双语：美国在中东等地犯下严重侵犯人权罪行

美国在中东等地犯下严重侵犯人权罪行

U.S. Commits Serious Crimes of Violating Human Rights in the Middle East and Beyond

中国人权研究会

The China Society for Human Rights Studies

2022年8月

August 2022

美国在中东及其周边地区犯下包括战争罪、危害人类罪、任意拘押、滥用酷刑、虐囚和滥施单边制裁等一系列严重违背国际法的罪行，构成对人权的系统性侵犯，危害持久而深远。美国的罪行不仅导致中东等地战火连连，战乱频仍，深陷冲突泥潭和安全困境，而且导致当地人民的生命权、健康权、人格尊严和宗教信仰自由以及生存权、发展权等遭受严重损害。

The United States has committed a series of crimes that seriously violate international law, including war crimes, crimes against humanity, arbitrary detention, abuse of torture, torture of prisoners, and indiscriminate unilateral sanctions in the Middle East and surrounding areas, constituting systematic violations of human rights with lasting and far-reaching harm.

The U.S. crimes have not only led to frequent and repeated wars in the Middle East and other places, plunging them into the quagmire of conflicts and security dilemmas and seriously undermining local people’s rights to life, health, personal dignity, freedom of religious belief, survival and development.

一、发动战争，屠杀平民，损害生命权和生存权

1. Launching wars, massacring civilians, and damaging the right to life and survival

美国历史学家保罗·阿特伍德在2010年出版的《战争与帝国：美国的生活方式》一书中指出：“战争是美国人的生活方式。”美国自建国以来，没有参加过战争的时间不足20年，是一个名副其实的“战争帝国”。冷战结束后，中东及其周边地区所有重大冲突和战争中几乎总有美国的身影，沦为美国对外战争的重灾区。据美国《史密森学会杂志》统计，2001年以来，美国以“反恐”之名发动的战争和开展的军事行动足足覆盖了“这个星球上约40%的国家”。美国不仅纠集盟友发动海湾战争（1990－1991年）、阿富汗战争（2001－2021年）、伊拉克战争（2003－2011年）等，还深度参与利比亚战争和叙利亚战争，制造了世所罕见的人道主义灾难。穷兵黩武的美国对地区民众的生命权和生存权造成直接、严重和持久的伤害。

American historian Paul Atwood, in his book titled War and Empire: The American Way of Life that came out in 2010, pointed out that “war is the American way of life.” Since the founding of the United States, there were less than 20 years in which it has not participated in a war, making it a veritable “war empire.”

Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been involved in almost all major conflicts and wars in the Middle East and surrounding regions, which have become the area hardest hit by the external wars launched by the United States.

Statistics from the U.S. Smithsonian Institution Magazine has shown that since 2001, wars and military operations launched by the United States in the name of “anti-terrorism” covered “about 40% of the countries on the planet.”

The United States not only rallied its allies to launch the Gulf War (1990-1991), the Afghanistan War (2001-2021), the Iraq War (2003-2011), and so on, but also was deeply involved in the Libyan War and the Syrian War, creating a humanitarian disaster rarely seen throughout the world. The warmongering United States has caused direct, serious and lasting damage to local people’s right to life and survival.

第一，违反国际法肆意发动战争。阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争是美国在中东及其周边发动的两场最大规模的战争，对两国民众的生命安全和生存状态造成深重灾难。美国布朗大学“战争代价”项目研究指出，有超过17.4万人直接死于阿富汗战争，其中4.7万多是平民。联合国难民署称，持续近20年的阿富汗战争造成260万阿富汗人逃往国外，350万人流离失所。2003年，美国绕开联合国，违反禁止使用武力的国际法基本原则，以凭空捏造的理由发动伊拉克战争，构成对伊拉克的侵略。根据全球统计数据库的资料，2003年至2021年，约有20.9万伊拉克平民死于战争和暴力冲突之中，约有920万伊拉克民众沦为难民或被迫离开故土。美国在中东等地发动战争严重损害地区民众的生命权和生存权。

First, wantonly waging wars in violation of international law. The Afghanistan War and the Iraq War are the two largest wars launched by the United States in the Middle East and surrounding regions, spelling dreadful disasters to the lives and living condition of the people of the two countries.

The Brown University’s Costs of War Project pointed out that more than 174,000 people died directly in the war in Afghanistan, of whom more than 47,000 were civilians.

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the nearly 20-year war in Afghanistan forced 2.6 million Afghans to flee abroad and displaced 3.5 million others.

In 2003, the United States bypassed the United Nations and violated the basic international law principle of the prohibition of the use of force to launch the Iraq War with excuses fabricated out of thin air, constituting aggression against Iraq.

According to Statista, a global statistical database, from 2003 to 2021, about 209,000 Iraqi civilians died in wars and violent conflicts, and about 9.2 million Iraqis became refugees or were forced to leave their homeland. The United States launched wars in the Middle East and other places, seriously undermining the right to life and survival of the people in the region.

第二，践踏国际法滥杀无辜平民。美国为达到自己的军事目的，视他国平民生命为无物。一是美国多次无差别攻击中东等地平民。2005年8月12日，美军一辆装甲巡逻车在伊拉克拉马迪郊区城镇向清真寺出来的人们射击，造成包括8名儿童在内的15名伊拉克人丧生，另有17人受伤。同年11月21日，驻伊美军在巴格达北部朝一辆民用车开枪，造成一家5口死亡，其中包括3名儿童。联合国调查委员会指责美军在叙利亚地区“发动不加区别的袭击，导致平民伤亡，并且不顾后果，构成了战争罪”。联合国2019年9月发布的报告指出，以美国为首的联军在叙利亚等地实施的许多空袭“没有采取必要的预防措施来区分军事目标和平民”。二是美国广泛采取空袭行动进行所谓的“反恐”，经常“误杀”平民，伤及无辜，任意剥夺生命权。《纽约时报》报道称，基于对五角大楼机密文件的调查，美国在叙利亚频繁发动的空袭，因“严重情报缺陷”和“错误瞄准”，造成大量平民伤亡，而五角大楼通常对此选择掩盖或有罪不罚。2017年，美军对叙利亚城市拉卡发动所谓“最精准的空袭”。美国智库兰德公司发布报告指出，美军这一军事行动共造成38起平民伤亡事件，导致178名平民丧生，数十人受伤。一些人权组织估计，平民伤亡数量可能多达1600名。2019年3月18日，美军出动无人机在位于叙利亚－伊拉克边境的巴古兹镇寻找“极端组织”目标时，炸死至少64名平民妇女和儿童。2022年2月，美军在叙利亚伊德利卜省发动突袭，造成至少13人死亡，其中包括6名儿童和3名妇女。2021年8月29日，美军在阿富汗首都喀布尔实施的无人机袭击，造成当地10名平民死亡，其中包括7名儿童。三是美国军事承包商无端杀害平民。美国惯于利用军事承包商在中东地区实行霸权压制，他们在当地实施的违法犯罪行为往往逃脱问责。2007年，美国黑水公司雇员在巴格达尼苏尔广场实施屠杀，造成包括2名儿童在内的14名平民死亡，至少17人受伤。2020年，时任美国总统特朗普竟然赦免了在伊拉克犯下战争罪的黑水公司雇员。联合国人权理事会雇佣军问题工作组发表声明指出，美国政府这一行为对国际人道主义法和人权造成冲击，是对正义和受害者及其家人的侮辱，呼吁《日内瓦公约》所有缔约国共同谴责这一行径。美军在海外肆意频频屠杀平民的行为毫无疑问构成了危害人类罪。

Second, trampling on international law and killing innocent civilians indiscriminately. In order to achieve its own military goals, the United States disregards the lives of civilians in other countries.

Firstly, the United States has repeatedly and indiscriminately attacked civilians in the Middle East and other places.

On Aug. 12, 2005, a U.S. armored patrol vehicle shot at people coming out of a mosque in the suburban town of Ramadi, Iraq, killing 15 Iraqis, including eight children, and injuring 17 others.

On Nov. 21 of the same year, the U.S. troops stationed in Iraq opened fire on a civilian vehicle in northern Baghdad, killing a family of five, including three children. The United Nations Commission of Inquiry accused the U.S. military of launching indiscriminate attacks in Syria, causing civilian casualties and showing a reckless disregard for consequences, which constituted war crimes.

A United Nations report released in September 2019 noted that many of the airstrikes carried out by the U.S.-led coalition in places like Syria “did not take the necessary precautions to distinguish between military targets and civilians.”

Secondly, the United States has widely used air strikes to carry out so-called “anti-terrorism” operations, which often killed civilians “by mistake,” injured innocent people, and arbitrarily deprived them of the right to life.

The New York Times reported that based on an investigation of classified Pentagon documents, frequent U.S. airstrikes in Syria caused a large number of civilian casualties due to “serious intelligence deficiencies” and “mistargeting,” which the Pentagon usually chooses to cover up or not to penalize.

In 2017, the U.S. military launched what it called “the most precise airstrike” on the Syrian city of Raqqa. The RAND Corporation, a U.S. think tank, pointed out in a released report that the U.S. military operation resulted in 38 incidents inflicting civilian casualties, killing 178 civilians and wounding dozens of others. Some human rights groups have estimated the number of civilian casualties could be as high as 1,600.

On March 18, 2019, U.S. drones killed at least 64 civilian women and children as they searched for “extremist groups” in the town of Baghouz on the Syrian-Iraqi border.

In February 2022, the U.S. military launched a raid in Syria’s Idlib province, killing at least 13 people, including six children and three women.

On Aug. 29, 2021, a drone attack by the U.S. military in Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, killed 10 local civilians, including seven children.

第三，间接参与战争导致大量平民伤亡。美国在中东等地广泛扶植代理人，大量出售武器，造成大规模人道主义灾难。美国通过扶植多个代理人深度参与叙利亚战争和利比亚国内冲突，造成当地战乱和冲突延宕至今，局势日趋复杂，政治和解与社会稳定遥遥无期。利比亚全国过渡委员会前主席贾利勒称，持续的内乱导致众多利比亚人死亡，“而美国对军事行动和战争造成的这一后果并不关心”。根据联合国公布的数据，美国的军事介入已造成叙利亚至少35万人失去生命，1200多万人流离失所，1400万平民急需人道主义援助。叙利亚难民问题被联合国称为“我们这个时代最大的难民危机”。

Thirdly, U.S. military contractors killed civilians for no reason.

The United States is given to using military contractors to exercise hegemonic repression in the Middle East, and they often escape accountability for their illegal and criminal acts there.

In 2007, employees of the American Blackwater Company carried out a massacre in Nisour Square in Baghdad, killing 14 civilians, including two children, and injuring at least 17 others.

In 2020, then-President Donald Trump even pardoned Blackwater employees who committed war crimes in Iraq.

The United Nations Human Rights Council’s Working Group on Mercenaries said in a statement that this act by the U.S. government has breached international humanitarian law and human rights and was an affront to justice and the victims and their families, calling on all States parties to the Geneva Conventions to jointly condemn it. The U.S. military troops’ wanton massacre of civilians abroad undoubtedly constitutes a crime against humanity.

Third, indirect participation in wars resulted in a large number of civilian casualties.

The United States has extensively cultivated proxies in the Middle East and other places, and sold weapons in large quantities, causing large-scale humanitarian disasters.

The United States has been deeply involved in the war in Syria and the domestic conflict in Libya by fostering multiple proxies, causing the local wars and conflicts to drag on till today and the situation to become increasingly complex, which makes political reconciliation and social stability a faraway prospect.

Mustafa Abdul Jalil, former chairman of the Libyan National Transitional Council, said that the persistent civil unrest has led to the death of many Libyans, “and the United States does not care about the consequences of military operations and wars.”

According to data released by the United Nations, U.S. military intervention has claimed at least 350,000 lives in Syria, displaced more than 12 million people, and left 14 million civilians in urgent need of humanitarian assistance. The Syrian refugee issue has been called by the United Nations “the biggest refugee crisis of our time.”

面对阿富汗和伊拉克战争泥潭，肆意发动战争的美国政府却为了一己私利，一再选择不负责任的撤离，罔顾最基本的人道主义，导致有关国家长期的冲突与混乱局势更趋恶化。美国以武力手段摧毁了伊拉克原有的国家机器，导致伊拉克政府控制能力下降，为恐怖主义扩张提供了空间和条件。2011年，美国不负责任地从伊拉克撤军，致使“伊斯兰国”等极端组织趁势坐大，暴恐袭击频发，成为危及伊拉克和地区安全的最大挑战。2021年8月，美国同样不负责任地从阿富汗撤军，并在撤离的过程中再次无视阿富汗人民生命安全，造成多起触目惊心的人员伤亡事件。

While Afghanistan and Iraq were still mired in wars, the U.S. government, which recklessly launched the wars, repeatedly decided to pull out its forces, with total disregard for the most basic humanitarianism, perpetuating the conflicts in those countries and further worsening their chaotic situation.

By destroying the original state apparatus of Iraq by force, the United States has weakened the Iraqi government’s ability of control and provided space and conditions for terrorism to expand.

In 2011, the United States irresponsibly withdrew its troops from Iraq. Extremist groups such as “the Islamic State” took advantage of the situation and grew increasingly powerful. The ensuing frequent violent terrorist attacks become the biggest challenge threatening the security of Iraq and the region.

In August 2021, the United States also irresponsibly withdrew its troops from Afghanistan, and again turned a blind eye to the safety of the lives of the Afghan people during the withdrawal, resulting in many shocking casualties.

二、强制改造，单边制裁，侵害发展权和健康权

2. Forced transformation, unilateral sanctions, severe infringement of people’s rights to development, life and health

美国在中东等地肆意打压不顺从自己的国家和组织，强制推行美式价值观，确保美国主导的全球政治经济秩序和安全秩序，其实质是维护美国的“军事－经济－观念三位一体”霸权，其后果是改变地区国家的自主发展道路，严重损害中东等地有关国家的主权和当地人民的发展权、健康权。

The United States has wantonly suppressed non-compliant countries and organizations in the Middle East, and coercively promoted American values in the region, so as to ensure U.S.-dominated global political, economic and security orders.

Its essential goal is to maintain America’s military, economic and conceptual hegemony, which in consequence has altered the independent development paths of regional countries and severely undermined the sovereignty of related countries in the Middle East as well as their people’s rights to development and health.

第一，颠覆政权、干涉内政，侵害他国主权和人权。一方面，冷战结束后，美国为了全面主宰中东等地，对该地区不服从美国旨意和利益的主权国家，以发动战争等方式直接推动政权更迭，进而强制移植“美式民主”，改造有关国家的制度和发展道路。最典型的就是美国2001年和2003年通过对阿富汗和伊拉克的武装入侵，推翻自己不喜欢的政权。另一方面，美国长期支持非政府组织和代理人向中东社会渗透，屡屡用“颜色革命”的手段改变中东国家的发展道路。作为美国政府干涉别国内政、煽动分裂对抗的“马前卒”和“白手套”，美国国家民主基金会服务于美国战略利益，对中东国家进行了长期的渗透和颠覆活动，留下斑斑劣迹。该组织依赖白宫和美国国会的持续资金支持，遵照美国政府命令，通过向亲美个人和团体提供资助，在埃及、也门、约旦、阿尔及利亚、叙利亚、利比亚等国煽动颜色革命，是“阿拉伯之春”的重要幕后黑手。

First, the United States subverted governments, interfered in other countries’ internal affairs, and infringed upon others’ sovereignty and human rights.

On one hand, after the end of the Cold War, in order to secure absolute dominance over the Middle East and other places, the United States launched wars against non-compliant sovereign countries in the region to directly push for regime change, and then forcibly transplanted “American democracy” and transformed regional countries’ systems and development paths. The most typical examples are its invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 and 2003 respectively to overthrow the governments it disliked.

On the other hand, the United States has long supported the infiltration of non-governmental organizations and proxies in the Middle East society, and repeatedly changed the development paths of the Middle East countries by means of “color revolution.”

As a “pawn” and “white glove” of the U.S. government in its bid to interfere in other countries’ internal affairs and instigate separatism and confrontation, the National Endowment for Democracy has served the strategic interests of the United States by carrying out long-term infiltration and subversion activities against Middle East countries. Its record has been notorious.

With continuous financial support from the White House and the U.S. Congress and by obeying orders from the U.S. government, the organization incited color revolutions in Egypt, Yemen, Jordan, Algeria, Syria, Libya and other countries by providing funding to pro-U.S. individuals and groups, and was the key mastermind of the “Arab Spring.”

美国试图通过改造地区国家，建立脆弱的、依附性政权，为其全球霸权服务。美国的强制“制度输出”，不仅带有深厚的霸权主义色彩，而且破坏了地区国家自主探索发展道路的努力，造成了一系列灾难性后果。美国对阿富汗、伊拉克、叙利亚、利比亚等国进行的“强制改造”，导致这些国家的政治秩序和社会稳定被打破，社会团结和国家凝聚力被摧毁。这种以武力推翻他国政权、干涉他国内政、强制输出所谓“民主”的行为，不仅违反禁止使用武力、不干涉内政等国际关系基本准则，而且严重侵犯了相关国家人民自主选择发展道路的权利和基本人权。

The United States attempts to transform regional countries and establish fragile, dependent regimes to serve its global hegemony. Its forced “institutional exports” with strong hegemonic undertones have crippled regional countries’ efforts to independently explore their development paths and caused a series of disastrous consequences. Its forced transformation of Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Libya, among many others, has disrupted political order, and destroyed social and national cohesion in these countries.

Such acts of toppling the governments of other countries by force, interference in the internal affairs of other countries, and forcible export of the so-called “democracy” not only violated the basic norms of international relations such as prohibiting the use of force and non-interference in internal affairs, but also seriously violated the rights of the people of the relevant countries to choose their own development paths as well as their basic human rights.

第二，滥施单边制裁，造成有关国家蒙受严重经济损失、民众生活质量下降。美国堪称全球唯一的“制裁超级大国”。根据美国财政部《2021年制裁评估报告》，截至2021财年，美国已生效的制裁措施累计达到9400多项。自1979年以来，美国就长期对伊朗等国实施各类单边制裁。1996年又抛出所谓“达马托法案”，禁止外国公司对伊朗、利比亚能源产业进行投资，实行危害极大、影响深远的“长臂管辖”。此后，美国对伊朗的制裁层层加码、步步升级。美国特朗普政府时期更是对伊朗实施制裁和“极限施压”，企图以压促变，颠覆伊朗政权。伊朗鲁哈尼总统执政期间表示，美国特朗普政府的制裁至少对伊朗造成2000亿美元的经济损失，“美国对伊朗的制裁是非人道的，是犯罪和恐怖主义行为”。1980年至1992年，美国就对利比亚实施单边制裁；1992年至2003年，美国又胁迫、拉拢盟友扩大对利比亚的单边制裁。世界银行指出，利比亚因制裁遭受的经济损失高达180亿美元，而利比亚官方认为，制裁使其损失了330亿美元。第一次海湾战争后，美国对伊拉克实施野蛮的单边制裁，造成严重后果。1990年8月至2003年5月，制裁造成伊拉克石油收入损失1500亿美元。时至今日，伊拉克的人均年收入都没有达到1990年的水平（7050美元）。此外，制裁还造成伊拉克严重的人道主义灾难，伊拉克的婴儿死亡率翻倍，五岁以下儿童死亡率增长了6倍。同时，伊拉克的教育、医疗、社会保障体系被毁，识字率从1987年的89%下降到1997年的57%。

Second, the United States has abused unilateral sanctions against sovereign countries, causing severe economic losses and a decline in the quality of life of the people in those countries. The United States is the only “sanctions superpower” in the world. According to the Treasury 2021 sanctions review, the United States has had more than 9,400 sanctions in effect by the 2021 fiscal year.

Since 1979, the United States has imposed various unilateral sanctions on Iran and other countries. In 1996, it issued the Iran and Libya Sanctions Act of 1996, forbidding foreign companies from investing in Iran’s and Libya’s energy industry, and implementing long-arm jurisdiction, which is gravely harmful and has had a far-reaching impact.

Since then, the United States has imposed more and more sanctions on Iran. The Trump administration exerted sanctions and maximum pressure on Iran in an attempt to effect change and overthrow the Iranian government. Former Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, while in office, said U.S. sanctions imposed by the Trump administration cost Iran at least 200 billion U.S. dollars in economic losses, describing U.S. sanctions as inhumane and a terrorist act against the entire Iranian nation.

From 1980 to 1992, the United States imposed unilateral sanctions on Libya, and from 1992 to 2003, it coerced and roped in its allies to expand the unilateral sanctions against Libya. The World Bank said the Libyan economy has lost 18 billion dollars due to sanctions, while an official Libyan estimate put the loss at 33 billion dollars.

After the first Gulf War, the United States imposed brutal unilateral sanctions on Iraq with severe consequences. From August 1990 to May 2003, sanctions cost Iraq 150 billion dollars in losses of oil revenues. To date, Iraq’s per capita annual income has fallen short of its 1990 level (7,050 dollars).

In addition, the sanctions have caused a serious humanitarian disaster in Iraq, with the infant mortality rate doubling and the under-five mortality rate increasing sevenfold. Meanwhile, Iraq’s education, health and social security systems were destroyed, and its literacy rate fell from 89 percent in 1987 to 57 percent in 1997.

美国2021年从阿富汗撤军后，不仅对阿富汗施加经济制裁，还将阿富汗中央银行数十亿美元外汇储备冻结，导致阿富汗经济处于崩溃的边缘，人民生活雪上加霜。世界粮食计划署官员指出，美国对阿富汗的经济制裁加剧了当地粮食危机，“98%的阿富汗人吃不饱饭，近一半5岁以下儿童将陷入严重营养不良状态”。然而，2022年2月11日，美国总统拜登签署行政令，要求将阿富汗中央银行约70亿美元的在美资产均分，一半作为赔偿“9·11”事件受害者的资金来源，另一半则转移至纽约联邦储备银行的一个账户，用于帮助“阿富汗人民”，同时明确表示这些资产不会交还塔利班政权。美国政府这种公开劫掠阿富汗人民财产的霸权行径受到国际社会的普遍谴责。美国塔夫茨大学教授德雷兹纳在《外交事务》杂志发表文章批评称，美国历届政府滥用经济胁迫和经济暴力手段，将制裁作为解决外交问题的首选方案，非但起不到效果，还造成人道主义灾难。美国针对中东等地有关国家政府施加的单边制裁，最终伤害的是这些国家的普通民众，严重损害了被制裁国家和民众的发展权。

After withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan in 2021, the United States has not only imposed economic sanctions on Afghanistan, but also froze billions of dollars of foreign exchange reserves of the Afghan central bank, bringing the Afghan economy to the brink of collapse and worsening the life of the people. World Food Program officials pointed out that the U.S. economic sanctions on Afghanistan has exacerbated the local food crisis, with 98 percent of Afghans not consuming enough food and nearly half of children under 5-year-old going to be in a state of severe malnutrition.

However, on Feb. 11, 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden signed an executive order demanding that the 7-billion-dollar frozen assets of the Afghan Central Bank in the United States be divided equally, with half of the money going to a fund for 9/11 victims and the other half to an account of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to “help the Afghan people,” while making clear that the assets would not be returned to the Taliban authorities. The U.S. government’s blatant plundering of the Afghan people’s properties, a hegemonic act, has been widely condemned by the international community.

In an article published in Foreign Affairs magazine, Daniel W. Drezner, a professor with Tufts University, criticized the abuse of economic coercion by successive U.S. governments. Sanctions have become the go-to solution for nearly every foreign policy problem, which do not work but exact a humanitarian toll.

The unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States against countries in the Middle East and elsewhere have ultimately hurt the ordinary people, and seriously undermined the right to development of the sanctioned countries and their people.

第三，制造人道主义危机，严重损害有关国家民众的生命健康权。美国发动的海湾战争和伊拉克战争及随后的暴力冲突，摧毁了伊拉克大量基础设施，国家公共服务能力极大下降，民众面临缺水少电、缺医少药等问题，首当其冲的受害者是穷人、儿童、寡妇、老人等最脆弱的群体。以卫生部门为例，海湾战争后，伊拉克医疗水平下降十分明显。1990年，伊拉克97%的城市人口和71%的农村人口能享受公共医疗服务。2003年伊拉克战争后，约2万名当地医生逃离，大量医疗设施在战火中被毁。由于美军轰炸对发电厂和水处理设施造成的破坏，患腹泻病的人数是战前的4倍。伊拉克第二大城市摩苏尔的13所医院中有9所被摧毁，180万人的城市可用病床仅有区区1000张。此外，美国发动伊拉克战争时，曾大量使用贫铀弹，给当地居民的健康造成巨大损害，严重侵犯了当地民众的健康权。

Third, the United States has created humanitarians crises, severely undermining the right to health of the people in related countries. The U.S.-initiated Gulf War, the Iraq war and subsequent violent conflicts have destroyed much of Iraq’s infrastructure, grossly reduced the capacity of the country’s public services, and the people are faced with a lack of water, electricity and medical care, with the poor, children, widows, the elderly and other most vulnerable groups suffering the most.

Take the health sector for example. After the Gulf War, the level of medical care in Iraq declined significantly. In 1990, 97 percent of Iraq’s urban population and 71 percent of its rural population had access to public health services. After the Iraq war in 2003, some 20,000 local doctors fled and many medical facilities were ruined in the fighting. As a result of the damage to power plants and water treatment facilities caused by U.S. bombings, the number of people suffering from diarrhoeal diseases was four times higher than pre-war level. In Mosul, Iraq’s second largest city, nine of its 13 hospitals were destroyed, leaving this city of 1.8 million people with a meager 1,000 hospital beds available.

In addition, when the United States launched the Iraq War, it used depleted uranium munitions in large quantities, causing enormous damage to the health of the local population and seriously violating their right to health.

美国政府无视新冠肺炎疫情在全球蔓延，依然顽固坚持对伊朗、叙利亚等国实施单边制裁，导致被制裁国家难以及时获得抗击疫情需要的医疗物资。联合国人权事务高级专员米歇尔·巴切莱特2020年指出，制裁会阻碍抗疫医疗合作，给所有人增加风险；无论是出于维护全球公共安全，还是为了维护被制裁国家数百万人的权利和生活，都应放松或暂停特殊领域的制裁。由于制裁，伊朗无法进口基本药物和医疗器材，严重影响数百万伊朗人的健康状况。伊朗政府为筹措抗疫资金向国际货币基金组织申请50亿美元的抗疫特别贷款，但受到美国阻挠。美国通过冻结伊朗海外资金、威胁疫苗供货方等方式阻碍伊朗进口新冠疫苗。2020年，伊朗称曾3次试图按照世卫组织的新冠疫苗实施计划（COVAX）付款购买疫苗，但均因美国的制裁和限制而无法付款。美国布鲁金斯学会分析估计，在伊朗疫情最严重时期，美国持续施加的制裁影响进一步加剧，可能导致多达1.3万人因此死亡。

Turning a blind eye to the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government still insists on imposing unilateral sanctions on Iran, Syria and other countries, making it difficult for the sanctioned countries to obtain medical supplies needed to fight the pandemic.

In 2020, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet said: “At this crucial time, both for global public health reasons, and to support the rights and lives of millions of people in these countries, sectoral sanctions should be eased or suspended. In a context of global pandemic, impeding medical efforts in one country heightens the risk for all of us.”

As a result of the sanctions, Iran has been unable to import essential medicines and medical equipment, which has seriously affected the health of millions of Iranians.

The Iranian government applied for a 5-billion-U.S.-dollar special loan from the IMF to raise funds against the COVID-19 pandemic, but was blocked by the United States. The United States has blocked Iran’s access to COVID-19 vaccines by freezing Iran’s overseas funds and threatening vaccine suppliers.

In 2020, Iran said it had tried three times to pay for vaccines under COVAX, the WHO’s COVID-19 Implementation Plan, but failed due to U.S. sanctions and restrictions.

According to an op-ed published by the Brookings Institute, rather than easing sanctions to help Iran manage the pandemic better, the United States piled on more sanctions. Had sanctions eased when the pandemic hit Iran, the article said, 13,000 lives could have been saved.

三、制造“文明冲突”，滥用监禁和酷刑，侵犯宗教信仰自由和人格尊严

3. Create “clash of civilizations” and abuse imprisonment and torture, violating freedom of religion and human dignity

美国不尊重文明的多样性，敌视伊斯兰文明，摧毁中东历史文化遗产，肆意囚禁穆斯林并滥施酷刑，严重侵犯中东等地人民的基本人权。

Showing no respect for the diversity of civilizations, the United States has been hostile to Islamic civilization, destroyed the historical and cultural heritage of the Middle East, imprisoned and tortured Muslims recklessly, and seriously violated the basic human rights of people in the Middle East and other places.

第一，在世界范围内散布“伊斯兰威胁论”。美国鼓吹西方文明和基督教文明优越论，从骨子里鄙视非西方文明，污名化伊斯兰文明，给伊斯兰文明贴上“落后”“恐怖”“暴力”等标签，并借“9·11”事件，在世界范围内渲染“伊斯兰威胁论”，故意误导甚至煽动人们敌视伊斯兰教，歧视穆斯林，挑起“文明冲突”，为其发动全球反恐战争进行舆论准备和辩护。美国一手制造的“伊斯兰恐惧症”一度在美国国内和其他西方国家泛滥，严重损害了伊斯兰国家的民族尊严和国际形象，侵犯了广大穆斯林的人身自由和宗教信仰自由。在美国的阻挠下，巴勒斯坦人民的合法民族权利和合理诉求长期得不到解决，和平、发展和人权都无从谈起。

First, the United States has spread the “Islamic threat theory” around the world. It has advocated the superiority of Western and Christian civilization, despised non-Western civilization, and stigmatized Islamic civilization by labelling it as “backward,” “terror” and “violent.”

Using the 9/11 incident as an excuse, the United States has hyped up the “Islamic threat theory” in the world, deliberately misled or even incited people to be hostile to Islam and discriminate against Muslims, and provoked a “clash of civilizations,” mobilizing public opinion and inventing a pretext to justify its global war on terror.

The “Islamophobia” created by the United States was once widespread in the country and other Western nations, seriously damaging the national dignity and international image of Islamic countries and violating the personal freedom and freedom of religious belief of Muslims.

Obstructed by the United States, the legitimate national rights and legitimate demands of the Palestinian people have long remained unresolved, not to mention peace, development and human rights.

第二，摧毁中东文明古国文化遗产。美国奉行西方中心主义，鼓吹“民主和平论”和“民主改造论”，无视中东文明的历史悠久和灿烂辉煌。美军发动伊拉克战争后，其军事行动直接造成政权更迭、社会动荡和长期战乱。更为严重的是，美军入侵和占领期间，伊拉克首都巴格达一度陷入无政府状态，被联合国教科文组织列为世界11大博物馆之一的伊拉克博物馆囊括该地区苏美尔、巴比伦、亚述等各个历史阶段古代艺术和文明精华的17万件珍藏文物横遭劫掠，人类文明惨遭浩劫。根据海牙《陆战法规和惯例公约》及日内瓦公约等国际法，占领方应维持被占领区的社会秩序。而美军占领巴格达后未及时采取措施，以所谓不是警察为借口，回避维持社会治安的国际法义务，导致了人类史上最大的文化破坏案，其危害之深，完全与现代文明世界背道而驰。伊拉克博物馆副馆长2003年曾直言不讳地控诉：美军应对所发生的一切负责。此外，美国打压、侮辱、霸凌中东国家，破坏了中东国家和民众的文化自信，摧毁了中东人民的民族自豪感和自信心。

Second, the United States has ruined the cultural heritage of the ancient civilization in the Middle East. The United States has pursued Western-centrism and advocated the “democratic peace theory” and “democratic transformation theory,” disregarding the long history and splendor of the Middle Eastern civilizations.

After the U.S. military launched the Iraq War, its military actions directly caused regime change, social unrest and prolonged conflicts. Worse still, during the U.S. invasion and occupation, Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, was once plunged into a state of anarchy, and the Iraq Museum, which is listed by UNESCO as one of the top 11 museums in the world, was plundered of 170,000 artifacts featuring the essence of ancient art and civilization of Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian and other historical stages in the region. Human civilization were tragically destroyed.

Under international law, such as Convention (IV) respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, and the Geneva Convention, the occupant is required to maintain social order in the occupied area.

However, after occupying Baghdad, the U.S. military, under the excuse of not being a police officer, refused to take timely measures and avoided its obligation under international law to maintain social order. This led to the biggest case of cultural destruction in human history, and its harm was so profound that it completely ran counter to the modern civilized world.

The deputy director of the museum was outspoken in his accusation in 2003 that the U.S. military was responsible for what had happened.

In addition, the United States has suppressed, insulted and bullied Middle Eastern countries, undermining the cultural confidence of the nations and their people, and destroying the national pride and self-confidence of the Middle Eastern people.

第三，虐囚和酷刑严重损害穆斯林的人格尊严权。美国发动全球反恐战争以来，针对穆斯林的虐囚丑闻不绝于耳。美国布朗大学“战争代价”项目研究指出，“9·11”事件后，美国以“反恐”为幌子在海外设立“黑监狱”，涉及至少54个国家和地区，拘禁包括穆斯林、女性和未成年人等在内的数十万人。早在2003年，美军在伊拉克阿布格莱布监狱就大肆虐待在押人员，其中很多人被无辜关押，甚至造成大量死亡，严重违反了国际人权法。美国还创建关塔那摩监狱专门用以关押来自中东等地的“恐怖分子”，总共拘押了约780人，其中很多人未曾被刑事起诉。目前该监狱仍有30多名人员在押，他们已经步入暮年，身体虚弱，长期被剥夺自由并无休止地承受精神和肉体的酷刑。在关塔那摩监狱，除了存在广泛的虐待和酷刑外，美方人员还通过亵渎《古兰经》和违背伊斯兰教信仰来折磨囚犯，包括把《古兰经》扔进厕所，假借搜查武器之名撕毁、焚烧《古兰经》，让女警卫在浴室里监视裸体囚犯等，引发被关押的囚犯集体抗议，甚至集体自杀。2021年9月，美国在阿富汗的巴格拉姆空军基地的监狱和虐囚行径被媒体曝光。国际刑事法院调查证据显示，美军在阿富汗漠视国际公理、践踏国际准则，长期对关押人员施加“折磨、虐待、侵犯个人尊严、强奸和性暴力”，包括将至少30名囚犯关进一个笼子，将遭受酷刑的囚犯藏在隐蔽区域任其自生自灭，将囚犯蒙上眼罩令其一丝不挂地游行示众，等等。美军对囚犯的侮辱和残酷虐待，严重侵犯了其基本人格权，也违反了美国依据国际人权法承担的禁止实施酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的义务。

Third, prisoner abuse and torture seriously undermined Muslims’ right to human dignity. Since the United States launched its global war on terrorism, prisoner abuse scandals against Muslims have been heard all the time.

According to a report from the Costs of War Project at Brown University, following the 9/11 attack, the United States orchestrated a system of black sites in at least 54 countries and regions worldwide under the guise of “anti-terrorism,” involving hundreds of thousands of people, including Muslims, women and children.

As early as 2003, the U.S. military, in serious violation of international human rights law, blatantly abused detainees at Abu Ghraib Prison in Iraq, many of whom were detained without just cause, resulting in a large number of deaths.

In addition, the United States established Guantanamo Bay detention camp to lock up a total of nearly 780 “terrorists” from the Middle East and elsewhere total, many of whom have been held without bringing any criminal charge.

More than 30 people, old and frail, remain in the prison, who are deprived of liberty for long periods of time and subjected to endless mental and physical torture.

In addition to widespread abuse and torture at Guantanamo, U.S. personnel have tortured prisoners by desecrating the Quran and violating Islamic beliefs, including throwing the Quran into toilets, tearing to pieces or burning the Quran under the guise of searching for weapons, and having female guards spy on naked prisoners in bathrooms, which sparked collective protests and even caused mass suicides among the detainees.

In September 2021, the U.S. prison and prisoner abuse practices at Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan were exposed by the media. Evidence from the International Criminal Court investigation revealed that U.S. forces in Afghanistan ignored international justice and trampled on international norms, and inflicted “torture, cruel treatment, outrages upon personal dignity, rape and sexual abuse” on detainees for a long time, including putting at least 30 prisoners in a cage, leaving tortured prisoners to die in concealed areas, parading naked prisoners with blindfolds, among others.

The humiliating and cruel treatment of prisoners by the U.S. military constitutes a grave violation of their fundamental right to human dignity and of the U.S. obligation under international human rights law to prohibit torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

事实表明，美国在中东等地严重侵犯当地人民的基本人权，给地区国家和人民造成了永久性伤害和无法弥补的损失。美国的霸权本质和强权政治的野蛮性、残酷性、危害性暴露无遗，也让世界人民更加认清了“美式民主”与“美式人权”的虚伪性和欺骗性。

Facts show that the United States has seriously violated the basic human rights of local people in the Middle East and other places, causing permanent damage and irreparable losses to countries and people in the region. The nature of American hegemony and the barbarity, cruelty and perniciousness of its power politics have been completely exposed, and the people of the world have a better understanding of the hypocrisy and deception of the American democracy and the American human rights.