罪的首要分子、罪行重大者坚决依法严惩，对具有自首、立功等情节的，依法从宽处罚。在全国“严厉打击暴力恐怖活动”专项行动中，自治区打掉了一批暴力恐怖团伙，一批在逃人员在政策感召和家人规劝下主动投案自首，新疆暴力恐怖活动频发的势头得到一定遏制。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Judicial organs in the autonomous region have always upheld the principles that everyone is equal before the law and any crime shall be punished; they strictly distinguish commonplace criminal offenses from violent and terrorist crimes and handled them accordingly to firmly maintain social equality and justice. The public security organs are on high alert for signs of violent attacks and terrorism, and respond with the utmost severity. Most terrorist groups have been knocked out at the planning stage. The people’s procuratorates have performed, in accordance with the law, their functions of approving arrest, reviewing the evidence and indictment, and exercising earnest supervision over investigation and trial procedures. The people’s courts administer justice strictly, severely punishing the ringleaders and felons of violent and terrorist crimes, and extending clemency to those who confess their crimes and help with investigations, on the premise that the defendants’ litigation rights are ensured in accordance with the law. In the nationwide special movement to suppress violent and terrorist activities, some violent terrorist gangs have been smashed, and some fugitives have heeded to the advice of their families and are inspired by the state policies to turn themselves in. The tendency of frequent eruptions of violent and terrorist attacks in Xinjiang has been somewhat checked.

七、尊重和保护宗教信仰自由

VII. Respecting and Protecting Freedom of Religious Belief

新疆历史上就是一个多种宗教并存的地区。目前，新疆有伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教、天主教、道教等。

Xinjiang is a region where several religions have existed side by side since ancient times. The religions in Xinjiang today include Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Daoism and Orthodox Eastern Church.

新中国成立前，新疆宗教关系十分复杂，历史上不同宗教之间、同一宗教的不同教派之间发生过很多冲突。10世纪中叶，信仰伊斯兰教的喀喇汗王朝向信仰佛教的于阗王国发动了40余年的宗教战争。这场战争给新疆南部地区经济社会和人民生活造成了严重的破坏，佛教徒被迫改信伊斯兰教，佛教文化更几近毁灭。明清时期，伊斯兰教内部分裂为黑山派和白山派，两派进行了长达数百年的激烈争斗，穆斯林群众在两派斗争中被迫选边站队，失去了宗教信仰的自由。

Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the relations between different religions were very complicated. In history, there were frequent conflicts between different religions and between different sects of the same religion. In the mid-10th century, the Islamic Kara-Khanid Khanate launched a religious war against the Buddhist kingdom of Khotan. Having lasted for more than 40 years, the war caused great damage to the society and economy of southern Xinjiang and dreadful sufferings to the people there. Buddhist believers were forced to convert to Islam, and Buddhist culture was almost totally destroyed in the area. During the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368-1912), Islam split into two hostile sects – Qara-taghlyq (black mountain) and Aq-taghlyq (white mountain), whose bitter feuds lasted for hundreds of years. Muslims were compelled to take side, either this or that, thereby forfeiting their religious freedom.

新中国成立以来，民族区域自治制度的落实，宗教信仰自由政策的贯彻实施，宗教制度的民主改革和对宗教事务的依法管理，促进了新疆各宗教的和睦相处。信教和不信教公民以及信仰不同宗教公民相互尊重和理解，新疆各宗教迎来了和谐共处的新的历史阶段，各族人民真正获得了宗教信仰自由的权利。

After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the policy of religious freedom is implemented together with the practice of the policy of ethnic regional autonomy; democratic reform of religious system and law-based management of religious affairs have helped the harmonious coexistence among different religions in Xinjiang. Citizens believing in or not believing in region have treated one another with respect and understanding, ushering in a new historical period of harmonious coexistence of the various religions in Xinjiang. It is then the people of all ethnic groups in the region have indeed got the right to freedom of religious belief.

宗教信仰自由是中国宪法赋予公民的一项基本权利。《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。”《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》明确规定：“民族自治地方的自治机关保障各民族公民有宗教信仰自由。”“任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。”“国家保护正常的宗教活动。”2004年国务院公布的《宗教事务条例》明确规定：“公民有宗教信仰自由。”“国家依法保护正常的宗教活动，维护宗教团体、宗教活动场所和信教公民的合法权益。”微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Freedom of religious belief is a basic right bestowed by the Constitution on all its citizens. It is stipulated in theConstitution as follows: “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.” The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Ethnic Regional Autonomy clearly rules, “Organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas guarantee the freedom of religious belief to citizens of the various ethnic groups...”; “No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion...”; “The state protects normal religious activities.” In addition, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on Religious Affairs in 2004, which stipulates, “Citizens enjoy freedom of religious belief...”; “The state protects normal religious activities, as well as the legal rights and interests of believers, religious organizations and venues for religious activities in accordance with the law.”

中国政府全面贯彻宗教信仰自由政策，尊重公民信仰宗教的自由和不信仰宗教的自由权利，公民信仰宗教或不信仰宗教，在法律面前一律平等，都必须履行宪法、法律规定的义务。侵犯公民信仰宗教或不信仰宗教自由要承担法律责任，信仰宗教或不信仰宗教的公民违反宪法和法律规定同样要承担法律责任。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government is fully committed to a policy of freedom of religious belief, respecting its citizens’ freedom to believe or not believe in religion. Citizens are equal before the law and must carry out the duties imposed by theConstitution and other laws, whether they believe in or not believe in any religion. Anyone who encroaches on the citizens’ freedom of believing in or not believing in any religion shall bear legal liability, and citizens both believing in or not believing in any religion also bear legal liability for breaching the In 1984, the state promulgate and the law.

宗教信仰自由政策在新疆得到全面贯彻。自治区成立以来，各族人民充分享有宗教信仰自由权利，信教和不信教、过去信教而现在不信教、过去不信教而现在信教、信仰这种宗教或那种宗教以及同一宗教中信仰这个教派或那个教派，完全由公民自由选择。信徒在宗教活动场所内以及按照宗教习惯在自己家里进行的一切正常的宗教活动受到法律保护，任何机关、团体和个人不得干涉。

The policy of freedom of religious belief has been fully implemented in Xinjiang. After the founding of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, people of all ethnic groups are guaranteed the right of freedom in religious belief. It is up to the person concerned to make his or her free decision to believe or not to believe in any religion, to believe in a religion in the past but not now, not to believe any religion in the past but believe one now, to believe in this or that religion and to believe in this or that sect of the same religion. All normal religious activities held by the believers either in religious venues or at their homes in line with customary religious practices are protected by the law, and no state organ, public organization or individual may interfere with such activities.

目前，新疆共有清真寺、教堂、寺院、道观等宗教活动场所2.48万座，宗教教职人员2.93万人，基本满足了信教群众正常宗教活动的需要。现有宗教团体112个，宗教院校8所。宗教界代表人士在各级人民代表大会、政治协商会议担任代表、委员的有1436人，他们代表信教群众积极参政议政，并对政府贯彻宗教信仰自由政策进行监督。宗教团体的合法权益得到法律保障。

Xinjiang currently has 24,800 venues for religious activities, including mosques, churches, Buddhist temples and Daoist temples with 29,300 clerical practitioners, basically sufficient to meet the religious believers’ needs for normal religious activities. In addition, the region has 112 religious organizations and eight religious colleges. In Xinjiang, 1,436 religious practitioners have been elected deputies to or members of people’s congresses and the people’s political consultative conferences at various levels. They have actively participated in deliberations and management of administrative affairs on behalf of religious believers, and in exercising supervision over the government in respect to the implementation of the policy of freedom of religious belief. The lawful rights and interests of religious organizations are protected by the law.

新疆现有10个民族的大多数公民信仰伊斯兰教，有清真寺2.44万座、教职人员2.86万人。20世纪80年代以来，中央政府拨款1000多万元修缮被列入国家和自治区文物保护单位的喀什艾提尕尔清真寺、和田加曼清真寺、乌鲁木齐洋行清真寺、吐鲁番苏公塔等一大批场所。1987年新疆伊斯兰教经学院成立以来，共培养学员634人。2001年至今，新疆伊斯兰教经文学校共举办132期培训班，培训宗教教职人员28665人次。为了培养高层次的伊斯兰教教职人员，自2001年以来新疆已先后选派70人到埃及、巴基斯坦、沙特阿拉伯等国家的伊斯兰教高等学府访学深造。按照国际社会通行做法，中国政府实行有计划有组织的朝觐政策。仅2010年以来，新疆赴沙特阿拉伯有组织的朝觐人数就达1.5万人。

Most people of Xinjiang’s 10 major ethnic groups are followers of Islam, so there are all together in Xinjiang 24,400 mosques with 28,600 clerical personnel. Since the 1980s, the central government has allocated over RMB10 million to maintaining or repairing a number of key religious sites listed under the protection of the state and the autonomous region, including the Id Kah Mosque in Kashi, Juma Mosque in Hotan, Yang Hang Mosque in Urumqi, and Emin Minaret in Turfan. The Xinjiang Islamic Institute has trained 634 students since its founding in 1987, and since 2001 has held 132 training sessions for 28,665 clerical personnel. Since 2001, in order to train high-caliber clerics, Xinjiang has sent 70 people to visit Islamic institutions of higher-learning in Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and other countries for further studies. In accordance with standard international practices, the Chinese government has implemented a policy for planning and organizing pilgrimages. Since the 1980s, more than 50,000 people from Xinjiang have made pilgrimages to Mecca in Saudi Arabia.

信教群众正常的宗教需求得到满足。自治区坚持按照宗教的规律去做好宗教工作，充分尊重公民的宗教信仰自由权利，不断积极稳步拓宽信教群众正确掌握宗教常识的合法渠道，信教群众的合理宗教需求基本得到满足。截至2014年，已发行维吾尔、哈萨克、汉、柯尔克孜等文字的《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》《卧尔兹选编》等宗教经典书籍和维吾尔、哈萨克、汉文版的《新编卧尔兹演讲集》系列及《中国穆斯林》杂志，数量达到176万册。2013年新版维吾尔文《古兰经》出版，发行23万册。截至2014年，在新疆发行的少数民族文字版的伊斯兰教类出版物已达到20多种，基本满足了穆斯林群众学习经文和了解宗教知识的愿望。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The normal requirements of religious believers have been satisfied. The government of the autonomous region has managed to do a better job in the religion-related work in view of the actual conditions of the various religions; it has shown full respect to citizens’ right of freedom of religious beliefs and has kept opening up new legitimate channels for religious believers to correctly understand the ABC of the various religions, thus basically satisfying the reasonable requirements of the religious believers. By 2014, more than 1.76 million copies of religious classics, books, and magazines had been published, including the Quran, Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari and Selected Works of Waez in Uygur, Kazak, Han Chinese and Kirgiz languages, the “New Collections of Waez’s Speeches” series in Uygur, Kazak and Han Chinese languages, and the magazine China’s Muslims. In 2013, the new Uygur edition of the Quran was published and 230,000 copies were sold. By 2014, the number of Islamic publications available in Xinjiang’s ethnic minority languages exceeded 20, which basically satisfies Muslims’ demands to learn about the Islam and Islamic scriptures.

依法加强对宗教事务的管理。国家和自治区按照“保护合法、制止非法、遏制极端、抵御渗透、打击犯罪”的基本原则，依照法律法规对宗教事务进行管理，依法保护宗教信仰自由、保证正常宗教活动有序进行、保障宗教团体的合法权益。2014年自治区重新修订颁布了《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教事务条例》。这些法规和规章进一步贯彻宪法确定的保护公民宗教信仰自由的基本政策，强调宗教必须在法律法规范围内活动，禁止利用宗教进行危害国家安全和利益、社会公共利益和公民合法权益的活动等。

Xinjiang has strengthened management of religious affairs in accordance with the law. The state and the autonomous region, following the basic principles of “protecting the lawful, banning the unlawful, holding in check the extremist, resisting infiltration and punishing crime,” exercise management of religious affairs, protect the freedom of religious beliefs and ensure the orderly holding of normal religious activities and protect the legitimate rights and interests of religious organizations in accordance with the law and relevant regulations. The re-amended Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Religious Affairs were issued in 2014, indicating further implementation of the basic policy of protecting the citizens’ freedom of religious belief as prescribed in the Constitution, in addition to emphasizing that religious activities must be carried out within the boundaries prescribed by the law and relevant regulations and that activities that harm national security and interests, public interests and the citizens’ legitimate rights and interests in the name of religion must be banned.

坚决依法遏制宗教极端主义。宗教极端主义极力鼓吹宗教极端思想，煽动对“异教”和“异教徒”的仇恨和仇视，破坏了新疆各宗教和睦相处和民族团结；否定新疆传统的伊斯兰教，破坏了伊斯兰教内部的和谐，损害了穆斯林群众的根本利益。宗教极端主义违背和歪曲伊斯兰教教义，以“圣战殉教进天堂”等歪理邪说蛊惑蒙骗穆斯林群众特别是青少年，把一些人变成完全受他们精神控制的极端分子和恐怖分子，频繁进行暴力恐怖活动，残杀包括伊斯兰教宗教人士和穆斯林群众在内的各族无辜群众。大量事实表明，宗教极端主义已成为危害国家统一和民族团结，破坏宗教和睦与社会和谐，影响新疆社会稳定和长治久安，危害各族人民生命财产安全的现实危险。依法遏制宗教极端主义，是维护国家和人民包括穆斯林群众根本利益的正义之举，也是国际社会应对宗教极端主义的重要组成部分。自治区坚持宗教信仰自由政策，保护公民正常宗教活动，深入推进去极端化，保障人民生命安全，有效遏制了宗教极端主义渗透蔓延的态势。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Religious extremism has been firmly curbed in accordance with the law. Religious extremists advocate extreme ideas, incite religious hatred and resentment against other religions and “heretics,” undermine Xinjiang’s religious harmony and ethnic unity, deny the traditional Islam in Xinjiang, cause damage to its internal harmony and jeopardize the fundamental interests of Muslims. Extremist ideas distort and contravene Islamic theology, and the extremists bewitch Muslims, especially teenagers, with such heretical ideas as “the shahid (martyr) engaged in jihad (holy war) can live in the garden of Paradise,” thus turning some individuals into extremists and terrorists whose thoughts are controlled and who are manipulated to frequently perform acts of violence and terrorism and kill innocent people of all ethnic groups, even their fellow Islamic clerics and Muslims. Many facts have revealed that religious extremism has developed into a real risk that has endangered national and ethnic unity, undermines religious and social harmony, menaces Xinjiang’s lasting social stability and threatens the life and property safety of people of all ethnic groups. Suppressing religious extremism in accordance with the law is a just move that protects the fundamental interests of the state and the people, including Muslims themselves, and is also an important part of the international response to religious extremism. The autonomous region has always pursued the policy of freedom of religious belief, protected normal religious activities, worked hard against extremism in ensuring the life safety of the people, and effectively prevented spreading of religious extremism. 

八、发挥兵团特殊作用

VIII. Promoting the Unique Role of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps

新疆生产建设兵团（简称“兵团”）成立于1954年10月，是新疆维吾尔族自治区的重要组成部分，履行国家赋予的屯垦戍边职责，实行党政军企合一、国家计划单列的特殊管理体制。在自己所辖垦区内，兵团依照国家和自治区的法律、法规，自行管理内部行政、司法事务。截至2014年，兵团下辖14个师，176个团，辖区面积7.06万平方公里，总人口273.29万，占新疆总人口的11.8%。

Founded in October 1954, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) plays a key role in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It assumes the responsibilities of reclaiming the wasteland and guarding the border areas commissioned by the state, and operates a unique administrative system that combines the functions of the Party, government, military and enterprise, with economic planning directly supervised by the state. It is an organization that handles its own administrative and judicial affairs within the reclamation areas under its jurisdiction in accordance with the laws and regulations and those enacted by the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. By the end of 2014, the XPCC had had under it 14 divisions comprised of 176 regiments, and was exercising jurisdiction over an area of 70,600 sq km boasting a total population of 2,732,900, accounting for 11.8 percent of Xinjiang’s total.

60多年来，几代兵团人发扬“热爱祖国、无私奉献、艰苦创业、开拓进取”的兵团精神，白手起家，艰苦奋斗，把亘古荒漠改造成生态绿洲，开创了新疆现代化事业，建成了规模化大农业，兴办大型工矿企业，建起了一座座新型城镇。兵团为推动新疆发展、增进民族团结、维护社会稳定、巩固国家边防做出了不可磨灭的历史贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Inspired by the XPCC spirit of “loving the motherland, selfless devotion, hard work, and forging ahead with pioneering endeavors,” over the past six decades the XPCC workers have, generation after generation, made strenuous efforts to turn the desolate Gobi wilderness from time immemorial into ecological oases, initiate Xinjiang’s cause of modernization, build one after another large farms and industrial and mining enterprises, and establish quite a number of new cities and towns. The XPCC has made an indelible contribution to the development of Xinjiang by promoting unity among all the ethnic groups, maintaining social stability and consolidating border defenses.

兵团对新疆发展进步发挥重要推动作用。兵团从建农场起步，依靠勤俭节约、艰苦创业积累的建设资金和生活资金，开矿山，建工厂，修公路，办商贸，兴办科教、文化、卫生事业。兵团创办的农牧团场和所属企业，生产所得不仅满足了自身的需求，还依法向地方政府纳税，并先后无偿地为地方规划建设了一批交通水利工程和工矿企业。为支持新疆工业发展，兵团还把已经建设起来的规模较大的一批工交建商企业移交地方，为自治区的现代化建设做出了重要贡献。兵团自组建以来，建成了阿拉尔市、铁门关市、图木舒克市、可克达拉市、双河市、五家渠市、石河子市、北屯市等8个城市和金银川镇、草湖镇、梧桐镇、蔡家湖镇、北泉镇、石河子镇等6个建制镇，以及一大批新兴团场城镇，促进了新疆城镇化的发展。

The XPCC has played an important driving role for the development and progress of Xinjiang. Starting with establishing farms by reclaiming wastelands, the XPCC expanded its activities to running mines, building factories and roads, developing commerce and trade, and initiating undertakings in science, education, culture and healthcare with funds for construction and life it had accumulated by way of working hard and practicing economy. Its regimental agricultural and stock raising farms and subordinating enterprises not only have provided for their own needs, but also have paid taxes to the local governments in accordance with the law, in addition to planning and building in succession quite a number of transport and hydropower projects as well as industrial and mining enterprises for the local governments, for free. To support Xinjiang’s industrial development, the XPCC has also transferred to the local governments, at no cost, a number of large-scale industrial, construction, transport, and commercial enterprises it had developed, making an important contribution to the modernization of the region. Since its founding, the XPCC has built eight county-level cities of Alar, Tiemenguan, Tumushuke, Kekedala, Shuanghe, Wujiaqu, Shihezi and Beitun, six administrative towns of Jinyinchuan, Caohu, Wutong, Caijiahu, Beiquan and Shihezi, and a large number of smaller towns on the regimental farms, facilitating the urbanization process in Xinjiang.

兵团对新疆生产力进步发挥引领示范作用。兵团充分运用集团化、规模化生产组织优势，形成了我国内陆干旱地区独具一格的机械化、集约化、大规模现代化农业体系，在农业节水灌溉、农业机械化推广、现代农业示范基地建设中处于全国领先水平，已成为国家重要的优质商品棉和特色林果生产基地。2014年，农作物播种面积1327.9千公顷，占新疆播种总面积的22.2%。棉花总产量达163.6万吨，分别占新疆和全国棉花总产量的36.3%、26.6%，棉花单产、机械化率、人均占有量连续多年位居全国首位。节水灌溉器材、番茄制品、棉纺锭等产量和规模名列全国前茅。91个农产品被评为中国和新疆名牌或驰名商标。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The XPCC has played an exemplar role in guiding the development of productive forces in Xinjiang. Fully exploiting its large-scale and group advantages in production organization, the Corps has built a modern agricultural system featuring mechanized, intensive and massive-scale production which is unique to China’s inland arid areas, leading the nation in agricultural water-saving irrigation, promotion of mechanized farming, and the building of modern agriculture demonstration bases; it has become a key national production base for quality cotton and specialty fruit. In 2014, the total sown area of farm crops under its management reached 1,327,900 ha, accounting for 22.2 percent of the total in Xinjiang. The total output of cotton was 1.6 million tons, making up 36.3 percent of Xinjiang’s production and 26.6 percent of the national total, leading the country for years in per-unit yield, rate of mechanization and per-capita output. It also tops the country in both output and scale of production of water-saving irrigation equipment, tomato products and cotton textile spindles. Ninety-one items of its farm produce have been acknowledged as famous brands or reputed trademarks of China and Xinjiang.

兵团对新疆民族团结发挥促进作用。在新疆，兵团所属师、团场及企事业单位分布于各地（州、市）、县（市）行政区内，兵团与地方密不可分，广泛融入新疆经济社会各方面。兵团认真贯彻党的民族宗教政策，坚持为各族群众办好事、办实事，1959年就制定了《关于拥军爱民为各族人民大办好事纲要二十条》。1984年，兵团建制恢复不久，即在全兵团推行基层单位与地方乡村建立共建机制。在兵团和地方的相互交往中，农业生产单位常年向地方农村传授新技术、送去新品种，带动各族群众共同致富；医疗机构常年深入地方农村、牧区开展巡回医疗，防病治病，送医送药；文艺团体常年为地方各族群众慰问演出。兵团职工长期与地方各民族群众毗邻而居、和睦相处、守望相助。兵团不仅为其职工，也为地方各族群众提供多方面的社会公共服务，吸引、聚集了来自疆内外的各族群众在兵团生产经营、就医求学、劳动就业，促进了民族团结、兵地团结及兵地融合发展，促进了各民族相互嵌入社会发展模式的形成，构筑了新疆各民族交往交流交融的社会生活基础。在创造兵团文化过程中，丰富了新疆地域文化，推动了各民族文化的交流，促进了各民族对“一体多元”中华文化的认同。

The XPCC has promoted ethnic unity in Xinjiang. In Xinjiang, the divisions, regimental farms, enterprises and public institutions under the XPCC are extensively scattered in the various prefectures, cities, counties of Xinjiang, closely interwoven with the local administrative divisions and extensively involved in various aspects of the autonomous region’s economic and social development. The Corps has earnestly implemented the Party’s ethnic and religious policies, performing public service and offering practical help to the people of various ethnic groups. As early as 1959, it formulated the Twenty-Article Outline Concerning Support to the Army and Love for the People for Sincerely Serving the People of Various Ethnic Groups. In 1984, shortly after it was restored, the XPCC launched a co-construction mechanism between its grassroots-level units and local villages. During their interactions, the Corps’ agricultural production units have kept imparting new technology and new crop species to local farmers, helping all local ethnic minorities to gain prosperity. The Corps’ medical institutions have kept making medical-aid tours to the local villages and pasturing areas all year round, delivering medicines, treating the sick and preventing diseases. The Corps’ performing art troupes also bring free shows to the local peoples.

The XPCC workers live in peace and harmony as neighbors with people of various ethnic groups in Xinjiang; they share mutual support and assistance. The Corps has provided various public services not only to its workers, but also to the local people, attracting people from all ethnic groups of Xinjiang and various other parts of the country to work, study, seek medical care, and start businesses in the XPCC, thus promoting ethnic unity, unity between the Corps and local governments, and integrative development of both XPCC and the local society, facilitating the formation of interwoven social development model for Xinjiang’s ethnic groups and laying down the social foundation for these ethnic groups to communicate and integrate. During the process of creating the unique XPCC culture, the Corps makes a due contribution to enriching the local cultures of Xinjiang by promoting cultural exchanges among the different peoples and enhancing their identity with the Chinese culture that features integrated diversity.

兵团对维稳戍边发挥特殊作用。兵团始终坚持亦兵亦民、劳武结合、兵民合一，一手抓劳动生产，一手抓军事训练，58个边境团场的数十万职工守卫着祖国2000多公里的边境线，保卫中国西北边防的安全。面对新疆严峻复杂的社会稳定形势，兵团所属师、团和企事业单位建立了应急民兵队伍，为新疆社会稳定、打击暴力恐怖犯罪、维护人民安宁发挥了不可替代的特殊作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The XPCC has played a unique role in maintaining stability and defending border area. Always upholding principles of being both soldiers and civilians, and combining productive labor with military duties and the army with the people, the Corps has paid equal attention to productive work and military training; the hundreds of thousands of XPCC workers from 58 border regimental farms have guarded a 2,000-km section of China’s borderlines to ensure the security of China’s northwestern borders. In the face of severe and complex threats to social stability in Xinjiang, the various divisions, regiments, companies, enterprises and public institutions under the XPCC have established an emergency-response militia contingent. The XPCC has played a unique and irreplaceable role in maintaining social stability in Xinjiang, quashing violent terrorist activities and safeguarding the public.

组建兵团、支持兵团、发展兵团，是中国政府治国安邦的战略布局和强化国家边疆治理的重要方略，也是维护新疆稳定、维护民族团结、维护国家统一、开发建设边疆的重大制度创新，是中央支援地方、内地支援边疆、各民族相互支援的有效形式。经过几十年的建设，兵团城市和团场城镇已经逐步发展为区域的经济和文化中心，成为人口、资金、产业、人才、教育、医疗卫生等资源的集聚之地。兵团始终坚持国家利益就是兵团利益、新疆大局就是兵团大局，始终是开发建设新疆、造福各族人民的一支重要力量，始终是维护祖国统一、保持新疆稳定的一支重要力量，始终得到了自治区各级政府和各族人民的支持帮助。新形势下，围绕新疆社会稳定和长治久安总目标，兵团充分发挥调节社会结构、推动文化交流、促进区域协调的作用，进一步壮大综合实力，深化“兵地融合”发展，努力为新疆的发展进步与和谐稳定做出更大贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

It is the Chinese government’s strategic plan to administer state affairs and ensure national stability and an important strategy to strengthen frontier governance to form, support and develop the XPCC; it is a major institutional innovation in maintaining stability in Xinjiang, safeguarding ethnic unity and national unification, and developing the border area; and it is an effective mechanism for the central government to support the localities, the more developed inland areas to support border areas, and the various ethnic groups to render mutual assistance. After decades of development, XPCC-built cities and regiment-built towns have gradually developed into the regional economic and cultural hubs, where all sorts of resources converge – population, capital, industry, talent, education and healthcare.

Upholding the national interests as its own interests and overall situation of Xinjiang its foremost concern, the XPCC has remained a key force in developing and building Xinjiang and bringing benefits to people of all its ethnic groups, as well as in safeguarding national unification and maintaining stability in Xinjiang. As such, it has always enjoyed support and help from the region’s governments at all levels and the people of all the ethnic groups. In view of the new conditions and prioritizing the overall goal of lasting stability and peace in Xinjiang, the XPCC will give full play to its role in adjusting the social structure, promoting cultural exchange and facilitating inter-district coordination, further boost its strength, deepen XPCC-Xinjiang integrative development, and endeavor to make still greater contributions to the development, progress, harmony and stability of Xinjiang.

九、国家对新疆的支持与帮助

IX. State Support and Assistance to Xinjiang

中国共产党和中国政府始终高度重视新疆的发展，不断加大对新疆的支持与帮助力度。60年来，国家对新疆的财政补助合计16918亿元。在不同时期，国家和各兄弟省区市采取不同方式援建新疆，成为推动新疆经济社会发展的强劲动力。

The CPC and the Chinese government have always attached great importance to the development of Xinjiang, and have continuously increased their support and assistance. Over the past 60 years, the state’s financial grants to Xinjiang totaled almost RMB1.7 trillion. The state and other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have at different times provided support to Xinjiang in various forms, acting as a strong driving force to boost the region’s economic and social development.

国家支持奠定新疆发展基础。自治区成立至改革开放前，国家通过分配、调动和鼓励内地知识分子和专业技术人员到新疆工作，号召内地青壮年、城市知识青年、工人支援边疆建设，鼓励和安置复转军人留在新疆，铸就了一代艰苦创业、扎根边疆的建设者，为新疆的经济社会发展、屯垦戍边和国防安全做出了巨大贡献。国家实施“核定收支，总额计算，多余上缴，不足补助，一年一定”以及提高民族地区财政预备费的设置比例、对民族贸易企业实行优惠政策等措施，通过设立少数民族地区教育特殊补助经费、民族地区补助费等各种专项资金，支持新疆加快发展。1955－1978年，国家累计补助新疆71.9亿元。通过大量投资促进新疆基础设施建设，完成了兰新铁路、克拉玛依油田、塔里木油田等重大基础设施及工业项目。

State support has laid the foundation for Xinjiang’s development. From the founding of the autonomous region to the launch of the reform and opening-up drive, the state had, by way of job allocation and job transfer, encouraged intellectuals and technical professionals to go to work in Xinjiang, called on young adults, urban educated youth and workers in inland areas of the country to support frontier development and encouraged demobilized service people to stay in Xinjiang and assigned them jobs there, thus fostering a generation of builders who have been hard-working and pioneering and took roots in the border areas. They have made an invaluable contribution to Xinjiang’s economic and social development, to the cultivation and defense of the border regions as well as national security.

The state has supported Xinjiang to boost its development by adopting quite a number of measures, such as checking and ratifying on a yearly basis its balance of total revenues and expenditures, and turning in to the state the surplus while having the deficiency to be made up by the central budget; raising the proportion of budget reserves for ethnic minority areas; implementing preferential policies for ethnic trade companies; and establishing various special funds like special allowance funds of education for ethnic minority areas, and ethnic minority area allowances. From 1955 to 1978, the state subsidized Xinjiang with RMB7.19 billion accumulatively. With hefty state funds, many major infrastructure and other industrial projects in the region have been completed, including the Lanzhou-Urumqi Railway and the Karamay and Tarim oilfields.

加大政策与资金支持力度。改革开放以来，国家在经济、教育、科技、文化、医疗、生态、环保、金融等领域不断加大对新疆的支持力度。1980－1988年实行年均递增10%的核定包干基数的财政政策。1994年，国家实施分税制财政管理体制改革，原有对少数民族地区的补助和专项拨款政策全部保留。1995年开始实行过渡期转移支付办法，对少数民族地区专门增设政策性转移支付内容。引导和鼓励企业到新疆投资，加大财政投入和金融支持。2005年，启动对南疆四地州和兵团在南疆三个师的对口支援、重点扶持工作。2007年出台《国务院关于进一步促进新疆经济社会发展的若干意见》。

The state has strengthened both policy and financial support to Xinjiang. Since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy, the state has kept intensifying efforts to support Xinjiang in such fields as economy, education, science and technology, culture, medical services, ecological and environmental protection, and finance. From 1980 to 1988, the central budget provided a quota subsidy to Xinjiang with an average yearly increase of 10 percent. In 1994, when the state introduced tax revenue-sharing between the central and local authorities, it maintained the previous policies of providing subsidies and special allocations to ethnic minority areas. When it adopted transitional transfer payments the following year, it added special provision concerning the policy of transfer payments to ethnic minority areas.

The state has guided and encouraged businesses to invest in Xinjiang, and provided greater investment and financial support to Xinjiang. In 2005, it initiated pairing-assistance to the four prefectures and the three divisions under the XPCC in southern Xinjiang. In 2007, it promulgated the Opinions of the State Council on Further Boosting Xinjiang’s Economic and Social Development.

培养并输送优秀人才。20世纪80年代，国家推动新疆与内地百余所高校实施协作计划，招生规模由最初的800人扩大到目前的6800人。截至2014年，累计招收少数民族学生5.4万人，为新疆培养输送了本、专科毕业生2.1万人。2000年启动内地新疆高中班人才培养工程，累计招生7万人，3.8万余名学生已毕业，其中95%的毕业生升入内地发达省（市）区高校。2003年开始在区内城市开办区内初中班，累计招生6.13万人。2011年开办内地新疆中职班，累计招生1.32万人。内高班、内职班和协作计划主要招收新疆农牧区少数民族学生，使其接受更好的教育。在内地20多个发达省（市）区的近600所学校就读的新疆少数民族学生已达10万余人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The state has also trained and provided talents for Xinjiang. In the 1980s, it initiated a cooperative program between Xinjiang and more than 100 institutions of higher learning in other parts of the country, with the total enrollment eventually growing from 800 to 6,800. By 2014, these institutions had enrolled, accumulatively, 54,000 students of ethnic minority origins from Xinjiang, in addition to providing the autonomous region with 21,000 undergraduates and junior college graduates. In 2000, the state launched a program encouraging senior high schools in hinterland areas of the country to hold classes of students from Xinjiang, so far enrolling in total 70,000 from Xinjiang, 38,000 of whom have graduated, with 95 percent continuing their studies in colleges located in the developed provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. Since 2003, junior high school classes have been set up in some cities of Xinjiang, enrolling to date a total of 61,300 students from remote impoverished areas. Senior high school classes and secondary vocational classes were opened in 2011 in other parts of the country for Xinjiang students, which have thus far enrolled 13,200 students.

All of these senior-high-school and junior-high-school classes held in hinterland areas target mainly ethnic minority students from Xinjiang’s farming and pasturing areas to offer them a better education. At present, more than 100,000 ethnic minority students are studying in nearly 600 schools in some 20 economically better developed provinces, municipalities directly under the central government and autonomous regions.

1996年，国家以选派援疆干部模式专门援助新疆发展，至2014年，共选派8批11000多名干部、人才到新疆工作。2004年启动“博士服务团”选派工作，至2014年共选派11批81名博士到新疆工作。国家还实施了一系列人才培养政策：选派少数民族干部到中央国家机关和经济相对发达地区挂职锻炼，开办内地高校新疆班、内地新疆高中班，实施“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”和“西部之光”访问学者培养计划，对民族地区高等学校和民族院校学位授权点的建设和研究生招生规模等给予特殊政策扶持等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In 1996, the state began to extend support to Xinjiang’s development by way of selecting and sending officials to work in Xinjiang. By 2014, it had sent eight complements numbering more than 11,000 officials and professionals. In 2004, a new initiative involved sending qualified professionals with doctor’s degrees to work in the region. By 2014, 11 groups of 81 persons with doctor’s degrees had gone and worked in the autonomous region through this project.

The state has also implemented a number of other talent training policies, such as selecting and appointing officials of ethnic minority origins to temporary posts in central government offices or in areas with better developed economy to get training; holding Xinjiang classes in inland higher-learning institutions and senior high schools; implementing such programs as the “Program for High-Caliber Personnel from Ethnic Minorities” and “Light of the West” for the training of visiting scholars; and giving special policy support to the development of higher-learning institutions located in the ethnic minority areas or the master’s and doctor’s degree granting centers of ethnic colleges and universities in terms of graduate enrollment size, etc.

新一轮对口援疆成效显著。2010年3月，第一次全国对口援疆工作会议召开，中央决定全国19个省市以全覆盖方式对口支援新疆12个地（州）的82个县（市）以及兵团12个师。国家出台一系列特殊政策支持新疆发展：2015年1月1日起，新疆煤炭资源税实行从价计征，税率确定为6%；将新疆确定为重要的国家级综合能源基地，全面提升新疆能源资源的清洁、高效开发与转化利用水平；对援疆干部和人才在管理权限与方式、选派与轮换等8方面做出具体规定；对属于《新疆困难地区重点鼓励发展产业企业所得税优惠目录（试行）》的企业实行企业所得税“两免三减半”政策；对喀什、霍尔果斯两个经济开发区提出10个方面的扶持政策；对新疆12个产业实施差别化产业政策等。

The new round of pairing-assistance has yielded notable results. The First National Meeting on Pairing-Assistance to Xinjiang was held in March 2010. At the meeting, the central authorities decided to pair off 19 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government with 82 counties (cities) in 12 prefectures in Xinjiang and the 12 divisions of the XPCC to render support to the latter.

Moreover, the state has adopted a number of special policies to support Xinjiang’s development, and these include: as of January 1,2015, ad valorem collection has been implemented for coal resources tax in Xinjiang at a rate of 6 percent; Xinjiang has been designated a key state-class comprehensive energy base and all-round efforts are called to improve the clean and efficient development, conversion and utilization of Xinjiang’s energy resources; specific provisions have been made in eight aspects concerning officials and professionals coming to support Xinjiang’s development, such as the scope and form of management authority, selection and rotation; a policy has been adopted to grant a two-year income tax exemption and three-year half pay for Xinjiang’s enterprises listed in the “Catalog of Industries and Enterprises Enjoying Income Tax Preferences and Whose Development in Areas with Difficulties of Xinjiang (Trial)”; a policy covering 10 aspects of support to the two economic development zones in Kashi and Khorgos has been adopted; and differentiated industrial policies have been implemented for Xinjiang’s 12 main industries.

2010－2014年国家对新疆的财政补助达到10616.5亿元，为1955－2009年国家对新疆各项财政补助6301.5亿元的1.68倍。截至2014年底，19个援疆省市共拨付援疆资金536亿元，实施援疆项目4906个，围绕城乡居民住房改善、人才培养、就业、卫生、基层组织建设等实施了一大批民生工程，使老百姓得到“看得到、摸得着”的实惠，大大提高了新疆科、教、文、卫、“三农”等领域的发展水平。依托援疆省市累计引进各类合作项目6482个，到位资金8277亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The state’s financial allowances to Xinjiang in the 2010-2014 period reached RMB 1,061.65 billion, or a 1.68-fold increase over that in the 1955-2009 period, which stood at RMB630.15 billion. By the end of 2014, the 19 provinces and municipalities directly under the central government, which have been involved in the pairing-assistance to Xinjiang, had provided RMB53.6 billion of funds and undertaken 4,906 aid projects in Xinjiang, in addition to even a larger number of so-called livelihood projects in terms of urban and rural housing improvement, personnel training, employment, public health and community organization, bringing tangible benefits to the local people and markedly enhancing the development of science, education, culture and public health as well as improvement of the situation in rural areas. Relying on the 6,482 cooperative projects brought by the provinces and municipalities rendering support to it, Xinjiang had brought in RMB827.7 billion of investment.

2014年5月，第二次中央新疆工作座谈会提出采取特殊的财政、投资、金融、人才等政策，重点支持南疆四地州，进一步促进新疆区域协调发展。

The Second Central Meeting on the Work of Xinjiang held in May 2014 proposed to adopt special policies in finance, investment, banking and personnel to mainly support the four prefectures in southern Xinjiang so as to further promote the coordinated development of different areas in Xinjiang.

结束语

Conclusion

60年沧桑巨变，一甲子春华秋实。

Tremendous changes have taken place in Xinjiang over the past 60 years.

60年来，在中国共产党和中央政府的坚强领导下，在全国人民的大力支持下，新疆各族人民坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，坚持各民族平等团结发展，坚持实行民族区域自治制度，天山南北发生了翻天覆地的变化。实践充分证明，坚持国家集中统一与民族区域自治相结合，民族因素与区域因素相结合，完全符合中国国情和新疆实际，是确保新疆各民族平等相待、和睦相处、和谐发展的基本前提和重要保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Under the firm leadership of the CPC and the central government, and with the generous support of the whole nation, the people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang have unswervingly followed the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics, pursued ethnic equality, unity and development, practiced the system of ethnic regional autonomy, and brought about enormous changes in all areas north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. Experience has proved that the combination of centralized national leadership with ethnic regional autonomy, and the combination of ethnic factors with regional ones fully accord with the prevailing situation in China and with the realities and needs of Xinjiang. It is the basic premise behind the drive for equality, harmonious co-existence and development of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang, and serves as an important guarantee that these goals will be realized.

当前，新疆的发展已经站在了一个新的历史起点上。作为“丝绸之路经济带”核心区的新疆，是中国向西开放的重要窗口，是连接亚欧大陆重要的交通枢纽、商贸物流、金融、文化科教和医疗服务中心。第二次中央新疆工作座谈会提出“依法治疆、团结稳疆、长期建疆”的治疆方略。新疆各族人民正在抓住难得的历史机遇，团结奋斗，再创辉煌。

Today, Xinjiang is standing at a new starting point for development. As a key region on the Silk Road Economic Belt, it functions as a major window on China’s opening to the west. It is a transportation hub that links the continents of Asia and Europe, and a center of business and trade, finance, cultural and scientific exchange, and medical services. The Second Central Meeting on the Work of Xinjiang formulated the strategy of “governing Xinjiang in accordance with the law, stabilizing Xinjiang with unity, and building Xinjiang with a long-term goal.” The people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang will seize this precious opportunity to unite their efforts in pursuit of further historic achievements.

凝聚各民族力量，建设美丽新疆，实现中国梦，是包括新疆各族人民在内的全体中国人民的共同愿望和心声。新疆的明天一定会更加美好！

To build a beautiful Xinjiang with efforts of all ethnic groups and realize the Chinese Dream is the common aspiration of the whole nation, including all the peoples of Xinjiang. A brighter future beckons.