我看了10月16日最新一期经济学人中文章，在公众号“高斋外刊双语精读”上挑选其中一些表达分享大家。时间有限，译文仅供参考，转载请注明出处。
01
熟词偏义
其中有篇文章提到社交平台上的虚假信息等该由审查，标题是：
Who should police the web?
谁应该监管网络？
Politicians should not offload the responsibility onto others.
政客不应该把责任推给别人。
1. Police：我们看到标题中有police。这个单词最常见的意思是作名词，表示“警察；警方”，如“报警”call the police，比如电影《海上钢琴师》中的这句台词：Get out of my sight, or I will call the police. 你快滚，否则我要报警了。
police在今天这里是作动词，表示监督、管制、管教。如：the body that polices the investment management business 监督投资管理事务的机构。
还比如经济学人中这句：She worries about those without parents at home to police them, and those—mostly boys, she says sadly—going “through a rebellious age” who don’t see the point of study. 她替这两种学生担忧：没有父母在家监督的学生，还有正处于“叛逆期”的学生。她语气悲伤地说道，叛逆的绝大多数是男生，他们还没有意识到学习的重要性。
2. Offload：我们看到副标题中有offload，这个单词常见意思是卸货，如柯林斯词典中这句：The supplies need to be offloaded and put on helicopters. 这些补给要卸下来装上直升机。还可以引申为卸下包袱，如《亿万》中这句：You'd never offload it. 你永远都无法卸下这样的包袱。
其实它有好几个不太熟悉的意思：
A. 可以表示倾倒，如柯林斯词典中这句：They should stop offloading waste from oil tankers into the sea. 他们应当停止从油轮上往海里倾倒废弃物。
B. 还可以表示转手、转售、抛售，如金融时报中这句：Analysts said it was likely institutional investors had tried to offload their shares to retail traders en masse, driving down prices. 分析师表示，可能是机构投资者都试图将手中的股票抛售给散户，从而压低了股价。
还比如我们要说“他陷入了财政困难，将这幅画卖给了一家美术馆。”就可以说：Already in financial difficulties, he offloaded the painting on to a museum.
C. 还可以表示把（担子等）转移某人，即offload sth on/onto sb，如牛津词典中这句：It's nice to have someone you can offload your problems onto. 你有个能分忧的人真是不错。
常见的表达有offload responsibility for sth，表示不想承担……，还有offload the responsibility onto sb，表示把责任推给谁。如外刊中这句：Some employers might be seeking to offload responsibility for sick pay, holiday pay, and travel between jobs. 有些雇主不想承担病假工资、休假工资和出差费用。
在表示把（担子等）转移某人这个意思时，offload的同义词是shift，通过下面这段经济学人中they have shifted much of their basic manufacturing to China和they offloaded low-end work to China就可以看出：
Like other wealthy economies, they have shifted much of their basic manufacturing to China’s mainland. Most emblematic is Foxconn, a Taiwanese electronics company known now as the main assembler of iPhones. As they offloaded low-end work to China’s mainland, the tigers moved upstream. South Korea is the world’s biggest maker of memory chips.
和其他富裕经济体一样，四小龙已经将许多基础制造业转移到了中国大陆。最具代表性的是台湾电子公司富士康，现在因作为iPhone的主要组装商而知名。当四小龙将低端工作转移到中国大陆时，它们自己就向上游移动了。韩国是世界上最大的存储芯片制造商。
所以，offload the responsibility也可以说shift the responsibility，如《你逃我也逃》中这句：Shifting the responsibility on me again?又把责任推到我身上？
02
英语写作句型
这篇提到社交网站很多内容都是社交平台自己审查，这些私营公司最终承担了很多责任，但有时候这些机构在审查的时候会忽视公众利益，因此政府应该多承担一些审查责任。我们看看经济学人是怎么说的：
Social networks are deciding what kinds of misinformation to ban. Web-hosting companies are taking down sites they deem harmful.
现在，由社交网络平台决定禁止发布哪类虚假信息，虚拟主机提供商关闭危险网站。
What is more, in many areas the gatekeeping power wielded by private firms is really a consequence of government inaction. Limiting children’s access to viral content are areas where governments could act if they wanted to. Instead, the approach of many has been to do nothing and then feign shock when profit-maximising companies come up with answers that may not be in the interest of society.
Politicians are right to warn that some private companies have too much power online. But those firms have ended up with so much responsibility partly because politicians themselves have abdicated it.
更重要的是，在许多领域私营企业拥有审查权实际上是zf不作为的结果。如果zf想采取措施，可以限制儿童接触有害信息。相反，许多zf的做法是什么也不做，然后在利润最大化的公司给出可能不符合社会利益的解决方案时假装震惊。
政客警告一些私营公司在网络上拥有太多权力，这种做法是正确的。但这些公司最终承担了如此多的责任/拥有这么多权力，部分原因是政客自己放弃了责任。
1. Misinformation：指错误消息，虚假信息，这个在20年11月CATTI二笔实务真题中考过，常见还有disinformation(尤指政府机构故意发的)虚假信息
2. Web-hosting companies：Web-hosting指虚拟主机托管。Web-hosting companies指虚拟主机提供商，比如阿里云。
3. taking down sites they deem harmful：take down表关闭，下架，也可以说drop。they deem harmful是sites的定语从句。
4. 长难句分析：wielded by private firms是the gatekeeping power的后置定语。where governments could act是areas的定语从句，if they wanted to最后省去了act，是为了避免重复。when profit-maximising companies come up with answers that may not be in the interest of society是then feign shock部分的状语，that may not be in the interest of society是answers的定语从句。
5. Wield power：表示行使权力。如没有什么实权wield little power，相反，操纵着大权是wield enormous power。Wield还可以表示挥舞。如《权力的游戏》中这个。
6. feign shock：美 [feɪn]表示假装，如牛津词典中这句：One morning, I didn't want to go to school, and decided to feign illness. 有天早晨我不想上学，于是决定装病。
7. come up with：表示想出、提出。如柯林斯词典中这句：Several of the members have come up with suggestions of their own. 有几位成员提出了自己的建议。
8. in the interest of：符合……的利益。如金融时报中这句：It is in the interest of Europe as a whole. 它符合欧洲的整体利益。
9. end up with：最终具有，如《福尔摩斯》中这句：She ended up with nothing. 她却什么也得不到。
常见的还有end in，如Their marriage ended in divorce. 他们的婚姻都以离婚收场。还有end up doing sth，如：If you don't know what you want, you might end up getting something you don't want. 如果你不知道自己想要什么，到头来你可能得非所愿。
还比如经济学人上有句话是这么说的：Critics claim that the boomers have bagged too many benefits, and that their children and their grandchildren will end up paying for them. 评论家断言，婴儿潮一代享受了太多福利，他们的子孙后代最终将为其买单。
在 《H&M越级碰瓷，新疆棉花不吃这套！| 外媒报道》也用到了end up doing sth：Unchecked deforestation could end up hurting Brazilian farmers if it leads to foreign boycotts of Brazilian farm goods. 如果不加控制地砍伐森林导致其他国家抵制巴西农产品，最终可能会损害巴西农民。
10. 英语写作句型：partly because在《双语完整版：《小舍得》火爆！补习班、虎妈、教育改革 | 经济学人精读》中详细讲过：
Another related problem is that Chinese pupils are out of shape. Nearly a fifth of nine-year-old boys and 13-year-old girls are overweight or obese. Half of pupils surveyed there had myopia. That is partly because many schools, often under pressure from tiger parents, teach more sessions of core subjects like maths and Chinese than is required by the education ministry, bumping physical-education classes.
另一个问题是中国小学生健康状况不佳。近五分之一的9岁男孩和13岁女孩超重或肥胖。接受调查的学生中有一半患有近视。这在一定程度上是因为迫于“虎爸虎妈”的压力，许多学校数学和语文等核心课程的课时安排超过了教育部的要求，从而挤占了体育课的时间。
也可以说in part because，《引出原因，可别只会用There are three reasons for this. First,...Second,....》这篇文章中讲过的句子：
Any changes to production will be decided in monthly meetings. That is in part because it is difficult to predict oil’s recovery. It is also because the new year may mark the beginning of a new strategy. 生产方面的变化都将在月度会议上决定，部分原因是石油的复苏情况难以预测，还因为新年可能标志着新战略的开始。
11. 一词多义：Abdicate美 [ˈæbdɪkeɪt] 有几个意思，总结如下：
A. 退位；让位。作及物动词。如牛津词典中这几句：She was forced to abdicate the throne of Spain. 她被迫让出西班牙的王位。The Queen has no intention of abdicating her throne. 女王不打算让位。
B. 退位；逊位。作不及物动词。如牛津词典中这几句：King Edward VIII abdicated in 1936. 英王爱德华八世于1936年退位。Yuan Shikai forced the emperor to abdicate and hand over power to him. 袁世凯逼迫皇帝逊位，把政权交给他。He abdicated in favour of his son. 他把王位让给了儿子。
还比如考研英语真题中这句：King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾坚称：“国王不会退位，他们会在睡梦中离开这个世界。”但是最近爆出令人尴尬的丑闻，加上近期欧洲选举中共和党大受欢迎，这迫使他食言并退位。
C. 放弃责任等，常见搭配abdicate responsibility/your responsibilities，如Many parents simply abdicate all responsibility for their children. 许多父母对孩子简直是完全撒手不管。如《傲骨贤妻》中这句：And now he's abdicating responsibility. 这是他的渎职。
12. 英语写作句型：重点说下这个Limiting children’s access to viral content中limit access to和access在写作中的灵活使用。Limit access to可以表示“限制对……的访问或使用权限”。
比如在英语写作中提到双减促进教育公平的时候，我们就可以说“Educational fairness is most important in ensuring equal access to opportunities. 机会公平中，教育公平是最大的公平。”
在英语写作中要提到节约用水，我们就可以说“More than 300 million people lack access to clean drinking water. 超过3亿人口喝不上清洁的饮用水。”
前段时间官媒批电子游戏是“精神鸦片”，要限制未成年人的屏幕使用时间或玩游戏时间，在英语写作中，我们就可以用limit和access：
A growing number of children have access to a smartphone, some of whom are extreme users or addicted to online games. Video games have posed a litany of threats, including diverting attention from school and family and causing nearsightedness/hurting children’s academics, damaging their eyesight and reducing the country’s military readiness. A Beijing-affiliated media outlet called them a“spiritual opium.”No industry or sport should develop at the price of destroying a generation. Some of the limits need to be put into place, like limiting game time for minors and efforts should be increased to ferret out those who lie about their age to play.
越来越多的儿童使用智能手机，一些孩子是极端用户或者沉迷游戏。电子游戏带来了一系列危害，包括分散孩子对学校和家庭的注意力，还会导致近视。此前，一家官媒称它们为“精神鸦片”。任何一个产业、一项竞技都不能以毁掉一代人的方式来发展。需要采取一些措施，比如限制未成年用户的在线时长，同时加大力度巡查谎报年龄的玩家。（部分改写自外刊）
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