中国的矿产资源政策
China's Policy on Mineral Resources

中华人民共和国 国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
二零零三年十二月·北京
December 2003, Beijing

目　　录
Contents
前　　言
Foreword

一、矿产资源及其勘查开发现状
I. The Present Situation of Mineral Resources and Their Exploration and Exploitation

二、矿产资源保护与合理利用的目标与原则
II. Targets and Principles for Mineral Resources Protection and Rational Utilization
三、提高国内矿产资源的供应能力
III. Increasing the Domestic Capability of Mineral Resources Supply
四、扩大矿产资源勘查开发的对外开放与合作
IV. Widening the Opening of, and Cooperation in, Mineral Resources Exploration and Exploitation
五、实现矿产资源开发与环境保护的协调发展
V. Achieving the Coordinated Development of Mineral Resources Exploitation and Environmental Protection
六、加强矿产资源管理
VI. Improving the Management of Mineral Resources

前  言　　

Foreword

矿产资源是自然资源的重要组成部分，是人类社会发展的重要物质基础。新中国成立五十多年来，矿产资源勘查开发取得巨大成就，探明一大批矿产资源，建成比较完善的矿产品供应体系，为中国经济的持续快速协调健康发展提供了重要保障。目前，中国92%以上的一次能源、80%的工业原材料、70%以上的农业生产资料来自于矿产资源。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Mineral resources are an important part of natural resources, and an important material foundation for the development of human society. Great achievements have been obtained in the survey and development of China's mineral resources in the past five decades since the founding of New China. A great number of mineral resources have been verified, and a fairly complete system for the supply of mineral products has been established, providing an important guarantee for the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the Chinese economy. At present, over 92% of the country's primary energy, 80% of the industrial raw and processed materials and more than 70% of the agricultural means of production come from mineral resources.

中国高度重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用，把可持续发展确定为国家战略，把保护资源作为可持续 发展战略重要内容。1992年联合国环境与发展大会后，中国政府率先制定了《中国二十一世纪议程—中国二十一世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，2001年4月批准实施了《全国矿产资源规划》，2003年1月开始实施《中国二十一世纪初可持续发展行动纲要》。

China attaches great importance to sustainable development and the rational utilization of mineral resources, and has made sustainable development a national strategy and the protection of resources an important part of this strategy. Immediately following the UN Environmental and Development Conference in 1992, the Chinese government took the lead in formulating the "China Agenda 21 - the White Paper on China's Population, Environment and Development in the 21st Century." It approved and implemented the "National Program on Mineral Resources" in April 2001, and, in January 2003, began to implement "China's Program of Action for Sustainable Development in the Early 21st Century."

全面建设小康社会是中国在新世纪头二十年的奋斗目标。中国主要依靠开发本国的矿产资源来保障现代化建设的需要。中国政府鼓励勘查开发有市场需求的矿产资源，特别是西部地区的优势矿产资源，以提高国内矿产品的供应能力。同时，引进国外资本和技术开发中国矿产资源，利用国外市场与国外矿产资源，推动中国矿山企业和矿产品进入国际市场，是中国的一项重要政策。中国政府认为，国外矿业公司进入中国，中国矿山企业走向世界，实现各国资源互补，对推进世界矿产资源勘查开发的共同繁荣和健康发展具有重要意义。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To build a well-off society in an all-round way is China's objective in the first 20 years of the new century. China will depend mainly on the exploitation of its own mineral resources to guarantee the needs of its modernization program. The Chinese government encourages the exploration and exploitation of the mineral resources in market demand, especially the dominant resources in the western regions, to increase its domestic capability of mineral resources supply. At the same time, it is an important government policy to import foreign capital and technology to exploit the country's mineral resources, make use of foreign markets and foreign mineral resources, and help Chinese mining enterprises and mineral products enter the international market. The Chinese government holds that to have foreign mining companies enter China and Chinese mining enterprises enter other countries to make different countries mutually complementary in resources is of great significance for the common prosperity and healthy development of world mineral resources prospecting and exploitation.

一、 矿产资源及其勘查开发现状　

I. The Present Situation of Mineral Resources and Their Exploration and Exploitation

　    中国现已发现171种矿产资源,查明资源储量的有158种，其中石油、天然气、煤、铀、地热等能源矿产10种，铁、锰、铜、铝、铅、锌等金属矿产54种，石墨、磷、硫、钾盐等非金属矿产91种，地下水、矿泉水等水气矿产3种。矿产地近18000处，其中大中型矿产地7000余处。

China has discovered 171 varieties of minerals, and 158 of them with proved reserves. There are 10 energy-related minerals, including oil, natural gas, coal, uranium and geotherm; 54 metallic minerals, including iron, manganese, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc; 91 non-metallic minerals, including graphite, phosphorus, sulfur and sylvite; and 3 liquid minerals, including groundwater, and mineral water. There are nearly 18,000 mineral deposits in China, including more than 7,000 big and medium-sized ones.

中国矿产资源的基本特点是：

The basic characteristics of China's mineral resources are:

——资源总量较大，矿种比较齐全。中国已探明的矿产资源种类比较齐全，资源总量比较丰富。煤、铁、铜、铝、铅、锌等支柱性矿产都有较多的查明资源储量。煤、稀土、钨、锡、钼、锑、钛、石膏、膨润土、芒硝、菱镁矿、重晶石、萤石、滑石和石墨等矿产资源在世界上具有明显优势。地热、矿泉水资源丰富，地下水质量总体较好。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　- The total quantity of the resources is fairly big and there is a fairly complete variety of minerals. China has found a rather complete variety of mineral resources, and a fair abundance of mineral resources in total quantity. Large reserves have been verified of major minerals, such as coal, iron, copper, aluminum, lead and zinc. The country enjoys obvious advantages in the world in the resources of coal, rare earths, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, antimony, titanium, gypsum, bentonite, mirabilite, magnesite, barite, fluorspar, talc and graphite. There are abundant geothermal and mineral water resources, and the quality of the groundwater is good on the whole.

——人均资源量少，部分资源供需失衡。人口多、矿产资源人均量低是中国的基本国情。中国人均矿产资源拥有量在世界上处于较低水平。金刚石、铂、铬铁矿、钾盐等矿产资源供需缺口较大。

- The per-capita quantity of the resources is small, and there is an imbalance between supply and demand for some of the resources. The huge population and the low per-capita quantity of mineral resources are a basic national condition in China. The per-capita quantity of mineral resources held by the Chinese people is at a comparatively low level by global standards. There are acute shortages of diamonds, platinum, chromite and sylvite.

——优劣矿并存。既有品质优良的矿石，又有低品位、组分复杂的矿石。钨、锡、稀土、钼、锑、滑石、菱镁矿、石墨等矿产资源品质较高，而铁、锰、铝、铜、磷等矿产资源贫矿多、共生与伴生矿多、难选冶矿多。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Superior mineral ores exist side by side with inferior ones. There are both high-quality ores and those of low grade and complex constituents. The quality is fairly high for tungsten, tin, rare earths, molybdenum, antimony, talc, magnesite and graphite, while in the case of iron, manganese, aluminum, copper and phosphorus there is an excess of low-grade ores, paragenous and associated ores and those refractory for dressing and smelting.

——查明资源储量中地质控制程度较低的部分所占的比重较大。查明资源储量结构中，资源量多，储量、基础储量少; 经济可利用性差或经济意义未确定的资源储量多，经济可利用的资源储量少；控制和推断的资源储量多，探明的资源储量少。

- The resources with a low degree of geological control account for a greater proportion of the verified reserves of the mineral resources. In the structure of the verified reserves of the resources, there are more resources, but less reserves or basic reserves; more resource reserves with poor economic workability or with uncertain economic significance, but less resource reserves with ideal economic workability; more controlled and deduced resource reserves, and less verified resource reserves.

——成矿条件较好，通过勘查工作找到更多矿产资源的前景较好。石油、天然气、金、铜等矿产资源的找矿潜力很大。老矿山深部、外围和西部地区是重要的矿产资源接替区。

- The conditions for mineralization are good, and there are good prospects for finding more mineral resources. There is a big potential for finding more oil, natural gas, gold and copper. The deeper formations and outlying areas of the old mining areas and the western regions are the major substitute areas of mineral resources.

中国是世界上最早开发利用矿产资源的国家之一。新中国成立以后，中国政府大力加强地质工作，明确要求地质工作要走在国民经济建设的前面。提出了“开发矿业”的战略方针，并在每个五年计划期间，都对矿产资源勘查开发作出了部署。矿产资源勘查开发得到了极大的发展，使中国逐步成为世界矿产资源大国和矿业大国。矿产资源勘查开发为经济建设提供了大量的能源和原材料，提供了重要的财政收入来源，推动了区域经济特别是少数民族地区、边远地区经济的发展，促进了以矿产资源开发为支柱产业的矿业城市（镇）的兴起与发展，解决了大量社会劳动力就业，为国民经济和社会发展作出了重要贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China was one of the first countries in the world to develop its own mineral resources. After the founding of New China, the Chinese government made great efforts to strengthen geological work, and explicitly demanded that this work should go ahead of the economic construction. It formulated the strategic principle for "the development of the mining industry" and made specific arrangements for the exploration and development of mineral resources in all its five-year plans. Great progress has been made in the exploration and exploitation of mineral resources, so that China has gradually become a major country in mineral resources and the mining industry. Mineral resources prospecting and exploitation have supplied large quantities of energy and raw and processed materials for economic construction; provided important sources of revenue; accelerated the development of regional economies, especially economic development in regions inhabited by the ethnic minorities as well as remote and border areas; promoted the rise and growth of mining cities (townships) with mineral resources exploitation as their pillar industry; and solved the problem of employment for large numbers of local people, thus making a major contribution to socio-economic development in the country.

——相继发现和探明了一大批矿产资源。以大庆油田为代表的一大批油气田，使中国由一个贫油国转变为世界上主要产油国之一。发现和扩大了白云鄂博稀土金属矿、德兴铜矿、金川镍矿、柿竹园钨矿、栾川钼矿、阿什勒铜矿、焦家金矿、玉龙铜矿、大厂锡矿、厂坝和兰坪铅锌矿、东胜—神木煤田、紫金山铜金矿、羊八井地热田等一批重要矿床。发现和探明了一批重要地下水供水水源地。西部地区矿产资源集中区逐渐显示出良好的找矿前景。在一批老矿山外围或深部找到了新的资源。新一轮国土资源大调查陆续取得一批成果。五十多年的矿产资源勘查工作，使中国从矿产资源家底不清到成为世界矿产资源大国; 从已知地下水源地稀少到地下水在全国供水中起举足轻重的作用。与此同时，形成了一支具有优良传统和作风、技术力量雄厚的地质勘查队伍，为中国经济建设作出了重要贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- A large number of mineral resources have been discovered and ascertained. The discovery and construction of a large batch of oil and gas fields, represented by the Daqing Oilfield, has turned China from an oil-poor country into one of major oil-producing countries in the world. China has discovered or expanded a number of major mineral deposits, including the rare-earth metal mine in Bayun Obo, the Dexing Copper Mine, the Jinchuan Nickel Mine, the Shizhuyuan Tungsten Mine, the Luanchuan Molybdenum Mine, the Ashile Copper Mine, the Jiaojia Gold Mine, the Yulong Copper Mine, the Dachang Tin Mine, the lead-zinc mines at Changba and Lanping, the Dongsheng-Shenmu Coalfield, the Zijinshan Copper-Gold Mine and the Yangbajain Geothermal Field. It has also discovered and ascertained a number of major sources of groundwater supply. Parts of the western regions have gradually revealed good prospects for finding mineral resources. New resources have been found in the outlying areas or deeper strata of some of the existing mines. A succession of achievements has been made in the new round of large-scale land and resources survey. The surveys of mineral resources over the past 50 years and more have turned China from a country with uncertainty on mineral resources to a country rich in mineral resources, from a country with little-known groundwater resources to a country with groundwater playing a key role in the national water supply. At the same time, China has fostered a large contingent of geological surveyors with a fine tradition and working style, and strong technical forces, who have made important contributions to economic construction in China.

——矿产资源开发规模迅速扩大。1949年，中国保留比较完整的矿山仅300多座，年产原油12万吨，煤0.32亿吨，钢16万吨，有色金属1.30万吨，硫铁矿1万吨，磷不足10万吨。经过五十多年的努力，中国先后建立了大庆、胜利、辽河等大型石油基地，大同、兖州、平顶山、“两淮”、准格尔等煤炭基地，上海、鞍山、武汉、攀枝花等大型钢铁基地，白银、金川、铜陵、德兴、个旧等大型有色金属基地，开阳、昆阳、云浮等大型化工矿山基地，形成了能源与原材料矿产品的强大供应系统。一大批矿业城市拔地而起，促进了中国的城市化建设。目前，中国的矿产品产量、消费量居世界前列。2002年，中国共有大型矿山489座，中型矿山1025座，小型矿山和砂石粘土采场14万多处，从业人员907万人。矿业产值4542亿元。生产原油1.67亿吨，天然气327亿立方米。矿石和砂石粘土采掘量48.49亿吨，其中：原煤13.80亿吨，铁矿石2.31亿吨，磷矿石2301万吨。十种有色金属产量1012万吨。目前，中国原煤、钢、十种有色金属和水泥产量居世界第一位，磷矿石和硫铁矿产量分别居世界第二位和第三位，原油产量居世界第五位。国有矿山企业是中国矿产资源开发的支柱，也是能源、原材料工业的稳定供应基地。原油、天然气和36%的其他矿石产量都来自7679个国有矿山企业。国有矿山企业不仅为工农业发展奠定了基础，而且为提高人民生活水平和综合国力作出了重要贡献。二十世纪八十年代中期以来,多种经济成分的矿山企业也得到迅速发展。目前，非国有矿山企业达到14万个，其中港澳台商投资矿山企业132个，外商投资矿山企业160个。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- The scale of mineral resources exploitation has expanded rapidly. In 1949, China had just over 300 properly developed mines, producing annually about 120,000 tons of crude oil, 32 million tons of coal, 160,000 tons of steel, 13,000 tons of non-ferrous metals, 10,000 tons of pyrite and less than 100,000 tons of phosphorus. Over the past 50 years or more, China has evolved a large supply system for energy, mineral products and other raw and processed materials, with the successful construction of large petroleum-producing bases such as Daqing, Shengli and Liaohe; large coal-mining centers such as Datong, Yanzhou, Pingdingshan, Huainan, Huaibei and Junggar; large iron and steel production bases such as Shanghai, Anshan, Wuhan and Panzhihua; large non-ferrous metal refining bases such as Baiyin, Jinchuan, Tongling, Dexing and Gejiu; and large chemical mining centers such as Kaiyang, Kunyang and Yunfu. The mushrooming of mining cities has accelerated urbanization in the country. At present, China's output and consumption of mineral products rank among the biggest in the world. In 2002, China had 489 large mines, 1,025 medium-sized ones, and well over 140,000 small ones and sand and clay quarries, employing a total of 9.07 million people, with the output value of the mining industry coming to 454.2 billion yuan. It produced 167 million tons of crude oil and 32.7 billion cu m of natural gas. The amount of mineral ores, and sand and clay excavated totaled 4.849 billion tons, including 1.38 billion tons of raw coal, 231 million tons of iron ore, and 23.01 million tons of phosphorus ore; while the output of 10 non-ferrous metals totaled 10.12 million tons. The output of raw coal, steel, 10 non-ferrous metals and cement ranks first in the world; the output of phosphorus ore and pyrite ranks second and third, respectively, and that of crude oil takes the fifth place. The state-owned mining enterprises form the pillar of mineral resources exploitation in China, and also the stable supply base for its energy and raw and processed materials industries. The crude oil, natural gas and 36% of the output of other mineral ores come from 7,679 state-owned mining enterprises. The state-owned mining enterprises have not only laid the foundation for industrial and agricultural development, but also made important contributions to the improvement of the people's living standards and the growth of the comprehensive national strength. Since the mid-1980s, other types of mining enterprises have also witnessed rapid development. There are now 140,000 non-state-owned mining enterprises, including 132 established with investment from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan businesses, and 160 with foreign investment.

——矿产资源保护和合理利用水平逐步提高。五十多年来，中国物探、化探、遥感、钻探、坑探等矿产资源勘探技术和实验测试、计算技术取得了很大进展，提高了矿产资源勘查的科学技术水平。矿产资源综合利用和回收利用成效明显，资源利用率逐步提高。目前，中国废钢的回收率为40%，废旧有色金属的综合回收率为27.70%; 铂族和稀散元素几乎全部来源于综合利用; 近三分之一的硫酸原料也是由有色金属生产过程中综合回收。一些矿山企业对与煤伴生的瓦斯、油页岩、高岭土、高铝粘土进行综合开发，对煤矸石、粉煤灰进行加工利用，产生了较好的经济效益和环境效益。

- The level of mineral resources protection and rational utilization has been gradually raised. In the past 50-odd years, China has made great progress in its use of geo-physical exploration, geo-chemical exploration, remote-sensing, drilling and tunneling technologies, laboratory test and computer technology for mineral resources prospecting. It has raised the scientific and technological level of its mineral resources exploration. Notable results have been obtained in the multipurpose use and recovery of mineral resources, and the rate of resources utilization has been gradually increased. At present, the recovery rate of scrap steel in China is 40%, and the comprehensive recovery rate of scrap non-ferrous metals is 27.70%. Supplies of practically all platinum-group and scattered elements have come from the multipurpose use of mineral resources. Nearly one third of the raw materials for sulfuric acid are also recovered in the production of non-ferrous metals. Some of the coal mining enterprises produce the coal-associated gas, oil shale, kaolin and high-alumina clay for multipurpose development, and process and utilize coal gangue and flyash, reaping good economic results and environmental benefits.

——矿产品对外经济贸易快速发展。2002年中国矿产品及相关能源与原材料进出口贸易总额为1111亿美元，占全国进出口贸易总额的18%。原油、铁矿石（砂）、锰矿石（砂）、铜精矿、钾肥进口量较大。铅、锌、钨、锡、锑、稀土、菱镁矿、萤石、重晶石、滑石、石墨等优势矿产品的出口量较大。中国矿产资源领域的对外合作不断扩大。通过海洋油气资源对外合作勘查，陆续发现了一批新的油气田，海洋油气产量逐年增加。到国外勘查开发油气资源已具一定规模，到国外勘查开发固体矿产资源也已开始。在煤层气领域与一些国家建立了长期的研究开发合作关系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Foreign trade in mineral products has grown fast. China's total volume of imports and exports of mineral products, energy and raw and processed materials came to US$111.1 billion in 2002, accounting for 18% of China's total volume of imports and exports. Mineral products that were imported in large quantities included crude oil, iron ore, manganese ore, fine copper ore and potash fertilizer. Meanwhile, China exported large quantities of lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, antimony, rare earths, magnesite, fluorspar, barite, talc, and graphite, and other leading mineral products. China's cooperation with other countries in the field of mineral resources is expanding constantly. Through prospecting for offshore oil and gas resources in cooperation with foreign companies, a number of new oil and gas fields have been discovered, and the offshore oil and gas output has grown year by year. Prospecting for and exploitation of oil and gas resources in other countries have reached a certain scale. Prospecting for and exploitation of hard rock mineral resources in other countries have also begun. Relations of cooperation in long-term research and development in the field of coal bed methane have been established with some countries.

在矿产资源勘查开发方面中国仍面临一些矛盾和问题，主要有：

However, there are still some contradictions and problems in mineral resources survey and development in China. They are mainly:

——经济快速增长与部分矿产资源大量消耗之间存在矛盾。石油、(富)铁、(富)铜、优质铝土矿、铬铁矿、钾盐等矿产资源供需缺口较大。东部地区地质找矿难度增大，探明储量增幅减缓。部分矿山开采进入中晚期，储量和产量逐年降低。

- The contradiction between the fast economic growth and the huge consumption of some mineral resources. There is a fairly large gap between the supply and demand in oil, high-grade iron, high-grade copper, fine-quality bauxite, chromite and sylvite. The degree of difficulty in looking for mineral resources by geological means in the eastern regions has increased, and the increase range of proved reserves there has slowed down. The production in some mines has entered the middle or late phase, and their reserves and output are decreasing year by year.

——矿产资源开发利用中的浪费现象和环境污染仍较突出。开采矿山布局不够合理，探采技术落后，资源消耗、浪费较大，矿山环境保护需进一步加强。

- Serious waste and environmental pollution still exist in the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources. The overall arrangements of the mining areas are not satisfactory, and the prospecting and mining technologies are backward, and there is still serious waste in the consumption of resources. The protection of the environment of the mines calls for further improvement.

——区域之间矿产资源勘查开发不平衡。西部地区和中部边远地区资源丰富,但自然条件差，生态环境脆弱,地质调查评价工作程度低，制约了资源开发。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Mineral resources exploration and exploitation are imbalanced between regions. The western regions and the outlying parts of the central regions abound in resources, but their natural conditions are poor, their ecological systems are weak, and the work of geological survey and assessment remains at a low level, thus restricting the development of the resources.

——矿产资源勘查、开发的市场化程度不高。探矿权采矿权市场体系有待进一步健全。矿产资源管理秩序需要继续整顿和规范。矿产资源领域的国际交流与合作需要拓宽。

- The degree of market-oriented exploration and development of mineral resources is not high. The market-oriented systems regarding the rights of prospecting for and extracting of minerals should be further improved. Management of mineral resources should be further improved and standardized. The scope of international exchange and cooperation in the field of mineral resources should be further broadened.

二、矿产资源保护与合理利用的目标与原则　

II. Targets and Principles for Mineral Resources Protection and Rational Utilization

二十一世纪头二十年，中国将全面建设小康社会，对矿产资源的需求总量将持续扩大。中国将加强矿产资源的调查、勘查、开发、规划、管理、保护与合理利用，实施可持续发展战略，走新型工业化道路，努力提高矿产资源对经济社会发展的保障能力。中国将继续按照有序有偿、供需平衡、结构优化、集约高效的要求，通过实施有效的矿产资源政策，最大限度地发挥矿产资源的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the first 20 years of the 21st century, China will build a well-off society in an all-round way, so the total demand for mineral resources will continue to increase. China will strengthen its survey, prospecting, exploitation, planning, management, protection and rational utilization of mineral resources, implement the strategy of sustainable development, take a new road to industrialization, and strive to increase the ability of the mineral resources to guarantee its socio-economic development. China will continue to increase the economic returns, social benefits and environmental benefits of the mineral resources to the full by implementing an effective policy concerning mineral resources in accordance with the requirements of surveying and exploiting mineral resources in an orderly way and with compensation, striking a balance between supply and demand, optimizing composition, and seeking intensive development and high efficiency.

中国二十一世纪初矿产资源保护与合理利用的总体目标是：

China's general targets for the protection and rational utilization of its mineral resources in the early 21st century are:

——提高矿产资源对全面建设小康社会的保障能力。加大矿产资源勘查开发的有效投入，扩大勘查开发的领域和深度，强化对矿产资源的保护，增加矿产资源的供应。扩大对外开放，积极参与国际合作。建立战略资源储备制度，对关系国计民生的战略矿产资源进行必要的储备，确保国家经济安全和矿产品持续安全供应。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- To increase the ability of the mineral resources to guarantee the building of a well-off society in an all-round way. We shall raise the effective input into mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, increase the range and depth of prospecting and exploitation, strengthen the protection of mineral resources, and increase their supply. We shall open still wider to the outside world and take an active part in international cooperation. We shall also establish a reserve system for strategic resources, lay up necessary reserves of mineral resources vital to the national economy and the people's livelihood, and ensure the safety of the country's economy as well as the sustained and safe supply of mineral commodities.

——促进矿山生态环境的改善。减少和控制矿产资源采选冶等生产环节对资源环境造成的破坏和污染，实现矿产资源开发与生态环境保护的良性循环。健全矿山环境保护的法律法规，加强对矿山生态环境防治的执法检查和监督。加强宣传教育，提高矿山企业和全社会的资源环境保护意识。

- To promote the improvement of the ecological environment of the mines. We shall reduce and control pollution and damage to the environment of the mineral resources caused in the production links of mining, dressing and smelting or refining and bring about a benign cycle in the exploitation of mineral resources and protection of the ecological environment; improve the laws and regulations for environmental protection in mining areas, and exercise still stricter examination and supervision over the law enforcement concerning the control of the ecological environment of the mines; and increase publicity and education to raise the awareness of the mining enterprises and the whole society regarding the importance of resources environmental protection.

——创造公平竞争的发展环境。按照建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制的要求和矿产资源勘查开发运行规律，进一步完善矿产资源管理的法律法规，调整和完善矿产资源政策，改善投资环境，提供良好的信息服务，创造市场主体平等竞争和公开、有序、健全统一的市场环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- To create a development environment for fair competition. In light of the requirements for establishing a socialist market economic system and the operation law governing mineral resources exploration and exploitation, we shall further improve the laws and regulations concerning the management of mineral resources; adjust and perfect the policy on mineral resources; improve the investment environment; provide excellent information service; and create an open, orderly, sound and unified market environment in which all market subjects can compete on an equal footing.

实现以上目标，中国将继续坚持以下原则：

To attain the above targets, China will continue to adhere to the following principles:

——坚持实施可持续发展战略。落实保护资源措施，正确处理经济发展与资源保护的关系。在保护中开发，在开发中保护。加强矿产资源勘查，合理开发和节约使用资源，努力提高资源利用效率，走出一条科技含量高、经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源优势得到充分发挥的新型工业化道路。

- Persisting in the strategy of sustainable development. We shall implement the measures for protecting resources and correctly handle the relations between economic development and resources protection; exploit resources in the course of protection and protect them in the course of exploitation; strengthen mineral resources prospecting; exploit mineral resources in a rational way and economize on their utilization; strive to increase efficiency in the utilization of resources; and open a new road to industrialization featuring high sci-tech content, good economic returns, low resources consumption, less environmental pollution, and full play to the advantages of human resources.

——坚持市场经济体制改革方向。在国家产业政策与规划的引导下，充分发挥市场在矿产资源配置中的基础性作用，建立政府宏观调控与市场运作相结合的资源优化配置机制。加强对矿产资源开发总量的调控，培育和规范探矿权采矿权市场，促进矿产资源勘查开发投资多元化和经营规范化，切实维护国家所有者和探矿权采矿权人的合法权益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Adhering to the orientation of reform toward establishing a market economic system. Under the guidance of the state industrial policy and plan, we shall give full play to the basic role of the market in the allocation of mineral resources, and establish a mechanism for optimum resources allocation combining government macro control with market operation. We shall strengthen control over the total quantity of mineral resources exploitation, foster and standardize the prospecting and mining rights market, promote the diversification of mineral resources exploration, exploitation and investment and the standardization of business operation, and earnestly safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the state owners and the holders of exploration and mining rights.

——坚持区域矿产资源勘查、开发与环境保护协调发展。统筹规划，正确处理东部地区与西部地区、发达地区与欠发达地区，矿产资源勘查与开发，国有矿山企业与非国有矿山企业，以及规模开发与小矿开采之间的关系。推进西部大开发战略，加快西部地区矿产资源特别是优势矿产和国内紧缺矿产的勘查开发，支持矿业城市、老矿山寻找接替资源，促进区域经济协调发展和矿产资源勘查开发的健康发展。坚持矿产资源开发与照顾民族地区利益相结合。按照预防为主、防治结合的方针，加强对矿山环境的保护和恢复治理。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Persisting in balanced development between regional mineral resources prospecting and exploitation and environmental protection. We shall work out unified plans and correctly handle the relations between eastern and western regions, between well-developed and less-developed regions, between prospecting and exploitation, between state-owned mining enterprises and non-state-owned mining enterprises, and between scale exploitation and excavation by small mines. We shall further implement the strategy of large-scale development of the western regions, accelerate exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the western regions, especially the dominant minerals and minerals in short supply at home, support mining towns and old mines in their search for substitute resources, and promote the balanced development of regional economies and the healthy development of mineral resources prospecting and exploitation. We shall persist in combining mineral resources exploitation with attention to the interests of the regions inhabited by ethnic minorities, and strengthen the protection, restoration and control of the mining environment on the principle of putting prevention first and combining prevention with control.

——坚持扩大对外开放与合作。改善投资环境，鼓励和吸引国外投资者勘查开发中国矿产资源。按照世界贸易组织规则和国际通行做法，开展矿产资源的国际合作，实现资源互补互利。

- Persisting in widened opening-up and cooperation with other countries. We shall improve the investment environment, encourage and attract foreign investors to prospect for and exploit mineral resources in China. We shall promote international cooperation in mineral resources, and make such cooperation mutually complementary and beneficial in accordance with the rules of the WTO and international convention.

——坚持科技进步与创新。实施科技兴国战略，加强矿产资源调查评价、勘查开发及综合利用、矿山环境污染防治等关键技术和成果的攻关和推广应用，加强新能源、新材料技术和海洋矿产资源开发等高新技术的研究与开发，加强新理论、新方法、新技术等基础研究。提高劳动者素质，培养一批掌握先进科学理论、有创新能力的矿产资源勘查开发科技队伍和人才，促进矿产资源勘查与开发由传统产业向现代产业、由劳动密集型向技术密集型、由粗放经营向集约经营的转变。

- Persisting in making sci-tech progress and innovations. We shall implement the strategy of rejuvenating the nation by reliance on science and technology; strengthen efforts in tackling key technological problems and popularizing and applying technological achievements in the investigation and assessment of mineral resources and their prospecting and exploitation and multipurpose use and in the prevention and control of environmental pollution in mining areas; strengthen the R & D of high and new technologies involved in the development of new energy sources, new material technologies and marine mineral resources; and improve basic research on new theories, new methods and new technologies. We shall improve the quality of the workers; train a contingent of sci-tech personnel with mastery of advanced scientific theories and the ability to make innovations in mineral resources prospecting and exploitation; and promote the transformation of the prospecting and exploitation from a traditional industry to a modern industry, from a labor-intensive industry to a technology-intensive industry, and from extensive management to intensive management.

——坚持依法严格管理矿产资源。健全法制，大力推进依法行政，加强对矿产资源勘查开发的监督管理。整顿和规范矿产资源管理秩序，促进矿产资源保护与合理利用的法制化、规范化和科学化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Persisting in managing mineral resources strictly according to law. We shall improve the legal system, endeavor to promote administration according to law, and exercise stricter supervision and control over mineral resources prospecting and exploitation. We shall rectify and standardize the rules for mineral resources management, and strive to advance mineral resources protection and rational utilization along legal, standardized and scientific lines.

　三、提高国内矿产资源的供应能力　

III. Increasing the Domestic Capability of Mineral Resources Supply

中国主要依靠开发本国的矿产资源和其他自然资源来发展经济。在全面建设小康社会的过程中，将首先立足于提高国内矿产资源的供应能力。中国矿产资源勘查开发的潜力还相当大。在全国已发现的20多万处矿点、矿化点中，目前仅对2万多处作了勘查评价。二十世纪八十年代以来，发现矿化异常7.20万处，检查异常2.50万处，发现矿床217个。其余未检查异常有着良好的找矿前景。西部广大地区、东部地区深部地带和管辖海域的地质工作程度不高，还存在大量的空白区。这些都是今后中国国内矿产资源勘查开发的方向。

China relies mainly on the development of its own mineral resources and other natural resources to develop its economy. In the course of building a well-off society in an all-round way, China will first of all increase its domestic capability of mineral resources supply. China still has big potentials for mineral resources prospecting and exploitation. It has discovered more than 200,000 mineral deposits and mineralized formations throughout the country. So far, only some 20,000 of them have been explored and assessed. Since the 1980s, 72,000 mineralization abnormalities have been discovered, 25,000 of which have been checked, resulting in the discovery of 217 mineral deposits. The unchecked ones hold good prospects for mineral findings. The geological work is still at a low level in the vast western regions and the outlying zones in the eastern regions and the maritime areas under Chinese jurisdiction, and there are many unknown areas. All these show the directions for the work of prospecting for and exploiting domestic mineral resources in China in the future.

中国政府按照建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制的要求，深化矿产资源勘查体制改革，实行公益性、基础性地质调查评价和战略性矿产资源勘查同商业性矿产资源勘查分开运行。1999年组建了中国地质调查局，组织开展新一轮国土资源大调查，实施基础调查计划、矿产资源调查评价工程、资源调查与利用技术发展工程，重点开展地质工作程度较低地区的基础地质调查和矿产资源远景评价，特别是西部地区矿产资源潜力调查评价和短缺矿产资源的调查评价，为矿产资源规划和政府管理决策提供科学依据，为商业性矿产资源勘查提供地质矿产基础信息。国家出资的战略性矿产资源勘查工作拉动了商业性矿产资源勘查投资，一批成矿远景区成为商业性矿产资源勘查投资关注的热点。

The Chinese government, in accordance with the requirement for the establishment of the socialist market economic system, has deepened the reform of the system for mineral resources exploration, and carried out the public and basic geological surveys and evaluation and the strategic exploration of mineral resources on the one hand and the commercial exploration of mineral resources on the other separately. In 1999, China set up the China Geological Survey, which organized a new round of large-scale survey of the land and resources, and initiated a basic exploration plan, a mineral resources prospecting and evaluation project and a resources survey and utilization technological development project, with the emphasis on the basic geological survey and the evaluation of the prospects for mineral resources in regions with a low level of geological work, especially the exploration and evaluation of the mineral resources potentials in the western regions and the exploration and evaluation of mineral resources in short supply, so as to provide a scientific basis for the planning work regarding mineral resources and administrative decisions by the government, and to furnish basic geological information regarding mineral resources for commercial prospecting. The strategic prospecting for mineral resources with government investment has attracted investment into commercial prospecting, and a number of areas with prospects of mineralization have become hot spots for commercial investment.

中国政府鼓励并积极引导符合规划要求，以市场需求为导向，以经济效益为中心的商业性矿产资源勘查活动。鼓励在中西部地区、边远及少数民族地区等经济欠发达且具资源潜力的地区开展商业性矿产资源勘查。鼓励矿山企业在有市场需求和资源潜力的老矿山外围或深部开展商业性地质勘查工作，探寻新的接替资源。对以往由国家出资勘查形成的矿产地，鼓励投资者通过公平竞争获取探矿权采矿权。鼓励开展石油、天然气、煤层气、低灰低硫煤、优质锰、铬、铜、铝、金、银、镍、钴、铂族金属、钾盐等矿产资源的商业性勘查。科学、合理开发地热、矿泉水和地下水资源，厉行节约，优水优用，防治污染。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　The Chinese government encourages and gives active guidance to the commercial prospecting that meets planning requirements, gears to market demands and focuses on economic results. It encourages commercial prospecting in central and western regions, remote and border regions and regions inhabited by ethnic minorities, as well as other economically less-developed regions with resources potentials. It encourages mining enterprises to carry out commercial geological prospecting in the outlying areas or the deeper formations of old mines with both market and resources potentials, and to find new substitute resources. It encourages investors to acquire exploration and mining rights, through fair competition, to sites of mineral deposits founded after prospecting with government investment. It encourages commercial prospecting for oil, natural gas, coal gas, coal with low ash and low sulfur contents, and fine-quality manganese, chromium, copper, aluminum, gold, silver, nickel, cobalt, metals of the platinum group, and sylvite. It also encourages the development of geothermal, mineral water and groundwater resources, in a scientific, economical and rational way, while encouraging the use of good-quality water for better purposes, and the prevention and control of pollution.

中国将采取以下措施提高国内矿产资源的供应能力：

China will take the following measures to increase the domestic capability of mineral resources supply:

——加大能源矿产资源的勘查开发力度。中国煤炭资源丰富且居能源主体地位，但煤炭对大气环境污染严重，能源结构需进行某些调整。中国将充分利用煤炭资源和水能资源，发展以煤炭洗选加工、液化、气化等为主要内容的煤的洁净技术。煤炭开发在稳定东部地区生产规模的同时，将重点开发山西、陕西、内蒙古，合理开发西南地区，适当开发新疆、甘肃、宁夏、青海的煤炭资源。加大煤层气开发力度。中国石油资源比较丰富，但和需求相比相对不足。解决油气供应不足的问题，将首先立足于开发利用国内的油气资源。西部地区已经发现丰富的油气资源，新疆塔里木、准噶尔，陕西、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、山西的鄂尔多斯和青海柴达木等盆地都有良好的开发前景。渤海海域也有重大发现。石油资源勘查开发，在深化东部、发展西部、加快海上的基础上，重点加强老油区的勘查工作，力争在新层系和地区取得新的发现，增加石油探明储量，保持合理的石油自给率。天然气勘探开发，以西气东输沿线的塔里木、鄂尔多斯、柴达木盆地和四川、重庆地区以及海上的东海盆地为重点，增加储量，提高产量，逐步改善中国能源结构。

- Strengthen the exploration and exploitation of energy mineral resources. China has an abundance of coal resources, and there will be no major changes in the position of coal as China's main energy source in the near future. However, the energy structure with coal as its main source causes serious air pollution, and some adjustments must be made to it. China will make full use of its coal and hydro power resources, and develop cleaning technologies for coal, including coal washing, dressing, liquefying and gasifying technologies. The scale of coal production in the eastern regions will be stabilized, stress will be laid on the development of the coal resources in Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the coal resources in southwest China will be exploited in a rational way, and the coal resources in Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia and Qinghai will be exploited in an appropriate way. Greater efforts will be made to exploit coal bed methane. China boasts fairly rich oil resources, which, however, are insufficient to meet the demand. To solve the problem of insufficient oil and gas supply, China will first exploit and utilize its domestic oil and natural gas resources. Abundant petroleum resources have been discovered in the western regions. The Tarim and Junggar basins in Xinjiang, the Ordos Basin on the borders of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, and the Qadam Basin in Qinghai all show great potentials for development. Important discoveries have also been made in the Bohai Sea area. In exploration and exploitation of oil resources, emphasis will be placed on prospecting work in the old oilfields on the basis of exploiting the deeper formations in the eastern regions, developing the oilfields in the western regions and accelerating the exploration of offshore oil and gas resources; at the same time, efforts will be exerted to make new discoveries in the new formations and regions to increase the verified oil reserves and maintain a rational rate of self-sufficiency in oil. In exploration and exploitation of natural gas resources, emphasis will be placed on the Tarim, Ordos and Qadam basins, and the Sichuan-Chongqing region along the west-east gas pipeline, as well as the East China Sea Basin, to increase the reserves, raise the output and gradually improve China's energy structure.

——促进区域地质矿产勘查开发的合理布局。中国西部地区矿产资源比较优势突出，分布集中，具备形成优势支柱产业的资源基础。全国已查明资源储量的158种矿产中，西部地区拥有138种。西部地区的煤炭、油气、钾盐、铬铁矿、稀土、磷、镍、钒、锰、铜、铝、锌等30余种矿产资源在全国具有比较优势。随着西部大开发战略的实施，基础设施建设和生态建设力度加大，有助于把西部地区的资源及资源性产品迅速地和国内外市场连接起来，从而极大地改善矿产资源开发和矿产品入市的条件。中国政府鼓励以西部地区矿产资源集中区为重点，开展石油、天然气、煤层气、优质煤、铜、金、优质锰、钾盐、地下水等矿产资源的商业性勘查，推动西部地区石油天然气、有色金属、钾盐、磷等矿产资源的合理开发和深度加工，加快资源优势向经济优势的转化。在中东部地区，重点挖掘矿产资源潜力，强化综合利用，拓展矿产资源加工产业链。根据国家产业结构调整目标，开展钨、锡、锑、铅、锌、稀土等矿产资源的勘查。充分发挥中东部地区非金属矿产开发的区位、技术优势，提高非金属矿产的深加工水平和集约化利用程度，开拓新的应用领域，增强市场竞争力。同时，开展中东部地区老矿山接替资源的找矿工作。中国管辖海域蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源。中国政府将继续加强海域油气资源的勘探开发和其他矿产资源的研究，积极参与国际海底矿产资源的研究和勘查开发活动。

- Strive for a rational distribution of regional geological exploration and exploitation of mineral resources. The comparative advantages of the mineral resources in the western regions are conspicuous, and their distribution is concentrated, thus providing the resources foundation for the formation of dominant pillar industries. Of the country's 158 minerals with proved reserves, 138 are found in the western regions. The more than 30 minerals found in the western regions, including coal, oil and gas, sylvite, chromite, rare earths, phosphorus, nickel, vanadium, manganese, copper, aluminum and zinc, have comparative resources advantages in the country. With the implementation of the western development strategy, the accelerated construction of infrastructure facilities and ecological protection will help to connect quickly the resources and the resource-related products of the western regions with the domestic and international markets, thereby greatly improving the conditions for the exploitation of mineral resources and the entry of mineral commodities into the market. The Chinese government encourages the commercial exploration of mineral resources, including oil, natural gas, coal gas, high-grade coal, copper, gold, high-grade manganese, sylvite and groundwater in the western regions, with emphasis on the resource-rich areas, to promote the rational exploitation and deep processing of oil, natural gas, non-ferrous metals, sylvite, phosphorus and other mineral resources in the western regions and accelerate the change from resources advantage to economic advantage. In the central and eastern regions, emphasis will be placed on tapping the potentials of the mineral resources, strengthening their multipurpose use and expanding their processing industrial chain. Exploration of tungsten, tin, antimony, lead, zinc and rare earth resources will be started in accordance with the targets of the adjustment of the national industrial structure. Full play will be given to the advantages of the central and eastern regions in regional position and technologies in the exploitation of non-metallic minerals, so as to raise the level of deep processing and the degree of intensive utilization of non-metallic minerals, open new fields for their application and increase the market competitiveness of the products. At the same time, we will start the work of looking for substitute resources in existing mines in the central and eastern regions. Maritime areas under Chinese jurisdiction abound in mineral resources. The Chinese government will continue to strengthen the prospecting and exploitation of oil and gas resources in these areas and conduct research into other mineral resources, and take an active part in the international activities of seabed mineral resources research, prospecting and exploitation.

——加快矿产资源开发利用结构调整。中国矿产资源开采集约化、现代化程度偏低，需要优化结构、创新技术和加强管理。中国将加快矿产资源开发利用结构的调整步伐，增加产能，提高效益。通过矿山企业技术改造和机制转换，鼓励在矿产资源勘查开发中积极推行清洁生产，应用成熟技术和高新技术，提高矿产资源勘查开发水平。实行规模开发，提高集约化水平，淘汰落后、分散的采矿能力。依法清理关闭无证开采、污染环境、浪费资源、不具备安全办矿条件的矿山企业。通过市场和政策引导，发展具有国际竞争力的矿山企业集团。继续支持和帮助非国有矿山企业的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Accelerate the structural adjustment of mineral resources exploitation and utilization. The degree of intensiveness and modernization of mineral resources exploitation in China is still somewhat low, and it is necessary to optimize the structure, innovate technologies and improve management in this regard. China will speed up the structural adjustment of mineral resources exploitation and utilization, increase productive capacity and raise efficiency. Through technological transformation of mining enterprises and improvement of their management mechanism, the Chinese government encourages the active introduction of clean production, and the application of mature and high and new technologies in mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, so as to raise the level of prospecting and exploitation. We shall introduce scale exploitation, raise the level of intensiveness and eliminate backward and scattered mining capacity. Mining enterprises which operate without licenses, cause environmental pollution, waste resources or do not have the proper conditions for safe operation shall be closed down in accordance with the law. Through market and policy guidance, we shall develop mining enterprise groups with international competitiveness. We shall continue to support and assist non-state-owned mining enterprises in their development.

——提高矿产资源综合利用水平。中国已探明的矿产资源中有相当数量为品质较低、目前技术经济条件下尚难利用的资源，对这些资源的开发利用是解决中国矿产资源供应问题的一条重要途径。中国政府鼓励通过加强矿产资源集中区的基础设施建设，改善矿山建设外部条件，利用高新技术，降低开发成本等措施，使经济可利用性差的资源加快转化为经济可利用的资源。开展资源综合利用是中国矿产资源勘查、开发的一项重大技术经济政策。中国对矿产资源实行综合勘查、综合评价、综合开发、综合利用。鼓励和支持矿山企业开发利用低品位难选冶资源、替代资源和二次资源，扩大资源供应来源，降低生产成本；鼓励矿山企业开展“三废”（废渣、废气、废液）综合利用的科技攻关和技术改造；鼓励对废旧金属及二次资源的回收利用。积极开发非传统矿产资源。中国在1985年颁布实施《关于开展资源综合利用若干问题的暂行规定》，1996年颁布实施《关于进一步开展资源综合利用的意见》，并发布《资源综合利用目录》，从企业所得税、增值税等方面对矿产资源综合利用实行优惠政策，鼓励矿山企业依靠科技进步和创新，提高资源综合利用水平。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Raise the level of multipurpose utilization of mineral resources. Of China's proved mineral resources, there are fairly large quantities of low-grade resources which are still difficult of utilization under the present technological and economic conditions. The exploitation and utilization of these resources is an important way to solve the shortage of mineral resources supply. The Chinese government encourages the accelerated conversion of resources with poor economic workability into resources of economic workability by strengthening the construction of the necessary infrastructure facilities in the resource-rich regions, improving the external conditions for the construction of mines, using high and new technologies, and reducing the cost of exploitation. To achieve multipurpose utilization of the country's resources is one of China's important technological and economic policies on mineral resources prospecting and exploitation. China carries out comprehensive prospecting, overall evaluation, comprehensive exploitation and multipurpose utilization of mineral resources. It encourages and supports mining enterprises to exploit and utilize low-grade refractory resources, and encourages and supports them to develop and use substitute or secondary resources to increase the sources of resources supply and reduce production costs. It encourages mining enterprises to pool efforts to tackle difficult sci-tech problems and pursue technological transformation for the multipurpose utilization of the "three wastes" (waste slag, waste gas and waste liquid). It also encourages the recycling of scrap metals and secondary resources, as well as the active exploitation of non-traditional mineral resources. China issued the "Interim Provisions Concerning Certain Questions on the Multipurpose Utilization of Resources" in 1985, promulgated the "Opinions on Making Further Multipurpose Utilization of Resources," and published the "Catalogue of Resources for Multipurpose Utilization" in 1996. It has adopted preferential policies for the multipurpose utilization of mineral resources in the fields of enterprise income tax and value-added tax, and it encourages mining enterprises to raise the level of the multipurpose resources utilization by reliance on scientific and technological progress and innovations.

——开展节能降耗。中国鼓励发展矿产品深加工技术，新能源、新材料技术，节能、节材、节水、降耗技术和工艺，提高资源利用效率。发展可再生能源和核电，扩大利用洁净煤和煤层气，减少直接燃煤比重。发展新型金属、新型非金属及常规矿物原料的替代品，降低经济社会对常规矿物原料的依赖程度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Save energy and reduce consumption. China encourages the development of technologies for deep-processing of mineral products, new energy sources and new material technologies as well as technologies and technical processes that save energy, materials and water, reduce consumption and raise the efficiency of resources utilization. We shall develop renewable sources of energy and nuclear power, increase the use of clean coal and CBM, and reduce the proportion of coal directly burned. We shall develop new metals, new non-metals and substitutes for conventional mineral materials and reduce the dependence of an economic society on conventional mineral materials.

——建立战略矿产资源储备制度。国家根据矿产资源供需现状及现有国力，对重要战略资源分期分批纳入储备序列。

- Establish a system for the reserves of strategic mineral resources. China will put the major strategic resources in the reserves order by stages and in groups, on the basis of the present situation concerning the supply and demand of mineral resources, as well as its national strength.

——逐步解决老矿山的资源接替问题。中国部分国有大中型矿山开采进入中晚期，接替资源不足。一些老矿山企业因资源枯竭而难以为继。中国政府从政策上加大扶持力度，针对矿产资源勘查开发的特点，制定合理的财政、税收政策，为其生存和发展创造良好的外部条件。开展大型老矿山接替资源找矿工作，使部分老矿山摆脱资源枯竭的困境，延长其服务年限。

- Solve step by step the problem of substitute resources in old mines. Some of the large and medium-sized state-owned mines in China have entered their middle or late stages, and have insufficient substitute resources. Some old mining enterprises can no longer continue their operations because their resources are exhausted. The Chinese government will increase its policy support for them by formulating rational financial and tax policies in line with the characteristics of mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, to create good external conditions for their survival and development. We shall encourage large old mines to look for substitute resources so as to prolong their service life.

四、扩大矿产资源勘查开发的对外开放与合作　

IV. Widening the Opening of, and Cooperation in, Mineral Resources Exploration and Exploitation

中国坚定不移地实行对外开放政策。在互惠互利的基础上，积极参与矿产资源领域的国际合作，推进国内外资源、资本、信息、技术与市场的交流。

China will carry out its policy of opening to the outside world unswervingly. It will take an active part in international cooperation in the field of mineral resources to promote the exchange of domestic and foreign resources, capital, information, technology and markets on the basis of reciprocity and mutual benefit.

中国实行鼓励外商来华投资矿产资源勘查开发的政策。中国鼓励国内矿山企业与国际矿业公司合作，借鉴国际先进经验，引进先进技术，按照国际惯例经营运作。中国石油工业自1982年开始对外开放，利用国外资金和技术，合作勘探开发油气资源，近年来开发范围逐步扩大，原油产量大幅度提高。目前，中国已参与境外油气资源开发。中国政府在进一步改善外商投资环境，扩大对外开放和加强国际合作方面，已经或将采取一系列措施。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China implements the policy of encouraging foreign businesses to invest in mineral resources prospecting and exploitation in the country. China encourages domestic mining enterprises to cooperate with international mining companies, draw on advanced international experience, import advanced technology and operate in accordance with international practices. China began to open its oil industry to the outside world in 1982 by using foreign capital and technology to prospect and exploit oil and gas resources. As a result, the range of exploitation has been extended, and the output of crude oil has risen by big margins. Now, China has begun to participate in the exploitation of petroleum resources outside the country. The Chinese government has already taken or will take a number of new measures to further improve the environment for foreign investment, widen the opening-up and strengthen international cooperation.

——进一步鼓励外商来华投资。中国于1999年8月发布《关于当前进一步鼓励外商投资的意见》，2000年6月发布《中西部地区外商投资优势产业目录》，2002年3月发布修改后的《外商投资产业指导目录》，明确加大对外商投资企业的金融支持力度; 鼓励外商投资企业技术创新，扩大国内采购；鼓励外商向中西部地区投资；进一步完善对外商投资企业的管理和服务。

- Giving further encouragement to foreign businesses to invest in China. China issued the "Opinions on Further Encouraging Foreign Investment at Present" in August 1999, the revised "Directory of Industries for Foreign Investment" in March 2002, and the "Catalogue of Dominant Industries for Foreign Investment in the Central and Western Regions" in June 2000. It clearly emphasizes that greater financial support will be extended to enterprises with foreign investment; encourages those enterprises to make technical innovations and increase domestic purchases; encourages foreign investors to invest in the central and western regions; and further improves the management and services for enterprises with foreign investment.

——进一步完善油气资源勘查开发的对外合作。在油气矿产资源领域，中国政府一直实行一个“窗口”对外和以产品分成合同为基础的石油对外合作模式，已广为国外石油公司所接受。2001年9月，中国发布了修改后的《对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例》和《对外合作开采陆上石油资源条例》。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Further improving cooperation with foreign companies in prospecting and exploiting oil and gas resources. In the field of oil and gas resources, the Chinese government has always adopted the pattern of cooperation with foreign companies through one "window" based on product-sharing contracts, and this has been widely endorsed by foreign oil companies. China issued the revised "Regulations on the Exploitation of Offshore Oil Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Enterprises" and the "Regulations on the Exploitation of Onshore Oil Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Enterprises" in September 2001.

——鼓励外商投资勘查开发其他矿产资源。2000年10月，中国发布了《关于进一步鼓励外商投资勘查开采非油气矿产资源的若干意见》，进一步开放探矿权采矿权市场，允许外商在中国境内以独资或者与中方合作的方式进行风险勘探; 对勘查作业区内发现的具有可采经济价值的矿产资源，保障其享有法定的优先采矿权；外商投资取得的探矿权、采矿权可以依法转让；外商投资开采回收共(伴)生矿、利用尾矿、提高综合利用率、到西部地区勘查开采矿产资源的，可以享受相应的减免矿产资源补偿费优惠政策; 外商独资或者与中方合资、合作开采《外商投资产业指导目录》中鼓励类矿产资源的，免缴矿产资源补偿费五年；规定各级政府部门不得参与合资、合作办矿，不得对外商提出不合理的经济要求，不得乱检查、乱摊派，不得在法律、法规规定之外增加收费项目。

- Encouraging foreign businesses to make investment in exploration and exploitation of other mineral resources. China issued the "Opinions on Further Encouraging Foreign Businesses to Make Investment in Exploring and Exploiting Mineral Resources Other Than Oil and Gas" in October 2000, thus further opening the prospecting and mining rights market to allow foreign businesses to start prospecting ventures with exclusive capital or in cooperation with Chinese partners, and guarantees their legal priority rights in exploiting the mineral resources of workable economic value in the zones explored. The prospecting and mining rights obtained by foreign businesses with such investment can be transferred according to law. Foreign businesses which invest in exploiting and recovering paragenous (associated) minerals, utilizing tailings, raising the rate of multipurpose utilization and exploration and exploitation of mineral resources in the western regions shall be entitled to reduction of or exemption from mineral resources compensation fees under a preferential policy. Foreign businesses which make exclusive investment or set up joint ventures or cooperate with Chinese enterprises in exploiting mineral resources, the exploitation of which is encouraged in the "Directory of Industries for Foreign Investment," shall be exempted from mineral resources compensation fees for five years. It is stipulated that governments at all levels shall not start joint ventures or enter into cooperation with foreign investors in running mines, and in no way should they make irrational economic demands on foreign investors, make irrational inspections, requisition donations arbitrarily or collect charges other than those stipulated in the laws and regulations.

——进一步改善国内矿产资源勘查开发投资环境。中国政府信守加入世界贸易组织的议定书和有关承诺，在矿产资源管理领域，已经清理了与世界贸易组织规则不一致的行政法规和部门规章，对外商勘查开发矿产资源实行国民待遇。中央政府确保国家有关矿产资源勘查开发的政策和法律法规在各地的统一实施，规范各级政府对外商投资办矿的管理行为。按照世界贸易组织的透明度原则，修改了地质资料管理办法，放宽了公益性地质资料的范围，建立了公开的矿产资源信息服务系统，确保外商使用公益性地质资料。明晰、简化、规范了外商投资勘查开发矿产资源的审批程序。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Further improving the environment for investment in exploring and exploiting domestic mineral resources. The Chinese government sticks to the protocol on its accession to the WTO and other relevant commitments by annulling the administrative statutes and departmental rules incompatible with the WTO rules and gives national treatment to foreign investors in prospecting and exploitation. The Central Government shall guarantee the consistent implementation of the policies, laws and regulations of the state regarding mineral resources exploration and exploitation in all parts of the country, and standardize the behavior of governments at all levels in exercising management over foreign investment in running mines. China has revised the rules for the management of geological data according to the WTO's principle of transparency, broadened the scope of geological data to be released to the public, and established an open information service system on mineral resources to ensure the availability of public geological data for foreign investors. It has clarified, simplified and standardized the approval procedure for foreign investment in mineral resources prospecting and exploitation.

——转变引进机制和经营方式。在中国走新型工业化道路的过程中，吸引外商勘查开发矿产资源，将从单纯强调吸引资金向引进资金、技术、现代化管理和优秀人才并重的方向转变，从单纯注重在矿产资源勘查开发领域吸引外资向更多地发展矿业服务贸易领域的合资合作转变，从主要依靠对外借贷和外国直接投资向直接利用国际矿业资本市场的方式转变。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Changing the import mechanism and operation mode. In the course of taking the new road to industrialization and attracting foreign investors to make investment in mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, efforts will be made to shift from laying emphasis on importing funds only to placing equal emphasis on importing funds, technology, modern management and people with expertise, from the mere emphasis on bringing in foreign funds in prospecting and exploitation to the establishment of joint ventures and cooperation in the development of services and trade in the mining industry, and from dependence chiefly on foreign loans and direct foreign investment to the direct use of the international mining capital market.

中国将继续本着互惠互利的原则，通过扩大矿产品国际贸易，实现矿产资源产品的余缺互补，促进矿产品对外贸易的发展。中国政府将按照世界贸易组织规则和加入世界贸易组织的承诺，制定统一的矿产品进出口政策，统一协调优势矿产品的出口和短缺矿产品的进口，调整矿产品进出口结构，提高经济效益，鼓励深加工高附加值矿产品的出口和初级矿产品的进口。直接进口矿产品仍将是今后相当长一段时间内中国利用国外矿产资源的主要方式。中国政府将逐步改变目前包括原油在内的矿产品现货贸易比重过大的状况，鼓励与国外公司签订长期供货合同，实施多元化、全方位的进口。对于钨、锡、锑、稀土、萤石、重晶石等中国传统优势矿产资源，将改善出口结构，提高出口产品附加值，规范出口经营秩序，积极推进行业中介组织开展行业协调和自律，促进国内外矿产品贸易的健康发展。

China will continue to strive for mutual supplement with other countries in mineral commodities and promote the development of foreign trade in mineral products by expanding its international trade in mineral commodities according to the principle of reciprocity and mutual benefit. The Chinese government shall formulate a unified policy on the import and export of mineral products in accordance with the WTO rules and its commitments on its accession to the WTO, coordinate, in a unified way, the export of its dominant mineral products and the import of mineral products in short supply, adjust the import and export mix of mineral products, improve the economic results, and encourage the export of deep-processed mineral products with high added value and the import of primary mineral products. Direct import of mineral products will remain the chief way by which China utilizes foreign mineral resources for a fairly long time to come. The Chinese government shall gradually change the situation in which the proportion of the spot trade in mineral commodities, including crude oil, is too big at present, encourage the signing of long-term supply contracts with foreign companies, and import minerals from diversified sources. With regard to mineral resources in which China has advantages, such as tungsten, tin, antimony, rare earths, fluorspar and barite, the government will improve the export structure, increase the added value of the export products, standardize the order of export business, and actively urge the trade intermediary organizations to improve trade coordination and self-discipline, and promote the healthy development of the trade in domestic and foreign mineral products.

中国政府鼓励国内企业参与矿产资源领域的国际合作，勘查、开发和利用国外矿产资源。按照国际惯例促进和保护境外矿产资源勘查开发投资，规范投资和经营行为。积极开展地质调查、矿产资源勘查和开发领域的对外合作，扩大双边和多边科技交流与合作。

The Chinese government encourages domestic enterprises to take part in international cooperation in the sphere of mineral resources, and in exploration, exploitation and utilization of foreign mineral resources. It will promote and protect investments in mineral resources prospecting and exploitation outside China, and standardize the investment and business operation behavior in accordance with international practices. It will actively develop cooperation with foreign companies in geological survey and mineral resources prospecting and exploitation, and promote bilateral and multilateral exchanges and cooperation in the relevant scientific and technological fields.

五、实现矿产资源开发与环境保护的协调发展

V. Achieving the Coordinated Development of Mineral Resources Exploitation and Environmental Protection

勘查开发矿产资源会改变和影响矿区周围的生态环境。中国政府高度重视在开发利用矿产资源过程中的环境保护和污染防治，实行矿产资源开发与环境保护治理同步发展。中国已公布实施的法律法规，对矿山环境保护、污染防治、土地复垦作出了明确规定。中国政府将继续加强矿山环境保护，并在以下几个方面加强工作：微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Mineral resources prospecting and exploitation will change and affect the ecological environment around the mining areas. The Chinese government attaches great importance to environmental protection and the prevention and control of pollution in the course of exploiting and utilizing mineral resources, and strives for simultaneous development in mineral resources exploitation and environmental protection and pollution control. Environmental protection, pollution control and land rehabilitation in mining areas are explicitly stipulated in laws and regulations China has published and implemented. The Chinese government will continue to improve environmental protection in mining areas, and strengthen the work in the following aspects:

——继续坚持矿产资源开发利用与生态环境保护并重、预防为主、防治结合的方针。严格执行矿山环境影响评价报告书制度、土地复垦制度和排污收费制度。严格执行矿山建设与矿山环境保护设施的设计、施工与投产使用的“三同时”制度。积极引导企业在矿产资源勘查、开采过程中实施清洁、安全生产。

- Continuing to adhere to the principle of placing equal stress on the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources and the protection of the ecological environment, by putting prevention first and combining prevention with control. We shall strictly adhere to the system of environmental impact evaluation reporting, the system of land rehabilitation and the system of collecting fees for pollutant discharge in mining areas. We shall strictly adhere to the system whereby the construction of mines goes hand in hand with the designing, constructing and commissioning of environmental protection facilities. Active guidance will be given to enterprises in organizing clean and safe production in the course of mineral resources prospecting and exploitation.

——限制对生态环境有较大影响的矿产资源开发。在自然保护区和其他生态脆弱的地区，严格控制矿产资源勘查开发活动。禁止在自然保护区、重要风景区和重要地质遗迹保护区内开采矿产资源; 严格控制在生态功能保护区内开采矿产资源。严格禁止土法炼焦、金属冶炼、炼硫、炼矾等；限制新建、改建含硫量大于1.50%的煤矿，禁止新建含硫量大于3%的煤矿。限制在地质灾害易发区开采矿产资源，禁止在地质灾害危险区开采矿产资源。未经批准，不得在铁路、重要公路两侧一定距离以内开采矿产资源。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Restricting the exploitation of mineral resources that produce considerable negative impacts on the ecological environment. Strict control will be enforced on prospecting and exploitation in national conservation and other areas where the ecological conditions are weak. Mineral resources exploitation is forbidden in national conservation, important scenic areas and important geological protection areas, and mineral resources exploitation in ecological protection areas is strictly restricted. We shall strictly prohibit coking, metal refining and smelting, sulfur and vanadium refineries with indigenous methods. We shall restrict the building or rebuilding of mines producing coal with a sulfur content exceeding 1.5%, and prohibit the building of mines producing coal with a sulfur content exceeding 3%. We shall restrict the exploitation of mineral resources in areas liable to geological disasters, and prohibit the exploitation of mineral resources in areas with real danger from geological disasters. Unauthorized exploitation of mineral resources within a given distance on both sides of railway lines and major highways is forbidden.

——新建矿产资源开发项目应当论证其对生态环境的影响，采取生态环境保护措施，避免或减少对大气、水、耕地、草原、森林、海洋等的不利影响和破坏。矿产资源开发利用方案中应当包括水土保护方案、土地复垦实施方案、矿山地质灾害防治方案和地质环境影响评估报告，并按照规定报批。加强对矿山“三废”治理的监督管理,严格按国家规定标准控制废气排放,加大对矿山有毒有害废水污染物的监督治理和查处力度。

- Evaluating the impact on the ecological environment before starting a new mineral resources exploitation project. Measures shall be taken to protect the ecological environment, avoid or reduce adverse effects or damage caused to the air, water, farmland, grasslands, forests and seas. A program for the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources shall include a plan for the protection of water and soil, a plan for land rehabilitation, a plan for the prevention and control of geological disasters in mining areas and an evaluation report on geological environmental impacts. These documents shall be submitted for approval as stipulated. We shall exercise stricter supervision and management over the control of the "three wastes" in mines, and strictly control the discharge of waste gas in accordance with the criteria stipulated by the state. We shall strengthen the control of poisonous and harmful waste water and other pollutants produced in mines, and offenders shall be severely dealt with.

——加强矿山环境调查、监测和灾害防治。国家组织开展全国矿山生态环境调查评价。矿山企业加强在矿山开发过程中可能诱发灾害的调查、监测及预报预警，及时采取有效防治措施，并向当地政府主管部门提交监测报告。建立信息网络，做好防灾减灾预案，最大限度地避免突发性灾害发生。

- Strengthening the investigation and monitoring of the environment and the prevention and control of disasters in mining areas. The government shall organize nationwide investigations and evaluations of the ecological environment in mining areas. Mining enterprises shall strengthen investigation, monitoring, forecasting and early warning of disasters possibly induced in the course of the development of mines, promptly take effective measures to prevent and control them, and submit monitoring reports to the competent departments of the local governments. An information network shall be established and emergency anti-disaster plans shall be worked out to prevent sudden disasters at the maximum.

——建立多元化的矿山环境保护投资机制。建立矿山环境保护和土地复垦履约保证金制度，实行政府引导、市场运作，确保矿山环境能够得到有效恢复和治理。对废弃矿山和老矿山，国家将在示范项目的基础上，加大生态环境恢复治理的力度，并鼓励社会资金投入。对生产矿山，建立以矿山企业为主的环境治理投资机制。对新建矿山，由企业负担治理资金。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Setting up a multi-source investment mechanism for environmental protection in mining areas. We shall establish an agreement-honoring system for environmental protection and land rehabilitation in mining areas, and adopt government guidance and market operation to ensure the effective restoration and improvement of the environment there. With regard to abandoned mines and old mines, the state will strengthen the restoration and improvement of the ecological environment on the basis of demonstration projects, and encourage investment in this regard from society at large. We shall set up an investment mechanism for environmental control in mines still in production, with the mining enterprises playing the leading role. The enterprises shall provide the funds for environmental protection in new mines.

六、加强矿产资源管理　　

VI. Improving the Management of Mineral Resources

新中国成立五十多年来，中国矿产资源管理逐步得到加强，并走上法制化、规范化和科学化轨道。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the past five decades and more since the founding of the People's Republic, China has gradually improved the management of its mineral resources, putting it on legal, standardized and scientific tracks.

——制定并逐步完善矿产资源管理的法律、法规。中国现已建立了以宪法为基础，由矿产资源法和相关法律法规构成的矿产资源法律体系。1982年以来，中国立法机关陆续颁布实施了矿产资源法、土地管理法、煤炭法、矿山安全法、环境保护法、海洋环境保护法、海域使用管理法等法律，中国政府发布实施了《矿产资源法实施细则》、《对外合作开采海洋石油资源条例》、《对外合作开采陆上石油资源条例》、《矿产资源勘查区块登记管理办法》、《矿产资源开采登记管理办法》、《探矿权采矿权转让管理办法》、《矿产资源补偿费征收管理规定》、《矿产资源监督管理暂行办法》、《地质资料管理条例》等20多项配套法规和规章，各省、自治区、直辖市也制定了相关的地方性法规。这些法律法规确立了中国矿产资源管理的基本法律制度，为实行依法行政、依法管矿、依法办矿提供了法律保障。

- Enacting and gradually improving the laws and regulations on mineral resources management. China has put in place a legal system for its mineral resources, consisting of the "Mineral Resources Law" and other relevant laws and regulations, with the Constitution as its foundation. Since 1982, China has successively promulgated the "Mineral Resources Law," "Land Administration Law," "Coal Law," "Law on Safety in Mines," "Environmental Protection Law," "Marine Environmental Protection Law" and "Law on the Use and Management of Sea Areas." The Chinese government has also issued more than 20 supplementary statutes and regulations, including the "Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Mineral Resources Law," "Regulations on the Exploitation of Offshore Oil Resources in Cooperation with Foreign Enterprises," "Regulations on the Exploitation of Onshore Oil Resources by Foreign Enterprises," "Measures Governing the Registration and Management of Areas for Surveying Mineral Resources," "Measures Governing the Registration and Management of Mineral Resources Exploitation," "Measures Governing Administration of the Transfer of Prospecting and Mining Rights," "Provisions on the Administration of the Collection of Mineral Resources Compensation Fees," "Interim Measures on the Supervision and Control of Mineral Resources," and "Regulations on the Management of Geological Data." The various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have, in addition, formulated relevant local statutes. These laws and regulations have put in place China's basic legal system for the management of its mineral resources, and provided the legal guarantee for exercising administration, managing mineral resources and operating mines according to law.

——深化矿产资源管理体制改革。为不断适应经济体制改革的要求，中国对矿产资源管理体制进行了改革，转变并加强政府职能，实行政企分开、政事分开。1950—1981年，矿产资源的管理职能由原地质部和有关工业管理部门分别承担，地质部门主要承担组织开展全国地质勘查、矿产资源储量管理和地质资料汇交管理的职能,有关工业管理部门负责管理矿产资源的开采活动。1982年地质部更名为地质矿产部，负责矿产资源开发监督管理和地质勘查行业管理。1988年和1993年政府机构改革时，进一步明确地质矿产部对地质矿产资源进行综合管理，对地质勘查工作进行行业管理，对地质矿产资源的合理开发利用和保护进行监督管理，以及对地质环境进行监测、评价和监督管理等四项基本职能。1996年1月成立全国矿产资源委员会，以加强中央政府对矿产资源的统一管理，维护矿产资源国家所有权益。1998年政府机构改革，将原国家计委和煤炭、冶金等有关工业部门的矿产资源管理职能转移到国土资源部，实现了全国矿产资源的统一管理。目前，全国90%以上的地(市)和80%以上的县建立了地矿行政管理机构。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Deepening the reform of the mineral resources management system. To constantly meet the requirements for economic restructuring, China has reformed the mineral resources management system, changed and strengthened government functions, and separated government functions from enterprise and institution management. From 1950 to 1981, the former Ministry of Geology and other relevant industrial administration departments exercised management over the country's mineral resources. The geological departments chiefly performed the functions of organizing nationwide geological survey and prospecting, managing the reserves of mineral resources and controlling the collection and exchange of geological data, while the relevant industrial administration departments were responsible for the management of mineral resources exploitation. In 1982, the Ministry of Geology changed its name to the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, and became responsible for the supervision and management of mineral resources exploitation as well as the industrial management of geological survey and prospecting. When the government was reorganized in 1988 and 1993, it made further clear the four basic functions of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources - exercising comprehensive management of mineral resources, exercising industrial management of geological survey and prospecting, exercising supervision and management of the rational exploitation, utilization and protection of mineral resources, and exercising management of the monitoring, evaluation and supervision work regarding the geological environment. The National Mineral Resources Commission was established in January 1996 to strengthen the centralized management function of the Central Government over mineral resources and safeguard the rights and interests of the state as the owner of the country's mineral resources. The government was restructured again in 1998, and the functions of mineral resources management belonging to the State Planning Commission and the coal and metallurgical industrial departments were transferred to the Ministry of Land and Resources, to achieve the centralized management of mineral resources of the whole country. At present, over 90% of the country's prefectures and cities, and more than 80% of the counties have set up land and mineral resources administration organs.

——加强矿产资源规划管理。矿产资源规划是矿产资源勘查开发利用的指导性文件，是实施宏观调控的依据。中国政府正进一步加强矿产资源规划管理，完善规划体系，严格规划责任、规划审查、规划公告、规划修编、规划监督等制度，加强规划宣传，建立规划实施保障和信息反馈体系，确保规划目标的实现。

- Strengthening the management of mineral resources planning. The plan regarding mineral resources is the guiding document for the survey, exploitation and utilization of the country's mineral resources and the basis for exercising macro control. The Chinese government is further strengthening mineral resources planning, improving the planning system, fixing strict planning responsibility, check-up, announcement, revision and compilation and supervision systems, strengthening publicity work concerning the plans, and setting up a system for ensuring the implementation of the plans and information feedbacks, to guarantee the fulfillment of the planned targets.

——改革探矿权采矿权管理制度。中国宪法规定矿产资源属于国家所有，同时矿产资源法又明确规定“由国务院行使国家对矿产资源的所有权”。近年来，中国改革了探矿权采矿权管理制度，明确了探矿权、采矿权的财产权属性，确立了探矿权、采矿权的有偿取得和依法转让制度。确立了探矿权人优先取得勘查区内采矿权的法律制度，强化了探矿权、采矿权的排他性。改革了勘查、开采矿产资源审批和颁发勘查许可证、采矿许可证的权限。探矿权采矿权可以通过招标、拍卖、挂牌等竞争的方式有偿取得。转让探矿权采矿权，应当遵循市场规则并得到政府部门的许可，依法办理转让手续。中国政府将继续按照产权明晰、规则完善、调控有力、运行规范的要求，培育和规范探矿权采矿权市场，加强对市场运行的监管。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Reforming the management system for mineral resources prospecting and mining rights. The Constitution and the "Mineral Resources Law" of China explicitly state that "mineral resources are owned by the state." The State Council exercises the state ownership of the mineral resources. At the same time, China has reformed the management system for mineral resources prospecting and mining rights, clearly defined the property right attribute of the prospecting and mining rights, and established the system of acquisition of the prospecting and mining rights with compensation and the transfer of them according to law. China has established a legal system whereby the holder of the prospecting right enjoys priority in acquiring the mining right in the area explored, and strengthened the exclusiveness of the prospecting and mining rights. It has changed the limits of authority regarding giving approval to mineral resources prospecting and exploitation and issuing the prospecting and mining licenses. The prospecting and mining rights can be obtained with compensation by such means as competition through bidding, auction and listing. The transfer of prospecting or mining rights shall follow the market rules, be subject to approval from government departments, and go through the procedure for transfer according to law. The Chinese government will continue to cultivate and standardize the prospecting and mining rights market, and exercise stricter supervision and control over the operation of the market in accordance with the requirements of clearly defined ownership, complete rules, effective regulation and control, and standard operation.

——健全矿产资源有偿使用制度。中国的矿产资源法明确规定对矿产资源实行有偿使用制度。中国政府自1994年起对采矿权人征收矿产资源补偿费，从而结束了无偿开采矿产资源的历史。征收矿产资源补偿费(海上和陆上合作开采油气资源缴纳矿区使用费)，体现了国家作为矿产资源所有者的权益，建立了促进矿产资源保护和合理利用的经济激励机制。中国政府收取的矿产资源补偿费纳入国家预算，实行专项管理，主要用于矿产资源勘查。符合法律法规规定的采矿权人可以免缴或减缴矿产资源补偿费。中国政府规定从1998年起对探矿权人、采矿权人收取探矿权使用费、采矿权使用费和国家出资勘查形成的探矿权价款、采矿权价款。对在西部地区、少数民族地区、政府确定的边远贫困地区和海域从事符合条件的矿产资源勘查开采活动，可以免缴或减缴探矿权采矿权使用费与价款。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Improving the system of compensation for the use of mineral resources. China's "Mineral Resources Law" clearly provides for the system of compensation for the use of mineral resources. The Chinese government started levying compensation fees for mineral resources from the holders of mining rights in 1994, thus terminating the history of compensation-free mining in China. The collection of the compensation fees for mineral resources (fees for the use of mining areas in cooperative development of petroleum resources offshore or onshore) embodies the rights and interests of the state as the owner of the mineral resources, and is conducive to establishing an economic incentive mechanism to promote the protection and rational utilization of mineral resources. The compensation fees for mineral resources collected by the Chinese government are included in the state budget; they are specially managed and used chiefly in mineral resources prospecting. Holders of mining rights who conform to the stipulations of the laws and statutes shall have their compensation fees remitted or reduced. The Chinese government has stipulated that, beginning in 1998, it will collect fees for the use of prospecting and mining rights, and the costs for the prospecting and mining rights formed in the course of prospecting with state investment from the holders of the prospecting and mining rights. Fees and costs for the use of prospecting and mining rights shall be remitted or reduced for mineral resources exploration and exploitation, which meet the requirements, in the western regions, regions inhabited by ethnic minorities, remote and poor regions designated by the government, and offshore areas.

——整顿和规范矿产资源管理秩序。良好的矿产资源管理秩序是矿产资源保护与合理利用的前提。1986年矿产资源法公布实施后，中国立法机关多次组织执法检查。1995年以来，中国政府在全国范围内开展了大规模的治理整顿，取得了阶段性成果，矿产资源管理秩序趋于好转。今后，中国政府将继续加大执法监察力度，整顿和规范矿产资源管理秩序，加强安全生产监督，依法维护矿产资源的国家所有权益和探矿权人、采矿权人的合法权益。

- Rectifying and standardizing the order of mineral resources management. Good order in the mineral resources management is a prerequisite for the protection and rational utilization of mineral resources. Since the "Mineral Resources Law" was promulgated in 1986, Chinese legislative organs have organized examinations on law enforcement on many occasions. Since 1995, the Chinese government has rectified the order of mineral resources management on a large scale throughout the country, resulting in some improvement in the order of mineral resources management. The Chinese government will continue to intensify supervision over the enforcement of the law, rectify and standardize the order of mineral resources management, strengthen supervision over production safety, safeguard the rights and interests of the state as the owner of mineral resources and the legitimate rights and interests of the holders of prospecting and mining rights.

——提高政府部门的服务水平。改善服务方式，按照公开、透明、规范、高效的要求，实行政务公开。各级矿产资源管理部门的办事制度、审批事项、要件、标准和时限等，要向社会公告，接受社会监督。建立健全内部会审、窗口办文、行政责任追究等制度。建立公报制度，发布矿产资源储量、勘查开发情况，逐步向全社会公开地质资料信息。建立信息查询制度，使全社会都能够及时、方便、快捷地查询国家矿产资源规划、政策、法律法规、资源储量分类标准，查询勘查区块登记信息、采矿登记信息、矿产资源补偿费征收费率及缴纳方法等方面的信息。同时，大力应用信息技术，提高工作效率和服务水平。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Improving the services of the government departments. It is necessary to improve the style of service and make the appropriate administrative affairs known in accordance with the requirements of being open, transparent, standardized and highly efficient. Mineral resources administrative departments at all levels shall announce to the general public on their work system, matters for approval, important documents, standards and time limits, and subject themselves to public supervision. They shall establish systems for internal joint hearings, handling procedures or documents at windows, and ascertaining administrative responsibilities. They shall establish a communiqué system, release information on the mineral reserves and the progress in mineral resources exploration and exploitation, and gradually make the geological data and information known to the general public. They shall establish a system for access to information so that the general public can promptly inquire about the state plan, policies, laws and statutes concerning mineral resources, and criteria for the classification of the reserves of the resources, seek information on the registration of prospected areas, on registration of exploitation, and rates of compensation fees for mineral resources and ways of payment. At the same time, they shall make great efforts to apply information technology, raise their work efficiency and improve their services.

中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家。中国将继续深化改革，扩大开放，坚定不移地发展社会主义市场经济，走可持续发展道路，合理利用和保护资源。中国愿一如既往地积极参与国际资源环境合作，与世界各国一道，为实现人类社会可持续发展而携手奋进。

China is a developing country with a large population and a relative shortage of resources. China will continue to deepen the reform, widen the opening-up, develop the socialist market economy unswervingly, take the road of sustainable development, and rationally use and protect its resources. China will, as usual, take an active part in international cooperation for the development of resources and environment protection, and join hands with all other countries in the world in advancing boldly to achieve the sustainable development of human society.