中英双语：卢沙野大使在“从青岛到约翰内斯堡：研讨会上的讲话
卢沙野大使在“从青岛到约翰内斯堡：全球不确定性中的中俄合作与国际峰会”研讨会上的讲话
多伦多大学John Dirks教授，
Professor John Dirks of the University of Toronto,
俄罗斯驻加代办Vladimir Proskuryakov先生，
Mr. Vladimir Proskuryakov, Charge d'Affaires of the Russian Embassy in Ottawa,
女士们，先生们，朋友们，
Ladies and gentlemen,
大家下午好！
Good afternoon!
很高兴有机会与在座的各位进行交流。今天我主要想谈三点看法，一是如何看待当前的国际形势，二是上海合作组织和金砖国家机制在全球治理中的作用，三是中国对全球治理的主张和期待。
I am very glad to have the opportunity to exchange views with you here. Today, I would like to make three points in my speech. The first is how to view the current international situation; the second is the role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the BRICS mechanism in global governance; and the third is China’s propositions and expectations for global governance.
当今世界正处在大发展大变革大调整时期，用中国国家主席习近平的话就是“世界处于百年未有之大变局”。十分突出的是，国际形势中的不稳定和不确定性上升，可以说世界处于一个转型过渡期，国际格局和秩序都处于深刻调整之中。一方面，和平与发展是各国人民普遍追求的目标，求和平、谋发展、促合作是民心所向。另一方面，国际局势中的乱象令人担忧。逆全球化、民粹主义持续发展，多条战线的贸易战巳经打响。朝鲜半岛核问题虽有缓和，但伊朗核问题热度上升，中东依然动荡不已。地区热点、恐怖主义、跨国犯罪、气候灾害等传统和非传统安全威胁有增无减，全球治理“赤字”更加突出，当今世界处于冷战结束以来未曾有的混乱时期。
The world today enters an age of great progress, great transformation and profound adjustments. As Chinese President Xi Jinping said, “The world is undergoing unprecedented major changes since a century.” What is prominent is that the international situation is becoming increasingly instable and uncertain, as it were the world is in a transitional period when the international configuration and order are witnessing profound changes. On one hand, as peace and development remain the common goals pursued by the people of all countries, yearning for peace and development and seeking cooperation accord with their aspirations. On the other hand, the international turmoil is worrisome. Anti-globalization and populism are on the rise, and trade war on many fronts have already broken out. Although the tension of Korean Peninsula nuclear issue has been eased for now, the Iranian nuclear issue comes to the fore in the turbulent Middle East. Traditional and non-traditional security threats such as regional hotspot issues, terrorism, transnational crimes and climate disasters have continued unabated. And the “deficit” in global governance is much more salient. The world today bogs down in an unprecedented chaos since the end of the Cold War.
造成当前这种乱局是多种复杂因素交织的结果，其中美国政府难辞其咎。在特朗普总统上台后的一年半时问里，美政府大力推动“美国优先”，实行单边主义、贸易保护主义，将美国利益凌驾于别国和国际社会共同利益之上，对国际规则和国际机制采取“合则用，不合则退，不合则毁”的做法，先后退出气候变化巴黎协定、联合国教科文组织、联合国人权理事会、伊核协议等，近期还威胁要退出世界贸易组织。美在全球四面出击，大打贸易战，不仅对中国这样被其视为战略竞争对手的国家下手，对欧洲、加拿大等盟友也不留情。贸易战给复苏中的世界经济蒙上阴影，一些国际组织和国家不得不调低今年和明年的经济增长预期。特朗普的“退群”、“毁约”、“挑事”，搅得世界不得安宁，让已经面临许多挑战的全球治理体系雪上加霜，也让二战后建立起来的国际秩序面临“脱轨”的风险。
The current chaos is the result of interaction of several factors, for which the US government hardly absolves itself from blames. In one and a half years after President Trump took office, the US government has been practicing the policy of “America first” characterized by unilateralism and trade protectionism, putting US interests over the ones of other countries and the public interests of the international community. The US adopts an approach consisting in observing international rules and mechanisms when they are beneficial to it, and discarding them when they are not. It pulls out of the Paris Agreement, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the United Nations Human Rights Council, the Iranian Nuclear Agreement, etc., and recently it also threatened to withdraw from the World Trade Organization. The US has waged trade war not only on China, which is regarded as its strategic competitor, but also on its allies such as European countries and Canada. The trade war has cast a shadow on the recovery of world economy. Therefore, some international organizations and countries have to lower their economic growth forecast for this year and even the next year. Trump’s withdrawal, breach and provocative stance have roiled the world, made even worse the global governance system which has already faced many challenges, and exposed the international order established after the World War Two to the risk of “derailment”.
在世界乱局之下，上海合作组织、金砖国家机制等国际和地区组织成为“稳定之锚”，承担起世界和平的建设者、全球发展的贡献者、国际秩序的维护者角色。为什么这样说？我想还是让事实和数据说话。
Amid global chaos, international and regional organizations such as the SCO and the BRICS mechanism have become the “anchors of stability”, playing the roles of builder of world peace, contributor of global development, and defender of the international order. Why do I put it like this? Let the facts and data speak.
上合组织成立于上海。经过 17 年的发展，在“上海精神” 的指引下，上合组织成员国深化睦邻互信和友好关系，巩固地区安全稳定，促进共同发展，构建起不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的建设性伙伴关系。扩员后的上合组织经济和人口总量分别占全球的20%和40%，已成为世界上幅员最广、人口最多的综合性区域组织。6月上旬举行的青岛蜂会，全面规划了上合组织未来发展的路径和方向，达成了一系列重要共识，发表了《青岛宣言》，签署了23份合作文件，创历届峰会之最。各方还就贸易便利化发表联合声明，呼吁维护以世贸组织规则为核心的多边贸易体制，建设开放型世界经济，发出坚持多边主义、反对保护主义的有力声音。
Established in Shanghai, the SCO has developed for 17 years. Under the guidance of the “Shanghai Spirit”, the SCO member states have deepened neighborliness, mutual trust and friendly relations, consolidated regional security and stability, promoted common development, and forged a constructive partnership featuring non-alliance, non-confrontation and not targeting any third party. The enlarged SCO accounts for 20% of the global economy and 40% of its population, and has become the world’s largest comprehensive regional organization that covers the largest area and population in the world. The Qingdao Summit held in early June this year, has charted the course for SCO’s future development in a full-scope way, reaching a series of important consensus, issuing the Qingdao Declaration and signing 23 cooperation documents. All parties also issued a joint statement on trade facilitation, calling for efforts to safeguard the multilateral trading system with WTO rules as its core, construct an open world economy, hence uttered a strong voice of adhering to multilateralism and opposing protectionism.
“上海精神”的核心是互信、互利、平等、协商、尊重多样文明、谋求共同发展。它超越文明冲突、冷战思维、零和博弈等陈旧观念，揭示了国与国交往应当遵循的基本准则，为我们应对世界面临的诸多挑战提供了新视角和新方案。
The core of the “Shanghai Spirit” is mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diversity of civilizations and pursuit of common development. Transcending the outdated concepts such as clash of civilizations, Cold War mentality and zero-sum game, it reveals the basic principles that countries should follow in their exchanges and provides us with new visions and new approach to cope with many challenges facing the world.
金砖合作机制是当今世界上引人注目的另一个国际机制，今年已是第十个年头。五国人口总量也占到世界的40%，经济总量大于上合组织成员，占全球比重约23%，对世界经济增长贡献率超过50%。金砖合作机制日益完善，基础不断巩固，领域逐渐拓展，开启了南南合作的新篇章。去年，金砖合作机制还进一步确立经贸财金、政治安全、人文交流“三轮驱动”架构，展现了金砖合作的强大生命力。金砖国家新开发银行、金砖应急储备安排的设立，为成员国建设基础设施、发展生产、促进合作储备了充足的资金，为共同应对金融风险提供了坚强保障。去年厦门峰会首创的“金砖＋”合作模式，为金砖国家联手其他新兴市场和发展中国家实现共同发展开辟了新的前景。
The BRICS, another eye-catching international mechanism in the world today, is ten years old now. The population of the five BRICS countries accounts for 40% of the world’s total and the whole economic volume is larger than that of the SCO member states, accounting for about 23% of the world’s total and contributing more than 50% to the world’s economic growth. The BRICS cooperation mechanism has been increasingly improved, its cooperation foundation has been continuously consolidated, its cooperation area has been gradually expanded, opening a new chapter for South-South cooperation. Last year, the BRICS cooperation mechanism nailed down a “three-wheel drive” cooperation structure, consisting of economy and trade and finance, political security as well as people-to-people and cultural exchanges, demonstrating the strong vitality of the BRICS cooperation. The BRICS New Development Bank and the BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement have reserved sufficient funds for member states to build infrastructure, develop production and promote cooperation, and have provided a strong support for jointly dealing with financial risks. The “BRICS Plus” cooperation approach created by last year’s BRICS Xiamen Summit has opened up new prospects for BRICS countries to join hands with other emerging markets and developing countries to realize common development.
金砖国家还在联合国、二十国集团等重要国际舞台协作配合，积极推动落实2030年可持续发展议程，倡导多边主义，捍卫联合国宪章的宗旨和原则，维护国际公平正义，为政治解决热点问题、应对气候变化等问题贡献“金砖智慧”和“金砖方案”。今年7月初，金砖国家经贸部长会议就支持多边贸易体制、反对单边主义和保护主义发表单独声明，发出金砖国家的共同声音。金砖国家领导人第十次会晤将于本月25日至27 日在南非约翰内斯堡举行，主题是“金砖国家在非洲：在第四次工业革命中共谋包容增长和共同繁荣”。五国领导人将齐聚一堂，共商发展大计。相信峰会将取得积极和丰硕成果。期待金砖国家机制在第二个“金色十年”更加熠熠生辉。
The BRICS countries also cooperate and coordinate with each other in the United Nations, G20 and other important international platforms, to actively promote the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, advocate multilateralism, defend the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and safeguard international fairness and justice, thus contributing BIRCS wisdom and solution to addressing hot-spot issues through political settlement, and to tackling climate change and other challenges. Early this July, the Meeting of the BRICS Trade Ministers issued a separate statement to support the multilateral trading system and oppose unilateralism and protectionism, uttering a collective voice from BRICS countries. The 10th BRICS Summit will take place in Johannesburg, South Africa from 25th to 27th of this month, with the theme “BRICS in Africa: Collaboration for Inclusive Growth and Shared Prosperity in the 4th Industrial Revolution”. It will be a grand event where the leaders of the five countries get together to discuss development issues. The summit, we believe, will achieve positive and fruitful outcomes. It is expected that the BRICS mechanism will become more vibrant and promising in the second “Golden Decade”.
中、俄均为上合组织和金砖国家机制的重要成员，双方携手合作，共同推动全球治理体系变革，强调公平正义，使全球治理体系朝着更加公正合理的方向发展。在中俄两国领导人的战略引领下，中俄全面战略协作伙伴关系持续、稳定、高水平发展，在各领域的合作以及在国际事务中的战略协作不断深化。西方一些人曾说，中、俄不遵守国际规则和秩序，是修正主义者。然而事实胜于雄辩，在中俄引领下的上合组织、金砖国家机制是维护世界和平、促进共同发展、加强全球治理的重要力量。谁才是真正的修正主义者和国际规则与秩序的破坏者，大家心中已经很明了了。
Both China and Russia are important members of the SCO and the BRICS mechanism. The two sides work together to promote the reform of the global governance system and highlight fairness and justice, thus advancing the global governance system toward in a more just and rational direction. Under the strategic leadership of Chinese and Russian leaders, China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination has realized a sustained, steady and high-level development. Both countries have constantly deepened cooperation in various fields as well as strategic coordination in international affairs. Some people in Western countries name China and Russia as revisionist countries, accusing them of not abiding by international rules and order. However, facts speak louder than words. The SCO and BRICS mechanism, under the leadership of China and Russia, represent important forces for safeguarding world peace, promoting common development and enhancing global governance. Who are the real revisionist and the disruptor of international rules and order? You know well.
下面我想谈谈中国对全球治理的期待。中国就全球治理提出了一系列理念。我们倡导创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展观，实现各国经济社会协同进步，解决发展不平衡带来的问题，缩小发展差距，促进共同繁荣；践行共同、综合、合作、可持续的安全观，摒弃冷战思维、集团对抗，反对以牺牲别国安全换取自身绝对安全的做法，实现普遍安全；秉持开放、融通、互利、共赢的合作观，拒绝自私自利、短视封闭的狭隘政策，维护世界贸易组织规则，支持多边贸易体制，构建开放型世界经济；树立平等、互鉴、对话、包容的文明观，以文明交流超越文明隔阂，以文明互鉴超越文明冲突，以文明共存超越文明优越；坚持共商共建共享的全球治理观，不断改革完善全球治理体系，推动各国携手建设人类命运共同体。中国推动构建相互尊重、公平正义、合作共赢的新型国际关系，以上这五大观念构成了新型国际关系的基本框架。历史证明，坚持多边主义，完善全球治理，打造人类命运共同体，符合时代潮流，是大势所趋。一意孤行采取单边主义、贸易保护主义的做法，是在国家间“建墙”，想将全球化的大洋分隔成一个个孤立的小湖泊，这是倒行逆施，违背世界发展根本规律，只会给世界带来灾难。
Now, I would like to talk about China’s expectations for global governance. China has put forward a series of visions on global governance. We uphold innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development. We should achieve coordinated social and economic progress of various countries, resolve issues caused by unbalanced development, bridge the gap in development and promote shared prosperity. We pursue common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security. We should reject the Cold War mentality and confrontation between blocs and oppose the practices of seeking absolute security of oneself at the expense of others, so as to achieve security of all. We promote open and inclusive cooperation for win-win outcomes. We should reject self-centered, short-sighted and closed-door policies. We should uphold WTO rules and support the multilateral trading system so as to build an open world economy. We champion equality, mutual learning, dialogue and inclusiveness among civilizations. It is important that we overcome cultural misunderstanding, clash and supremacy through exchanges, mutual learning and coexistence. And we follow the principle of achieving shared growth through discussion and collaboration in engaging in global governance. We should reform and improve the global governance system, and work with all other countries to build a community with shared future for humanity. The above five basic concepts constitute the framework of the new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness and justice, and win-win cooperation. History has proven that it is in line with the trend of our times to adhere to multilateralism, improve global governance and build a community with a shared future for humanity. To be bent on going down unilateralism and trade protectionism is like “building a wall” between countries and dividing the oceans into several isolated small lakes. It is a retrogression at odds with the fundamental laws of the world development, and will only lead to disasters in the world.
特朗普总统多面出击，对多国发起贸易战。虽然加是美近邻和亲密盟友，美却以国家安全为由向加钢铝产品征收关税，还威胁对进口汽车征收关税。美在北美自由贸易协定重谈中抬高要价，全然不顾伙伴国家感受，只想实现赢者通吃，这种以大欺小的霸凌作风令人瞠目。中国和加拿大均对美加征关税回以相应报复性关税。美方的这一错误做法公然违反了世界贸易组织规则，将打击全球贸易秩序、引发全球市场动荡、阻碍全球经济复苏。世界范围内更多跨国企业、中小企业和普通消费者都将被殃及，美国的众多行业和公众也越来越意识到自身将深受其害。中国不愿意打贸易战，但也不怕打。加方也表示不希望贸易战升级，但也决不会退缩。在这一点上，中加态度很相似。我们不能眼睁睁看着二战后建立起来的多边贸易规则、体系和国际秩序被打碎，更要防止此类霸权主义行径让世界陷入更大的灾难之中。上世纪三十年代，面对经济危机，有关国家竖起保护主义藩篱，导致世界经济全面衰退，经济“大萧条”也成为引发第二次世界大战的重要因素。
President Trump started provocations by launching trade war against many countries. Although Canada is a close neighbor and intimate ally of the US, President Trump still slaps tariffs on the imported steel and aluminum products from Canada on the ground of national security, and threatens to impose tariffs on imported cars as well. The US prices itself out of the market in the renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement, ignoring the feelings of its partners, and seeking winner-takes-all result. This bullying raises eyebrows. Both China and Canada responded with countermeasures on products imported from the US as well. The wrong move by the US is in blatant contravention of WTO rules, which will disrupt the global trade order, trigger global market turmoil and hinder the global economic recovery. Numerous multinational companies, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) and consumers in the world will also be affected, and many industries and the public in the US also increasingly realize that they will suffer from it. China and Canada share similar attitude toward the trade war. China does not like a trade war, but is not afraid of one. The Canadian side also said that it will not escalate and will not back down. We should not sit idly by the collapse of the multilateral trade rules, systems and international order that were established after the Second World War. It is urgent to prevent such hegemonic acts from plunging the world into a larger disaster. In the 1930s, in the face of the economic crisis, some countries involved erected protectionist barriers, which led to an overall recession in the world economy. The “Great Depression” also became an important catalyst for the Second World War.
中、俄、加、欧洲等国家均是经济全球化的参与者、受益者和贡献者。虽然中国与加等西方国家国情和政治制度不同，但在倡导多边主义、促进全球治理、维护自由贸易方面利益和立场一致。希望世界各国携手合作，共同维护多边贸易体系，抵制单边主义行径，捍卫人类发展繁荣的共同利益。
China, Russia, Canada, and European countries are participants, beneficiaries of as well as contributors to economic globalization. Despite differences in state of the nation and political systems between China and western countries such as Canada, we embrace shared interests and positions in advocating multilateralism, promoting global governance as well as maintaining free trade. We hope all countries in the world will cooperate to jointly safeguard the multilateral trading system and resist unilateralism so as to defend the common interests of development and prosperity for mankind.
谢谢大家！
Thank you！
