2010年中国的国防

China’s National Defense in 2010

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The People’s Republic of China

Information Office of the State Council

2011年3月

March 2011, Beijing

目 录

Contents

前 言

Preface

一、安全形势

I. The Security Situation

二、国防政策

II. National Defense Policy

三、人民解放军的现代化建设

III. Modernization of the People’s Liberation Army

四、武装力量运用

IV. Deployment of the Armed Forces

五、国防动员和后备力量建设

V. National Defense Mobilization and Reserve Force Building

六、军事法制

VI. Military Legal System

七、国防科技工业

VII. Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

八、国防经费

VIII. Defense Expenditure

九、建立军事互信

IX. Military Confidence-Building

十、军控与裁军

X. Arms Control and Disarmament

Appendix I Major International Exchanges of the Chinese Military (2009-2010)

Appendix II Participation in Strategic Consultations and Dialogues (2009-2010)

Appendix III Joint Exercises and Training with Foreign Armed Forces (2009-2010)

Appendix IV China’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Operations (As of Dec. 31, 2010)

Appendix V Participation in International Disaster Relief Activities (2009-2010)

Appendix VI Imports and Exports of Seven Major Types of Conventional Arms of the PRC (2008)

Appendix VII Imports and Exports of Seven Major Types of Conventional Arms of the PRC (2009)

Appendix VIII Major Military Laws and Regulations Issued in 2009 and 2010 by China

前 言

Preface

21世纪的头十年，国际社会在开放与合作中发展，在危机与变革中前行。共同分享发展机遇，共同应对各种挑战，已成为各国的广泛共识。同舟共济、互利共赢，是实现人类共同发展繁荣的必由之路。

In the first decade of the 21st century, the international community forged ahead in a new phase of opening up and cooperation, and at the same time faced crises and changes. Sharing opportunities for development and dealing with challenges with joint efforts have become the consensus of all countries in the world. Pulling together in the time of trouble, seeking mutual benefit and engaging in win-win cooperation are the only ways for humankind to achieve common development and prosperity.

中国已经站在新的历史起点上，中国的前途命运与世界的前途命运更加密不可分。面对共同的机遇和挑战，中国坚持互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观，把中国人民的根本利益与世界人民的共同利益联系起来，把中国的发展与世界的发展联系起来，把中国的安全与世界的和平联系起来，努力以自身的和平发展推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。

China has now stood at a new historical point, and its future and destiny has never been more closely connected with those of the international community. In the face of shared opportunities and common challenges, China maintains its commitment to the new security concepts of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination. By connecting the fundamental interests of the Chinese people with the common interests of other peoples around the globe, connecting China’s development with that of the world, and connecting China’s security with world peace, China strives to build, through its peaceful development, a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity.

面向21世纪的第二个十年，中国将继续抓住国家发展的重要战略机遇期，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，坚持走和平发展道路，奉行独立自主的和平外交政策和防御性国防政策，统筹经济建设和国防建设，在全面建设小康社会进程中实现富国和强军的统一。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Looking into the second decade of the 21st century, China will continue to take advantage of this important period of strategic opportunities for national development, apply the Scientific Outlook on Development in depth, persevere on the path of peaceful development, pursue an independent foreign policy of peace and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, map out both economic development and national defense in a unified manner and, in the process of building a society that is moderately affluent on a general basis, realize the unified goal of building a prosperous country and a strong military.

一、安全形势

I. The Security Situation

当前，国际形势正在发生新的深刻复杂变化。经济全球化、世界多极化、社会信息化进程不可逆转，和平、发展、合作的时代潮流不可阻挡，但国际战略竞争和矛盾也在发展，全球性挑战更加突出，安全威胁的综合性、复杂性、多变性日益明显。

The international situation is currently undergoing profound and complex changes. The progress toward economic globalization and a multi-polar world is irreversible, as is the advance toward informationization of society. The current trend toward peace, development and cooperation is irresistible. But, international strategic competition and contradictions are intensifying, global challenges are becoming more prominent, and security threats are becoming increasingly integrated, complex and volatile.

世界保持总体和平稳定的基本态势。国际社会携手应对国际金融危机初显成效，各国抓紧调整发展战略和模式，全力打造新的经济增长点，科技创新孕育新的突破，经济全球化有新的发展。国际力量对比出现新态势，新兴大国和发展中国家经济实力、国际地位和国际影响力显著增强，世界多极化前景更加明朗。国际体系改革大势所趋，全球经济金融治理机制建设逐步推进，二十国集团作用增强，联合国等国际政治、安全体系改革成为关注焦点。国际关系深刻调整，国家间经济相互依存加深、共同挑战增多，沟通、协调、合作成为大国关系的主流。维护和平、制约战争的因素不断增长，人类的前途命运总体光明。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

On the whole, the world remains peaceful and stable. The international community has reaped the first fruits in joint efforts to respond to the global financial crisis. All countries have stepped up to adjust their strategies and models for economic development, and no effort has been spared in attempting to foster new economic growth points. Scientific and technological innovations are breeding new breakthroughs. And economic globalization has achieved further progress. The international balance of power is changing, most notably through the economic strength and growing international status and influence of emerging powers and developing countries. Prospects for world multi-polarization are becoming clearer. The prevailing trend is towards reform in international systems. Steady progress is being made in the establishment of mechanisms for management of the global economy and finance. G20 is playing a more outstanding role. The international spotlight has turned to the reform of the UN and other international political and security systems. Profound realignments have taken place in international relations; economic interdependence among various countries has been enhanced; shared challenges have been increasing; and communication, coordination and cooperation have become mainstream in relationships among the world’s major powers. As factors conducive to maintaining peace and containing conflict continue to grow, mankind can look forward to a future that on the whole is bright.

国际安全形势更加复杂。围绕国际秩序、综合国力、地缘政治等的国际战略竞争日趋激烈，发达国家与发展中国家、传统大国与新兴大国矛盾不时显现，局部冲突和地区热点此起彼伏，一些国家因政治、经济、民族、宗教等矛盾引发的动荡频仍，天下仍不太平。导致国际金融危机的深层次矛盾和结构性问题尚未解决，世界经济复苏的不稳定、不均衡性依然突出。恐怖主义、经济安全、气候变化、核扩散、信息安全、自然灾害、公共卫生安全、跨国犯罪等全球性挑战对各国安全威胁明显增大。传统与非传统安全问题交织，国内与国际安全问题互动，传统安全观念和机制难以有效应对当今世界的诸多安全威胁和挑战。

The international security situation has become more complex. International strategic competition centering on international order, comprehensive national strength and geopolitics has intensified. Contradictions continue to surface between developed and developing countries and between traditional and emerging powers, while local conflicts and regional flashpoints are a recurrent theme. In a number of countries, outbreaks of unrest are frequently triggered off by political, economic, ethnic, or religious disputes. In general, world peace remains elusive. Deep-seated contradictions and structural problems behind the international financial crisis have not been resolved. World economic recovery remains fragile and imbalanced. Security threats posed by such global challenges as terrorism, economic insecurity, climate change, nuclear proliferation, insecurity of information, natural disasters, public health concerns, and transnational crime are on the rise. Traditional security concerns blend with non-traditional ones and domestic concerns interact with international security ones, making it hard for traditional security approaches and mechanisms to respond effectively to the various security issues and challenges in the world.

国际军事竞争依然激烈。主要国家加紧调整安全和军事战略，加快军事改革步伐，大力发展军事高新技术。一些大国制定外层空间、网络和极地战略，发展全球快速打击手段，加速反导系统建设，增强网络作战能力，抢占新的战略制高点。部分发展中国家保持强军势头，推进军队现代化。国际军控进程有所推进，但防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散形势错综复杂，维护和加强国际防扩散机制任重道远。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

International military competition remains fierce. Major powers are stepping up the realignment of their security and military strategies, accelerating military reform, and vigorously developing new and more sophisticated military technologies. Some powers have worked out strategies for outer space, cyber space and the polar regions, developed means for prompt global strikes, accelerated development of missile defense systems, enhanced cyber operations capabilities to occupy new strategic commanding heights. Some developing countries maintain the push towards strengthening their armed forces, and press on with military modernization. Progress has been made in international arms control, but prevention of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction remains complex, there is still much to do to maintain and strengthen the international non-proliferation mechanism.

亚太地区安全形势总体稳定。亚洲率先实现经济复苏，整体崛起态势进一步巩固。亚洲各国抓住经济全球化和区域经济一体化机遇，致力于促进经济发展和地区稳定，利益共同体和命运共同体意识增强；坚持多边主义和开放的地区主义，积极发展与域内外国家的双边多边合作，努力建设具有地区特色的经济与安全合作机制。上海合作组织在促进地区稳定和发展方面影响增强，东盟共同体建设逐步推进，中国与东盟、东盟与中日韩、中日韩等合作不断深化，亚太经济合作组织继续发展。

The Asia-Pacific security situation is generally stable. Asia has taken the lead in economic recovery, and its growth as a whole has been sustained. With an enhanced sense of shared interests and destiny, Asian countries have seized the opportunities presented by economic globalization and regional economic integration, and maintained a commitment to promoting economic development and regional stability. They have persisted in multilateralism and open regionalism, actively developed bilateral and multilateral cooperation with countries inside and outside the region, and endeavored to build economic and security cooperation mechanisms with regional features. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is playing a growing role in promoting regional stability and development. The integration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is moving ahead. There is growing cooperation in such mechanisms as China-ASEAN, ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan and the Republic of Korea) and China-Japan-ROK. The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) continues to make progress.

亚太地区安全的复杂性、多变性趋于明显。地区热点久拖不决，朝鲜半岛形势不时紧张，阿富汗安全形势依然严峻，部分国家政局动荡。民族和宗教矛盾突出，领土和海洋权益争端时有升温，恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义活动猖獗。亚太地区战略格局酝酿深刻调整，相关大国增加战略投入。美国强化亚太军事同盟体系，加大介入地区安全事务力度。

Nevertheless, Asia-Pacific security is becoming more intricate and volatile. Regional pressure points drag on and without solution in sight. There is intermittent tension on the Korean Peninsula. The security situation in Afghanistan remains serious. Political turbulence persists in some countries. Ethnic and religious discords are evident. Disputes over territorial and maritime rights and interests flare up occasionally. And terrorist, separatist and extremist activities run amok. Profound changes are taking shape in the Asia-Pacific strategic landscape. Relevant major powers are increasing their strategic investment. The United States is reinforcing its regional military alliances, and increasing its involvement in regional security affairs.

中国仍处在发展的重要战略机遇期，安全环境总体有利。有效应对国际金融危机冲击，保持经济平稳较快发展，积极维护国家安全和社会稳定，综合国力迈上新台阶。加强同传统大国和新兴大国的协调合作，深化同周边国家的睦邻友好和务实合作，拓展同广大发展中国家的互利合作，在共同应对全球性挑战中发挥独特作用。中国政府制定并实施新形势下推动两岸关系和平发展的方针政策，促进台海局势保持和平稳定，两岸关系取得重大积极进展。两岸在反对“台独”、坚持“九二共识”基础上增进政治互信，开展对话协商，就全面实现两岸直接双向“三通”、推进经济金融合作等达成一系列协议。两岸关系和平发展符合两岸同胞的利益和愿望，也受到国际社会的普遍欢迎。

China is still in the period of important strategic opportunities for its development, and the overall security environment for it remains favorable. It has coped effectively with the impact of the international financial crisis, and sustained a steady and relatively rapid economic growth. China has vigorously maintained national security and social stability, and its comprehensive national strength has stepped up to a new stage. It has strengthened coordination and cooperation with major traditional powers and emerging countries, reinforced good-neighborly friendship and practical cooperation with neighboring countries, and extended mutually benefiting cooperation with other developing countries. China has played a unique role in collective action with other countries to meet global challenges. The Chinese government has formulated and implemented principles and policies for advancing peaceful development of cross-Strait relations in the new situation, promoted and maintained peace and stability in the area. Significant and positive progress has been achieved in cross-Strait relations. On the basis of opposing "Taiwan independence" and adhering to the "1992 Consensus," the two sides have enhanced political mutual trust, conducted consultations and dialogues, and reached a series of agreements for realizing direct and bilateral exchanges of mail, transport and trade, as well as promoting economic and financial cooperation across the Straits. The peaceful development of cross-Strait relations accords with the interests and aspirations of compatriots on both sides of the Straits, and is widely applauded by the international community.

中国面临的安全挑战更加多元和复杂。中国有辽阔的国土和海域，正处在全面建设小康社会的关键时期，维护国家安全任务繁重。“台独”分裂势力及其分裂活动仍是两岸关系和平发展的最大障碍和威胁。两岸关系发展还面临不少复杂因素的制约。“东突”、“藏独”分裂势力对国家安全和社会稳定造成严重危害。维护国家领土主权、海洋权益压力增大，恐怖主义的现实威胁存在，能源资源、金融、信息、自然灾害等非传统安全问题上升。来自外部的疑虑、干扰和牵制增加。美国违反中美三个联合公报原则，继续向台湾出售武器，严重损害中美关系和两岸关系和平发展。

China is meanwhile confronted by more diverse and complex security challenges. China has vast territories and territorial seas. It is in a critical phase of the building of a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Therefore, it faces heavy demands in safeguarding national security. The "Taiwan independence" separatist force and its activities are still the biggest obstacle and threat to the peaceful development of cross-Strait relations. Further progress in cross-Strait relations is still confronted by some complicating factors. Separatist forces working for "East Turkistan independence" and "Tibet independence" have inflicted serious damage on national security and social stability. Pressure builds up in preserving China’s territorial integrity and maritime rights and interests. Non-traditional security concerns, such as existing terrorism threats, energy, resources, finance, information and natural disasters, are on the rise. Suspicion about China, interference and countering moves against China from the outside are on the increase. The United States, in the defiance of the three Sino-US joint communiqués, continues to sell weapons to Taiwan, severely impeding Sino-US relations and impairing the peaceful development of cross-Strait relations.

面对纷繁复杂的安全形势，中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持综合安全、合作安全、共同安全的理念，奉行互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观，全面维护国家政治、经济、军事、社会、信息等各领域安全，与世界各国一道共同营造和平稳定、平等互信、合作共赢的国际安全环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the face of the complex security environment, China will hold high the banner of peace, development and cooperation, adhere to the concepts of overall security, cooperative security and common security, advocate its new security concept based on mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and cooperation, safeguard political, economic, military, social and information security in an all-round way, and endeavor to foster, together with other countries, an international security environment of peace, stability, equality, mutual trust, cooperation and win-win.

二、国防政策

II. National Defense Policy

中国奉行防御性的国防政策。依照宪法和法律，中国武装力量肩负对外抵抗侵略、保卫祖国，对内维护社会大局稳定、保卫人民和平劳动的神圣职责。建设与国家安全和发展利益相适应的巩固国防和强大军队，是中国现代化建设的战略任务，是中国各族人民的共同事业。

China pursues a national defense policy which is defensive in nature. In accordance with the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China and other relevant laws, the armed forces of China undertake the sacred duty of resisting foreign aggression, defending the motherland, and safeguarding overall social stability and the peaceful labor of its people. To build a fortified national defense and strong armed forces compatible with national security and development interests is a strategic task of China’s modernization, and a common cause of the people of all ethnic groups.

中国的发展道路、根本任务、对外政策和历史文化传统，决定中国必然实行防御性的国防政策。中国坚定不移地走和平发展道路，对内努力构建社会主义和谐社会，对外推动建设持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。中国坚定不移地推进改革开放和社会主义现代化建设，既利用和平的国际环境发展自己，又通过自己的发展维护世界和平。中国坚定不移地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，在坚持和平共处五项原则的基础上同所有国家发展友好合作。中国坚定不移地秉承中华民族优秀文化传统和以和为贵的和平理念，主张用非军事手段解决争端、慎重对待战争和战略上后发制人。不论现在还是将来，不论发展到什么程度，中国都永远不称霸，永远不搞军事扩张。

The pursuit of a national defense policy which is defensive in nature is determined by China’s development path, its fundamental aims, its foreign policy, and its historical and cultural traditions. China unswervingly takes the road of peaceful development, strives to build a harmonious socialist society internally, and promotes the building of a harmonious world enjoying lasting peace and common prosperity externally. China unswervingly advances its reform and opening up as well as socialist modernization, making use of the peaceful international environment for its own development which in return will contribute to world peace. China unswervingly pursues an independent foreign policy of peace and promotes friendly cooperation with all countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. China unswervingly maintains its fine cultural traditions and its belief in valuing peace above all else, advocating the settlement of disputes through peaceful means, prudence on the issue of war, and the strategy of "attacking only after being attacked." China will never seek hegemony, nor will it adopt the approach of military expansion now or in the future, no matter how its economy develops.

两岸统一是中华民族走向伟大复兴的历史必然。海峡两岸中国人有责任共同终结两岸敌对的历史，竭力避免再出现骨肉同胞兵戎相见。两岸应积极面向未来，努力创造条件，通过平等协商，逐步解决历史遗留问题和两岸关系发展进程中的新问题。两岸可以就在国家尚未统一的特殊情况下的政治关系展开务实探讨。可以适时就军事问题进行接触交流，探讨建立军事安全互信机制问题，以利于共同采取进一步稳定台海局势、减轻军事安全顾虑的措施。两岸应在一个中国原则的基础上协商正式结束敌对状态，达成和平协议。

The two sides of the Taiwan Strait are destined to ultimate reunification in the course of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. It is the responsibility of the Chinese people on both sides of the Straits to work hand in hand to end the history of hostility, and to avoid repeating the history of armed conflict between fellow countrymen. The two sides should take a positive attitude toward the future, and strive to create favorable conditions to gradually resolve, through consultation on an equal footing, both issues inherited from the past and new ones that emerge in the development of cross-Strait relations. The two sides may discuss political relations in the special situation that China is not yet reunified in a pragmatic manner. The two sides can hold contacts and exchanges on military issues at an appropriate time and talk about a military security mechanism of mutual trust, in a bid to act together to adopt measures to further stabilize cross-Strait relations and ease concerns regarding military security. The two sides should hold consultations on the basis of upholding the one-China principle to formally end hostilities and reach a peace agreement.

新时期中国国防的目标和任务，主要有以下内容：

The goals and tasks of China’s national defense in the new era are defined as follows:

——维护国家主权、安全、发展利益。防备和抵抗侵略，保卫领陆、内水、领海、领空的安全，维护国家海洋权益，维护国家在太空、电磁、网络空间的安全利益。反对和遏制“台独”，打击“东突”、“藏独”等分裂势力，捍卫国家主权和领土完整。服从服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，维护国家发展的重要战略机遇期。贯彻新时期积极防御的军事战略方针，坚持独立自主和全民自卫原则，加强武装力量建设和边防、海防、空防建设，加强国家战略能力建设。中国始终奉行不首先使用核武器的政策，坚持自卫防御的核战略，不与任何国家进行核军备竞赛。

-- Safeguarding national sovereignty, security and interests of national development. China’s national defense is tasked to guard against and resist aggression, defend the security of China’s lands, inland waters, territorial waters and airspace, safeguard its maritime rights and interests, and maintain its security interests in space, electromagnetic space and cyber space. It is also tasked to oppose and contain the separatist forces for "Taiwan independence," crack down on separatist forces for "East Turkistan independence" and "Tibet independence," and defend national sovereignty and territorial integrity. National defense is both subordinate to and in service of the country’s development and security strategies. It safeguards this important period of strategic opportunities for national development. China implements the military strategy of active defense of the new era, adheres to the principles of independence and self-defense by the whole nation, strengthens the construction of its armed forces and that of its border, territorial sea and territorial air defenses, and enhances national strategic capabilities. China consistently upholds the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons, adheres to a self-defensive nuclear strategy, and will never enter into a nuclear arms race with any other country.

——维护社会和谐稳定。中国武装力量忠实践行全心全意为人民服务的宗旨，积极参加和支援国家经济社会建设，依法维护国家安全和社会稳定。发挥人才、装备、技术、基础设施等方面的有利条件，为地方基础设施和重点工程建设、扶贫帮困和改善民生、生态环境建设贡献力量。科学组织非战争军事行动准备，针对面临的非传统安全威胁搞好战略预置，加强应急专业力量建设，提高遂行反恐维稳、应急救援、安全警戒任务的能力。坚决完成抢险救灾等急难险重任务，保护人民群众生命财产安全。把维护社会大局稳定作为重要任务，坚决打击敌对势力颠覆破坏活动，打击各种暴力恐怖活动。发扬拥政爱民光荣传统，严格遵守国家政策法规，巩固军政军民团结。

-- Maintaining social harmony and stability. The Chinese armed forces loyally follow the tenet of serving the people wholeheartedly, actively participate in and support national economic and social development, and safeguard national security and social stability in accordance with the law. Exercising to the full their advantageous conditions in human resources, equipment, technology and infrastructure, the armed forces contribute to the building of civilian infrastructure and other engineering construction projects, to poverty-alleviation initiatives, to improvements in people’s livelihood, and to ecological and environmental conservation. They organize preparations for military operations other than war (MOOTW) in a scientific way, work out pre-designed strategic programs against non-traditional security threats, reinforce the building of specialized forces for emergency response, and enhance capabilities in counter-terrorism and stability maintenance, emergency rescue, and the protection of security. They resolutely undertake urgent, difficult, dangerous, and arduous tasks of emergency rescue and disaster relief, thereby securing lives and property of the people. Taking the maintenance of overall social stability as a critical task, the armed forces resolutely subdue all subversive and sabotage activities by hostile forces, as well as violent and terrorist activities. The Chinese armed forces carry on the glorious tradition of supporting the government and cherishing the people, strictly abide by state policies, laws and regulations and consolidate the unity between the military and the government and between the military and the people.

——推进国防和军队现代化。着眼2020年基本实现机械化并使信息化建设取得重大进展的目标，坚持以机械化为基础，以信息化为主导，广泛运用信息技术成果，推进机械化信息化复合发展和有机融合。拓展和深化军事斗争准备，牵引和带动现代化建设整体发展。深化信息化条件下联合作战理论研究，推进高新技术武器装备建设，发展新型作战力量，着力构建信息化条件下联合作战体系。深入推进机械化条件下军事训练向信息化条件下军事训练转变，加紧实施人才战略工程，加大全面建设现代后勤力度，提高以打赢信息化条件下局部战争能力为核心的完成多样化军事任务能力，全面履行新世纪新阶段军队历史使命。统筹经济建设和国防建设，实行军民融合式发展，建立完善军民结合、寓军于民的武器装备科研生产体系、军队人才培养体系和军队保障体系。积极稳妥地深化国防和军队改革，加强战略筹划和管理，努力推进国防和军队建设科学发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Accelerating the modernization of national defense and the armed forces. Bearing in mind the primary goal of accomplishing mechanization and attaining major progress in informationization by 2020, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) perseveres with mechanization as the foundation and informationization as the driving force, making extensive use of its achievements in information technology, and stepping up the composite and integrated development of mechanization and informationization. The PLA has expanded and made profound preparations for military struggle, which serve as both pull and impetus to the overall development of modernization. It intensifies theoretical studies on joint operations under conditions of informationization, advances the development of high-tech weaponry and equipment, develops new types of combat forces, strives to establish joint operation systems in conditions of informationization, accelerates the transition from military training under conditions of mechanization to military training in conditions of informationization, presses ahead with implementation of the strategic project for talented people, invests greater efforts in building a modern logistics capability, and enhances its capabilities in accomplishing diversified military tasks in order to win local wars under the conditions of informationization, so as to accomplish its historical missions at the new stage in the new century. The state takes economic development and national defense building into simultaneous consideration, adopts a mode of integrated civilian-military development. It endeavors to establish and improve systems of weaponry and equipment research and manufacturing, military personnel training, and logistical support, that integrate military with civilian purposes and combine military efforts with civilian support. China vigorously and steadily advances reform of national defense and the armed forces, strengthens strategic planning and management, and endeavors to promote the scientific development of the national defense and armed forces.

——维护世界和平稳定。坚持互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观，主张用和平方式解决地区热点问题和国际争端，反对任意使用武力或以武力相威胁，反对侵略扩张，反对霸权主义和强权政治。按照和平共处五项原则开展对外军事交往，发展不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的军事合作关系，推动建立公平有效的集体安全机制和军事互信机制。坚持开放、务实、合作的理念，深化国际安全合作，加强与主要国家和周边国家的战略协作和磋商，加强与发展中国家的军事交流与合作，参加联合国维和行动、海上护航、国际反恐合作和救灾行动。支持按照公正、合理、全面、均衡的原则，实现有效裁军和军备控制，维护全球战略稳定。

-- Maintaining world peace and stability. China consistently upholds the new security concepts of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination, advocates the settlement of international disputes and regional flashpoint issues through peaceful means, opposes resort to the use or threat to use of force at will, opposes acts of aggression and expansion, and opposes hegemony and power politics in any form. China conducts military exchanges with other countries following the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, develops cooperative military relations that are non-aligned, non-confrontational and not directed against any third party, and promotes the establishment of just and effective collective security mechanisms and military confidence-building mechanisms. China adheres to the concepts of openness, pragmatism and cooperation, expands its participation in international security cooperation, strengthens strategic coordination and consultation with major powers and neighboring countries, enhances military exchanges and cooperation with developing countries, and takes part in UN peace-keeping operations, maritime escort, international counter-terrorism cooperation, and disaster relief operations. In line with the principles of being just, reasonable, comprehensive and balanced, China stands for effective disarmament and arms control, and endeavors to maintain global strategic stability.

三、人民解放军的现代化建设

III. Modernization of the People’s Liberation Army

新中国成立60多年来，人民解放军的现代化建设取得巨大成就，已由过去单一军种发展成为诸军兵种合成、具有一定现代化水平并开始向信息化迈进的强大军队。近年来，人民解放军按照革命化现代化正规化相统一的原则加强军队全面建设，不断把中国特色军事变革推向前进。

Over the 60 years and more since its founding, the PLA has made great achievements in its modernization. It has grown from a single service into a strong military force featuring a range of services and arms, and is now beginning to make progress towards informationization. In recent years, the PLA has enhanced its comprehensive development in accordance with the principle of integrating revolutionization, modernization and regularization, and continuously accelerated revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics.

军队现代化发展历程

History of the PLA’s Modernization

新中国成立后，人民解放军确立了建设优良的现代化革命军队的总方针总任务。建设海军、空军以及其他技术兵种，发展机械化武器装备和用于自卫的核武器，建立正规化军事制度和院校教育体系，加强思想政治工作，在军队指挥、编制、训练、制度等方面实现一系列变革，开始由军队建设的初级阶段向掌握现代军事科学技术的高级阶段转变。

Following the founding of the New China in 1949, the PLA set a general guideline and objective of building outstanding, modernized and revolutionary armed forces. It built the Navy, the Air Force and other technical arms, and developed mechanized weaponry and equipment, as well as nuclear weapons for the purpose of self-defense. It established regularized military rules, formed a system of institutional education, and strengthened ideological and political work. It carried out a series of reforms in military command, organization and structure, training, and regulations. The PLA began to develop from a primary to an advanced level in mastering modern military science and technologies.

在改革开放的历史条件下，人民解放军走上中国特色精兵之路。军队建设指导思想实行从临战状态向和平时期建设的战略性转变，在服从和服务于国家建设大局的前提下，有计划有步骤地推进以现代化为中心的军队建设。按照精兵、合成、高效的原则进行重大调整改革，减少数量，提高质量，增强军队在现代战争条件下的自卫能力。

Under the new historical conditions of reform and opening-up, the PLA embarked on a road of building a streamlined military with Chinese characteristics. As its guiding principle for military build-up underwent a strategic shift from preparations for imminent wars to peacetime construction, the PLA advanced its modernization step by step in a well-planned way under the precondition that such efforts should be both subordinate to and in the service of the country’s overall development. The PLA underwent significant adjustment and reform in accordance with the principles of making itself streamlined, combined and efficient, downsized in scale, upgraded in quality, and boosted its capability of self-defense in modern conditions of warfare.

适应世界军事发展新趋势，人民解放军按照政治合格、军事过硬、作风优良、纪律严明、保障有力的总要求全面建设部队。把推进中国特色军事变革作为军队现代化发展的必由之路，实施科技强军战略，逐步实现由数量规模型向质量效能型、由人力密集型向科技密集型转变。制定“三步走”发展战略，走以机械化为基础、以信息化为主导的跨越式发展道路。以军事斗争准备牵引现代化建设，提高信息化条件下的防卫作战能力。

Adapting itself to new trends in world military development, the PLA, by following the general requirements of being qualified politically and competent militarily, and having a superior modus operandi, strict discipline, and reliable logistics support, strengthened its overall development, regarded revolution in military affairs with Chinese characteristics as the only way to modernize the military. By adopting a strategy of strengthening the military by means of science and technology, the PLA gradually shifted its focus from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, from a manpower-intensive to a technology-intensive model. It laid down a three-step development strategy and adopted a step-change approach which takes mechanization as the foundation and informationization as the focus. It took preparations for military struggle as the driving force for its modernization, and enhanced its capability in defensive operations in conditions of informationization.

面对国家安全需求的新发展新变化，人民解放军在更高的起点上推进现代化。适应打赢信息化条件下局部战争要求，加强新型作战力量建设，加强以信息化为主导的机械化信息化复合发展，提高基于信息系统的体系作战能力，实现火力、机动力、防护力、保障力和信息力整体提高。

To meet the new and changing needs of national security, the PLA tries to accentuate modernization from a higher platform. It strengthens the building of a new type of combat capability to win local wars in conditions of informationization, strengthens the composite development of mechanization and informationization with the latter as the leading factor, focuses informationization on raising its fighting capabilities based on information systems, and enhances the capabilities in fire power, mobility, protection, support and informationization.

陆军、海军、空军和第二炮兵建设

Building of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Second Artillery Force

陆军按照机动作战、立体攻防的战略要求，加大改革创新和建设力度，推进部队整体转型。加强新型作战力量建设，优化部队编成结构，强化信息化条件下军事训练，加快主战装备数字化升级改造、新型武器平台成建制换装，远程机动与综合突击能力显著增强。陆军机动作战部队包括18个集团军和部分独立合成作战师(旅)。集团军由师、旅编成，分别隶属于沈阳、北京、兰州、济南、南京、广州、成都7个军区。

In line with the strategic requirements of mobile operations and tri-dimensional offense and defense, the PLA Army (PLAA) has invested additional efforts in reform, innovation and development, and advanced the overall transformation of the service. The PLAA has emphasized the development of new types of combat forces, optimized its organization and structure, strengthened military training in conditions of informationization, accelerated the digitized upgrading and retrofitting of main battle weaponry, organically deployed new types of weapon platforms, and significantly boosted its capabilities in long-distance maneuvers and integrated assaults. The PLAA mobile operational units include 18 combined corps, plus additional independent combined operational divisions (brigades). The combined corps, consisting of divisions and brigades, are respectively under the seven military area commands of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu.

陆军兵种建设取得重大进展。装甲兵加强数字化部队建设，加快摩托化部队改建机械化部队步伐，重型、轻型、两栖和空降突击作战体系不断完善。炮兵发展信息化程度较高的武器装备和新型弹药，形成战役战术全纵深火力打击体系，具备一定的侦察、控制、打击、评估一体的精确作战能力。防空兵加快发展新型雷达、指挥信息系统和中高空地空导弹，形成新型弹炮结合的火力拦截体系，具备较强的对空作战能力。陆军航空兵加快推进由支援保障型向主战突击型转变，进一步优化作战力量结构，根据任务需要实行模块化编组，改进武装、运输和勤务直升机性能，火力突击、战场投送和支援保障能力明显增强。工程兵加速建设平战结合、反应灵活、多能一体的新型作战保障力量，加强抢险救灾应急专业力量建设，综合作战保障能力和遂行非战争军事行动任务能力进一步提高。防化兵积极推进平战结合、军民结合、军兵种结合的核生化防护一体化建设，形成较强的全时空、全地域核生化防护保障能力。

The PLAA has made great progress in strengthening its arms. The armored component has strengthened the development of digitized units, accelerated the mechanization of motorized units, and improved its combat system, which combines heavy, light, amphibious and air-borne assault forces. The artillery component has been working on new types of weapons, equipment, and ammunition with higher levels of informationization, forming an operational and tactical in-depth strike system, and developing the capacity to carry out precision operations with integrated reconnaissance, control, strike and assessment capabilities. The air defense component has stepped up the development of new types of radar, command information systems, and medium- and high-altitude ground-to-air missiles. It has formed a new interception system consisting of anti-aircraft artillery and missiles, and possesses enhanced capabilities of medium- and low-altitude air and missile defense operations. The PLAA aviation wing has worked to move from being a support force to being a main-battle assault force, further optimized its combat force structure, and conducted modularized grouping according to different tasks. It has upgraded armed helicopters, transport and service helicopters, and significantly improved its capabilities in air strike, force projection, and support. The engineering component has accelerated its transformation into a new model of integrated and multi-functional support force which is rapid in response and can be used both in peacetime and in war. It has also strengthened its special capabilities in emergency rescue and disaster relief. In this way, capabilities in integral combat support and military operations other than MOOTW missions have been further enhanced. The chemical defense component has worked to develop an integrated force for nuclear, biological and chemical defense which operates both in peacetime and in war, combines civilian and military efforts, and integrates systems from various arms and services. It has developed enhanced permanent, multi-dimensional and multi-terrain defense capabilities against nuclear, biological and chemical threats.

海军按照近海防御的战略要求，注重提高综合作战力量现代化水平，增强战略威慑与反击能力，发展远海合作与应对非传统安全威胁能力。突出正规系统的基础训练，加强复杂电磁环境下实战化训练，作战能力进一步提高。组织舰艇编队远海训练，建立非战争军事行动训练模式。按计划补充部分新型潜艇、护卫舰、飞机和大型保障舰船。加强综合保障基地建设，基本形成与兵力部署相一致、与武器装备发展相协调的岸基保障体系。加快海上后勤保障平台建设，大型万吨级制式医院船以及救护艇、救护直升机装备部队，进一步提高了海上保障能力。探索海上长时间执行任务的后勤保障方法。海军下辖北海、东海和南海3个舰队，舰队下辖舰队航空兵、保障基地、舰艇支队、水警区、航空兵师和陆战旅等部队。

In line with the requirements of offshore defense strategy, the PLA Navy (PLAN) endeavors to accelerate the modernization of its integrated combat forces, enhances its capabilities in strategic deterrence and counterattack, and develops its capabilities in conducting operations in distant waters and in countering non-traditional security threats. It seeks to further improve its combat capabilities through regularized and systematic basic training and actual combat training in complex electromagnetic environments. By organizing naval vessels for drills in distant waters, it develops training models for MOOTW missions. New types of submarines, frigates, aircraft and large support vessels have been deployed as planned. The PLAN enhances the construction of composite support bases so as to build a shore-based support system which matches the deployment of forces and the development of weaponry and equipment. The Navy has accelerated the building of surface logistical platforms by deploying ambulance boats and helicopters, and a standard 10,000 DWT hospital ship, and is working to further improve its surface support capabilities. The Navy explores new methods of logistics support for sustaining long-time maritime missions. There are three fleets under the Navy, namely, the Beihai Fleet, the Donghai Fleet and the Nanhai Fleet, each of which has under its command fleet aviation, support bases, flotillas, maritime garrison commands, aviation divisions and marine brigades.

空军按照攻防兼备的战略要求，有计划推进现代化转型建设。充实完善空军发展战略和人才发展战略，深化信息化条件下空军作战和转型问题研究。加强以空中进攻、防空反导、战略投送为重点的作战力量体系建设，健全完善领导指挥体系，建立信息化、网络化、基地化支援保障体系。深入开展复杂电磁环境下体系对抗训练，进行一系列带有战术背景的演习演练和战役集训。加强以首都为中心、边境沿海一线为重点的日常防空战备工作，组织完成国家重大活动空中安保及抢险救灾、国际救援、应急空运等非战争军事行动任务。陆续装备预警机、第三代作战飞机等先进武器装备。空军下辖沈阳、北京、兰州、济南、南京、广州、成都7个军区空军和1个空降兵军。军区空军下辖航空兵师、地空导弹师(旅、团)、高炮旅(团)、雷达旅(团)、电子对抗团(营)等，航空兵师下辖航空兵团和驻地场站。

To satisfy the strategic requirements of conducting both offensive and defensive operations, the modernization and transformation of the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) follows a carefully-structured plan. It strengthens and improves the PLAAF development and personnel development strategies, and enhances its research into the operation and transformation of air forces in conditions of informationization. The PLAAF is working to ensure the development of a combat force structure that focuses on air strikes, air and missile defense, and strategic projection, to improve its leadership and command system and build up an informationized, networked base support system. It conducts training on confrontation between systems in complex electromagnetic environments, and carries out maneuvers, drills and operational assembly training in different tactical contexts. The PLAAF strengthens routine combat readiness of air defenses, taking the defense of the capital as the center and the defense of coastal and border areas as the key. It has carried out MOOTWs, such as air security for major national events, emergency rescue and disaster relief, international rescue, and emergency airlift. It has gradually deployed airborne early warning and control aircraft, third-generation combat aircraft, and other advanced weaponry and equipment. The PLAAF has under it an air command in each of the seven military area commands of Shenyang, Beijing, Lanzhou, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Chengdu. It also has under its command an airborne corps. Under each air command at military area level are aviation divisions, ground-to-air missile divisions (brigades and regiments), anti-aircraft artillery brigades (regiments), radar brigades (regiments), electronic countermeasures (ECM) regiments (battalions), and other units. An aviation division has under its command aviation regiments and related stations.

第二炮兵按照精干有效的原则，推进部队现代化建设，提高快速反应、有效突防、精确打击、综合毁伤和生存防护能力，战略威慑和防卫作战能力逐步提高。构建具有战略导弹部队特色的军事训练体系，完善基地训练、模拟训练、网络训练条件，开展跨区驻训演练，深化复杂电磁环境下对抗性训练。建成多个重点学科实验室、专业实验室和基础教学实验室，成功研制导弹自动化测试系统、战役战术指挥控制系统、战略导弹训练模拟系统、作战阵地人员生存保障系统。加强安全体系建设，严格落实安全制度，确保导弹武器装备、作战阵地等重点要害部位安全，在核武器管理方面始终保持良好安全记录。经过多年建设发展，第二炮兵已经成为一支核常兼备的战略力量。

Following the principle of building a lean and effective force, the PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) strives to push forward its modernization and improves its capabilities in rapid reaction, penetration, precision strike, damage infliction, protection, and survivability, while steadily enhancing its capabilities in strategic deterrence and defensive operations. It continues to develop a military training system unique with the strategic missile force, improve the conditions of on-base, simulated and networked training, conduct trans-regional maneuvers and training with opposing forces in complex electromagnetic environments. It has set up laboratories for key disciplines, specialties and basic education, and successfully developed systems for automatic missile testing, operational and tactical command and control, strategic missile simulation training, and the support system for the survival of combatants in operational positions. It has worked to strengthen its safety systems, strictly implement safety regulations, and ensure the safety of missile weaponry and equipment, operational positions and other key elements. It has continued to maintain good safety records in nuclear weapon management. Through the years, the PLASAF has grown into a strategic force equipped with both nuclear and conventional missiles.

加快信息化建设

Accelerating Informationization

人民解放军紧紧围绕建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争的战略目标，整体设计，分步实施，努力解决制约体系作战能力形成和提高的突出问题，部队信息化条件下作战能力明显提升。

In line with its strategic objective of building informationized armed forces and winning informationized wars, and with overall planning and phased implementation, the PLA is trying to break through major bottlenecks which hinder the building and improvement of combat effectiveness of systems. The fighting capabilities of the armed forces in conditions of informationization have been significantly raised.

信息基础设施建设实现跨越式发展。国防通信光纤总里程与十几年前相比大幅增长，建成以光纤通信为主，以卫星、短波通信为辅的新一代信息传输网络。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

A step-change development has been achieved in information infrastructure. The total length of the national defense optical fiber communication network has increased by a large margin, forming a new generation information transmission network with optical fiber communication as the mainstay and satellite and short-wave communications as assistance.

侦察情报、指挥控制和战场环境信息系统建设取得长足进步，后勤和装备保障业务信息系统得到推广应用。指挥控制系统与作战力量和保障系统初步实现互联互通，命令传输、情报分发和指挥引导更加快捷高效。

Significant progress has been made in building information systems for reconnaissance and intelligence, command and control, and battlefield environment awareness. Information systems have been widely applied in logistics and equipment support. A preliminary level has been achieved in interoperability among command and control systems, combat forces, and support systems, making order transmission, intelligence distribution, command and guidance more efficient and rapid.

信息化建设的战略筹划和领导管理得到加强，法规标准和政策制度进一步完善。采取业务集训、远程教学等多种形式，普及信息化知识，开展技能培训。联合作战指挥人才、信息化建设管理人才、信息技术专业人才、新装备操作和维护人才队伍建设取得明显成效，适应信息化建设需要的高素质新型军事人才群体逐步扩大。

Strategic planning, leadership and management of informationization have been strengthened, and relevant laws, regulations, standards, policies and systems further improved. A range of measures, such as assembly training and long-distance education, have been taken to disseminate knowledge on information and skills in applying it. Notable achievements have been made in the training of commanding officers for joint operations, management personnel for informationization, personnel specialized in information technology, and personnel for the operation and maintenance of new equipment. The complement of new-mode and high-caliber military personnel who can meet the needs of informationization has been steadily enlarged.

构建联合作战体系

Building Joint Operation Systems

人民解放军坚持把联合作战体系建设作为军队现代化建设和军事斗争准备的重点内容，提高基于信息系统的体系作战能力。

The PLA takes the building of joint operation systems as the focal point of its modernization and preparations for military struggle, and strives to enhance its fighting capabilities based on information systems.

深化作战理论研究。发布施行新一代联合战役、联合作战指挥条令及相关保障条令，编写一系列联合战役学科理论专著和训练教材，基本形成联合作战理论体系和联合战役训练方法体系。

Intensifying research into operational theories. A new generation of doctrines on command in joint campaigns and operations, and other relevant supporting doctrines have been issued and implemented, and a series of theoretical works and training textbooks on joint campaigns have been compiled, which have formed the basic theoretical framework for joint operations and a methodological system for joint campaign training.

加强作战力量建设。适应军队信息化建设需要，改革完善领导指挥体制，调整优化作战力量编成结构，充实新型作战力量和保障力量，突出陆上群队、海上编队和空中编队建设，积极推进军兵种建设转型，逐步提高模块化编组和合成化使用水平，努力构建精干、联合、多能、高效的作战力量体系。

Strengthening the building of combat forces. Catering to the needs of the military’s informationization, the PLA reforms and improves its leadership and command systems, adjusts and optimizes the organization and structure of combat forces, deploys new types of combat and support forces, gives priority to the building of land, maritime and air task formations, speeds up the transformation of various arms and services, and raises the level of modularized grouping and combined employment, so as to form a system of streamlined, joint, multi-functional and efficient system of combat forces.

完善作战指挥体系。按照权威、精干、灵便、高效的要求，加快构建体系健全、编成合理，平战一体、三军联合，机制完善、顺畅高效的联合作战指挥体系。

Improving operational command systems. To ensure an authoritative, lean, agile and efficient operational capability, the PLA speeds up the building of a joint operational command system, which features sound structure and organization, applicability in both peacetime and war, tri-service integration, optimized mechanisms, smoothness in operation and high efficiency.

提高综合保障能力。按照体系保障、精确保障和集约保障的要求，加强综合作战与保障基地建设，优化战场布局，完善指挥控制、侦察情报、通信、测绘导航、气象水文阵地工程和后方仓库、军事交通、装备修理设施，初步形成适应武器装备发展、满足部队遂行攻防作战任务需要的战场支援保障能力。健全联合保障机制，提高综合保障信息化水平，基本建成战略战役战术保障相衔接的综合支援保障体系。

Enhancing integrated support capabilities. Following the principle of providing systematic, precise and intensive support, the PLA strengthens the construction of composite combat and support bases, optimizes battlefield support layout, and improves position facilities for the following services: command and control, reconnaissance and intelligence, communication, surveying and mapping, navigation, meteorological and hydrological support as well as rear storage facilities, military communication and equipment maintenance facilities, thus forming an initial battlefield support capability that matches the development of weaponry and equipment and satisfies the needs of combat units in offensive and defensive operations. The PLA has improved joint support mechanisms, enhanced IT-based integrated support, and established a basic integrated support system linking strategic, operational and tactical levels.

推进军事训练转变

Promoting Transition in Military Training

人民解放军坚持把军事训练作为生成和提高部队战斗力的基本途径，全面深化训练改革，积极推进机械化条件下军事训练向信息化条件下军事训练转变。

The PLA upholds that military training is the basic means to generate and raise combat effectiveness, and is working to reform training in all respects, and accelerate the transition from training in conditions of mechanization to training in conditions of informationization.

改革军事训练内容。按照新一代《军事训练与考核大纲》组织实施训练，加强首长机关指挥训练，强化指挥信息系统和信息化武器装备操作训练，突出信息化知识学习。加强使命课题训练，推进维护海洋、太空和电磁空间安全的研究与训练，有针对性地开展非战争军事行动训练。研究电子对抗装备技术性能和战术运用特点，加强抗干扰训练、电子对抗训练，开展复杂电磁环境下作战行动演练。

Reforming training tasks. In accordance with the new edition of the Outline for Military Training and Evaluation, the PLA intensifies training of command organs, training in operating command information systems and informationized weaponry and equipment, and information skills. It enhances training to fulfill its missions, strengthens research and training in maintaining maritime, space and electromagnetic space security, and carries out MOOTW training. It studies the technical and tactical performance of electronic countermeasures (ECM) equipment, intensifies anti-jamming (AJ) and ECM training, and organizes operational training exercises in complex electromagnetic environments.

创新军事训练方式方法。坚持以上带下，以战略训练统领战役训练，以联合战役训练引领军种战役训练，以战役指挥训练带动部队训练，促进各层次训练有机衔接。依托指挥信息系统，进行各类作战单元合成训练、各种作战要素集成训练和全系统全要素联合训练。深化编组联训、对抗性训练，突出复杂电磁环境、复杂陌生地形、复杂气候条件下训练，开展战役级首长机关带建制师(旅)跨区演习，加大训练考核评估力度，按实战要求、战时编组和作战流程组织训练。

Innovating training methodologies. With a top-down approach to training, the PLA organizes campaign-level training within the framework of strategic-level training, service campaign-level training in accordance with the joint campaign-level training, and unit training within the framework of campaign-level command post training, in an effort to merge training at different levels into an organic whole. Based on and supported by command information systems, the PLA organizes combined training of different combat components, assembly training of various combat elements, and joint training of all systems and all components. It intensifies joint training of task formations and confrontational training, and places emphasis on training in complex electromagnetic environments, unfamiliar terrain, and complex weather conditions. The PLA holds trans-regional exercises for organic divisions (brigades) led by campaign-level command organs, raises training evaluation standards, and organizes training based on the needs, formations and procedures of actual combat.

改进军事训练手段。加紧建设适应联合训练需要的大型综合训练基地，加快合同战术训练基地以复杂电磁环境建设为重点的信息化改造，发展模拟训练器材和系统，完善军事训练信息网络。

Improving military training means. The PLA speeds up the construction of large-scale integrated training bases which meet the requirements raised by joint training, as well as IT-based upgrading of combined tactical training bases, with the priority being given to the construction of complex electromagnetic environments. The PLA strives to develop simulation training devices and systems, and improve training information network.

深化训练管理改革。优化训练领导管理体制，完善训练法规，落实训练责任制。改革训练考评，细化单位和个人训练标准，加强量化分析评估，推动军事训练全过程全要素精细管理。

Reforming training management. The PLA is working to optimize its leadership and management system, update regulations, and implement a system of accountability for training. It reforms its training evaluation system, formulates detailed criteria for individual and unit performance, enhances quantitative analysis and evaluation, and enforces meticulous management of the whole process and all aspects of military training.

创新政治工作

Innovating Political Work

人民解放军以创新精神推动政治工作，使政治工作适应新形势、实现新发展。2010年8月新修订发布的《中国人民解放军政治工作条例》明确提出，军队政治工作必须从思想上、政治上、组织上确保军队始终成为党绝对领导下的人民军队，确保国防和军队建设科学发展，确保有效履行新世纪新阶段军队历史使命。

In a spirit of innovation, the PLA strives to push forward its political work so as to make it adapt to new situations and achieve new development. The newly revised Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, promulgated in August 2010, expressly stipulates that the political work of the PLA must guarantee - politically, ideologically and organizationally - the nature of the people’s army under the absolute leadership of the Party, the scientific development of the national defense and armed forces, and the performance of the PLA’s historical missions at this new stage in the new century.

全军紧贴时代发展、紧贴使命任务、紧贴官兵实际，改进和创新政治工作，增强政治工作的科学性。通过思想教育、舆论引导、文化熏陶等方式，培育“忠诚于党，热爱人民，报效国家，献身使命，崇尚荣誉”的当代革命军人核心价值观。研究新形势给部队建设带来的新情况和给官兵思想带来的新变化，提高政治工作的针对性实效性。建成联通全军部队和院校的政治工作网，为边海防部队配发数字电影播放设备，实现宣传教育网络化和信息传递实时化。

Closely in line with the times, the tasks and missions, and the characteristics of its officers and men, the PLA is working to improve and innovate its political work to achieve a more scientific approach. Through education in ideology, guidance of opinion, and cultural edification, the core values of the contemporary revolutionary serviceman of "loyalty to the Party, love of the people, service to the country, dedication to the mission, and belief in honor" have been fostered. In order to keep its political work effective and focused, the PLA also strives to study new conditions regarding the building of armed forces and changes to the state of mind of officers and men brought about by the new situations. The PLA has built a PLA-wide political network connecting all units and educational institutions, issued digitalized movie players to all border and coastal defense units, so as to realize networked education and real-time information transmission.

2009年3月印发的《关于加强非战争军事行动政治工作意见》，要求准确把握非战争军事行动中政治工作特点规律，紧贴任务实际开展工作，拓展政治工作的服务保障领域和功能。2009年10月印发的《关于加强新形势下军队心理服务工作的意见》，要求开展心理测评、心理训练和心理危机干预等心理服务工作，规定5年内旅团级部队至少有1名专职心理医生，连级分队有3名以上心理骨干。

Opinions on Strengthening Political Work in MOOTW, promulgated in March 2009, stipulates that the PLA should have a good understanding and mastery of the characteristics and laws of political work in MOOTWs, keep in line with tasks and realities, and explore new areas and functions of the supporting role of political work. Opinions on Improving Psychological Services in the Armed Forces under the New Situation, promulgated in October 2009, requires the provision of psychological health services, such as psychological evaluation, psychological training and psychological crisis intervention. It also rules that within five years there must be at least one professional psychotherapist for each brigade- (regiment-) level unit, and three or more specially trained psychological assistants for each company-level unit.

实施人才战略工程

Implementing the Strategic Project for Talented Individuals

人民解放军深入推进人才战略工程，努力培养造就大批高素质新型军事人才。坚持以提高思想政治素质为根本，以加快推进能力转型为主线，以联合作战指挥人才、信息化建设管理人才、信息技术专业人才、新装备操作和维护人才培养为重点，深入推进指挥军官、参谋、科学家、技术专家和士官队伍建设。

The PLA is further implementing the strategic project for talents in an effort to increase its complement of new-type and high-caliber military personnel. It further promotes the cultivation of a contingent of commanding officers, staff officers, scientists, technical experts and non-commissioned officers (NCOs) by taking the improvement of ideological and political qualities as the foundation, the transformation of capabilities as the main theme, the cultivation of joint operation commanders, informationization professionals, IT specialists, and experts in operating and maintaining new types of equipment as focus.

深化干部政策制度调整改革。2009年1月发布的《军队干部选拔任用工作程序规定(试行)》，要求进一步扩大民主、规范程序、强化监督，提高选人用人的科学性、准确性和公信度。印发参谋军官、专业技术军官考核评价实施办法和通用考核评价标准，制定专业技术人才政策制度调整改革总体方案。

The PLA is continuing to adjust and reform its management system for military officers. Issued in January 2009, the Regulations on Work Procedures for the Selection and Appointment of Military Cadres (Trial) requires that democracy be promoted, procedures regulated, supervision tightened, and rationality, accuracy, fairness and credibility raised in the selection and appointment of military cadres. The PLA has issued implementation measures and general standards for the evaluation of staff officers and specialized technical officers, and formulated an overall plan for the adjustment and reform of management systems for specialized technical personnel.

突出联合作战指挥人才和高层次科技创新人才培养。编印联合作战基础知识读本，开办全军联合作战知识讲座。评选表彰优秀指挥军官和参谋人才，对有发展潜力的优秀参谋和营连主官进行重点培养。着眼培养联合作战指挥人才，改革军事硕士专业学位研究生培养模式。发布施行《军队高层次科技创新人才工程实施办法》，每两年选拔200名科技领军人才和学科拔尖人才培养对象进行重点培养，着重提高科技创新能力。

The PLA is laying stress on the training of commanding officers for joint operations and high-level experts in technological innovation. It has published basic readers and held lectures on joint operations through all its arms and services. While giving attention to selecting, commending and rewarding outstanding commanding and staff officers, it has placed particular emphasis on training and promoting excellent staff officers, and company- and battalion-level officers of great potential. To cultivate commanding officers for joint operations, the PLA has also reformed the model for training graduates for its Masters Degree in Military Science. Following the promulgation of Implementation Measures for Military High-Level Personnel Project in Scientific and Technological Innovation, every two years the PLA selects 200 leading scientists and high-performing talents from different disciplines for special training in order to improve their innovation aptitude in science and technology.

改进士官选拔培养制度。增加高技术专业士官编制，实行专业技术士官任职技能资格制度，建立选取高级士官专家评议制度，完善士官培训和管理体系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The PLA is working to reform its NCO selection and training system. It has increased the number of positions for high-tech specialized NCOs, implemented a pre-assignment accreditation system for evaluating the skills of specialized technical NCOs, developed an expert assessment system for selecting senior NCOs, and further improved its NCO training and management system.

全面建设现代后勤

Multilateral Approach to Building a Modern Logistics System

人民解放军整体推进全面建设现代后勤，加快保障体制一体化、保障方式社会化、保障手段信息化和后勤管理科学化步伐，提高完成多样化军事任务后勤保障能力。

In order to enhance its logistical support capabilities for diversified military tasks, the PLA is working on a multilateral approach to building a modern logistics system by speeding up the process of integrating systems, outsourcing services, informationizing processes, and managing its logistical support systems in a more scientific way.

深化后勤各项改革。以调整职能、理顺关系、优化结构、提高效益为重点，完善济南战区大联勤运行机制。继续推进生活保障社会化，分步实施通用物资储备、军民一体化装备维修等其他保障社会化。加快现有后勤装备升级改造、新一代后勤装备发展论证和关键技术预研，推广军人保障卡系统，展开以战略后勤仓库、战储物资包装和军交运输动态监控为重点的军事物流信息系统建设。全面清理后勤规章制度，完善集供应、消耗、管理于一体的标准制度体系，加大重大建设和改革项目等审计监督力度，推进财经管理、物资采购、医疗、住房、保险等政策制度改革。

The PLA is strengthening logistics reforms. It improves the mechanism of the joint logistics system first adopted by the Jinan Military Area Command mainly by readjusting functions, rationalizing internal relations, optimizing structures, and raising cost-effectiveness. It continues the process of outsourcing daily maintenance services, and takes steps to outsource other services, such as general-purpose materials storage and integrated civilian-military equipment maintenance. Moreover, the PLA endeavors to upgrade and retrofit existing logistics equipment, assess the development of new-generation equipment, and undertake pilot research on key technologies. It promotes the serviceman support card system, and develops the military logistics information system which focuses on the dynamic supervision of strategic logistical warehouses and packing of strategic materials in storage and military transportation. It reviews and simplifies logistics rules and regulations, and improves the system of logistical support standards and regulations covering supply, consumption, and management. The PLA enhances auditing and supervision of major construction and reform projects, and pushes forward reforms of such policies and systems as financial management, material procurement, medical care, housing, and insurance.

严密组织重大行动后勤保障。精心组织新中国成立60周年国庆阅兵后勤保障，在亚丁湾和索马里海域护航、中外联合军演、上海世博会安保、国内外救援等行动中做到保障有力。为部队参加青海玉树抗震救灾和甘肃舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害救援等行动实施强有力的后勤保障。

The PLA meticulously organizes and provides logistical support for key events. Examples are the National Day Parade in celebration of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People’ s Republic of China, escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia, joint exercises with foreign military forces, security work for the Shanghai World Expo, and emergency rescue operations both at home and abroad. It also provides strong and reliable logistical support for those troops who take part in rescue and relief operations following disasters, such as the Yushu earthquake and the Zhouqu mud-rock slide.

提高部队供应保障水平。调整公务事业费、地区性补贴、基层岗位津贴和专业岗位津贴等标准，颁布执行新的食物定量标准和营房标准。扩大军队医疗合理用药目录品种，落实官兵疗养待遇，强化心理卫生服务。完成基层后勤综合配套整治三年规划，有效解决旅团部队、边海防部队和小散远直单位用水、取暖、主副食供应等急难问题。2009年底，圆满完成07式军服换装任务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The PLA is working to improve supply to and support for its units. It has adjusted the standards of overhead expenses, regional subsidies, grass-roots post allowances and professional post allowances; adopted new standards of military rations and housing; expanded the catalogue of medicines used in military medical care; implemented rest and recuperation (R&R) plans for officers and men; and provided better mental health services. It has fulfilled its three-year plan for integrated improvement of grass-roots logistics systems, so as to provide an effective solution to acute and complex problems in the supply of water, heating, and staple and non-staple food for brigade- and regiment-level units, for border and coastal defense units, for small, scattered, and distant units, and for units directly under the headquarters. By the end of 2009, replacement of old uniforms with the 07 series had been completed for all PLA troops.

加强高新技术武器装备建设

Accelerating the Development of New and High-Tech Weaponry and Equipment

人民解放军加快高新技术装备发展，加强现有装备改造和管理，推进武器装备机械化信息化复合发展。

The PLA is gaining momentum in developing new and high-tech weaponry and equipment, strengthening the retrofitting and management of existing equipment, and promoting the composite development of mechanized and informationized weaponry and equipment.

改善武器装备质量结构。基本建成以第二代为主体、第三代为骨干的武器装备体系，陆军形成以直升机、装甲突击车辆、防空和压制武器为骨干的陆上作战装备体系，海军形成以新型潜艇、水面舰艇和对海攻击飞机为骨干的海上作战装备体系，空军形成以新型作战飞机、地空导弹武器系统为骨干的制空作战装备体系，第二炮兵形成以中远程地地导弹为骨干的地地导弹装备体系。

The PLA is working to improve the quality and optimize the composition of its weaponry and equipment. It has formed a system with second-generation equipment as the main body and third generation as the backbone. The PLAA has developed for its land operations a weaponry system with helicopters, armored assault vehicles, and anti-air and suppression weapons as the spine. The PLAN has built for its maritime operations a weaponry system with new types of submarines, surface vessels and surface attack aircraft as the spine. The PLAAF has formed for its air control operations a weaponry system with new types of combat aircraft and ground-to-air missile systems as the spine. The PLASAF has set up a ground-to-ground weaponry system with its medium- and long-range missiles as the spine.

提升装备管理水平和维修保障能力。推广现代管理手段，提高装备管理规范化和精细化水平。发挥院校、科研院所和生产厂家的作用，加强新型装备人才培养。协调军工科研生产单位加强高技术装备维修保障力量，构建军民一体化装备维修保障体系，形成具备多功能检测、机动抢救抢修、远程技术支援的装备综合维修能力。近年来的抢险救灾、反恐演练和一系列实兵实装训练演习活动，检验了武器装备建设和管理成果，标志着远程跨区机动、远海区域护航和复杂战场环境下的装备保障能力得到明显增强。

The PLA is working to improve its capabilities in managing, maintaining and supporting equipment. It widely applies modern management techniques and enhances standardized and meticulous management of equipment. Educational institutions, research institutes and manufacturers are encouraged to recruit and train more experts in new equipment. The PLA works in coordination with R&D institutes and defense industry manufacturers to enhance its maintenance and support for high-tech equipment, and develops an integrated civilian-military maintenance and support system. The PLA has developed comprehensive capabilities in equipment maintenance which cover multi-functional testing, mobile rescue and rush repair, and long-distance technical support. Recent emergency rescue and disaster relief operations, counter-terrorism exercises, and fully equipped training and maneuvers have testified the achievements of the development and management of weaponry and equipment, demonstrating a notable improvement in the PLA’ s capabilities of equipment support in long-distance and trans-regional maneuvers, escort operations in distant waters, and complex battlefield environments.

谋划武器装备长远发展。科学把握信息技术融合性、系统性、集成性和一体化的特点规律，推进武器平台与综合电子信息系统装备的有机融合、复合发展。利用先进成熟技术和设备，有选择、有重点、成建制开展现有装备系列化集成改造和综合性能提升，提高武器装备建设效益。

The PLA is planning its future development of weaponry and equipment. By understanding and scientifically mastering the features and rules of information technology as being compatible, systematic, integrated, and holistic, the PLA seeks to promote the organic compatibility and composite development of weapon platforms and integrated electro-info systems. With the use of advanced and mature technologies and devices, the PLA is working, selectively and with priorities, to retrofit its existing weaponry and equipment to upgrade its comprehensive performance in a systematic, organic and integrated way, so as to increase the cost-effectiveness of developing weaponry and equipment.

四、武装力量运用

V. Deployment of the Armed Forces

中国武装力量适应时代发展和安全形势变化，积极应对多种安全威胁，为维护国家安全和发展利益提供力量支撑，为维护世界和平与促进共同发展发挥重要作用。

Adapting to changes both in times and security environment, the Chinese armed forces take an active role in dealing with various security threats, safeguard national security and development interests, and play an important role in maintaining world peace and promoting common development.

保卫边防、海防、空防安全

Safeguarding Border, Coastal and Territorial Air Security

中国边海防实行军地分工负责的防卫管理体制。军队主要负责边境、沿海和海上防卫警戒，防范、制止和打击外来入侵、蚕食、挑衅以及越界破坏等活动；公安边防部队主要负责边境沿海地区和海上治安管理及口岸出入境边防检查，防范、打击边境沿海地区偷渡、贩毒、走私等违法犯罪，组织参与边境沿海地区的反恐怖和处置突发事件工作；海监、渔政、海事、检验检疫、海关等部门负责相应的维权执法和管理任务。国家设立边海防委员会，在国务院、中央军委领导下，负责协调全国边海防工作。各军区和沿边沿海省、市、县三级均设立边海防委员会，统一协调本辖区的边海防工作。

China practices an administration system of sharing responsibilities between the military and the local authorities in border and coastal defense. The armed forces are mainly tasked to safeguard the border, coastal and maritime security, and guard against, stop and subdue such activities as foreign intrusions, encroachments, provocations and cross-border sabotage. The main responsibilities of the border public security force are as follows: border, coastal and maritime public security administration, entry-exit frontier inspection at ports; prevention and crackdown on illegal and criminal acts in border and coastal areas, such as illegal border crossing, drug trafficking and smuggling; and organization of and participation in counter-terrorist and emergency-management operations in border and coastal areas. Organs of maritime surveillance, fisheries administration, marine affairs, inspection and quarantine, and customs are responsible for ensuring legitimate rights, law enforcement, and administration. The State Commission of Border and Coastal Defense, under the dual leadership of the State Council and the Central Military Commission (CMC), coordinates China’s border and coastal defenses. All military area commands, as well as border and coastal provinces, cities and counties, have commissions to coordinate border and coastal defenses within their respective jurisdictions.

近年来，人民解放军边海防部队按照强边固防、睦邻友好、维护稳定、促进发展的要求，执行国家有关法律规定和与邻国签订的协定协议，坚持搞好战备执勤，严密防范各类入侵、蚕食和越境渗透破坏活动，及时制止违反边海防政策法规和改变国界线现状的行为，有效维护边境沿海地区和管辖海域的安全稳定。公安边防部队扎实开展边境防控、反恐维稳斗争，加强口岸检查和海上管控，严厉打击偷渡、贩毒、走私等犯罪。2009年以来共破获各类案件3.7万起，缴获非法枪支3845支。

In recent years, in line with the policy of consolidating border defense, cultivating good neighborliness and friendship, maintaining stability and promoting development, the PLA frontier and coastal guards abide by relevant laws and regulations of China as well as any treaties and agreements with neighboring countries, well perform border defense duties, maintain a rigorous guard against any invasion, encroachment or cross-border sabotage, timely prevent any violation of border and coastal policies, laws and regulations and changes to the current borderlines, and effectively safeguard the security and stability of the borders, coastal areas and maritime waters within their jurisdictions. The border public security force makes solid progress in border defense and control, counter-terrorism, and maintenance of stability. It has strengthened efforts in port inspection, maritime management and control, and clampdown on crimes, including illegal border crossing, drug-trafficking and smuggling. Since 2009, it has solved 37,000 cases and confiscated 3,845 illegal guns.

国家坚持把军警民联防联管联建作为保卫边海防、建设边海疆的有力保证。近年来，不断完善以军队为主体、各涉边涉海队伍协同配合、边境沿海地区民兵预备役和人民群众广泛参与的力量体系，推进以指挥信息系统为重点、以信息基础设施为支撑的边海防信息化建设，加强边海防基础设施建设，提高了管边控海能力水平，促进了沿边沿海地区经济建设和社会稳定。

China has always treated combined military, police and civilian efforts as a strong guarantee for consolidating border and coastal defenses and developing border and coastal areas. In recent years, China has steadily improved a border and coastal defense force system featuring the PLA as the mainstay, the coordination and cooperation of other relevant forces, and the extensive participation of the militia, the reserve forces and the people in the border and coastal areas. It has advanced the informationization of border and coastal defenses, taking the command system as the focus and information infrastructure as the support, and strengthened efforts in building border and coastal defense infrastructure. This has enhanced border and maritime control capabilities and promoted the economic construction and social stability in the border and coastal areas.

空防安全是国家总体安全的重要组成部分。人民解放军空军是保卫国家空防安全的主体力量，陆军、海军和武警部队按照中央军委的指示担负部分空防任务。空军根据中央军委意图对担负防空任务的各种防空力量实施统一指挥。国家空防体系常年处于戒备状态，掌握空中动态，维护空中飞行秩序，组织空中战斗巡逻，处置空中突发情况，坚决捍卫国家领空主权，确保国家空中安全。

Territorial air security is an important constituent of overall national security. The PLAAF is the mainstay of national territorial air defense, and in accordance with the instructions of the CMC, the Army, Navy, and People’s Armed Police Force (PAPF) all undertake some territorial air defense responsibilities. The PLAAF exercises unified command over all air defense components in accordance with the CMC’s intent. China’s territorial air defense system stands on permanent alert. It keeps track of any developments in the air, preserves air traffic order, organizes combat air patrols, handles air emergencies, and resolutely defends China’s sovereignty over its territorial air and its air security.

维护社会稳定

Maintaining Social Stability

中国武装力量依照法律规定参加维护社会秩序行动，主要是在地方党委、政府统一领导下，配合公安力量维护正常的社会秩序，保障人民群众安居乐业。

In accordance with relevant laws and regulations, and mainly under the unified leadership of local Party committees and governments, the armed forces of China assist the public security forces in maintaining social order and ensure that the people live and work in peace and stability.

武警部队是国家处置公共突发事件的骨干和突击力量。2009年以来，参与处置劫持人质事件等严重暴力犯罪事件24起，参加捕歼行动201起，圆满完成国庆60周年、上海世博会和广州亚运会期间安保任务。

The PAPF is the state’s backbone and shock force in handling public emergencies. Since 2009, it has handled 24 acts of serious violence and crime, including hostage taking, participated in 201 operations of hunting down criminal suspects, and fulfilled the task of security provision during the celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the Shanghai World Expo, and the Guangzhou Asian Games.

2010年11月，中央军委批准发布《军队处置突发事件应急指挥规定》，对军队参加维护社会稳定及处置其他各类突发事件的组织指挥、力量使用、综合保障和军地协调等问题作出明确规定。

In November 2010, the CMC approved and promulgated Regulations on Emergency Command in Handling Emergencies by the Armed Forces, which specifies for the armed forces regulations concerning their organization, command, force deployment, integrated support, and civil-military coordination while carrying out missions to maintain social stability and handle emergencies.

参加国家建设和抢险救灾

Participating in National Construction, Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief

参加国家建设事业和参加抢险救灾，是宪法和法律赋予中国武装力量的重要任务。

As stipulated by the Constitution and laws, an important task for the armed forces is to take part in national construction, emergency rescue, and disaster relief.

人民解放军和武警部队积极做好以参加和支援西部大开发为重点的支援国家建设工作。两年来，共投入劳动日1600多万个，出动机械车辆130万台次，参加交通、水电、通信、能源基础设施重点工程建设600多项。建立农村扶贫联系点3500多个，援建节水灌溉、人畜饮水、道路、水电等小型公共工程8000多个。驻西部地区部队植树1100万株，成片造林、飞播造林和绿化荒山荒滩320万亩。军队医疗卫生系统对口支援西部贫困地区县级医院130所，共派出医疗队351批次，捐赠仪器设备110台件。在四川、陕西、甘肃地震灾区捐资援建8所学校和1所康复中心。

The PLA and PAPF have actively participated in and supported national construction work, of which a key component is the large-scale development of the western region. In the past two years, they have contributed more than 16 million workdays and utilized 1.3 million motor vehicles and machines, and participated in construction of more than 600 major infrastructure projects relating to transportation, hydropower, communications and energy. They have set up more than 3,500 contact points for rural poverty alleviation, and provided assistance to over 8,000 small public initiatives, such as water-saving irrigation projects, drinking water projects for both people and livestock, road construction projects, and hydropower projects. The armed forces stationed in the western region have planted 11 million trees and afforested 3.2 million mu of barren hills and desert land by large-scale forestation and aerial planting. PLA medical and health units have provided assistance to 130 county-level hospitals in poverty-stricken western areas, sent there 351 medical teams and donated 110 sets (items) of instruments and equipment. With donations, the armed forces have financed and built eight schools and one rehabilitation center in earthquake-stricken areas in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces.

中国武装力量是抢险救灾的突击力量。2009年1月，中国组建以军队力量为主体的抗洪抢险应急部队、地震灾害紧急救援队、核生化应急救援队、空中紧急运输服务队、交通应急抢险队、海上应急搜救队、应急机动通信保障队、医疗防疫救援队等8支国家级应急专业力量，兵力规模5万人。2009年7月，武警水电、交通部队3.1万人被纳入国家应急救援力量体系。各军区会同有关省(自治区、直辖市)组建省级应急专业力量。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The armed forces of China act as the shock force in emergency rescue and disaster relief. In January 2009, with the armed forces as the mainstay, China formed eight state-level emergency-response professional units, boasting a total of 50,000 personnel, specializing in flood control and emergency rescue, earthquake rescue, nuclear, biological and chemical emergency rescue, urgent air transportation, rapid road repair, maritime emergency search and rescue, emergency mobile communication support, and medical aid and epidemic prevention. In July 2009, China integrated the 31,000-strong PAPF protecting water and electricity supplies and communications into the national emergency rescue system. Provincial level units specializing in emergency rescue have been formed with the joint participation of military area commands and relevant provinces, autonomous regions, or municipalities directly under the central government.

近两年，军队和武警部队共计出动兵力184.5万人次，各型车辆(机械)79万台次、飞机和直升机181架次，组织民兵预备役人员643万人次，多次参加抗洪、抗震、抗旱、抗台风和森林扑火等抢险救灾行动，共抢救转移群众174.2万人次，抢运物资30.3万吨，疏通河道3742公里，打井4443眼，加固堤坝728公里，运送生活用水50.4万吨。

In the past two years, the PLA and PAPF have engaged a total of 1.845 million troop deployments and 790,000 deployments of vehicles or machines of various types, flown over 181 sorties (including the use of helicopters), organized 6.43 million militiamen and reservists, participated in disaster relief operations in cases of floods, earthquakes, droughts, typhoons and forest fires, rescued or evacuated a total of 1.742 million people, rush-transported 303,000 tons of goods, dredged 3,742 km of waterways, dug 4,443 wells, fortified 728 km of dikes and dams, and delivered 504,000 tons of domestic water.

参加联合国维和行动

Participating in UN Peacekeeping Operations

中国作为一个负责任大国，支持并积极参加联合国维和行动，为维护世界和平作出了积极贡献。

As a responsible major power, China has consistently supported and actively participated in the UN peacekeeping operations, making a positive contribution to world peace.

1990年，中国人民解放军向联合国中东维和任务区派遣5名军事观察员，首次参加联合国维和行动。1992年，向联合国柬埔寨维和任务区派出400人的工程兵大队，首次派遣成建制部队。2001年，成立国防部维和事务办公室。2002年，加入联合国一级维和待命安排机制。2009年，组建国防部维和中心。截至2010年12月，共参加19项联合国维和行动，累计派出维和官兵17390人次，9名维和官兵在执行任务中牺牲。

In 1990, the PLA sent five military observers to the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) - the first time China had taken part in UN peacekeeping operations. In 1992, it dispatched an engineering corps of 400 officers and men to the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) - the first time China had sent an organic unit on peacekeeping missions. It established the Peacekeeping Affairs Office of the Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China in 2001. In 2002, it joined the UN Stand-by Arrangement System. In 2009, it established the Peacekeeping Center of the Ministry of National Defense of the People’s Republic of China. As of December 2010, China has dispatched 17,390 military personnel to 19 UN peace-keeping missions. Nine officers and men have lost their lives on duty.

中国维和部队发扬特别能吃苦、特别能战斗、特别能奉献的优良作风，以高度负责的职业精神投入工作，新建、修复道路8700多公里、桥梁270座，排除地雷和各类未爆物8900多枚，运送物资60多万吨，运输总里程930多万公里，接诊病人7.9万人次，圆满完成联合国赋予的各类维和任务。

Tough, brave and devoted, the Chinese peacekeeping troops have fulfilled various tasks entrusted to them by the UN in a responsible and professional way. They have built and repaired over 8,700 km of roads and 270 bridges, cleared over 8,900 mines and various explosive devices, transported over 600,000 tons of cargo across a total distance of 9.3 million km, and treated 79,000 patients.

截至2010年12月，中国人民解放军有1955名官兵在9个联合国任务区遂行维和任务，中国是联合国安理会常任理事国派遣维和人员最多的国家。其中，军事观察员和参谋军官94人；赴联合国刚果(金)稳定特派团工兵分队175人，医疗分队43人；赴联合国利比里亚特派团工兵分队275人，运输分队240人，医疗分队43人；赴联合国黎巴嫩临时部队工兵分队275人，医疗分队60人；赴联合国苏丹特派团工兵分队275人，运输分队100人，医疗分队60人；赴联合国／非盟达尔富尔混合行动工兵分队315人。 亚丁湾和索马里海域护航。

As of December 2010, the PLA had 1,955 officers and men serving in nine UN mission areas. China has dispatched more peacekeeping personnel than any other permanent member of the UN Security Council. Among these are 94 military observers and staff officers; 175 engineering troops and 43 medical personnel for the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (UNMONUC); 275 engineering troops, 240 transportation troops and 43 medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL); 275 engineering troops and 60 medical personnel for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL); 275 engineering troops, 100 transportation troops and 60 medical personnel for the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS); and 315 engineering troops for the African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID).

Conducting Escort Operations in the Gulf of Aden and Waters off Somalia

根据联合国安理会有关决议，中国政府于2008年12月26日派遣海军舰艇编队赴亚丁湾、索马里海域实施护航。主要任务是保护中国航经亚丁湾、索马里海域的船舶、人员安全，保护世界粮食计划署等国际组织运送人道主义物资船舶的安全，并尽可能为航经该海域的外国船舶提供安全掩护。截至2010年12月，海军已派出7批18艘次舰艇、16架直升机、490名特战队员执行护航任务。中国海军护航行动主要采取伴随护航、区域巡逻和随船护卫等方式，先后为3139艘中外船舶提供安全保护，其中解救被海盗袭击船舶29艘、接护船舶9艘。

In line with relevant UN resolutions, China dispatched naval ships to conduct escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia on December 26, 2008. They are mainly charged with safeguarding the security of Chinese ships and personnel passing through the Gulf of Aden and Somali waters, and the security of ships delivering humanitarian supplies for the World Food Program and other international organizations, and shelter pass-by foreign vessels as much as possible. As of December 2010, the Chinese Navy has dispatched, in seven sorties, 18 ship deployments, 16 helicopters, and 490 Special Operation Force (SOF) soldiers on escort missions. Through accompanying escort, area patrol, and onboard escort, the Chinese Navy has provided protection for 3,139 ships sailing under Chinese and foreign flags, rescued 29 ships from pirate attacks, and recovered nine ships released from captivity.

中国对加强护航国际合作持积极、开放的态度。中国海军护航编队与有关国家和组织建立互通共享情报信息的常态化机制，与欧盟、多国海上力量、北约、俄罗斯、韩国、荷兰、日本等护航舰艇进行指挥官登舰互访24次，与俄罗斯开展联合护航行动，与韩国护航舰艇进行海上联合演练，与荷兰开展互派军官驻舰考察活动。中国积极参与联合国索马里海盗问题联络小组会议以及“信息共享与防止冲突”护航合作国际会议等国际机制。

China takes a proactive and open attitude toward international escort cooperation. Chinese escort fleets have established mechanisms for regular intelligence exchange and sharing with relevant countries and organizations. It has exchanged 24 boarding visits of commanders with fleets from the EU, the multinational naval force, NATO, Russia, the ROK, the Netherlands and Japan. It has conducted joint escort operations with Russian fleets and joint maritime exercises with ROK escort ships, and exchanged officers for onboard observations with Dutch fleets. China has joined international regimes such as the UN liaison groups’ meeting on Somali pirates, and the international conference on "intelligence sharing and conflict prevention" escort cooperation.

中外联演联训

Holding Joint Military Exercises and Training with Other Countries

人民解放军与外国军队的联合演习和联合训练，坚持不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的方针和战略互惠、平等参与、对等实施的原则。截至2010年12月，人民解放军已与外国军队举行44次联演联训，对促进互信合作、借鉴有益经验和加强军队现代化建设具有积极作用。

In adherence to the principles of being non-aligned, non- confrontational, and not directed against any third party, the PLA has held joint exercises and training with other countries pursuant to the guidelines of mutual benefit, equality and reciprocity. As of December 2010, the PLA has held 44 joint military and training exercises with foreign troops. This is conducive to promoting mutual trust and cooperation, drawing on useful lessons, and accelerating the PLA’s modernization.

上海合作组织框架内联合反恐军事演习呈现机制化发展。2002年，中国与吉尔吉斯斯坦举行首次中外实兵联合反恐军事演习。2003年，与上合组织成员国共同举行首次中外多边联合反恐军事演习。2006年，与塔吉克斯坦举行联合反恐军事演习。2005年、2007年、2009年、2010年，与俄罗斯等上合组织成员国举行“和平使命”系列联合反恐军事演习。

Joint counter-terrorism military exercises within the SCO framework are being institutionalized. In 2002, China ran a joint counter-terrorism military exercise with Kyrgyzstan, the first ever with a foreign country. In 2003, China ran a multilateral joint counter-terrorism military exercise with other SCO members, again the first ever with foreign countries. In 2006, China and Tajikistan ran a joint counter-terrorism military exercise. China and Russia as well as other SCO members ran a series of “Peace Mission” joint counter-terrorism military exercises in 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2010.

海上联合演练实现常态化。2003年，中国与巴基斯坦举行首次中外海上搜救演练。结合中外海军舰艇互访等活动，迄今已与印度、法国、英国、澳大利亚、泰国、美国、俄罗斯、日本、新西兰、越南等国海军举行搜救、通信、编队、潜水、护航等课目的双边多边海上演练。2007年、2009年，中国海军舰艇先后参加由巴基斯坦海军主办的海上多边联合军事演习。2007年，中国海军舰艇赴新加坡参加西太平洋海军论坛海上联合军事演习。2010年，与泰国举行首次中外海军陆战队联合训练。

Maritime joint exercises have been held on a regular basis. In 2003, China ran a joint maritime search-and-rescue exercise with Pakistan, the first ever between China and a foreign country. During mutual port calls and other activities, the PLAN has run bilateral or multilateral joint maritime exercises with the navies of India, France, the UK, Australia, Thailand, the US, Russia, Japan, New Zealand and Vietnam, focusing on tasks such as search-and-rescue, communication, formation sailing, diving, and escorting. In 2007 and 2009, the PLAN participated in multilateral joint maritime exercises organized by the Pakistani navy. In 2007, the PLAN took part in the joint maritime exercise held in Singaporean waters within the framework of the Western Pacific Naval Symposium. In 2010, China held a joint marine training with Thailand, the first ever between China and a foreign country.

陆上联合训练广泛开展。2007年，与泰国举行首次中外陆军联合训练。近年来，与巴基斯坦、印度、新加坡、蒙古、罗马尼亚、泰国等国举行反恐、安保、维和、山地作战、两栖作战等课目的联合训练，探索实施混合编组、共同施训的新模式。2009年，首次派遣卫勤分队远赴非洲与加蓬举行卫勤联合行动，开展医疗培训和救援演习，为当地民众提供医疗救助。2010年，派遣医疗队赴秘鲁举行人道主义医疗救援联合作业，共同开展突发事件应急医疗救援演练，提高应对紧急人道主义危机的能力。

Extensive joint military training on land has been carried out. China held a joint army training with Thailand in 2007, the first ever with a foreign country. In recent years, China has conducted joint military training with many countries, including Pakistan, India, Singapore, Mongolia, Romania and Thailand, focusing on tasks such as counter-terrorism, security and safeguarding, peacekeeping, and mountain and amphibious operations, all directed towards exploring new models of mixed grouping and joint training. In 2009, for the first time, China sent a medical detachment to Africa to hold a joint operation with Gabon, to conduct medical training and rescue exercises, and to provide medical assistance for local residents. In 2010, China sent a medical team to Peru for joint training on humanitarian medical aid and emergency medical rescue, in an effort to improve its capabilities in responding to humanitarian emergencies.

国际灾难救援

Participating in International Disaster Relief Operations

参加政府组织的国际灾难救援行动，履行国际人道主义义务，是中国武装力量义不容辞的责任。近年来，中国武装力量积极协助中国政府有关部门向受灾国提供救援物资，派出专业力量参加国际灾难救援行动。

China’s armed forces consider it an obligation to take part in international disaster relief operations organized by the government, and to fulfill international humanitarian obligations. In recent years, they have actively assisted relevant departments of the Chinese government to provide relief materials to disaster-stricken countries and to contribute specialized teams to international disaster relief operations.

自2002年向阿富汗提供救援物资以来，人民解放军已28次执行国际紧急人道主义援助任务，共向22个受灾国提供总价值超过9.5亿元人民币的帐篷、毛毯、药品、医疗器械、食品、发电机等救援物资。2001年，由北京军区工兵团官兵、武警总医院医护人员和中国地震局专家组成的中国国际救援队，开始参与国际灾难紧急救援行动，迄今已8次赴受灾国执行救援任务。2010年1月，中国国际救援队和人民解放军医疗防疫救护队赴海地参与地震救援，执行人员搜救、紧急救护、卫生防疫等任务，累计救治当地伤病员6500人次。2010年9月，中国国际救援队和人民解放军医疗救援队、直升机救援队赴巴基斯坦执行人道主义救援任务，累计救治当地伤病员3.4万人次，直升机投送物资60吨。

Since the PLA provided relief supplies to Afghanistan in 2002, it has carried out 28 urgent international humanitarian aid missions, and provided 22 disaster-stricken countries with relief materials including tents, blankets, medicine, medical appliances, food and generators. The total value exceeds RMB950 million. In 2001, the Chinese International Search and Rescue (CISAR) team, consisting of officers and men from an engineer regiment of the Beijing Military Area Command, medical care personnel from the PAPF General Hospital, and experts from the China Earthquake Administration, began to participate in international disaster relief operations. CISAR has since carried out eight rescue operations in disaster-stricken countries. In January 2010, the CISAR team and the PLA medical care and epidemic prevention team were sent to Haiti to conduct earthquake rescue, post-earthquake search and relief, medical work and epidemic prevention operations. They rescued and treated 6,500 sick and injured. In September 2010, the CISAR team, a PLA medical team and a helicopter rescue formation were sent to Pakistan to conduct humanitarian rescue operations, with the saving and treatment reaching 34,000 person-times in total and 60 tons of airdropped goods and materials.

中国武装力量积极参与国际救灾交流合作，密切与有关国家和相关国际组织的沟通协调，推动地区救灾机制建设和人员培训。与美国、澳大利亚、新西兰军队举行人道主义救援与减灾研讨作业，举办东盟地区论坛武装部队参与国际救灾法律规程建设研讨会，举行东盟与中日韩武装部队国际救灾研讨会。

The Chinese armed forces have played an active role in international exchanges and cooperation in disaster relief, engaging in close communication and coordination with relevant countries and international organizations, and promoting the perfection of procedures and the training of personnel for regional disaster relief. They have held seminars and joint operations on humanitarian rescue and disaster limitation with armed forces of the US, Australia and New Zealand, run the ASEAN Regional Forum workshop on formulating legal rules for armed forces’ participation in international disaster relief operations, and attended the ASEAN Plus Three workshop on armed forces’ participation in international disaster relief.

五、国防动员和后备力量建设

V. National Defense Mobilization and Reserve Force Building

中国坚持平战结合、军民结合、寓军于民的方针，加强国防动员和后备力量建设，提高国防动员能力，增强国防实力。

China pursues the principles of combining peacetime needs with wartime needs, integrating military with civilian purposes and combining military efforts with civilian support. It strengthens national defense mobilization and reserve force building, enhances national defense mobilization capabilities, and reinforces its defense strength.

国防动员组织领导体制

Organizational Structure and Leadership System of National Defense Mobilization

依照宪法和有关法律，全国人大常委会决定全国总动员或者局部动员。国家主席根据全国人大常委会的决定，发布动员令。国务院、中央军委共同领导全国的国防动员工作，制定国防动员的方针、政策和法规，根据全国人大常委会的决定和国家主席发布的动员令，组织国防动员的实施。国家的主权、统一、领土完整和安全遭受直接威胁必须立即采取应对措施时，国务院、中央军委可以根据应急处置的需要，采取必要的国防动员措施，同时向全国人大常委会报告。

According to the Constitution and related laws, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC) decides on general or partial mobilization. The president of the People’s Republic of China, pursuant to the decisions of the Standing Committee of the NPC, issues mobilization orders. The State Council and the CMC work in combination to direct nationwide mobilization, formulate principles, policies and regulations, and organize the implementation of mobilization in accordance with the decisions of the Standing Committee of the NPC and mobilization orders issued by the president. When China’s state sovereignty, national unification, territorial integrity or security are under imminent threat which requires an immediate action, the State Council and the CMC may take the necessary measures of national defense mobilization in response to the urgency and seriousness of the event, and at the same time report to the Standing Committee of the NPC.

地方人民政府贯彻和执行国防动员工作的方针、政策和法律、法规，组织本行政区域国防动员的实施。县级以上人民政府有关部门和军队有关部门在各自的职责范围内，负责有关的国防动员工作，按照职责落实国防动员计划和国防动员实施预案。

Local people’s governments organize and execute national defense mobilization within its administrative area in accordance with relevant principles, policies, laws and regulations. Related departments of local people’s governments at and above the county level and those of the armed forces, within their respective scopes of duties, take charge of national defense mobilization work, and execute the programs and pre-arranged implementation plans.

国家、军区和县级以上地方人民政府均设立国防动员委员会。国家国防动员委员会在国务院、中央军委的领导下，负责组织、指导、协调全国的国防动员工作，主任、副主任由国务院、中央军委领导兼任，委员由国务院有关部委和军队各总部有关领导组成。主要任务是贯彻积极防御军事战略方针，组织实施国家国防动员工作；协调国防动员工作中经济与军事、军队与政府、人力与物力之间的关系。各军区和县级以上地方人民政府国防动员委员会，负责组织、指导、协调本区域的国防动员工作。国防动员委员会设有办事机构，承担本级国防动员委员会的日常工作。目前，国家国防动员委员会设有人民武装动员、国民经济动员、人民防空、交通战备和国防教育等办事机构，军区和地方各级国防动员委员会设立相应办事机构。

At each level of the people’s government from the county up to the state and in each military area command, there is a national defense mobilization commission. The State Commission for National Defense Mobilization, under the leadership of the State Council and the CMC, is in charge of organizing, directing and coordinating the nationwide national defense mobilization. The leaders of the State Council and the CMC take the positions of chairman and vice chairmen of the State Commission for National Defense Mobilization. Other members of the Commission include leaders of relevant ministries and commissions under the State Council, and leaders of the general headquarters/departments of the PLA. The core responsibilities of the Commission are to carry out the military strategy of active defense, organize and implement the state’s defense mobilization, and coordinate relations between economic and military affairs, the armed forces and the government, and manpower and materials support in defense mobilization. Commissions for national defense mobilization of military area commands and local people’s governments at and above county level are in charge of organizing, directing and coordinating national defense mobilization work within their respective jurisdictions. There are administrative offices in each commission for national defense mobilization to organize its routine work. At present, the State Commission for National Defense Mobilization has under its charge administrative offices responsible for the mobilization of the people’s armed forces, national economy, civil air defense, transportation, and national defense education. The commissions in military area commands and local governments have under them corresponding offices.

2010年2月，全国人大常委会审议通过《中华人民共和国国防动员法》，规范了国防动员平时准备和战时实施的基本内容，规定了公民和组织在国防动员活动中的义务、权利，完善了国防动员的基本制度。

In February 2010, the NPC Standing Committee passed the National Defense Mobilization Law of the People’s Republic of China which specifies the peacetime preparations for and wartime implementation of national defense mobilization, stipulating the obligations and rights of each citizen and organization during mobilization and improving China’s basic mobilization system.

国防动员能力建设

National Defense Mobilization Capabilities Building

中国加强国防动员建设的根本目标，是建立健全与国防安全需要相适应、与经济社会发展相协调、与突发事件应急机制相衔接的国防动员体系，增强国防动员能力。近年来，国家遵循统一领导、全民参与、长期准备、重点建设、统筹兼顾、有序高效的原则，把国防动员建设纳入经济社会发展之中，快速动员、平战转换、持续保障、综合防护能力逐步提升。

China’s fundamental goal of strengthening defense mobilization is to establish and improve a mobilization system which is in line with national security demands, coordinated with the economic and social development and coupled with the emergency response mechanisms to increase mobilization capabilities. In recent years, following the principles of unified leadership, public participation, long-term preparations, priority to key projects, overall planning, all-round consideration, orderliness and high-efficiency, China has integrated its defense mobilization building with general social and economic development, gradually improving its capabilities in rapid mobilization, moving swiftly from a peacetime to wartime footing, and sustained support and comprehensive protection.

人民武装动员建设取得新进展。完善战时部队动员计划和保障计划，落实现役部队预编满员工作，加强预备役部队建设。民兵依据战时可能担负的任务，结合完成非战争军事行动任务需要，加强快速动员机制建设。2010年8月新修订的《中华人民共和国预备役军官法》，对国家决定实施国防动员后预备役军官征召的权限、程序和方式作出新规定。

New progress has been made in people’s armed forces mobilization. China has improved its plans for wartime troop mobilization and support, implemented pre-regimentation of reservists into active units, and strengthened the development of the reserve force. Based on possible wartime tasks and MOOTW demands, the militia force is improving its rapid mobilization process. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Reserve Officers, revised in August 2010, lays down new regulations on the authorities, procedures and methods of calling up reserve officers following a state decision to call for national defense mobilization.

国民经济动员建设稳步推进。在重大基础设施建设中注重兼顾国防要求，重要技术与产品军民兼容程度不断提高。初步确立以重点行业和骨干企业为依托、以重要产品和技术为纽带的国民经济动员中心建设布局。重点地区、重点行业和重点技术产品的潜力调查取得重要进展，进一步优化了立足国防需要、服务经济建设、应急应战相结合的战略物资储备结构。

Steady progress has been achieved in national economic mobilization. China has given priority to the requirements of national defense in building major infrastructure projects, and has continuously improved the compatibility of military and civilian key technologies and products. It has laid out a basic framework for generating capabilities in national economic mobilization, with key industries and major enterprises as the mainstay and important products and technologies as the links. China has made significant progress in the investigation of the potential of key areas, industries, technologies and products, further optimized the strategic reserve and storage system that meets defense requirements and economic growth, and caters to the needs of both emergencies and wars.

人民防空建设步伐加快。贯彻长期准备、重点建设、平战结合的方针，扎实做好信息化条件下防空袭斗争准备。完善军政联席会议和军地联合办公制度，优化县级以上各级人民政府人防机构设置，推行人防机关准军事化建设。按照联合防空、区域防空的要求，抓好各级人防指挥所建设。完善人防系统防灾功能，健全防空防灾相结合的工作机制。开展重要经济目标防护工作，研究确定重要经济防护目标，制订应急抢险抢修方案。将人防工程建设纳入城市总体规划，依法修建民用建筑防空地下室，在城市建设中落实人民防空防护要求，促进人民防空与城市建设协调发展。各省区市广泛开展防空防灾宣传教育和技能培训，普及防空防灾知识、自救互救技能和应急疏散方法。

Progress has been accelerated in developing civil air defense (CAD). Adhering to the guidelines of long-term preparation, construction of key projects, and combination of needs in peacetime and war, China strives to do a better job in preparing against air raids in informationized conditions. There is an ongoing effort to improve the system of joint civil-military meetings and offices, optimizing the CAD organizations in local governments at and above county level and promoting the quasi-militarization of the CAD organs. Emphasis has been laid on the building of CAD command posts at all levels in accordance with the requirements of joint and regional air defense. Efforts have been made to improve CAD’ s disaster prevention functions and mechanisms featuring the combination of air defense with disaster prevention. More effort has been invested in providing protection for key economic targets, selected through evaluation and research. Emergency rescue and rapid repair plans have also been formulated in this regard. These CAD projects are incorporated into urban development plans and civil defense basements are incorporated in new buildings as required by law, meeting the requirements of the CAD in urban development, and balancing urban development and the CAD projects. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have carried out extensive publicity campaigns, education programs and training initiatives to disseminate understanding of air defense and disaster prevention, skills of rescue and self-rescue, and methods of emergency evacuation.

国防交通动员建设扎实有序。将交通战备建设融入国家交通体系建设中，提高战略通道保障能力、战略投送保障能力和交通抢运抢修能力。重点推进一批军民融合发展项目，带动和促进国防交通战备工作整体水平提升。依托相关行业成建制、成系统组建交通专业保障队伍，在战略通道沿线加强保交护路队伍建设。编制修订交通重点目标保障方案和部队战备输送保障方案，努力实现军运设施与国家交通运输设施同步规划、同步建设。

Transportation mobilization for national defense is making steady and orderly progress. China is working to integrate combat-readiness as an element in the national transportation grid, and improve capabilities in strategic lines of communication support, strategic projection support, and rush transportation and rapid repair. Priority has been given to a number of projects that combine military and civilian purposes, giving impetus to an overall improvement in transportation combat-readiness for national defense. Relevant industries have helped in forming specialized support teams in an organic and systematic way, reinforcing transportation protection and communication maintenance along strategic lines of communication. Support plans for key communication targets and combat-readiness transportation have been formulated and revised, aimed at synchronized planning and construction of both military transportation facilities and urban development.

预备役部队建设

Reserve Force Building

预备役部队是以现役军人为骨干、预备役官兵为基础，按照军队统一的体制编制组成的武装力量，实行军队与地方党委、政府双重领导制度。预备役部队各级军政主官、部门主要领导、部分机关人员和专业技术骨干，由现役军人担任。预备役军官主要从符合条件的退役军人、地方干部、人民武装干部、民兵干部、地方与军事专业对口的技术人员中选配。预备役士兵主要从符合条件的退役士兵、经过训练的基干民兵和地方与军事专业对口的人员中选编。

With active servicemen as its backbone and reserve officers and men as its foundation, the reserve force is an armed force formed in line with the unified structure and organization of the PLA. It is under the dual leadership of the PLA and local Party committees and governments. The positions of chief military and political leaders at all levels and principal department leaders, as well as a proportion of the staff members and professionals and specialists, are assumed by active servicemen. Reserve officers are chosen mainly from qualified retired servicemen, civil officials, cadres of the people’s armed forces departments, cadres of the militia and civilian technicians with the appropriate military specialties. Reserve soldiers are chosen mainly from qualified discharged soldiers, trained primary militia members, and civilians with the appropriate military specialties.

近年来，预备役部队各项建设和改革不断取得新的进步。完善地域编组形式，探索依托高新技术行业成系统成建制对口编组，以及人员与装备结合编组、联片编组和跨地域抽组等多种编组形式。根据战时可能承担的任务，修订完善预备役部队军事训练与考核大纲，加强与现役部队挂钩训练、联合训练，开展基地化、模拟化、网络化训练。预备役官兵每年一般进行240小时的军政训练。预备役部队建设围绕平时能应急、战时能应战的目标，加快推进由数量规模型向质量效能型、由直接参与作战向支援保障作战为主转变、由补充一般兵员向补充技术兵员为主转变，努力成为现役部队的得力助手和国防后备力量的拳头。

In recent years, the reserve force has undergone consistent improvement in various aspects of its building and reform. It works to improve its organizational models on a regional basis, to explore a systematic and organic organizational model based on new and high-tech industries, and to develop such organizational models as personnel-and-equipment organization, trans-regional organization and community-based organization. Based on possible wartime assignments, the reserve force has revised and updated the guidelines for its military training and evaluation, strengthened integrated training with active PLA units, and conducted on-base, simulated and networked training. Reserve officers and men are required to devote 240 hours to political education and military training each year. To be able to respond to emergencies in peacetime and to fight in war, the focus of the reserve force is shifting from quantity and scale to quality and efficiency, from a combat role to a support role, and from the provision of general-purpose soldiers to soldiers with special skills. It is working to become an efficient auxiliary to the active force and a strong component of the national defense reserve.

民兵建设

Militia Force Building

民兵是中国武装力量的重要组成部分，是人民解放军的后备力量。近年来，民兵建设深化调整改革，在结构布局调整、训练改革和装备建设等方面取得新进展。全国现有基干民兵800万。

The militia force is an important component of China’s armed forces as well as the backup force of the PLA. In recent years, through transformation and reform, it has made progress in restructuring, in training reform, and in equipment building. China now has 8 million primary militia members.

重点加强边海防作战队伍、军兵种勤务保障队伍和应急队伍建设，加大由农村向城镇和重要交通沿线、由一般地区向主要方向和重点地区、由传统行业向高新技术行业拓展力度，民兵结构布局更趋合理。按照新一代《民兵军事训练与考核大纲》要求，推进军事训练改革，开展与现役部队联训联演，加强各级民兵训练基地配套建设，抓好重点分队训练，民兵急时应急、战时应战能力明显增强。加强防空作战与应急维稳装备建设，配发新型防空武器装备，对现有武器进行技术升级改造，武器装备完好率、配套率显著提高。

The militia force gives priority to reinforcing those units which are tasked with defending border and coastal areas, providing service support for different arms and services, and responding in emergencies. It has been realigned to extend from rural to urban areas as well as to areas along important communication lines, from ordinary locations to key sites and areas, and from traditional industries to new and high-tech ones. As a result, its structure and layout have been further improved. In line with the newly revised Outline for Military Training and Evaluation of the Militia, it promotes reforms in military training, holds joint training and exercises with active PLA units, improves the construction of associated training base facilities at all levels, and attaches importance to key detachment training. Its capabilities in dealing with both emergencies and wars have been greatly enhanced. The militia strengthens its building of equipment for the purposes of air defense, emergency response, and maintaining stability, supply of new types of air defense weaponry and equipment, and retrofitting and upgrading of existing weapons. There have been significant increases in the level of equipment-readiness and in the full kit rate (FKR).

民兵积极参加反恐维稳、抢险救灾、护边控边、治安联防等行动，在完成多样化军事任务中发挥了独特优势。每年组织9万多民兵参加守护桥梁、隧道和铁路线，20多万民兵参加军警民联防巡逻，90多万民兵参与重大自然灾害应急救援，近200万民兵参加城乡社会治安综合治理。

The militia has taken an active part in such operations as counter-terrorism, stability maintenance, emergency rescue, disaster relief, border protection and control, and joint defense of public security, and has played a unique role in accomplishing diversified military tasks. Each year, it mobilizes more than 90,000 militiamen to serve as guards on bridges, tunnels and railways, more than 200,000 to take part in joint military-police-civilian defense patrols, more than 900,000 to participate in emergency response, rescue and relief operations following major natural disasters, and nearly 2 million to engage in the comprehensive control and management of social order in rural and urban areas.

六、军事法制

VI. Military Legal System

中国武装力量遵守宪法和法律，贯彻依法治军方针，加强军事法制建设，保障和推动国防和军队建设沿着法制化轨道前进。

The armed forces of the People’s Republic of China abide by the Constitution and laws, implement the guidelines of governing the armed forces according to law, strengthen military legal system building, and guarantee and push forward the building of national defense and armed forces in accordance with the requirements of the legal system.

军事法规体系建设

Military Legal System Building

制定和修改一批重要军事法律法规。两年来，全国人大常委会审议通过《中华人民共和国人民武装警察法》、《中华人民共和国国防动员法》和新修订的《中华人民共和国预备役军官法》。中共中央、中央军委批准发布新修订的《中国人民解放军政治工作条例》。中央军委发布施行新修订的《中国人民解放军内务条令》、《中国人民解放军纪律条令》、《中国人民解放军队列条令》和新一代司令部工作条例。经中央军委批准，总参谋部、总政治部、总后勤部、总装备部发布施行新修订的《军队基层建设纲要》，总政治部发布施行《中国人民解放军思想政治教育大纲》。国务院、中央军委联合公布施行《军服管理条例》、《武器装备质量管理条例》及新修订的《中国人民解放军现役士兵服役条例》，各总部、军兵种、军区和武警部队发布施行一批军事规章。截至2010年12月，全国人大及其常务委员会制定的国防和军事方面的法律及有关法律问题的决定17件，国务院、中央军委联合制定的军事行政法规97件，中央军委制定的军事法规224件，各总部、军兵种、军区和武警部队制定的军事规章3000多件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

A number of important military laws and regulations have been formulated and revised. In the past two years, the Standing Committee of the NPC has adopted the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Armed Police Force, the National Defense Mobilization Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the newly revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Reserve Officers. The Central Committee of the CPC and the CMC have approved and promulgated the newly revised Regulations on the Political Work of the People’s Liberation Army. The CMC has promulgated the newly revised Regulations on Routine Service of the People’s Liberation Army, the Regulations on Discipline of the People’s Liberation Army, the Regulations on Formation of the People’s Liberation Army, and a new generation of regulations on the work of headquarters. Approved by the CMC, the PLA’s General Staff Headquarters, General Political Department, General Logistics Department and General Armaments Department have promulgated the newly revised Outline for Armed Forces Building at the Grass-roots Level, and the General Political Department has promulgated the Guideline for the Ideological and Political Education of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. The State Council and the CMC have jointly promulgated the Regulations on Military Uniform Management, the Regulations on Quality Control of Weaponry and Equipment, and the newly revised Regulations of the Chinese People’ s Liberation Army on the Military Service of the Enlisted in Active Service. The general headquarters/departments, Navy, Air Force, Second Artillery Force, military area commands and the PAPF have promulgated a number of military rules and regulations. As of December 2010, the NPC and its Standing Committee has passed laws and issued law-related decisions on 17 matters concerning national defense and military affairs, the State Council and the CMC have jointly formulated 97 military administrative regulations, the CMC has formulated 224 military regulations, and the general headquarters/departments, Navy, Air Force, Second Artillery Force, military area commands and PAPF have enacted more than 3,000 military rules and regulations.

开展军事法律法规规章清理汇编工作。根据全国人大常委会工作部署，2008年中央军委法制机构组织各总部、军兵种和武警部队法制工作部门开展了国防、军事方面法律清理工作。2009年，组织开展第五次军事法规军事规章清理汇编工作，共清理2008年底以前发布的现行军事法规(含规范性文件)921件、军事规章(含规范性文件)7984件，废止军事法规(含规范性文件)65件、军事规章(含规范性文件)1214件。编辑出版《中华人民共和国军事法规汇编(2004—2008)》、《中国人民解放军军事规章汇编(2004—2008)》、《中国人民武装警察部队军事规章汇编(2004—2008)》。

Military laws, regulations and rules have been reviewed and consolidated. In accordance with the 2008 requirements of the NPC Standing Committee, the legal organs of the CMC organized the legal departments of the general headquarters/departments, Navy, Air Force, Second Artillery Force, military area commands and PAPF in reviewing laws and regulations relating to national defense and military affairs. In 2009, the fifth round of review and consolidation of military regulations and rules was conducted, sorting out 921 existing military regulations (including regulatory documents) and 7,984 military rules and regulations (including regulatory documents) promulgated before the end of 2008, and repealing 65 military regulations (including regulatory documents) and 1,214 military rules and regulations (including regulatory documents). A Collection of Military Laws and Regulations of the People’s Republic of China (2004-2008), A Collection of Military Rules and Regulations of the People’s Liberation Army of the People’s Republic of China (2004-2008), and A Collection of Military Rules and Regulations of the People’s Armed Police Force of the People’s Republic of China (2004-2008) were published.

法律法规实施

Implementation of Laws and Regulations

人民解放军和武警部队坚持依法用兵、依法行动。参加抢险救灾的部队，严格执行《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》、《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》、《军队参加抢险救灾条例》等法律法规。执行维稳处突任务的武警部队，严格执行《中华人民共和国人民武装警察法》等法律法规。赴亚丁湾、索马里海域执行护航任务和开展海上训练的海军舰艇编队，严格遵守《联合国海洋法公约》等国际条约和中国有关法律法规。参加中外联合军演的部队，坚持在双边或多边条约的法律框架内行动，依法解决演习中涉及的法律问题。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The PLA and the PAPF maintain their commitment to employing troops and taking action in accordance with the law. Units participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations strictly abide by such laws and regulations as the Emergency Response Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting Against and Mitigating Earthquake Disasters, and the Regulations on the PLA’s Participation in Disaster Rescue. PAPF troops performing stability maintenance and emergency response tasks act in strict conformity with laws and regulations like the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Armed Police Force. Naval ships performing escort missions in the Gulf of Aden and in waters off Somalia, as well as those carrying out maritime training, strictly observe international treaties like the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and act in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of China. Troops participating in joint military exercises with foreign countries act within relevant bilateral or multi-lateral legal frameworks and settle any legal issues arising in the course of such exercises in accordance with the law.

贯彻实施新修订的共同条令，把学习新共同条令纳入教育训练、各类培训和检查考核之中。按照条令条例指导和开展工作，全面规范部队战备、训练、工作和生活秩序。加大条令执行力度，健全警备督察机制，查处和纠正违纪现象。落实安全法规制度，完善安全防范机制，进行安全教育训练。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The newly revised common regulations on routine service, discipline and formation have been implemented and incorporated into education, training, inspection and evaluation. Military rules and regulations provide guidance and standards for combat readiness, training, working conditions and daily life. The enforcement of regulations has been strengthened, discipline inspection and supervision mechanisms improved, and breaches of discipline investigated and rectified. Safety rules and regulations have been enforced, safety and preventive mechanisms improved, and education and training on safety conducted.

两年来，军队会同地方有关部门开展《中华人民共和国人民防空法》、《中华人民共和国军事设施保护法》、《军服管理条例》等法律法规的执法检查工作。各级人民政府兵役机关及征兵工作人员依据《中华人民共和国兵役法》、《征兵工作条例》等法律法规，做好征兵工作的监督检查工作。军队的军事训练、装备采购、纪检监察、审计等部门，依据法律法规规定的职责权限，开展专项执法检查活动。

For the past two years, the armed forces, working with relevant local departments, have conducted inspections of the implementation of such laws and regulations as the Civil Air Defense Law of the People’s Republic of China, the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protecting Military Facilities, and the Regulations on Military Uniform Management. In accordance with laws and regulations like the Military Service Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations on the Recruitment of Soldiers, military service organs and recruitment staff of the people’s governments at all levels have undertaken efforts to supervise and inspect recruitment work. Within the proper bounds of their authority, military departments have conducted special reviews on law-enforcement in their respective fields of military training, equipment procurement, discipline inspection and supervision, and auditing.

军事司法

Military Judicial System

坚持和加强党对军队政法工作的组织领导，完善军事司法工作体系。2007年，中央军委印发《关于进一步加强军队政法工作的意见》，规定团级以上单位成立政法委员会。2008年，总政治部制定《军队各级政法委员会工作规则》。

The PLA continues to uphold the CPC’s leadership in its political and legal work, and to improve military judicial work systems. In 2007, the CMC issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening the Political and Legal Work of the Armed Forces, requiring the establishment of political and legal commissions in units at and above regiment level. In 2008, the General Political Department enacted the Regulations on the Work of Political and Legal Commissions at All Levels of the Armed Forces.

贯彻预防为主、综合治理、重在建设的方针，加强预防犯罪综合治理。2009年，总参谋部、总政治部、总后勤部、总装备部联合印发《关于进一步加强新形势下军队预防职务犯罪工作的意见》和《关于纪律检查部门、军事检察机关参与事故调查处理的暂行规定》。军队各级保卫部门、军事法院、军事检察院在依法惩治各类违法犯罪活动中，充分发挥职能作用，坚决维护司法公正。

The PLA strengthens crime prevention in a proactive, comprehensive and constructive manner. In 2009, the General Staff Headquarters, General Political Department, General Logistics Department and General Armaments Department jointly issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening the Prevention of Duty-related Crime of the Armed Forces under the New Situation and the Provisional Regulations on the Participation of Discipline Inspection Departments and Military Procuratorial Organs in Accident Investigation and Handling. The internal security organs, military courts and military procuratorates of the armed forces have performed their functions to the full, resolutely maintaining justice in punishing various offenses and crimes in accordance with the law.

按照国家司法改革的总体部署，推进军事司法制度改革。人民解放军军事法院制定《解放军军事法院〈人民法院量刑指导意见(试行)〉实施细则》，落实宽严相济刑事政策；探索民事审判工作，健全诉讼与非诉相衔接的纠纷解决机制；制定《军事法院涉诉信访案件终结办法》，提高申诉复查的透明度和公信力。总政治部制定《关于下级军事检察院立案侦查的案件由上一级军事检察院审查决定逮捕的通知》，人民解放军军事检察院制定相关实施办法，推进军队职务犯罪案件审查决定逮捕程序改革。

In line with overall arrangements by the state for judicial reform, the PLA presses forward with the reform of the military judicial system. The Military Court of the PLA has enacted the Detailed Rules of the Military Court of the People’s Liberation Army for the Implementation of the Guiding Opinions on Sentencing by People’s Courts (Trial), and implemented the policy of combining leniency with rigor in respect of criminal offences. They have made further progress in civil adjudication, and improved the dispute resolution mechanism that connects litigation and non-litigation. The formulation of the Measures of Military Courts to Close Cases of Litigation Relating to Complaint Letters and Visits has enhanced transparency and public credibility in the review of appeals. The General Political Department has issued the Notice of the Requirement that Cases Filed and Investigated by the Military Procuratorate at a Lower Level Be Submitted to the Military Procuratorate at the Next Higher Level for Examination and Detention Decision-Making, and the PLA Military Procuratorate has issued relevant implementation measures for the Notice, which advances the reform of decision-making procedures regarding examination and detention in duty-related cases.

法律服务和法制宣传教育

Legal Service and Legal Publicity and Education

军队各级司法行政部门及其他相关部门根据部队执行多样化军事任务需要，及时提供专业高效的法律保障。为执行抢险救灾任务、赴亚丁湾和索马里海域护航、参加重大中外联合演习的部队配备法律顾问。组织多批法律服务小分队帮助执行反恐维稳任务的部队处理法律问题，为部队编印相关法律手册。

To meet the needs of their troops in accomplishing diversified military tasks, judicial and administrative departments at all levels and other relevant departments of the armed forces have provided professional and efficient legal services. Specifically, legal advisors have been provided for troops participating in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations, escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and the waters off Somalia, and major joint military exercises with other countries. Several legal-service teams have been dispatched to help troops who perform counter-terrorism and stability-maintenance tasks to deal with legal problems. Legal handbooks have been compiled and printed for the troops.

开展多种形式的送法下基层活动，活动范围覆盖全军三分之二以上旅团级单位，为基层官兵提供法律咨询服务。加强与地方司法行政部门和法律服务组织的联系，完善解决官兵涉法问题协作机制，拓宽解决涉法问题的渠道。2009年，军队律师担任刑事辩护700多件，代理各类民事经济案件2300多件。

A series of actions have been carried out to provide legal services, including legal consultations, to grass-roots officers and men. These have now covered more than two-thirds of units at brigade or regiment level. Interactions with local judicial and administrative departments and legal service organizations have been strengthened, coordination mechanisms have been improved to solve legal problems of officers and men, and channels for handling such problems have been widened. In 2009, military lawyers represented defendants in more than 700 criminal trials, and undertook more than 2,300 civil and economic cases.

加强法律服务队伍建设，健全法律服务组织。目前，全军共设法律顾问处268个，旅团级单位设法律咨询站1600多个，营连普遍设法律咨询组。全军共有军队律师1342名，法律咨询员2.5万名。

Efforts have been strengthened in legal service personnel training and organization building. At present, China’s armed forces have established 268 military legal advisory offices, more than 1,600 legal consultation stations in units at brigade/regiment level, and legal consultation teams in almost all battalions and companies. There are altogether 1,342 military lawyers and 25,000 legal advisors in the armed forces.

完善涉军维权机制，维护国防利益和军人军属合法权益。全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)已建立起地方党委统一领导、司法机关为主体、政府有关部门共同参与、军地协调的涉军维权工作长效机制，形成较为完善的涉军维权组织。自2000年以来，各级涉军维权组织为军人军属提供法律咨询76万人次，接待来信来访12万人次，处理各类涉军纠纷9.8万件，人民法院审理涉军案件3.4万件。

Mechanisms have been improved for safeguarding the rights and interests of military units, military personnel, and national defense, and the legitimate rights and interests of servicemen and their families have been protected. Led by local Party committees, mainly composed of judicial organs, supported by relevant departments of local governments, and featuring civil-military coordination, permanent mechanisms have been established in 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government to safeguard the legal rights and interests of military units and personnel. As a result, a relatively comprehensive system of organizations for safeguarding the legal rights and interests of military units and personnel has been established. Since 2000, such organizations, operating at different levels, have provided 760,000 legal consultations to servicemen and their families, handled 120,000 complaint letters or visits, and dealt with 98,000 disputes involving military units and personnel, and the people’s courts have tried 34,000 cases involving military units and personnel.

结合第五个五年普法教育活动，深入开展法制宣传教育，提高官兵法律素质。人民解放军和武警部队把法制宣传教育纳入部队教育训练大纲、干部培训考核体系，组织官兵学习宪法和相关法律法规。不断创新方法手段，增强法制宣传教育的时代感、吸引力和感染力。

In the context of the fifth five-year program on law education, legal publicity and education have been enhanced, and the legal awareness of officers and men has been raised. The PLA and PAPF have incorporated legal publicity and education into the outline of education and training and into training and evaluation systems for military cadres, and organized officers and men to study the Constitution and relevant laws and regulations. They have continued to innovate means and measures designed to render legal publicity and education more up-to-date, more interesting and more appealing.

七、国防科技工业

VII. Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

中国建立和完善军民结合、寓军于民的武器装备科研生产体系，推进改革发展，提高科研生产能力，努力建设先进的国防科技工业。

China has established and is striving to optimize those research and production systems for weaponry and equipment which cater to both military and civilian needs and sustain military potential in civilian capabilities. It furthers reform and development and raises the capacity of research and production in promoting advanced defense-related science, technology and industry.

国防科技工业改革发展

Reform and Development of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense

积极转变军工经济发展方式。推进结构调整、产业优化升级和节能减排，有效应对国际金融危机。建立健全军工能力监管相关法规制度体系，提高军工能力和军工关键设备设施的监管质量和水平，军工经济实现平稳较快发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Defense-related industries have actively transformed their development model. Through restructuring, optimizing and upgrading, and by taking energy conservation and emission reduction measures, they have coped effectively with the international financial crisis. A legal and regulatory system has been established to improve the capabilities of defense-related industries as well as the supervision over and management of their key installations and facilities. Defense-related industries have achieved steady and relatively rapid growth.

规范和引导军工企事业单位利用民用工业能力和社会资本开展武器装备科研生产。2010年，国家工业和信息化部、总装备部根据《武器装备科研生产许可管理条例》，公布施行《武器装备科研生产许可实施办法》，进一步规范各类经济主体参与武器装备科研生产和任务竞争。目前，取得武器装备科研生产许可的民用工业企业已占许可单位总数的三分之二。印发《国防科技工业社会投资领域指导目录》，推进军工企业投资主体多元化。

Defense-related enterprises and institutions are regulated and guided to make use of civilian industrial capabilities and social capital to conduct research into and production of weaponry and equipment. In 2010, based on the Regulations on the Licensing Administration of Weaponry and Equipment Research and Production, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the PLA’s General Armaments Department jointly issued the Implementation Measures for the Licensing of Weaponry and Equipment Research and Production to further regulate the participation of different types of economic bodies in scientific research into and production of weaponry and equipment and in tendering for relevant projects. Civilian industrial enterprises licensed for the scientific research into and production of weaponry and equipment now make up two-thirds of the total licensed enterprises and institutions. The Guiding Catalogue of Fields for Social Investment in Defense-related Science, Technology and Industry has been issued to promote diversity in investors in defense-related enterprises.

提高武器装备科研生产能力

Improvement of Scientific Research and Production Capabilities for Weaponry and Equipment

建设先进的军工核心能力。国防科技工业全面完成“十一五”规划建设目标，建成一批高水平的科研平台和新型装备生产线，提高研究开发、设计仿真、加工制造、试验测试等手段的现代化程度，保障了武器装备科研生产任务的完成，基本实现保障型号与强化基础的相互促进和协调发展。

Advanced core competence of defense-related industries has been built. Science, technology and industry for national defense have achieved the goals set in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010). A number of high-level research platforms and new equipment production lines have been built. Resources involved in R&D, design and simulation, processing and manufacturing, and experimentation and testing have been further modernized to ensure the fulfillment of research and production tasks, and the realization of mutual promotion and coordinated development between the R&D and production of model weaponry and equipment and the consolidation of fundamental capabilities.

增强自主创新能力。鼓励和支持军工企事业单位、基础性科研机构和高等院校开展国防科技创新活动，加强研发应用和基础研究，加速推进新原理新技术新工艺的探索、创新与应用，着力发展先进工业技术，大力推动数字化、信息化技术应用，提高武器装备科研生产的技术水平和创新能力。建立健全自主创新激励政策和评价制度，营造创新环境，优化创新人才队伍，激发科技创新的积极性和主动性。高度重视国防科技工业知识产权创造、运用和保护。2009年，数十项成果获得国家技术发明奖和国家科技进步奖。

Capabilities in independent innovation have been strengthened. Defense-related enterprises and institutions, institutes for basic research and institutions of higher learning are encouraged to make innovations in defense-related science and technology and to strengthen both basic and applied research. Exploration, innovation and the application of new theories, technologies and processing techniques have been accelerated. The development of advanced industrial technologies has been encouraged. Digital and information technologies have been widely used. The technological level and innovative capability of scientific research into and production of weaponry and equipment have been raised. To create a favorable environment for innovation, incentive policies and appraisal systems for original innovation have been introduced to build a better contingent of creative and talented people and to provide them with the motivation and initiative to produce scientific and technological innovations. Great importance has been given to the filing, application and protection of intellectual property rights related to science, technology and industry for national defense. In 2009, dozens of innovations won National Technology Invention Awards or National Science and Technology Progress Awards.

增强武器装备科研生产基础能力。强化国防科技基础平台建设、运行和管理，发挥国防科技实验室和国防科技工业先进技术研究应用中心在国防基础研究和应用研究中的重要作用。建立质量工作长效机制，强化质量监督，产品质量总体水平稳步提升。加强标准化、计量等军工技术基础建设，提高武器装备科研生产的基础保障能力。

The basic capabilities of weaponry and equipment research and production have been enhanced. The construction, operation and management of defense-related technological infrastructure have all been reinforced. National defense science and technology labs as well as research and application centers for advanced technologies have been playing a vital role in both basic and applied research. A long-term mechanism for quality control has been established to reinforce quality supervision, resulting in a steady improvement in the overall quality of products. Technological infrastructure for the defense industry, such as standards and measurements, has been established to provide better support capabilities to weaponry and equipment research and production.

和平利用军工技术

Peaceful Use of Defense Industrial Technology

围绕国家高技术产业发展的重点和方向，加快军工技术推广转化。突破技术关键和产业化瓶颈，在航空航天、电子信息、特种技术装备、新能源与高效动力、节能环保等领域，发展战略性新兴产业和军工特色高技术产业，培育新的经济增长点，促进国家产业振兴和高新技术产业结构调整。

The application of defense-related technologies has been accelerated in line with key fields and projects decided by the state. With breakthroughs in vital technologies and industrialization, burgeoning industries with strategic significance, and other defense-related high-tech industries in the fields of aeronautics and space, electronic information, special technologies and equipment, new energy and high efficiency power, and energy conservation and environmental protection have been developed to foster new economic engines in revitalizing national industries and restructuring new and high-tech industries.

重视核能、空间技术的和平利用与开发。制定和发布积极发展核能的产业政策，有力促进了核电、核燃料循环、核技术应用产业的快速发展。宇航产品出口取得积极进展。中国为委内瑞拉研制并成功发射通信卫星，与有关国家签署通信卫星领域合作协议或合同。

Great importance has been attached to the peaceful use and development of nuclear energy and space technology. The industrial policy of actively exploiting nuclear energy has been formulated and issued, which has effectively secured the growth of the industries of nuclear power, nuclear fuel recycling, and nuclear technology application. Positive progress has been achieved in the export of aerospace products. China has successfully developed and launched a communications satellite for Venezuela and signed agreements or contracts on cooperation in the field of communications satellites with some countries.

参与国际交流与合作

Participation in International Exchanges and Cooperation

国防科技工业按照平等、互利、共赢的原则开展对外合作。发展与友好国家的防务技术合作关系，与一些友好国家建立政府间军工技术联委会机制。鼓励和支持军工企事业单位参与国际交流与合作，与一些国家采取联合研制、联合生产、合作培养人才的方式开展军工技术合作。

Cooperation with foreign countries in defense-related science, technology and industry has been conducted on an equal, mutually beneficial, and win-win basis. Cooperation in defense technology with friendly countries has been promoted, and mechanisms for inter-governmental commissions with some friendly countries involving defense industries and technologies have been established. Defense-related enterprises and institutions are encouraged and supported to engage in international exchanges and cooperation. Such defense industrial and technological cooperation as joint R&D, and production and personnel training are conducted with foreign countries.

中国政府严格履行承担的国际义务、国际承诺和联合国安理会有关制裁决议，按照国际通行的准则，建立健全政府、集团公司和出口企业三个层面的防扩散机制，以审慎态度对待军品及相关技术出口。按照有利于提高接受国正当自卫能力，不损害地区和世界和平、安全和稳定，不干涉接受国内政等原则，对军品出口企业实行特许经营制度，对军品出口产品实行许可证管理，严格执行国家的防扩散政策及法律。

The Chinese government strictly fulfils its international obligations, commitments and relevant resolutions of the Security Council of the UN on sanctions. In conformity with international conventions and standards, it has established a sound non-proliferation regime at the three levels of government, corporation and export enterprise, taking a prudent attitude towards the export of military products and related technologies. Following the principles of serving the purpose of helping the recipient state enhance its capability for legitimate self-defense, not impairing the peace, security and stability of the relevant region or the world as a whole, and not interfering in the recipient state’s internal affairs, China sets up a franchising system for the enterprises permitted to export military products, practices a licensing system for military product export, and strictly abides by its policies and laws on non-proliferation.

中国政府重视核能领域的国际合作，已同23个国家缔结政府间和平利用核能合作协定，引进先进的核能技术，并为发展中国家提供力所能及的帮助。2009年4月，与国际原子能机构在北京成功举办“面向21世纪核能部长级国际大会”。

Attaching great importance to international cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, the Chinese government has reached inter-governmental agreements with 23 countries on peaceful use of nuclear energy, introduced advanced nuclear energy technologies into China, and provided every possible assistance to developing countries. In April 2009, organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and hosted by the Chinese government, the International Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Energy in the 21st Century was held in Beijing.

中国按照和平利用外空的原则，分别与俄罗斯、法国、巴西、乌克兰、美国、欧洲空间局等在空间技术、空间应用及空间科学领域开展了双边合作和交流。支持联合国和平利用外层空间委员会和亚太空间合作组织相关工作，积极参与利用空间技术开展地球科学研究、防灾减灾、深空探测、空间碎片减缓与防护等多边合作。

In accordance with the principle of peaceful use of outer space, China has conducted bilateral cooperation and exchanges with Russia, France, Brazil, Ukraine, the United States and the European Space Agency (ESA) in the fields of space technology, space exploration and space science. It supports the work of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) and Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO), and plays an active role in making use of outer space technologies to conduct multilateral cooperation in Earth science research, disaster prevention and reduction, deep space exploration, and space debris mitigation and protection.

八、国防经费

VIII. Defense Expenditure

中国坚持国防建设与经济建设协调发展的方针，根据国防需求和国民经济发展水平，合理确定国防经费的规模，依法管理和使用国防经费。

China adheres to the principle of coordinated development of national defense and economy. In line with the demands of national defense and economic development, China decides on the size of defense expenditure in an appropriate way, and manages and uses its defense funds in accordance with the law.

随着国家经济社会发展，中国国防费保持适度合理增长。2008年和2009年，中国国内生产总值分别为314045亿元人民币和340903亿元人民币。国家财政支出分别为62592.66亿元人民币和76299.93亿元人民币，分别比上年增长25.7％和21.9％。2008年和2009年，中国年度国防费分别为4178.76亿元人民币和4951.10亿元人民币，分别比上年增长17.5％和18.5％。近年来，中国年度国防费占国内生产总值的比重相对稳定，占国家财政支出的比重略有下降。

With the development of national economy and society, the increase of China’s defense expenditure has been kept at a reasonable and appropriate level. China’s GDP was RMB31,404.5 billion in 2008 and RMB34,090.3 billion in 2009. State financial expenditure was RMB6,259.266 billion in 2008 and RMB7,629.993 billion in 2009, up 25.7 percent and 21.9 percent respectively over the previous year. China’s defense expenditure was RMB417.876 billion in 2008 and RMB495.11 billion in 2009, up 17.5 percent and 18.5 percent respectively over the previous year. In recent years, the share of China’s annual defense expenditure in its GDP has remained relatively steady, while that in overall state financial expenditure has been moderately decreased.

中国国防费主要由人员生活费、训练维持费和装备费3部分组成，各部分大体各占三分之一。人员生活费用于军官、文职干部、士兵和聘用人员的工资津贴、住房保险、伙食被装等。训练维持费用于部队训练、院校教育、工程设施建设维护以及其他日常消耗性支出。装备费用于武器装备的研究、试验、采购、维修、运输和储存等。国防费的保障范围包括现役部队、预备役部队和民兵，同时也负担部分退役军人、军人配偶生活及子女教育、支援国家和地方经济建设等社会性支出。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China’s defense expenditure mainly comprises expenses for personnel, training and maintenance, and equipment, with each accounting for roughly one third of the total. Personnel expenses mainly cover salaries, allowances, housing, insurance, food, bedding and clothing for officers, non-ranking officers, enlisted men and contracted civilians. Training and maintenance expenses mainly cover troop training, institutional education, construction and maintenance of installations and facilities, and other expenses on routine consumables. Equipment expenses mainly cover R&D, experimentation, procurement, maintenance, transportation and storage of weaponry and equipment. Defense expenditure covers costs to support the active forces, reserve forces, and militia. It also covers part of the costs to support retired servicemen, servicemen’s spouses, and education of servicemen’s children, as well as national and local economic development and other social expenses.

近两年增长的国防费主要用于：(一)改善部队保障条件。适应国家经济社会发展和居民生活水平提高，调整军人工资津贴标准，连续提高教育训练、水电取暖等经费标准，开展基层后勤综合配套整治，改善边海防部队、边远艰苦地区部队执勤训练和生活条件。(二)完成多样化军事任务。增加非战争军事行动能力建设投入，保障抗震救灾、亚丁湾和索马里海域护航、抗洪抢险、国际救援等行动。(三)推进中国特色军事变革。针对采购价格、维修成本不断上涨势头，适当增加高技术武器装备及其配套建设经费。

In the past two years, the increase in China’s defense expenditure has primarily been used for the following purposes: (1) Improving support conditions for the troops: Along with the economic and social development and the improvement of people’s living standards, the PLA has adjusted servicemen’s salaries and allowances, increased funding for education and training, water and electricity supplies and heating, upgraded logistics support for grass-roots units in a comprehensive and coordinated way, and improved the on-duty, training and living conditions of border and coastal defense forces and units in remote areas and harsh environments. (2) Accomplishing diversified military tasks: China has increased investment in improving MOOTW capabilities, in supporting earthquake rescue and disaster relief operations, in escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and waters off Somalia, in flood control and emergency rescue operations, and in international rescue operations. (3) Pushing forward the Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) with Chinese characteristics. In view of the upward trend in purchasing prices and maintenance costs, China has moderately increased the funds for high-tech weaponry and equipment and their supporting facilities.

2010年，国际金融危机深层次影响尚未消除，各种不确定因素较多，中国财政收支紧张的矛盾仍在持续。国家财政在重点保障“三农”、教育、科技、卫生医疗、社会保障等民生支出的基础上，根据需要适度增加国防开支。2010年国防费预算为5321.15亿元人民币，比2009年增长7.5％，国防费增幅有所下降。

In 2010, confronted by the residual impact of the global financial crisis and other uncertainties, the tension between revenue and expenditure in China’s finances persists. Giving priority to socially beneficial spending in agriculture, rural areas and farmers, as well as in education, science and technology, health, medical care and social security, China has increased its defense expenditure moderately as needed. China’s defense budget for 2010 is RMB532.115 billion, up 7.5 percent over 2009. The growth rate of defense expenditure has decreased. 

中国对国防费实行严格的财政拨款制度。每年的国防费预算都纳入国家预算草案，由全国人民代表大会审查和批准。国家和军队审计机构，对国防费预算及执行情况进行审计监督。近年来，中国政府加强国防费科学化精细化管理，改革创新财经管理制度，推进资产管理改革，加强预算执行监督管理，组织领导干部经济责任审计和经费物资使用的专项审计，提高国防费开支的透明度和规范性，确保国防费的正确有效使用。

China practices a strict system of financial supervision of defense funds. The annual defense budget is incorporated into the annual financial budget draft of the central government, and then submitted to the NPC for review and approval. The auditing offices of the state and the PLA conduct audit and supervision of the defense budget and its enforcement. In recent years, the Chinese government has strengthened systematic and meticulous management of defense expenditure, reformed and innovated financial management systems, pressed forward with reforms in asset management, reinforced budget implementation, supervision and management, and organized auditing of economic responsibilities of military leaders and special auditing of the use of funds and materials. In this way, transparency and standardization of defense expenditure are enhanced, and the proper and effective use of defense funds is ensured.

九、建立军事互信

IX. Military Confidence-Building

建立军事互信是维护国家安全发展和地区和平稳定的有效途径。中国坚持以增强政治互信为基础，以促进共同安全为目标，遵循平等协商、尊重彼此核心利益和重大安全关切、不针对第三国、不威胁和损害他国安全稳定等原则，推动建立平等、互利、有效的军事互信机制。

Military confidence-building is an effective way to maintain national security and development, and safeguard regional peace and stability. With political mutual trust as the groundwork and common security as the goal, China is promoting the establishment of equal, mutually beneficial and effective mechanisms for military confidence-building, which should be based on the principles of holding consultations on an equal footing, mutual respect for core interests and recognition of major security concerns, not targeting at any third country, and not threatening or harming other countries’ security and stability.

战略磋商与对话

Strategic Consultations and Dialogues

近年来，中国广泛开展同有关国家在安全与防务领域的战略磋商和对话，增进相互了解和信任，加强沟通与协调。中国已与22个国家建立防务安全磋商对话机制。

In recent years, China has held extensive strategic consultations and dialogues with relevant countries in the field of security and defense to enhance mutual understanding and trust, and to strengthen communication and coordination. To date, China has established mechanisms for defense and security consultation and dialogue with 22 countries.

中俄战略协作伙伴关系全面深入发展。中俄两军于1997年建立战略磋商机制。2010年两军总参谋部举行第十三轮战略磋商，双方就国际战略形势、东北亚、中亚、南亚及两军合作等问题达成诸多共识。

The strategic and cooperative partnership between Russia and China continues to be comprehensively and vigorously reinforced. The two militaries established a strategic consultation mechanism in 1997. The 13th round of strategic consultations between the two general staff headquarters in 2010 resulted in consensus on the international strategic situation, issues in Northeast Asia, Central Asia and South Asia, and cooperation between the two militaries.

中美两国在防扩散、反恐和双边军事安全合作等领域开展磋商。1997年，中美两国建立国防部防务磋商机制。2009年6月和2010年12月，两国举行第十次、第十一次国防部防务磋商，就共同关心的问题进行对话。2009年2月和12月，中美举行第五次、第六次国防部工作会晤。

China and the United States maintain consultations on such issues as non-proliferation, counter-terrorism, and bilateral military and security cooperation. The two countries established a mechanism of defense consultation between the two defense ministries in 1997, and held the tenth and 11th Defense Consultative Talks (DCT) on issues of common concern in June 2009 and December 2010, and the fifth and the sixth Defense Policy Coordination Talks (DPCT) in February and December 2009.

中国重视与周边国家的防务安全磋商。与蒙古、日本、越南、菲律宾、印度尼西亚、泰国、新加坡、印度、巴基斯坦等周边国家建立防务安全磋商和政策对话机制。定期举行不同层级的磋商对话，主要探讨亚太安全形势、双边军事关系、地区热点等问题，对促进相互理解、巩固睦邻友好、深化互信合作、维护地区和平稳定发挥了积极作用。

China attaches great importance to defense and security consultations with neighboring countries. It has established mechanisms for defense and security consultation and policy dialogue with neighboring countries, including Mongolia, Japan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, India and Pakistan, and has held regular consultations and dialogues at different levels with its neighbors, which focus on Asia-Pacific security, bilateral military relations and regional flashpoint issues. Such consultations and dialogues play a positive role in promoting mutual understanding, consolidating good neighborliness and friendship, deepening mutual trust and cooperation, and maintaining regional peace and stability.

中国广泛开展与其他国家的战略磋商和对话。2009年9月，中德两军举行第四轮防务战略磋商。10月，中澳两军举行第十二次防务战略磋商。2009年3月和2010年6月，中国与新西兰举行第二次、第三次战略对话。2010年2月，中英两军举行防务战略磋商。11月，中国与南非举行第四次防务委员会会议。中国还与埃及建立防务(合作)委员会会议机制，与土耳其建立军事合作高级对话会机制，与阿拉伯联合酋长国建立防务磋商机制，拓宽了中国与中东国家的防务交流领域。

China has conducted extensive strategic consultations and dialogues with other countries. In September 2009, the two militaries of China and Germany held the fourth round of defense strategic consultations. In October 2009, the two militaries of China and Australia held the 12th defense strategic consultations. In March 2009 and June 2010, China and New Zealand held the second and third strategic dialogues. In February 2010, military deputies of China and the United Kingdom held defense strategic consultations. In November 2010, China and South Africa held the fourth defense commission meeting. China has also established mechanisms for defense (cooperation) commission meetings with Egypt, for high-level military cooperation dialogue with Turkey, and for defense consultations with the United Arab Emirates, all of which have broadened defense exchanges between China and Middle Eastern countries.

边境建立信任措施

Border Area Confidence-Building Measures

中国始终坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的周边外交方针，重视与相邻国家建立边境地区信任措施，加强边境地区军队友好交往，积极预防危险军事活动，维护边境地区和平与稳定。

China consistently pursues a foreign policy of building an amicable relationship and partnership with its neighbors, attaches great importance to border area confidence-building measures, strengthens friendly military exchanges in border areas, and actively prevents dangerous military activities, all of which have helped preserve peace and stability on the borders.

1993年9月和1996年11月，中国与印度先后签署《关于在中印边境实际控制线地区保持和平与安宁的协定》和《关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的协定》。2005年4月，中印两国签署《关于在中印边境实际控制线地区军事领域建立信任措施的实施办法的议定书》，就1996年建立信任措施协定有关条款的具体实施办法达成协议。

In September 1993, China and India signed the Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility Along the Line of Actual Control in the China-India Border Areas, and in November 1996, the two countries signed the Agreement on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the China-India Border Areas. In April 2005, the two countries signed the Protocol on Implementation Measures for Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the Line of Actual Control in the China-India Border Areas, agreeing on specific implementation measures for certain articles in the 1996 Agreement.

1996年4月，中国与哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦签署《关于在边境地区加强军事领域信任的协定》。1997年4月，中国与上述国家签署《关于在边境地区相互裁减军事力量的协定》，对长达7600多公里的中哈、中吉、中俄、中塔边界一定纵深内的作战部队与武器装备进行裁减，每年组织相互视察活动，监督和核查边境地区信任措施落实情况。1998年12月，中国与不丹签署《关于在中不边境地区保持和平与安宁的协定》。

In April 1996, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed the Agreement on Confidence-Building in the Military Field Along the Border Areas. In April 1997, China signed the Agreement on the Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in the Border Areas with the aforementioned countries, which includes clauses on mutual reduction of combat troops and weaponry within delineated limits along China’s 7,600-km borderlines with Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan, on the organization of annual mutual inspections, and on supervision and verification of the implementation of mutual trust measures in border areas. In December 1998, China and Bhutan signed the Sino-Bhutanese Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquility in the Border Areas.

人民解放军边防部队忠实履行军事领域边境信任协定。20世纪90年代以来，中国国防部分别与朝鲜、俄罗斯、蒙古、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、缅甸、越南等国相关部门签署《边防合作协议》，建立总部、军区(省军区)和边防部队三级会晤机制，及时通报边境信息，协商处置重要边境事务。人民解放军边防部队沿边设有60多个边境会谈会晤站，每年与邻国举行会谈会晤活动数千次。近年来，与俄罗斯、塔吉克斯坦、蒙古、巴基斯坦等国在边境地区举行双边或多边边境封控、联合反恐等军事演练，开展联合巡逻、联合检查等活动。

The PLA border defense force faithfully implements all relevant border confidence-building agreements in the military field. Since the 1990s, China’s Ministry of National Defense has signed Frontier Defense Cooperation Agreement respectively with relevant departments of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Myanmar and Vietnam, and established a three-level meeting mechanism between China’s general headquarters/departments, military area commands (provincial military commands) and border defense units and their counterparts, to communicate border information in a timely manner and handle major border affairs through consultation. The PLA border defense force has set up along the borders more than 60 stations for border talks and meetings, and every year engages in thousands of talks and meetings with neighboring countries. In recent years, in the border areas, China has conducted military training in bilateral or multilateral border blockade and control, joint counter-terrorism, and carried out joint patrols and inspections respectively with Russia, Tajikistan, Mongolia and Pakistan.

中国政府与多个陆地邻国签订国界管理制度协定，明确共同维护边境地区秩序、保护与利用跨界河流、建立边境地区联系制度、协商处理边境事务等合作措施。建立边界代表制度，负责与邻国协商处理无需通过外交途径解决的边境事务。中国边界代表由政府任命、边防部队领导担任，在当地军事机关、外事部门指导下工作。边界代表定期交换边境相关信息，防范和处理各类边境事件，配合做好口岸管理、跨境运输、渔业合作、环境保护、灾害预防等工作。

China has signed border management system agreements with a dozen of its land neighbors to specify cooperation measures for keeping order in border areas, protecting and utilizing cross-border rivers, establishing a border area liaison system, and handling border affairs through consultation. A border representative system has been established to handle border affairs that can be settled through consultation without the need for escalation to diplomatic levels. Appointed by the government and selected from leaders of border defense units, Chinese border representatives perform their duties under the guidance of local military organs and foreign affairs departments. Border representatives exchange information regularly, guard against and handle border incidents, and provide assistance in port administration, cross-border transportation, fishery cooperation, environmental protection and disaster prevention.

海上安全对话与合作

Dialogues and Cooperation on Maritime Security

中国积极参与国际海上安全对话与合作，坚持遵循《联合国宪章》、《联合国海洋法公约》以及其他公认的国际关系准则，坚持谋求共同安全和共同发展，坚持尊重沿海国的主权和权益，坚持合作应对海上传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁，努力寻求基于和平的多种途径和手段，维护海上安全。

China takes an active part in dialogue and cooperation on international maritime security. It strictly complies with the UN Charter, the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and other universally recognized norms of international relations. It consistently pursues common security and development, and respects the sovereignty, rights and interests of coastal states. China perseveres in dealing with traditional and non-traditional maritime threats through cooperation, and strives to maintain maritime security through multiple peaceful ways and means.

1998年，中美建立海上军事安全磋商机制，就海上军事安全问题进行磋商。迄今共举行8次年度会晤、13次工作小组会议和2次专门会议，对促进海上活动安全、避免发生海上意外事件及建立其他相互信任措施发挥了积极作用。2009年8月，举行中美海上军事安全磋商机制专门会议。2010年10月，举行中美海上军事安全磋商机制年度会晤。

In 1998, China and the United States concluded the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement (MMCA) and began to conduct consultations on military maritime security issues. To date, eight annual meetings, 13 working group meetings and two special meetings have been held, contributing to the safety of maritime activities, the avoidance of maritime accidents and the adoption of other confidence-building measures. An MMCA special session was held in August 2009 and an annual meeting was held in October 2010.

2005年10月，中国与越南签署《中越海军北部湾联合巡逻协议》。两国海军成立北部湾联合巡逻办公室，共同组织了10次联合巡逻和5次年度会晤。2009年2月，中韩相邻海空军间直通电话正式开通。2008年以来，中日就建立海上联络机制进行多次工作磋商。中国海军积极参加西太平洋海军论坛的各项活动，参加东盟地区论坛和亚太安全理事会关于海上安全的研讨活动。

In October 2005, China and Vietnam signed the Agreement on Joint Patrols by the Navies of China and Vietnam in the Beibu Gulf. The two navies established the Office of Joint Patrols in the Beibu Gulf, organized ten joint patrols, and held five annual meetings. In February 2009, direct telephone links were officially established between the Chinese and ROK naval and air force troops stationed in adjacent areas. Since 2008, China and Japan have held several consultations over the establishment of a maritime liaison mechanism. The Chinese Navy has taken an active part in the activities of the Western Pacific Naval Symposium (WPNS), and in seminars on maritime security sponsored by the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) and the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific (CSCAP).

近两年来，中国海军共派出10余批20余艘次舰艇访问30多个国家，接待了20多个国家30余艘次舰艇来访。

In the past two years, the Chinese Navy has sent more than 20 naval ships in over ten convoys to visit more than 30 countries, and received port visits from more than 30 naval ships representing over 20 countries.

地区安全合作

Regional Security Cooperation

亚太地区正在形成多层次、复合型的地区安全合作架构，多种安全合作机制进一步发展。中国积极参加亚太地区安全对话和安全机制建设，加强与亚太各国的政治互信和安全合作，推动建立军事互信，维护地区和平稳定。

A multi-tiered and composite framework of Asia-Pacific regional security cooperation is taking shape, and numerous security cooperation mechanisms have been further developed. China takes an active part in establishing security dialogue and building security mechanisms in the Asia-Pacific region, strengthens mutual political trust and security cooperation with Asia-Pacific countries, promotes military confidence-building, and endeavors to maintain regional peace and stability.

2009年以来，上海合作组织安全领域合作继续保持良好发展势头。成员国先后签订《反恐怖主义公约》、《保障国际信息安全政府间合作协定》和《政府间合作打击犯罪协定》等文件，为安全合作奠定坚实的法律基础。完善大型国际活动安保合作机制，确保2010年莫斯科世界反法西斯战争胜利65周年纪念活动、上海世博会、广州亚运会等重要活动顺利举行。联合反恐演习机制化发展，举行“和平使命”系列联合反恐军事演习和“诺拉克反恐－2009”、“萨拉托夫反恐—2010”执法安全部门反恐演习，有力震慑了地区“三股势力”。成员国安全会议秘书、总检察长、最高法院院长、国防部长、公安内务部长及其他执法安全部门领导人定期会晤，不断深化司法、防务、执法安全领域合作。

Since 2009, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has sustained its strong development momentum in security cooperation. Its member states have signed a succession of papers, such as the SCO Counter-Terrorism Convention, the Agreement among the Governments of the SCO Member States on Cooperation in the Field of Ensuring International Information Security, and the Agreement among the Governments of the SCO Member States on Cooperation in the Field of Combating Crime, which have laid a solid legal foundation for security cooperation. Further improvements have been made in cooperation mechanisms for security work at major international events, such as those held in 2010, including the 65th Anniversary of the Victory of World Anti-fascist War held in Moscow, the Shanghai Expo and the Guangzhou Asian Games. Joint counter-terrorism exercises continue to be formalized. Joint counter-terrorism exercises, such as the “Peace Mission” series between the militaries, and the “Norak-Anti-Terror 2009” and “Saratov-Anti-Terror 2010” initiatives between law-enforcement and security departments, have provided an effective deterrence to the three regional threats of terrorism, separatism and extremism. Regular meetings have been held between security committee secretaries, procurators-general, heads of supreme courts, defense ministers, ministers of interior affairs and public security, and other leaders of law enforcement and security agencies from the SCO member states, enhancing cooperation in justice, defense, law enforcement, security and other fields.

中国积极参加东盟地区论坛、中国与东盟、东盟与中日韩框架下的多边安全会议。2004年，在中方积极倡导下，东盟地区论坛安全政策会议正式创办，成为该论坛国防官员参与级别最高的对话机制。2010年5月，中国在第七次东盟地区论坛安全政策会议上，提出加强非传统安全合作问题研究、推动务实性合作等倡议。2010年10月，参加首届东盟防长扩大会，提出了加强地区安全对话与合作的倡议和主张。近年来，多次主办中国与东盟防务与安全对话、东盟与中日韩武装部队非传统安全合作论坛、东盟地区论坛武装部队参与国际救灾法律规程建设研讨会等。

China actively participates in multilateral security meetings within the framework of the ARF, ASEAN Plus One (China), and ASEAN Plus Three (China, Japan and the ROK). Initiated by China, the ARF Conference on Security Policies was officially staged in 2004, and has developed into a dialogue mechanism for the highest ranking senior defense officials within the ARF framework. In May 2010, at the seventh ARF Conference on Security Policies, China proposed initiatives on strengthening research on non-traditional security cooperation and on promoting practical cooperation. In October 2010, China attended the first ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting Plus (ADMM+) and proposed to advance regional security dialogue and cooperation. In recent years, the PLA has hosted the China-ASEAN Defense and Security Dialogue (CADSD), the ASEAN Plus Three Forum on Non-traditional Security Cooperation between Armed Forces, and the ARF workshop on formulating legal rules for armed forces’ participation in international disaster relief operations.

自2007年以来，中国每年派出高级别防务官员出席在新加坡举行的香格里拉对话会，阐述中国国防政策和地区安全合作主张。

Since 2007, China has sent senior defense officials on an annual basis to attend the Shangri-La Dialogue held in Singapore to elaborate its national defense policy and opinions on regional security cooperation.

对外军事交往

Military Exchanges with Other Countries

中国全方位发展对外军事关系，深化同各国军队的务实交流与合作，努力营造互信互利的军事安全环境。近两年，人民解放军高级军事代表团出访40多个国家，有60多个国家的国防部长、总参谋长来访。

China develops its military relations with foreign countries in a comprehensive manner, continues to strengthen its practical exchanges and cooperation with the armed forces of other countries, and strives to foster a military security environment featuring mutual trust and benefit. In the last two years, senior PLA delegations have visited more than 40 countries, and defense ministers and chiefs of general staff from more than 60 countries have visited China.

中俄两军战略互信与务实合作不断深化。两军高层交往频繁，签署《关于相互通报发射弹道导弹和航天运载火箭的协定》，开展在人员培训、边防、院校、防空兵等方面的交流与合作。中美两军关系经受波折，但双方仍保持了有效的对话和沟通。两军在防务磋商、海上军事安全磋商、军事档案等机制性项目上有计划地开展了交流。中欧军事关系继续拓展。巩固与中东欧国家传统友好关系，加强与西欧国家的务实往来，探索与北约、欧盟发展军事关系。

The strategic mutual trust and practical cooperation between the militaries of China and Russia has been steadily enhanced. The militaries of the two sides have regularly exchanged high-level visits, signed the Missile- and Space-Launch Notification Deal, conducted cooperation in training and border defense, and held exchanges between educational institutions and air defense forces. With respect to relations between the militaries of China and the United States, two sides are still maintaining effective dialogues and communications after various ups and downs, carrying out planned exchanges in respect of structural projects, such as defense consultation, maritime military security consultation, and military filing work. Military ties between China and the European countries continue to be strengthened. China continues to consolidate traditional friendly relations with Central and Eastern European countries, increase practical exchanges with Western European countries, and explore ways to develop military ties with the NATO and the EU.

加强与周边国家的军事关系。开展与朝鲜、韩国军队的友好往来，重视中日防务交流，深化中巴两军全方位交流与合作，致力于发展中印两军关系，加强与东盟国家军队的友好交往，促进与澳大利亚、新西兰等国的军事交流。

China has strengthened military relations with its neighboring countries. It conducts friendly exchanges with the DPRK and the ROK militaries, attaches importance to Sino-Japanese defense exchanges, strengthens multi-dimensional Sino-Pakistani military exchanges and cooperation, works to advance the Sino-Indian military relationship, strengthens friendly exchanges with the militaries of ASEAN countries, and promotes military exchanges with countries like Australia and New Zealand.

发展与非洲、西亚、拉美、南太平洋等地区发展中国家军事交往。加强军队高层交往，开展中青年军官交流，不断探索和拓宽合作领域。首次派“和平方舟”号医院船访问吉布提、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚、塞舌尔等非洲国家，并开展人道主义医疗服务。首次举办非洲英语国家军队院校长研讨班、非洲法语国家军队医院院长研讨班和非洲葡萄牙语国家中高级军官研讨班，继续举办拉美、加勒比和南太平洋国家高级军官研讨班。

China conducts military exchanges with developing countries in Africa, West Asia, Latin America and the South Pacific. It increases high-level visits and exchanges between junior and intermediate officers, and seeks to broaden cooperation fields with these countries. For the first time, China sent a hospital ship, the Peace Ark, to visit the Republic of Djibouti, the Republic of Kenya, the United Republic of Tanzania, the Republic of Seychelles and other African countries and provided humanitarian medical service. Also for the first time, China hosted workshops for heads of military academies from English-speaking African countries, for directors of military hospitals from French-speaking African countries, and for intermediate and senior officers from Portuguese-speaking African countries. Additionally, China continues to host workshops for senior officers from countries in Latin America, the Caribbean and the South Pacific.

2008年建立国防部新闻发言人制度以来，先后7次召开以抗震救灾、海上护航、国际人道主义救援等为主题的新闻发布会，及时发布重要信息。加大公共外交力度，多次组织国内外媒体赴作战部队参观采访。依托国防部网站等平台，及时提供国防和军队建设的有关情况。

Since the establishment of the Ministry of National Defense (MND) spokesperson system in 2008, seven press conferences have been held on such themes as earthquake rescue and disaster relief, maritime escort and international humanitarian rescue, and important information has been released in a timely manner. The PLA invests greater efforts in public diplomacy, and has arranged for domestic and foreign media to visit combat units and conduct interviews. The PLA provides timely information on the building of national defense and armed forces via such platforms as the MND website.

2009年，在人民解放军海、空军成立60周年之际，分别举行以“和谐海洋”为主题的多国海军活动和空军“和平与发展国际论坛”。

In 2009, in celebration of the 60th anniversaries of their respective foundings, the PLAN hosted a multinational naval event on the theme of “Harmonious Ocean,” and the PLAAF hosted the “International Forum on Peace and Development.”

十、军控与裁军

X. Military Confidence-Building

中国重视并积极参与国际军控、裁军和防扩散努力，主张充分发挥联合国及其他相关国际组织和多边机制作用，巩固和加强现有多边军控、裁军和防扩散体系，尊重和照顾各国正当合理安全关切，维护全球战略平衡和稳定。

China attaches importance to and takes an active part in international efforts in the field of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. It adheres to the complete fulfillment of the UN's role in this area, and that of other related international organizations and multilateral mechanisms, and considers that existing multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation systems should be consolidated and strengthened, that the legitimate and reasonable security concerns of all countries should be respected and accommodated, and that global strategic balance and stability should be maintained.

核裁军

Nuclear Disarmament

中国一贯主张全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器。中国认为，拥有最大核武库的国家对核裁军负有特殊和优先责任，应继续以可核查、不可逆以及具有法律约束力的方式，大幅削减其核武库，为最终实现全面彻底核裁军创造必要条件。条件成熟时，其他核武器国家也应加入多边核裁军谈判进程。为最终实现全面彻底核裁军，国际社会还应适时制订一项切实可行的分阶段的长远规划，包括缔结“全面禁止核武器公约”。

China has always stood for the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons. China maintains that countries possessing the largest nuclear arsenals bear special and primary responsibility for nuclear disarmament. They should further drastically reduce their nuclear arsenals in a verifiable, irreversible and legally-binding manner, so as to create the necessary conditions for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons. When conditions are appropriate, other nuclear-weapon states should also join in multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament. To attain the ultimate goal of complete and thorough nuclear disarmament, the international community should develop, at an appropriate time, a viable, long-term plan with different phases, including the conclusion of a convention on the complete prohibition of nuclear weapons.

中国主张：在全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器之前，所有核武器国家应放弃以首先使用核武器为基础的核威慑政策，明确承诺无条件不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器，并就此谈判有关国际法律文书。同时，核武器国家之间应谈判缔结“互不首先使用核武器条约”。

China holds that, before the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of nuclear weapons, all nuclear-weapon states should abandon any nuclear deterrence policy based on first use of nuclear weapons, make an unequivocal commitment that under no circumstances will they use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones, and negotiate an international legal instrument in this regard. In the meantime, nuclear-weapon states should negotiate and conclude a treaty on no-first-use of nuclear weapons against each other.

中国以建设性态度参加了《不扩散核武器条约》审议进程，愿与条约缔约国一道，认真落实2010年第八次审议大会取得的积极成果。中国支持《全面禁止核试验条约》早日生效，支持日内瓦裁军谈判会议尽快启动“禁止生产核武器及其他核爆炸装置用裂变材料条约”谈判。

China has played a constructive role in the review process of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). Together with other signatories to the NPT, China is willing to sincerely implement the positive achievements of the Eighth NPT Review Conference in 2010. China supports the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the early commencement of negotiations on the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) at the Conference on Disarmament (CD) in Geneva.

中国作为联合国安理会常任理事国和《不扩散核武器条约》核武器缔约国，从不回避核裁军义务，奉行公开、透明、负责任的核政策。中国始终恪守在任何时候、任何情况下不首先使用核武器政策，明确承诺无条件不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器。中国从未在别国部署核武器，在核武器发展方面始终采取极为克制的态度，过去没有、今后也不会参加任何形式的核军备竞赛，将继续把自身核力量维持在国家安全需要的最低水平。

As a permanent member of the UN Security Council and a nuclear-weapon state signatory of the NPT, China has never evaded its obligations in nuclear disarmament and pursues an open, transparent and responsible nuclear policy. It has adhered to the policy of no-first-use of nuclear weapons at any time and in any circumstances, and made the unequivocal commitment that under no circumstances will it use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon states or nuclear-weapon-free zones. China has never deployed nuclear weapons in foreign territory and has always exercised the utmost restraint in the development of nuclear weapons, and has never participated in any form of nuclear arms race, nor will it ever do so. It will limit its nuclear capabilities to the minimum level required for national security.

中国一直恪守“暂停试”承诺，积极参与《全面禁止核试验条约》组织筹委会工作，稳步推进国内履约筹备进程。中国承担了12个国际监测系统台站和实验室建设。目前已建成6个地震台站、3个放射性核素台站、北京放射性核素实验室和中国国家数据中心，1个次声台站正在建设之中。

China has strictly abided by its commitment to a moratorium on nuclear testing and has actively participated in the work of the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organization, and is steadily preparing for the national implementation of the Treaty. China is responsible for setting up 12 international monitoring stations and laboratories. At present, six primary seismological monitoring stations, three radionuclide stations, the Beijing Radionuclide Laboratory and the China National Data Center have been set up, and one infrasound station is under construction.

中国一贯支持无核武器国家建立无核武器区的努力，已签署并批准了所有已开放签署的无核武器区条约相关议定书，已与东盟国家就《东南亚无核武器区条约》所涉相关问题达成一致，支持中亚国家达成的《中亚无核武器区条约》及其议定书，支持建立中东无核武器区。

China consistently supports the efforts of non-nuclear-weapon states in establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones, has already signed and ratified all the relevant protocols which have been opened for signature of any nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties, and has reached agreement with the ASEAN countries on relevant issues under the Protocol of the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone. China supports the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia and its protocols signed by Central Asian countries, and supports the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East.

中国认为，全球导弹防御计划将损害国际战略平衡与稳定，不利于国际和地区安全，并对核裁军进程产生消极影响。中国主张，各方均不应在海外部署具有战略反导能力和潜力的反导系统或开展相关国际合作。

China maintains that the global missile defense program will be detrimental to international strategic balance and stability, will undermine international and regional security, and will have a negative impact on the process of nuclear disarmament. China holds that no state should deploy overseas missile defense systems that have strategic missile defense capabilities or potential, or engage in any such international collaboration.

防扩散

Non-Proliferation

中国坚决反对大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具扩散，始终以高度负责的态度处理防扩散事务。中国认为，要从根源上防止扩散，应努力营造互信、合作的全球和地区安全环境，消除大规模杀伤性武器扩散的动因；应坚持通过政治和外交手段处理防扩散问题；应切实维护和加强国际防扩散机制的权威性、有效性和普遍性；应确保国际防扩散努力的公正性和非歧视性，平衡处理防扩散与和平利用科学技术的关系，摒弃双重标准。中国参加了防扩散领域所有的国际条约和相关国际组织，支持联合国在防扩散领域发挥应有的作用，认真执行安理会相关决议。

China firmly opposes the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their means of delivery, and consistently deals with non-proliferation issues in a highly responsible manner. China maintains that, in order to prevent proliferation at source, efforts should be made to foster a global and regional security environment featuring mutual trust and cooperation, and the root causes of WMD proliferation should be eliminated. It holds that non-proliferation issues should be resolved through political and diplomatic means. It holds that the authority, effectiveness and universality of the international non-proliferation regime should be upheld and enhanced. The international community should ensure fairness and prevent discrimination in international non-proliferation efforts, strike a balance between non-proliferation and the peaceful use of science and technology, and abandon double standards. China has joined all international treaties and international organizations in the field of non-proliferation, and supports the role played by the United Nations in this regard, and has conscientiously implemented any relevant resolutions of the UN Security Council.

中国主张通过对话协商和平解决朝鲜半岛核问题，致力于通过六方会谈进程平衡解决各方关切，实现半岛无核化，维护半岛和东北亚的和平与稳定。中国始终从大局和长远出发，积极劝和促谈，推动各方通过接触对话为早日重启六方会谈创造条件。

中国主张通过对话和谈判和平解决伊朗核问题，维护中东地区的和平与稳定。中国一直致力于劝和促谈，积极做有关各方工作。多次参加伊朗核问题六国机制外长和政治总司长会议，以建设性姿态参与联合国安理会和国际原子能机构审议伊朗核问题的进程。

China advocates resolving the nuclear issue in the Korean Peninsula peacefully through dialogues and consultations, endeavoring to balance common concerns through holding six-party talks in order to realize the denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula and maintain peace and stability of the Korean Peninsula and the Northeast Asia. China, always considering the whole situation in the long run, painstakingly urges related countries to have more contacts and dialogues in order to create conditions for resuming six-party talks as early as possible. China is for the peaceful resolution of the Iranian nuclear issue through dialogue and negotiation, and for maintaining the peace and stability of the Middle East. China has been dedicated to promoting dialogue and negotiation, and has actively engaged with relevant parties to promote non-proliferation. China has attended the meetings of foreign ministers and political directors of the P5+1, and has participated in the deliberations on the Iranian nuclear issue at the UN Security Council and at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in a constructive manner.

2009年以来，中国相继与美国、俄罗斯、英国、德国、巴西、加拿大、巴基斯坦、韩国、欧盟、澳大利亚、以色列等举行军控与防扩散磋商，继续加强与有关多国出口管制机制的对话与交流。与“导弹及其技术控制制度”开展对话并参加了其技术专家外联会。在东盟地区论坛框架下与有关国家合办防扩散与裁军会间会，参加有关生物安全和生物反恐问题的讨论。

Since 2009, China has held arms control and non-proliferation consultations with a dozen countries, including the US, Russia, the UK, Germany, Brazil, Canada, Pakistan, the Republic of Korea, the EU, Australia and Israel, and continues to strengthen dialogue and exchanges with multinational export control mechanisms. It has conducted discussions with the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) and participated in its technical outreach meeting. China has cosponsored inter-sessional meetings on non-proliferation and disarmament with relevant countries within the framework of the ARF, and taken part in discussions on biological security and counter-biological terrorism.

中国高度重视防扩散出口管制工作，已建立起一整套涵盖核、生物、化学、导弹等相关敏感物项和技术及所有军品的完备的出口管制法规体系。中国的出口管制法规采取国际通行的许可证管理制度、最终用户和最终用途证明制度、清单控制方法、全面控制原则等。2009年，商务部制定《两用物项和技术出口通用许可管理办法》，进一步完善出口许可证管理体系。

China attaches great importance to non-proliferation export control, and has established a comprehensive legal system for export control of nuclear, biological, chemical, missile and related sensitive items and technologies, as well as all military products. It has adopted the relevant international universal export control measures, including the licensing system, end-user and end-use certificate, list control, and "catch-all" principle. In 2009, the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the Measures for Administration of Dual-use Items and Technologies Subject to Export General License to further strengthen the licensing system for export control.

中国重视核安全问题，反对核恐怖主义，采取了有效的核安全措施，保持着良好核安全纪录。中国严格履行核安全国际义务，积极参与国际核安全合作，将同有关国家合作在华建立核安全示范中心。

China attaches great importance to the issue of nuclear security, opposes nuclear terrorism, adopts effective nuclear security measures and maintains a good record in this field. China observes in good faith its international obligations and takes an active part in international nuclear security cooperation. It agrees in principle to set up a nuclear security "Center of Excellence" in China in cooperation with relevant countries.

禁止化学、生物武器

Prohibition of Biological and Chemical Weapons

中国认真履行《禁止化学武器公约》的各项义务，建立了从中央到地方的各级履约机构，按时完整提交各类年度宣布、新发现日本遗弃在华化学武器的后续宣布及年度国家防护方案，接待了禁化武组织240多次现场视察。中国与禁化武组织积极开展合作，多次联合举办禁化武组织视察员培训班以及防护与援助培训班，并通过该组织向非洲缔约国提供援助。为推动日本履行销毁日遗化武义务，中国协助日本进行了150次现场调查和挖掘、回收、鉴别作业，回收日遗化武近5万件，并于2010年10月在南京开始销毁日遗化武。中国敦促日本加大投入，加快日遗化武处理进程。

China sincerely fulfills its obligations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) by setting up implementation offices at both central and local levels, by submitting timely complete annual declarations, through declarations subsequent to newly discovered chemical weapons abandoned by Japan in China, and through submission of the annual national protection program. China has hosted more than 240 on-site inspections by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). China cooperates closely with the OPCW. Jointly with the OPCW, China has hosted several training courses for OPCW inspectors, as well as international courses on protection and assistance. China has also provided assistance to those African states party to the Organization. With a view to facilitating Japan's role in fulfilling its obligation to destroy its chemical weapons abandoned in China, China has assisted Japan in carrying out 150 on-site investigation, excavation, recovery and identification missions, and has excavated almost 50,000 items of abandoned chemical weaponry. In October 2010, China began to destroy chemical weaponry abandoned by Japan in Nanjing. China calls on Japan to increase its input to this process and to accelerate the destruction of its chemical weapons abandoned on Chinese territory.

中国支持旨在加强《禁止生物武器公约》有效性的多边努力，致力于公约的全面、严格履约，建立了较完备的履约法律体系，设立了国家履约联络点。每年按时向公约履约支持机构提交建立信任措施宣布资料，参加公约缔约国年会、专家会和相关研讨会，加强生物安全和疫情监控等工作，开展生物领域国际交流与合作。

China supports multilateral efforts to strengthen the effectiveness of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and is committed to the comprehensive and strict implementation of the Convention. China has already established a comprehensive legislation system for the implementation of the Convention and set up a national point of contact. China submits annual declarations of its confidence-building measures to the Implementation Support Unit of the Convention in a timely manner, attends Meetings of State Parties and Meetings of Experts and related seminars, strengthens bio-security and disease surveillance, and carries out international exchanges and cooperation.

防止外空军备竞赛

Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space

中国政府一贯主张和平利用外空，反对外空武器化和外空军备竞赛，认为国际社会谈判缔结相关国际法律文书是防止外空武器化和外空军备竞赛的最佳途径。

The Chinese government has advocated from the outset the peaceful use of outer space, and opposes any weaponization of outer space and any arms race in outer space. China believes that the best way for the international community to prevent any weaponization of or arms race in outer space is to negotiate and conclude a relevant international legally-binding instrument.

2008年2月，中国与俄罗斯共同向裁谈会提交了“防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约”草案。2009年8月，中俄共同提交工作文件，回应裁谈会各方对中俄外空条约草案的问题和评论。中国希望各方早日就这一草案展开谈判，达成新的外空条约。

In February 2008, China and Russia jointly submitted to the Conference on Disarmament (CD) a draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space and the Threat or Use of Force against Outer Space Objects (PPWT). In August 2009, China and Russia jointly submitted their working paper responding to the questions and comments raised by the CD members on the draft treaty. China is looking forward to starting negotiations on the draft treaty at the earliest possible date, in order to conclude a new outer space treaty.

常规武器军控

Conventional Arms Control

中国严格履行《特定常规武器公约》及其议定书规定的各项义务，按要求提交公约所附《地雷议定书》年度履约报告，积极参加集束弹药问题政府专家组谈判工作。2010年4月，中国批准公约所附《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》。

China has sincerely fulfilled its obligations under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) and its Protocols, submitted its annual reports on the implementation of the Amended Protocol on Landmines, and actively participated in the work of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on Cluster Munitions. In April 2010, China ratified the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War.

2009年以来，中国继续积极参与国际人道主义扫雷援助，为阿富汗、伊拉克、苏丹培训扫雷技术人员，无偿向埃及、阿富汗、伊拉克、苏丹和斯里兰卡捐赠扫雷器材，向秘鲁、埃塞俄比亚提供“地雷受害者”援助。

Since 2009, China has continued to participate actively in international humanitarian de-mining assistance. It has held de-mining training courses for Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan. China has also donated de-mining equipment to Egypt, Afghanistan, Iraq, Sudan and Sri Lanka, and provided Peru and Ethiopia with mine victim assistance.

中国积极参与打击轻小武器非法贸易的国际努力，认真落实联合国轻小武器《行动纲领》与《识别和追查非法轻小武器国际文书》。参加联合国“武器贸易条约”问题开放式工作组和“武器贸易条约”大会首次筹委会。2010年，中国参加第四届联合国轻小武器双年度会议，并提交国家报告。

China has actively participated in the international effort to combat the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW). It has conscientiously implemented the UN Program of Action (PoA) on SALW and the International Instrument on Identifying and Tracing Illicit SALW. It has participated in the Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) and the first session of the Preparatory Commission of an Arms Trade Treaty. In 2010, China attended the Fourth Biannual Meeting on SALW and submitted its national report.

军费透明和常规武器转让登记

Transparency in Military Expenditure and Registration of Transfer of Conventional Arms

中国重视军事透明问题，致力于增进与世界各国的军事互信。从2007年起，参加了联合国军费透明制度。中国重视“联合国常规武器登记册”的作用，继续向登记册提供七大类常规武器转让数据。

China attaches great importance to military transparency, and makes efforts to promote mutual trust with other countries in the military sphere. Since 2007, China has begun to report to the UN Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures. China gives weight to the UN Register of Conventional Arms and continues to submit data to the Register on conventional arms transfer in the seven categories covered by the Register.