双语：当前经济工作的几个重大问题
当前经济工作的几个重大问题
当前经济工作的几个重大问题※
Major Issues in Economic Work*
习近平
Xi Jinping
明年经济工作千头万绪，需要从战略全局出发，抓主要矛盾，从改善社会心理预期、提振发展信心入手，抓住重大关键环节，纲举目张做好工作。
Economic work in 2023 will be complex. We need to bear in mind the overall strategic picture and focus on major problems. We should start with improving public expectations and boosting confidence in development and pay close attention to major and key links, as this will lay the ground for overall success in our work.
（一）着力扩大国内需求
I. Expanding domestic demand
总需求不足是当前经济运行面临的突出矛盾。必须大力实施扩大内需战略，采取更加有力的措施，使社会再生产实现良性循环。我国通过扩大内需有效应对了1998年亚洲金融危机、2008年国际金融危机、2020年以来新冠肺炎疫情冲击，积累了成功经验，要优化政策举措，充分发挥消费的基础作用和投资的关键作用。
The prominent issue we face in economic development at present is insufficient aggregate demand. Therefore, we need to vigorously implement the strategy for expanding domestic demand and adopt more effective measures to ensure a virtuous cycle of social reproduction. In the past, China has expanded domestic demand in order to effectively respond to the Asian financial crisis in 1998, the international financial crisis in 2008, and the impact of Covid-19 since 2020, and has thus accumulated successful experience in this regard. We now need to optimize our policy initiatives to give full play to the fundamental role of consumption and the key role of investment.
一是把恢复和扩大消费摆在优先位置。我国新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化深入推进，消费日益成为拉动经济增长的基础性力量。要增强消费能力，改善消费条件，创新消费场景，使消费潜力充分释放出来。消费是收入的函数，要多渠道增加城乡居民收入，特别是要提高消费倾向高、但受疫情影响大的中低收入居民的消费能力。要合理增加消费信贷，支持住房改善、新能源汽车、养老服务、教育医疗文化体育服务等消费。
First, we should prioritize the recovery and expansion of consumption.
With China making steady strides in new industrialization, informatization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization, consumption is now playing a fundamental role in driving economic growth. To fully realize the potential of consumption, we need to boost consumer purchasing power, improve the conditions for consumption, and create new consumption channels. As there is a direct correlation between consumption and income, we must raise the incomes of both urban and rural residents through various channels. It is especially important to increase the spending power of the low- and middle-income groups, which have a high propensity to consume but were severely affected by Covid-19. Steps should be taken to reasonably increase consumer credit so as to support spending on housing improvements, new energy vehicles, elderly care, and services related to education, health care, culture, and sports.
二是通过政府投资和政策激励有效带动全社会投资。当前，民间投资预期较弱，政府投资必须发挥好引导作用，这是应对经济周期性波动的有力工具。政府投资要在打基础、利长远、补短板、调结构上加大力度，加快实施“十四五”重大工程，加强交通、能源、水利、农业、信息等基础设施建设，加强区域间基础设施联通。要支持城市群和都市圈建设现代化基础设施体系，实施城市更新行动、乡村建设行动。要加大科技和产业投资，超前开展重大科技基础设施和关键核心技术研发能力建设。政策性金融要发挥逆周期调节作用，加大对符合国家发展规划和产业政策导向重大项目的融资支持力度，兼顾好经济效益和社会效益。要放宽民间投资市场准入，鼓励和吸引更多民间资本参与国家重大工程和补短板项目建设。要加强项目储备和前期工作，强化要素保障。
Second, we should drive investment society-wide with government investment and policy incentives.
Currently, private investment expectations are low. We must fully harness the guiding role of government investment, which is a powerful tool for responding to cyclical fluctuations in the economy. Government investment should be ramped up in terms of laying strong foundations, generating long-term benefits, shoring up weak spots, and adjusting the economic structure. We should expedite the implementation of major projects under the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025), strengthen infrastructure development in transportation, energy, water conservancy, agriculture, and information, and advance infrastructure connectivity between regions. We should support city clusters and metropolitan areas in building modern infrastructure systems and implement initiatives for urban renewal and rural development. We should increase investment in technology and industry and adopt a forward-looking approach to the development of major scientific and technological infrastructure and R&D capabilities for core technologies in key fields. To see that policy-backed finance plays its role in countercyclical regulation, we should give more financial support to major projects in line with national development planning and industrial policy guidance, while ensuring a balance between social and economic returns. We should widen market access for private investment to encourage and attract the participation of more nongovernmental capital in major national projects and projects aimed at strengthening areas of weakness. We should also increase reserves and preparations of projects and provide stronger support in terms of production factors.
要继续发挥出口对经济的支撑作用。要稳住对发达国家出口，扩大对新兴经济体出口，提升加工贸易水平，提高出口附加值，扩大服务贸易，发展数字贸易，巩固拓展新能源汽车等新产业出口优势，积极扩大先进技术、重要设备、能源资源等产品进口，发挥好中欧班列作用，加快建设贸易强国。
The role of exports in driving economic growth should be further leveraged. We should keep exports to developed countries stable and expand exports to emerging economies. We should upgrade the processing trade to increase the value added of exports, expand trade in services, and develop digital trade. We should consolidate and expand export advantages in new industries, such as new energy vehicles, and increase imports of advanced technologies, important equipment, and energy and resources. We should give full play to the role of China-Europe freight train services and work faster to build China into a trader of quality.
（二）加快建设现代化产业体系
II. Building a modern industrial system
我们要练好内功、站稳脚跟。我国有世界最完整的产业体系和潜力最大的内需市场，要切实提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平，抓紧补短板、锻长板。
We need to bolster domestic foundations in order to remain on a solid footing. China has the world’s most complete industrial system and a domestic market with the greatest potential for growth. We must take effective steps to boost the resilience and security of our industrial and supply chains and move rapidly to address weak links and build on existing strengths.
一是确保国民经济循环畅通。我国经济必须确保国家安全，确保基本民生，确保基础设施、基础产业总体正常运转。要大力提升粮食、能源资源安全保障能力，特别是要把粮食饭碗牢牢端在自己手上。要实施新一轮千亿斤粮食产能提升行动，向耕地和科技要产能，向国土资源要食物。要加强重要能源、矿产资源国内勘探开发和增储上产，统筹布局电力源网荷储，加快规划建设新型能源体系，支持企业“组团出海”，加快进口多元化。要提升国家战略物资储备保障能力。
First, we should ensure smooth flows in the national economy.
China’s economy must safeguard national security, meet basic living needs, and ensure the normal functioning of infrastructure and basic industries. We need to improve our capacity to ensure food, energy, and resource security. In particular, we must maintain firm control of our food supply. We should launch a new drive to increase China’s grain production capacity by 50 million tons, further expand production capacity through farmland protection and the application of science and technology, and increase yields by better utilizing our country’s land resources. Greater efforts should be made to explore and develop important energy and mineral resources domestically and to discover more reserves and boost production. We should ensure power generation, transmission, loading, and storage are well-coordinated and ramp up our efforts to develop a new energy system. We should support enterprises in carrying out overseas economic and trade activities together and diversify our imports. We should build up our capacity to guarantee and stockpile national strategic goods.
二是加快实现产业体系升级发展。要在重点领域提前布局，全面提升产业体系现代化水平，既巩固传统优势产业领先地位，又创造新的竞争优势。抓住全球产业结构和布局调整过程中孕育的新机遇，勇于开辟新领域、制胜新赛道。传统制造业是现代化产业体系的基底，要加快数字化转型，推广先进适用技术，着力提升高端化、智能化、绿色化水平。战略性新兴产业是引领未来发展的新支柱、新赛道。要加快新能源、人工智能、生物制造、绿色低碳、量子计算等前沿技术研发和应用推广，支持专精特新企业发展。要大力发展数字经济，提升常态化监管水平，支持平台企业在引领发展、创造就业、国际竞争中大显身手。
Second, we should accelerate the upgrading of China’s industrial system.
We should make forward planning for key areas and fully modernize the industrial system. We must consolidate the leading position of traditionally competitive industries while also carving out new competitive advantages. We should seize the opportunities arising from changes to the structure and layout of global industry to open up new fields and succeed in new arenas. Traditional manufacturing is the foundation of the modern industrial system. We must accelerate the digitalization of traditional manufacturing, and apply advanced and appropriate technologies to make this sector higher-end, smarter, and more eco-friendly. Strategic emerging industries are the pillars and arenas that will drive future development. We should promote research, development, and application of frontier technologies for new energy, artificial intelligence, biological manufacturing, green and low-carbon industries, and quantum computing and support the development of enterprises that use sophisticated technologies to produce novel and unique products. We should devote significant efforts to developing the digital economy, strengthening regular oversight, and supporting platform enterprises to fully harness their potential to drive development, create employment, and increase international competitiveness.
（三）切实落实“两个毫不动摇”
III. Working hard to consolidate and develop the public sector and encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector
一段时间以来，社会上对我们是否还搞社会主义市场经济、是否坚持“两个毫不动摇”有一些不正确甚至错误的议论。我们必须亮明态度、决不含糊，始终坚持社会主义市场经济改革方向，坚持“两个毫不动摇”。
For some time, there has been some inaccurate and even plainly false speculation in society about whether we remain committed to the socialist market economy and to the principle of consolidating and developing the public sector and encouraging, supporting, and guiding the development of the non-public sector. Our attitude must be clear and unequivocal: we will continue to pursue reforms to develop the socialist market economy and work hard to consolidate and develop the public sector and to encourage, support, and guide the development of the non-public sector.
一是深化国资国企改革，提高国企核心竞争力。国企改革三年行动已见成效，要根据形势变化，以提高核心竞争力和增强核心功能为重点，谋划新一轮深化国有企业改革行动方案。我国经营性国有资产规模大，一些企业资产收益率不高、创新能力不足，同国有资本和国有企业做强做优做大、发挥国有经济战略支撑作用的要求不相适应。要坚持分类改革方向，处理好国企经济责任和社会责任关系，健全以管资本为主的国资管理体制，发挥国有资本投资运营公司作用，以市场化方式推进国企整合重组，打造一批创新型国有企业。要完善中国特色国有企业现代公司治理，真正按市场化机制运营，加快建设世界一流企业。
First, we should deepen the reform in the areas of state capital and state-owned enterprises (SOE).
The three-year action plan for SOE reform has been implemented with gratifying results. We should now prepare for the formulation of a new action plan to deepen SOE reform, with a focus on strengthening core competitiveness and core functions in line with the evolving landscape. The scale of China’s for-profit state assets is large. However, some SOEs deliver a low return on assets and lack innovative capabilities, which is not compatible with the requirements of making state-owned capital and enterprises stronger, better, and bigger and ensuring the state-owned sector provides strategic support for the economy. Continuing with a category-based reform approach, we should help SOEs balance their economic and social responsibilities and improve the system for managing state-owned assets with a priority on state capital. We should give full play to the role of state-owned capital investment and operation companies, press ahead with the consolidation and restructuring of SOEs in a market-based way, and develop a number of innovative SOEs. We should improve modern cooperate SOE governance with distinctive Chinese features and see that SOEs truly operate in line with market-based mechanisms and develop themselves into world-class enterprises at a faster pace.
二是优化民营企业发展环境，促进民营经济发展壮大。民营经济对经济社会发展、就业、财政税收、科技创新等具有重要作用。要从制度和法律上把对国企民企平等对待的要求落下来，从政策和舆论上鼓励支持民营经济和民营企业发展壮大。要依法保护民营企业产权和企业家权益。要全面梳理修订涉企法律法规政策，持续破除影响平等准入的壁垒。要完善公平竞争制度，反对地方保护和行政垄断，为民营企业开辟更多空间。要加强中小微企业管理服务，支持中小微企业和个体工商户发展。各级领导干部要为民营企业解难题、办实事，构建亲清政商关系。国企、民企、外企都要依法合规经营。
Second, we should further improve the environment for developing private businesses and promote the growth of the private sector.
The private sector plays an important role in economic and social development, employment, revenue generation, and scientific and technological innovation. We should ensure equal treatment for SOEs and private businesses through the use of laws and institutions and encourage and support the growth of the private sector and private businesses from both a policy and publicity perspective. We should, in accordance with the law, protect the property rights of private enterprises and the rights and interests of entrepreneurs. We need to thoroughly review and revise laws, regulations, and policies concerning businesses and steadfastly remove obstacles preventing equal market access. We should refine the institutions for ensuring fair competition and oppose local protectionism and administrative monopolies to open up more space for private enterprises. We should strengthen management and services for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and support the development of MSMEs and self-employed individuals. Officials at all levels should take practical steps to help private businesses resolve difficulties and cultivate a cordial and clean relationship between government and business. SOEs, private businesses, and foreign-funded enterprises should operate in compliance with laws and regulations.
（四）更大力度吸引和利用外资
IV. Redoubling efforts to attract and utilize foreign investment
今年我国利用外资继续保持较快增长。纵观全球，发达国家和新兴经济体都把吸引和利用外资作为重大国策，招商引资国际竞争更加激烈。我们要推进高水平对外开放，依托我国超大规模市场优势，以国内大循环吸引全球资源要素，既要把优质存量外资留下来，还要把更多高质量外资吸引过来，提升贸易投资合作质量和水平。
China’s utilization of foreign capital continued to grow at a fairly rapid pace in 2022. Across the globe, both developed countries and emerging economies have made attracting and utilizing foreign investment a major state policy, generating more intense international competition for investment. To promote high-standard opening up, we need to leverage the strengths of China’s enormous market and attract global resources and production factors with our strong domestic economy. We must not only retain existing high-quality foreign investment but also attract more high-quality investment. These efforts will help improve the level and quality of trade and investment cooperation.
一是扩大市场准入。要合理缩减外资准入负面清单，加大现代服务业领域开放力度，发挥好自由贸易试验区、海南自由贸易港、各类开发区和保税区等开放平台的先行先试作用，已宣布的外资准入政策要抓紧落地见效。
First, we should expand market access.
We should shorten the negative list for foreign investment and open the modern services sector wider. We should give full play to the role of pilot free trade zones, Hainan Free Trade Port, all types of development zones and bonded areas, as well as other platforms that serve as forerunners and testing grounds for opening up. Policies on foreign investment access that have already been announced must be implemented without delay.
二是全面优化营商环境。要落实好外资企业国民待遇，促进公平竞争，保障外资企业依法平等参与政府采购、招投标、标准制定，加大知识产权和外商投资合法权益的保护力度。要积极推动加入《全面与进步跨太平洋伙伴关系协定》（CPTPP）和《数字经济伙伴关系协定》（DEPA）等高标准经贸协议，并主动对照相关规则、规制、管理、标准，深化国内相关领域改革。
Second, we should improve all aspects of the business environment.
To promote fair competition, we should implement national treatment for foreign-funded companies and ensure that they can participate in government procurement, bidding, and standard-setting on an equal footing and in accordance with the law. Greater protection should be provided for intellectual property rights and the legitimate rights and interests of foreign investors. We should take active steps to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA), and other high-standard economic and trade agreements. Reforms should be carried out in related areas to actively promote alignment with relevant rules, regulations, management practices, and standards.
三是有针对性做好外资企业服务工作。要加强同外商沟通交流，为外商来华从事贸易投资洽谈提供最大程度的便利，同时也要推动经贸人员常态化走出去招商引资。
Third, we should take targeted steps to improve services for foreign-funded companies.
We should strengthen communication and exchanges with foreign investors, provide as much convenience as possible for foreign business people coming to China for trade and investment negotiations, and see that Chinese economic and trade professionals regularly travel overseas to attract foreign investment.
（五）有效防范化解重大经济金融风险
V. Forestalling and defusing serious financial risks
我们必须坚持标本兼治、远近结合，牢牢守住不发生系统性风险底线。
We must address both symptoms and root causes, balance short-term and long-term objectives, and forestall systemic risks.
一是防范房地产业引发系统性风险。房地产对经济增长、就业、财税收入、居民财富、金融稳定都具有重大影响。要正确处理防范系统性风险和道德风险的关系，做好风险应对各项工作，确保房地产市场平稳发展。各地区和有关部门要扛起责任。要因城施策，着力改善预期，扩大有效需求，支持刚性和改善性住房需求，支持落实生育政策和人才政策，解决好新市民、青年人等住房问题，鼓励地方政府和金融机构加大保障性租赁住房供给，探索长租房市场建设。要坚持房子是用来住的、不是用来炒的定位，深入研判房地产市场供求关系和城镇化格局等重大趋势性、结构性变化，抓紧研究中长期治本之策，消除多年来“高负债、高杠杆、高周转”发展模式弊端，推动房地产业向新发展模式平稳过渡。
First, we should guard against systemic risks arising in the real estate sector.
The real estate sector has a significant impact on economic growth, employment, government revenue, public wealth, and financial stability. We need to strike a balance between the need to prevent systemic risks and to guard against moral hazard and make every effort to respond to risks to ensure stable development of the real estate market. All regions and relevant departments should shoulder their respective responsibilities. We should adopt city-specific policies to improve expectations, expand effective demand, support people in buying their first homes or improving their housing situation, facilitate the implementation of childbirth and talent policies, and address the housing difficulties faced by our people, especially new urban residents and young people. We should encourage local governments and financial institutions to expand the supply of government-subsidized rental housing and study ways to develop the long-term rental housing market. Based on the principle that housing is for living in, not for speculation, we should conduct an in-depth analysis of major trends and structural changes in both the supply-demand relationship in real estate and the pattern of urbanization. We should move faster to work out fundamental policies for the medium and long term to eliminate the long-standing problems arising from a development model based on high debt, high leverage, and high turnover and facilitate a smooth transition to a new model of development for the real estate sector.
二是防范化解金融风险。金融事关发展全局。要统筹好防范重大金融风险和道德风险，压实各方责任，及时加以处置，防止形成区域性、系统性金融风险。要加强党中央对金融工作集中统一领导，深化金融体制改革。
Second, we should forestall and defuse financial risks.
The financial sector is integral to China’s overall development. We must coordinate efforts to guard against systemic risks and moral hazard, see that the responsibilities of all stakeholders are fulfilled, and be ready to respond to issues promptly so as to ensure that no systemic or regional financial risks arise. We should strengthen the centralized, unified leadership of the Party Central Committee over financial work and deepen the reform of the financial system.
三是防范化解地方政府债务风险。要压实省级政府防范化解隐性债务主体责任，加大存量隐性债务处置力度，优化债务期限结构，降低利息负担，稳步推进地方政府隐性债务和法定债务合并监管，坚决遏制增量、化解存量。要禁止各种变相举债行为，防范地方国有企事业单位“平台化”。要加强对融资平台公司的综合治理，推动分类转型。要深化财税体制改革，完善财政转移支付体系，健全省以下财政体制，稳步推进地方税体系建设，夯实地方基本财力和自我发展能力。
Third, we should forestall and defuse local government debt risks.
We must ensure that provincial governments shoulder the primary responsibility for preventing and resolving hidden debts. We need to step up efforts to deal with existing hidden debts, improve the mix of debt maturities, and reduce the burden of interest payments. We should steadily push ahead with placing hidden and legally mandated local-government debts under unified supervision and resolutely curb the increase of new debts and reduce existing debts. We should prohibit any disguised forms of borrowing and prevent local state-owned enterprises and public institutions from becoming platforms for local financing. We should strengthen holistic governance over local financing companies and facilitate their transformation on a category-by-category basis. We should deepen the reform of the fiscal and tax systems, improve the system of transfer payments, and put in place a sound fiscal system at and below the provincial level. We must work steadily to improve the local tax system and make sure that local governments have the basic financial resources to pursue self-development.
明年还有许多重要工作要做。要全面推进乡村振兴，稳定粮食生产，坚决防止出现规模性返贫，畅通城乡要素流动和循环，建设宜居宜业和美乡村。要围绕构建高水平社会主义市场经济体制、推进高水平对外开放，谋划新一轮全面深化改革。要筹备办好第三届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛，推动共建“一带一路”高质量发展。要深入实施区域重大战略和区域协调发展战略，促进优势互补、各展其长。要推动经济社会发展绿色转型，协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长，创造条件加快能耗“双控”转向碳排放“双控”制度，持续深入打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，建设美丽中国。
There are also many other important tasks to be completed in 2023. We must promote rural revitalization, keep grain output stable, resolutely prevent any largescale relapse into poverty, facilitate the flow of production factors between urban and rural areas, and work to build a beautiful and harmonious countryside that is desirable to live and work in. We should launch a new round of initiatives to deepen reform across the board, with a focus on improving the socialist market economy and promoting high-standard opening up. We must ensure the success of the Third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (BRF) and promote the high-quality development of the Belt and Road Initiative. We should continue to pursue major regional strategies and the coordinated regional development strategies and promote complementary development between all regions, with each region fully leveraging its strengths. We should promote a transition to green economic and social development and coordinate our efforts to cut carbon emissions, reduce pollution, expand green development, and pursue economic growth. We should create conditions for exercising better control over the amount and intensity of energy consumption and transition toward controlling both the amount and intensity of carbon emissions. We should continue working to keep our skies blue, waters clear, and lands clean and advance the Beautiful China Initiative.
※这是习近平总书记2022年12月15日在中央经济工作会议上讲话的一部分。
*This was an excerpt from General Secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the Central Economic Work Conference on December 15, 2022.
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