双语：美国枪支暴力泛滥的事实真相
《美国枪支暴力泛滥的事实真相》全文翻译
美国枪支暴力泛滥的事实真相
Gun Violence in the United States: Truth and Facts
2023年2月
February 2023
目录
Contents
引言
Introduction
一、美国社会枪支暴力蔓延
I. The Surge of Gun Violence in the United States
二、美国枪支管控举步维艰
II. Gun Control: An Uphill Battle in the United States
三、枪支暴力问题凸显美国治理能力衰败
III. Gun Violence Lays Bare the Decline of U.S. Governance Capacity
结束语
Conclusion
引言
Introduction
美国的枪支暴力由来已久，同枪支文化、个人权利、利益集团、党派政治等诸多问题纠葛在一起，长期困扰美国社会，严重侵犯民众生命权，成为美国社会中难以抹去的人权污点。
Gun violence is a chronic disease in the United States. With its interplay with gun culture, individual rights, interest groups and partisan politics, it has long plagued American society and gravely violated people’s right to life, leaving an indelible stain on the country’s human rights record.
本报告旨在通过列举事实和数据，揭示美国枪支暴力的严重状况以及长期得不到解决的政治和社会原因。
Through facts and figures, this report sheds light on the alarming state of gun violence in the United States and the political and social causes of this entrenched problem.
一、美国社会枪支暴力蔓延
I. The Surge of Gun Violence in the United States
枪支暴力是美国最严重的社会问题之一，影响远远超出受害者本人及其家庭，波及整个社会和国家，除造成人员伤亡和治安问题之外，还给美国带来巨大经济损失和社会心理创伤。
Gun violence is one of the acutest social problems in the United States, with ramifications not only for the victims and their families, but also for the entire society and country. In addition to the casualties caused and the threat to public security, it has also resulted in enormous economic losses and social trauma for the nation.
美国是世界上民间拥有枪支最多的国家。美国人口占全球人口不到5%，但民间拥枪数却占全球的46%。据瑞士“小型武器调查”项目（Small Arms Survey）评估，全球民间持有枪支从2006年的6.5亿增加到2017年的8.57亿，很大程度上归因于美国民间拥枪数大幅上升。2017年，美国私人拥有枪支约3.933亿支，而当时美国人口不到3.265亿人，平均每100人约拥有120.5支枪。而位居第二的是处于战乱之中的也门，每100人拥枪数为52.8支。无论是私人拥枪总数，还是人均拥枪数量，美国都高居世界第一，但登记注册的私人拥枪数却只有107万支左右，绝大多数枪支处于未经登记注册而散佚于民间的状态。
The United States is the country with the most civilian-held firearms. With less than 5 percent of the world’s population, it accounts for 46 percent of global civilian gun ownership. As estimated by the Small Arms Survey in Switzerland, the global stockpile of civilian-held firearms has increased from 650 million in 2006 to 857 million in 2017, largely attributable to soaring figures in the United States. In 2017, about 393.3 million guns were privately owned in the United States at a time when its population was less than 326.5 million. This amounts to 120.5 firearms for every 100 people. The second-ranked country was war-torn Yemen, with 52.8 guns per 100 people. While the United States ranks first in the world in terms of both individual gun ownership and the number of guns per capita, only about 1.07 million civilian guns are registered, indicating that the vast majority of firearms owned by civilians are left unregistered and uncounted.
美国烟酒火器和爆炸物管理局最新研究显示，美国正处于一场大规模的枪支购买热潮中，且丝毫没有减弱迹象。从2000年到2020年，美国枪支年产量几乎增长两倍，过去三年中更是急剧增长。2020年以来，新冠肺炎疫情带来更多社会问题，“黑人的命也是命”抗议活动引发系列抢劫和骚乱，加剧了社会不安全感，用于防身的半自动手枪需求大幅上升，枪支销量以创纪录的速度飙升。据美国全国射击运动基金会统计，2020年美国进行了2100万次枪支销售审查，比2019年提高60%，创下历史最高纪录，比此前最多的2016年增加530万次。数以百万计的美国人突然间第一次拥有枪支，带来大量安全问题。
A latest study by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) reveals that the United States is in the midst of a massive gun-buying boom that shows no signs of abating. From 2000 to 2020, annual production of firearms in the country almost tripled, with a dramatic increase in the past three years in particular. Since 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought about more social problems. The “Black Lives Matter (BLM)” movement sparked a series of looting and riots, aggravating social insecurity. As a result, demand for semi-automatic pistols for self-protection surged and gun sales soared at a record pace. According to the U.S. National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), the United States conducted 21 million background checks for gun purchases in 2020, a 60 percent increase from 2019 and a record high, surpassing the previous record in 2016 by 5.3 million. The sudden first-time gun ownership by millions of Americans has inevitably given rise to considerable security threats.
私人拥有大量枪支引发接连不断的暴力事件，社会安全问题更加严重。有美国学者指出，美国在一周时间内因枪支死亡的人数可能超过整个西欧一年因枪支死亡的人数。而在新冠疫情期间，美国的持枪杀人率达到1994年以来的最高水平。吉福兹法律中心调查显示，2021年全美最大50个城市中有32个城市枪击谋杀案显著上升。《卫报》2021年10月报道，美国每16小时就有一位女性被伴侣射杀。美国疾病控制和预防中心数据显示，2018至2021年，枪支泛滥不仅造成全美谋杀案激增，而且导致更多精神疾病患者自杀。枪支暴力档案数据显示，2014年，枪支造成的伤亡人数为34,231人，而到2021年，伤亡人数升至85,584人。2015至2019年发生的近9.5万起杀人案中，约74%使用了枪支。2020年美国与枪支有关的死亡人数达45,222人，平均每天124人。枪支伤害是美国1至44岁人群的五大死因之一。
Individual ownership of a large number of guns has triggered incessant violence, putting social security in the United States at greater risk. As pointed out by some American scholars, gun-related deaths in the United States in one week may exceed those in the whole Western Europe in one year. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the firearm homicide rate in the United States reached its highest level since 1994. According to a survey by the Giffords Law Center, 32 of the country’s 50 largest cities witnessed a prominent increase in firearm homicides in 2021. The Guardian reported in October 2021 that every 16 hours, a woman is fatally shot by her partner in the United States. According to data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 2018 to 2021, the proliferation of guns not only resulted in a spike in homicides across the country, but also led to more suicides by people with mental illnesses. According to the Gun Violence Archive (GVA), gun-related casualties surged to 85,584 in 2021 from 34,231 in 2014. Among the nearly 95,000 homicides between 2015 and 2019, about 74 percent were committed with firearms. In 2020, firearm-related deaths reached 45,222, an average of 124 per day. Firearm injuries are one of the top five causes of death for people aged 1 to 44 in the country.
美国近年大规模枪击事件频发，死伤惨重，令人触目惊心。依照美国的标准，大规模枪击事件指除犯罪嫌疑人和行凶者外，造成4人以上伤亡的枪支暴力事件。枪支暴力档案数据显示，2013年以来，美国大规模枪击事件和死亡人数均增长近3倍。2019年，美国发生417起大规模枪击案，2020年611起，2021年692起。截至2022年5月底，美国34州和首都华盛顿发生213起大规模枪击案，242人死亡，912人受伤，比2017年同期增加了50%，比2013年同期增加了150%。2022年7月4日美国“独立日”当天，在芝加哥北郊海兰帕克市，一名21岁白人男子自屋顶对参加“独立日”游行的人群扫射，连开50余枪，造成至少7人死亡、30余人受伤。2023年1月21日和23日，加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县蒙特雷帕克市和旧金山湾区半月湾分别发生严重枪击事件，造成17人遇难、11人受伤。
Recent years have witnessed frequent mass shootings in the United States, causing alarmingly high casualties. By American standards, a mass shooting is defined as an incident of gun violence in which four or more people are injured or killed, excluding the suspect or the gunman. According to GVA data, both mass shootings and deaths in the United States have surged about fourfold since 2013. There were 417 mass shootings in the country in 2019, 611 in 2020, and 692 in 2021. In 2022, there were 213 mass shootings reported in 34 states and the capital Washington, D.C. by the end of May, with 242 killed and 912 wounded, a 50 percent increase over the same period in 2017 and a 150 percent increase over the same period in 2013. On July 4, 2022, Independence Day of the United States, a 21-year-old white man fired more than 50 shots from a rooftop at a parade in Highland Park, a suburb north of Chicago, killing at least seven people and injuring more than 30. On Jan. 21 and 23, 2023, tragic shootings occurred in Monterey Park of Los Angeles County, California and Half Moon Bay in northern California, killing 17 and injuring 11.
多年来，美国接连不断发生大规模校园枪击事件，给社会带来巨大伤痛。1999年4月发生在科罗拉多州哥伦拜恩高中的枪击事件，造成13人死亡，20余人受伤。2007年4月，弗吉尼亚理工学院发生枪击案，造成32名师生死亡。据枪支暴力档案记录，过去10年，美国共发生大规模校园枪击案27起，其中最致命的包括：2012年12月，康涅狄格州桑迪胡克小学枪击案，26人死亡，包括20名6至7岁儿童。2015年10月，俄勒冈州罗斯堡安普夸社区学院枪击案，10人死亡。2018年2月，佛罗里达州帕克兰马乔里·斯通曼·道格拉斯高中枪击案，14名学生和3名教职员工死亡，另有17人受伤。2018年5月，休斯敦圣达菲高中枪击案，10人死亡。2022年5月，18岁男子持枪攻击得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪市罗布小学，造成包括19名学童在内的21人死亡。这是美国2022年以来第27起，也是近年最严重的校园枪击案。
The United States has seen repeated mass school shootings for many years, causing serious trauma to the American society. The mass shooting at the Columbine High School in Colorado in April 1999 killed 13 people and left more than 20 injured. In April 2007, the shooting at Virginia Tech resulted in the death of 32 students and faculty members. GVA data show that, over the past decade, 27 mass school shootings took place in the United States. The deadliest shootings among them are: December 2012, Connecticut, Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, 26 killed including 20 children aged six to seven; October 2015, Roseburg, Oregon, Umpqua Community College shooting, 10 killed; February 2018, Parkland, Florida, Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, 17 killed (14 students and 3 faculty members) and 17 injured; May 2018, Houston, Santa Fe High School shooting, 10 killed. In May 2022, an 18-year-old gunman entered the Robb Elementary School in Uvalde, Texas, and killed 21 people including 19 children. This last incident was the 27th school shooting in the United States in 2022. It was also one of the worst in recent years.
枪支暴力还造成巨额经济损失。支持控枪的布雷迪组织认为，枪支暴力每年给美国造成的经济损失至少达2290亿美元。2022年5月得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪市小学枪击案发生后，200多位商界领导人联名致函联邦参议院，要求采取紧急行动制止枪支暴力。信中指出，“枪支暴力每年给美国纳税人、雇主和社区造成2800亿美元的惊人损失。”
Gun violence also inflicts huge economic losses. According to Brady, an organization that advocates gun control, gun violence costs the U.S. economy at least 229 billion U.S. dollars each year. In May 2022, in the wake of the shooting at the Robb Elementary School in Uvalde County, Texas, over 200 CEOs co-signed a letter urging the U.S. Senate to take immediate actions to address gun violence. In the letter, it was stated that “gun violence costs American taxpayers, employers and communities a staggering 280 billion U.S. dollars per year”.
枪支暴力给美国民众生活带来巨大影响。芝加哥大学哈里斯公共政策学院和美联社公共事务研究中心民调显示，21%的美国成年人曾经历过枪支暴力，包括本人或亲友被枪支威胁、成为枪支案受害者等，有类似经历的黑人比例更高达54%。美联社报道称，美国心理协会调查显示，三分之一的美国民众去哪儿都担心成为大规模枪击事件的受害者，近四分之一的民众承认为躲避大规模枪击事件而改变了生活方式。
Gun violence has also taken a toll on the everyday life of the American people. A poll conducted by the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy and the Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research found that 21 percent of American adults have experienced gun violence in which their relatives, friends or themselves have been threatened with a gun or have fallen victim to a shooting. As many as 54 percent of black and Hispanic Americans say that they have had similar experience. The Associated Press reported a survey by the American Psychological Association (APA), which shows that one-third of American adults feel they cannot go anywhere without worrying about being a victim of a mass shooting, and nearly a quarter of them admit that they have changed their behavior due to fear of mass shootings.
二、美国枪支管控举步维艰
II. Gun Control: An Uphill Battle in the United States
19世纪末以来，美国各州和地方多次试图制定控枪法律，但都难逃“雷声大、雨点小”和“来回翻烧饼”的结局，枪支管控始终难见实效。
Since the end of the 19th century, U.S. state and local governments have made various attempts to introduce legislation on gun control, but such efforts all ended up either long in words but short on action, or flip-flopped. No real progress was made on gun control.
美国宪法第二修正案规定了个人持枪权。近年来，在枪支问题日益突出背景下，拥枪派和控枪派人士就该修正案释法问题展开激烈辩论。拥护枪支权利的组织主张个人权利不得随意修改，枪支管控非法。而主张枪支管控的组织则认为，修正案所确立的是集体权利，而非私人持有枪支的权利，政府有权对枪支进行管控。控枪立法讨论多次在争论中陷入僵局，而最高法院依据该修正案作出的裁决也往往不利于枪支管控。
The second amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides for the right of individuals to keep and bear arms. In recent years, as gun-related issues have become increasingly prominent, pro-gun and pro-control advocates have engaged in heated debates on the interpretation of the second amendment. Organizations that support gun rights claim that individual rights should not be arbitrarily modified and gun control is illegal. Organizations that support gun control argue that the second amendment establishes a collective right, rather than an individual right to possess guns, and the government has the right to control guns. Such debates have resulted in stalled efforts on gun control legislation, and Supreme Court rulings based on the second amendment are often not in favor of gun control.
美国各州间管控枪支的立法差距很大，而联邦层面的相关立法出台迟缓，前后不一，自相矛盾。1927年，国会通过法案禁止以邮寄方式向私人出售手枪，但却未禁止通过私人快递公司递送手枪，且个人可以自由跨州购枪。1968年国会通过《枪支管控法》，但该法未规定对所有枪支进行登记和发给执照，也没有禁止进口枪支部件。1969年，在美国全国步枪协会游说下，国会废止关于要求霰弹猎枪和来复枪弹药经销商登记购买人信息的规定。1986年，里根总统签署《火器拥有者保护法》，使没有执照的个人更方便地出售枪支，允许经销商在枪支展览会出售枪支，禁止建立任何全面武器登记的体系。
In the United States, there is significant disparity in gun control from state to state, and relevant legislation efforts at the federal level are often slow, inconsistent and contradictory. In 1927, an act passed by Congress banned mail shipment of firearms such as pistols and revolvers to individuals, but did not prohibit the delivery of such firearms through private delivery firms. Under this act, individuals are allowed to buy guns across state lines. In 1968, the Gun Control Act passed by Congress did not include registration and licensing requirements for all firearms and their carriers, nor did it ban the import of firearm components. In 1969, the lobbying power of the U.S. National Rifle Association (NRA) propelled Congress to waive requirement for registration of buyers’ information by sellers of shotgun and rifle cartridges. In 1986, the Firearms Owners’ Protection Act signed by President Ronald Reagan made it easier for unlicensed individuals to sell firearms. It also allowed firearms to be sold at gun shows, and banned the establishment of any comprehensive system of firearm registration.
2005年，国会通过《保护合法军火贸易法》，保护制造商不因其产品承担民事责任。拥枪组织还利用立法和联邦法院挑战枪支管控。2008年6月，美国最高法院在哥伦比亚特区诉海勒案中以5比4裁定，哥伦比亚特区不能禁止公民在家中持有手枪。大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚对此称，宪法保护个人持有和携带枪支的权利，哥伦比亚特区禁止在家中持有手枪违反了宪法第二修正案。最高法院这一裁定及其逻辑阐述，直接影响全美各地的枪支管控立法。2012年，桑迪胡克事件发生后，联邦参议员曼钦和图米起草的妥协法案无法获得推进控枪立法所需的60票，此后10年国会未能批准一项枪支背景调查法案。
In 2005, Congress passed the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, which protects firearm manufacturers from civil liability for crimes committed with their products. Pro-gun groups have also used legislation and federal courts to resist gun control efforts. In June 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in the case of District of Columbia v. Heller. With this ruling, the District of Columbia lifted the ban on handguns and allowed individuals to keep guns at home. Justice Antonin Scalia, who presided over the case, noted that the second amendment protects an individual’s right to keep and bear firearms, and that the District of Columbia’s ban on handgun possession in the home violated that right. The Supreme Court’s ruling and its opinion on this case have directly affected gun control legislation across the United States. In 2012, in the wake of a mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary school, Senators Joe Manchin and Patrick Toomey drafted a compromise bill to expand background checks on gun buyers. The bill fell short of the 60 votes required to move forward and was thus defeated. In the ensuing decade, all congressional efforts to pass bills to enhance background checks on gun buyers ended up in failure.
2021年3月，众议院通过要求对所有枪支销售进行背景调查的“2021年两党背景核查法案”。2022年5月，纽约州布法罗和得克萨斯州尤瓦尔迪两次大规模枪击事件引发数百场反枪支暴力示威，控枪呼声再起。在民主党人大幅弱化控枪措施后，参众两院才通过了新的控枪法案。然而，与此同时，最高法院作出裁决，推翻纽约州1911年制定的限制民众在公共场所隐蔽携枪的法律，直接削弱了纽约、加利福尼亚、夏威夷、马里兰、马萨诸塞、新泽西等州和地方政府监控枪支的能力。
In March 2021, the House passed the “Bipartisan Background Checks Act of 2021”, which requires background checks on all gun sales. In May 2022, two mass shootings in Buffalo, New York and Uvalde, Texas sparked hundreds of anti-gun violence demonstrations, and calls for gun control re-surged. The Senate and the House adopted new gun control legislation, only after Democrats significantly weakened the control measures. At the same time, however, the Supreme Court issued a ruling striking down New York State’s 1911 law which restricts carrying a concealed firearm in public. This directly undermined the ability of state and local governments to monitor firearms in New York, California, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts and New Jersey, among others.
由于国会难以就枪支管控采取行动，美国政府只能通过总统行政令规范特定类型的枪支和枪支改装。2022年6月，国会通过名为《两党更安全社区法》的涉控枪法案。据皮尤民调机构调查，大多数民众对该法案降低美枪支暴力事件的作用并不乐观，78%认为该法案起不到什么作用，其中36%甚至认为该法案毫无作用。
Due to the difficulty of Congress to act on gun control, the U.S. administration could only regulate certain types of firearms and firearm modifications through presidential executive orders. In June 2022, Congress passed a gun-related bill called the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act. According to a Pew poll, most people are not optimistic about the bill’s effect in reducing gun violence in the United States. Seventy-eight percent think it will do little, of which 36 percent think it will do nothing at all.
美国公众对于枪支管控的态度严重分裂。历年民意调查显示，妇女、城市居民、非美国本土出生者、政治上倾向自由主义者、不拥有枪支者更倾向于支持控枪，而男性、乡村居民、美国本土出生者、政治立场保守者、猎人和枪支拥有者则反对控枪。当前美国民众对控枪立场差距仍在扩大。
The American public is deeply divided on gun control. Public opinion polls in recent years have shown that women, urban residents, non-native borns, liberal-leaning people and non-gun owners are more likely to support gun control, while men, rural residents, native-born Americans, political conservatives, hunters and gun owners oppose it. The gap between Americans’ stance on gun control is still widening.
三、枪支暴力问题凸显美国治理能力衰败
III. Gun Violence Lays Bare the Decline of U.S. Governance Capacity
相互掣肘的政治体制、日益极化的政治生态、无孔不入的利益集团、难以根除的种族歧视，使美国枪支管控举步维艰，全面禁枪几乎成为一项“不可能完成的任务”。
Given a political system where different sides hold each other back, an increasingly polarized political ecosystem, pervasive interest groups and ineradicable racial discrimination, gun control in the United States is in stalemate, and a total ban on guns is effectively a mission impossible.
美国政治制度的设计与运作是枪支管控不力的深层根源，各州关于枪支管控的规定松紧不一，枪支管控和跨州执法愈发困难。控枪组织“每个城镇支持枪支安全”对比了全美各地的枪支政策，给每个州控枪立法的力度评分，将其与枪支暴力发生率进行对比，发现控枪不力和枪支案发生率呈正向关联：加利福尼亚、夏威夷等8个州枪支法律相对完备，枪支案发生率整体较低，而在得克萨斯、阿拉斯加、密苏里等枪支管控最薄弱的13个州，枪击死亡人数几乎是上述8州的三倍。
How the U.S. political system is designed and operates constitutes the root cause of ineffective gun control. Gun control intensity varies across different states, making it increasingly difficult to regulate guns and perform interstate enforcement. Everytown for Gun Safety, a gun control group, compared gun policies across the country, rating every state on the strength of its gun laws and comparing it with its gun violence occurrence. A positive correlation was found between ineffective gun control and gun violence rate. Eight states, including California and Hawaii, with comparatively well-established gun laws saw relatively low gun violence rates, while the 13 states with the weakest gun control, including Texas, Alaska and Missouri, have nearly three times as many gun deaths as the eight states mentioned above.
民主共和两党在控枪问题上的立场日益两极化。1968年，国会众议院以305票对118票、参议院以70票对17票通过《枪支管控法》。此后，两党在枪支管控问题上的分歧日益严重。共和党一贯支持民众拥枪，而民主党则鲜明支持控枪。在当前美国政治极化背景下，双方更难妥协。《纽约时报》报道，桑迪胡克枪击案以来，尽管民主党推动控枪，而共和党控制的14个州却背道而驰，通过法律允许其公民不经任何许可程序就可携带枪支。《华盛顿邮报》报道，近年共和党为提升选情，大肆在报刊、广告牌和社交媒体上使用带有枪支的图文视频，以吸引反对控枪的选民。
Positions of Democrats and Republicans on gun control are becoming increasingly polarized. In 1968, the House voted 305-118 and the Senate 70-17 to pass the Gun Control Act. Since then, the two parties have been increasingly divergent over gun control. Republicans have always supported gun ownership, while Democrats have unequivocally supported gun control. Given the polarized U.S. political landscape at present, it is even more difficult for either party to compromise. The New York Times reported that since the mass shooting at Sandy Hook, despite a Democratic push for gun control, 14 Republican-controlled states have gone the opposite way, passing laws allowing their citizens to carry guns without any licensing process. The Washington Post reported that in recent years, the Republican Party has posted a myriad of pictures and videos containing guns in newspapers, billboards and social media to appeal to voters who oppose gun control for campaigning purposes.
利益集团游说大行其道。美国的集团政治和选举政治为拥枪团体提供了合法渠道，使其能大搞金钱政治，影响国会议员在枪支问题上的立场。据OpenSecrets统计，1990年至2022年，拥枪团体捐助6930万美元给联邦和各州候选人，而控枪组织则捐助5160万美元。1998至2022年，拥枪团体花费1.904亿美元用于游说，而控枪组织则花费2890万美元用于游说。在第117届国会中，曾获美国全国步枪协会资助的议员多达262位，而累计获得资助超过100万美元的有19位，绝大多数是共和党议员。同时，该协会还投入大量资金反对支持控枪的议员，其中投入上百万美元反对的5名议员全部是民主党议员。
Interest group lobbying is rampant. Group politics and electoral politics in the United States have provided legalized channels for gun groups to conduct money politics and influence the stance of Congress members on guns. According to OpenSecrets statistics, from 1990 to 2022, gun ownership groups contributed 69.3 million U.S. dollars to federal and state candidates, while gun control groups contributed 51.6 million U.S. dollars. From 1998 to 2022, gun ownership groups spent 190.4 million U.S. dollars on lobbying, while gun control groups spent 28.9 million U.S. dollars. In the 117th Congress, 262 members have been sponsored by the NRA, among which 19 have each received more than 1 million U.S. dollars cumulatively. The vast majority of them are Republicans. Meanwhile, the NRA has spent handsomely against pro-gun control lawmakers. All five of the lawmakers whom the association has paid millions of dollars to oppose are Democrats.
社会不平等、种族矛盾等美国长期存在的社会问题加剧枪支暴力。研究表明，黑人遭遇枪支谋杀的概率远高于白人，半数的枪支谋杀案受害者是黑人。2010年，每10万黑人中有14.6人被谋杀，而白人为1.9人。据美国疾病控制与预防中心研究，2019年至2020年，全美枪支杀人案从14,392起升至19,350起，发生率从每10万人4.6起升至6.1起，增长34.6%。2020年至2021年共计90,498起枪击死亡案中，38,796起属谋杀案，而涉及黑人年轻男性的近2.1万起。
Gun violence is exacerbated by long-standing social problems in the United States such as social inequality and racial tensions. Research shows that blacks are much more likely to encounter gun murder than whites, and half of all gun murder victims are black. In 2010, 14.6 out of 100,000 blacks were murdered, compared with 1.9 for whites. According to research by the CDC, between 2019 and 2020, gun homicides nationwide rose from 14,392 to 19,350, with the occurrence rate up from 4.6 to 6.1 per 100,000 people, a 34.6 percent increase. Of the 90,498 gun-related deaths in 2020 and 2021, 38,796 were murders, among which nearly 21,000 involved young black males.
结束语
Conclusion
生命权是最大的人权。美国《独立宣言》开宗明义指出，生命、自由和追求幸福的权利不可剥夺。一声声枪响，击碎了所谓“人人得享不可剥夺的生存与自由”的美国梦，也让人们不得不对美式人权到底在哪里进行深刻反思。美国一些政客长期漠视本国民众生命权，面对日益严重的枪支泛滥问题，却仍在夸夸其谈、旷日持久的辩论中无所作为，并对他国人权指手画脚。他们最应该并有责任做的是正视并解决自身问题，让美国人民真正拥有免于枪支暴力恐惧的自由。
The right to life is the biggest human right. The Declaration of Independence begins with the statement that life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are unalienable rights. One gunshot after another have shattered the American Dream that all men are endowed with the unalienable rights to life and liberty, and lead people to reflect deeply on where the American-style human rights really are. Some U.S. politicians have long treated the American people’s right to life with indifference. Faced with growing gun proliferation, they have done nothing more than empty talks and prolonged debates, while pointing fingers at the human rights conditions of other countries. The most important thing that they are duty-bound to do is face up to and address their own problems, and let the American people enjoy true freedom from the fear of gun violence.
本文来源：新华网
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