中国的防扩散政策和措施
China's Non-Proliferation Policy and Measures

中华人民共和国 国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
二零零三年十二月·北京
December 2003, Beijing

目　　录
Contents
前　　言
Foreword
一、防扩散的基本立场
I. China's Basic Stand on Non-Proliferation
二、积极参加防扩散国际努力
II. Actively Participating in International Non-Proliferation Efforts
三、防扩散出口管制体系
III. Non-Proliferation Export Control System
四、防扩散出口管制的具体措施
IV. Concrete Measures for Non-Proliferation Export Control
五、严格执行防扩散出口管制法规
V. Strictly Implementing the Laws and Regulations on Non-Proliferation Export Control
结束语
Conclusion 　

前　　言

Foreword

防止大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散有利于维护国际和地区的和平与安全，符合国际社会的共同利益，这已成为国际共识。国际社会经过长期不懈的努力，已建立起一个相对完整的国际防扩散体系。国际防扩散体系在防止和延缓大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散，维护世界和地区的和平与安全方面，发挥了积极作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their means of delivery is conducive to the preservation of international and regional peace and security, and compatible with the common interests of the international community. This has become a consensus of the international community. Through protracted and unremitting efforts, the international community has established a relatively complete international non-proliferation regime, which has played a positive role in preventing and slowing down the proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery, and in safeguarding peace and security both regional and global.
　　随着经济全球化和科学技术的迅猛发展，国际社会既面临良好的合作和发展机遇，也面临诸多新的挑战。当前，传统与非传统安全因素交织，非传统安全因素不断上升。各国在安全上的联系更加紧密，相互依存不断加深。加强国际合作，谋求共同安全，已成为时代的必然要求。各国的防扩散努力与国际防扩散机制的发展相辅相成、密不可分。在新的国际安全形势下，加强在防扩散领域的国际合作，发展和完善国际防扩散机制显得尤为重要和迫切。

Economic globalization and the rapid advancement of science and technology have provided the international community good opportunities for cooperation and development, and also many new challenges. At present, traditional and non-traditional security factors are interwoven, with the latter being steadily on the rise. Countries are linked more closely to each other in security matters, and their interdependence is continually deepening. It is an inevitable demand of the times to strengthen international cooperation and seek common security for all countries. The non-proliferation efforts of all countries and the development of the international non-proliferation mechanism are mutually complementary and inseparably linked with each other. Given the new international security situation, it is particularly important and urgent to step up international cooperation in the field of non-proliferation, and develop and improve the international non-proliferation mechanism.
　　维护世界和平、促进共同发展，是中国外交政策的宗旨。中国的发展需要一个长期和平与稳定的国际环境和周边环境。大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散既不利于世界和平与稳定，也不利于中国自身的安全。多年来，中国本着高度负责的态度，逐步制定了完整的防扩散政策，已形成了较为完备的防扩散出口管制法规体系，并采取了积极和建设性的举措，以实际行动推动国际防扩散进程，为维护和促进国际和地区的和平与安全作出了重要贡献。

The purpose of China's foreign policy is to help safeguard world peace and promote common development. A developing China needs both an international and a peripheral environment of long-term peace and stability. The proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery benefits neither world peace and stability nor China's own security. Over the years, with its strong sense of responsibility, China has step by step formulated a whole set of non-proliferation policies and put in place a fairly complete legal framework on non-proliferation and export control. It has taken positive and constructive measures to accelerate the international non-proliferation process with concrete actions, thus making a significant contribution to safeguarding and promoting international and regional peace and security.

一、 防扩散的基本立场

I. China's Basic Stand on Non-Proliferation

中国历来以负责任的态度对待国际事务，一贯主张全面禁止和彻底销毁核武器、生物武器和化学武器等各类大规模杀伤性武器，坚决反对此类武器及其运载工具的扩散。中国不支持、不鼓励、不帮助任何国家发展大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has always taken a responsible attitude toward international affairs, stood for the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of all kinds of WMD, including nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, and resolutely opposed the proliferation of such weapons and their means of delivery. China does not support, encourage or assist any country to develop WMD and their means of delivery.
　　中国认为，防扩散的根本目的在于维护和促进国际和地区的和平与安全，任何防扩散措施都应有助于实现这一目标。大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散有其复杂的根源，与国际和地区安全环境密切相关。谋求国际关系的普遍改善，促进国际关系民主化，推动有关地区安全问题公正、合理的解决，有利于防扩散国际努力的顺利开展。中国坚决支持国际防扩散努力，同时也十分关心国际和地区的和平与稳定。中国主张通过和平手段实现防扩散目标，一方面要不断改进国际防扩散机制，完善和加强各国的出口控制；另一方面应通过对话和国际合作解决扩散问题。
　China holds that the fundamental purpose of non-proliferation is to safeguard and promote international and regional peace and security, and all measures to this end should be conducive to attaining this goal. The proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery has its complicated causes; it has everything to do with the international and regional security environment. To pursue the universal improvement of international relations, to promote the democratization of such relations and to accelerate fair and rational settlement of the security issues of regions concerned will help international non-proliferation efforts to proceed in a smooth manner. China resolutely supports international non-proliferation efforts, and at the same time cares very much for peace and stability in the region and the world at large. China stands for the attainment of the non-proliferation goal through peaceful means, i.e. on the one hand, the international non-proliferation mechanism must be continually improved and export controls of individual countries must be updated and strengthened, and, on the other hand, proliferation issues must be settled through dialogue and international cooperation.
　　中国认为，防扩散必须得到国际社会的普遍参与。要争取国际社会最大多数成员的理解和支持，必须确保防扩散机制的公正性、合理性和非歧视性。无论是加强现有机制，还是建立新机制，都应在各国普遍参与、民主决策的基础上进行，摒弃单边主义和双重标准，并充分重视和发挥联合国的作用。
China maintains that a universal participation of the international community is essential for progress in non-proliferation. To have the understanding and support of the overwhelming majority of the international community, it is highly important to ensure a fair, rational and non-discriminatory non-proliferation regime. Either the improvement of the existing regime or the establishment of a new regime should be based on the universal participation of all countries and on their decisions made through a democratic process. Unilateralism and double standards must be abandoned, and great importance should be attached and full play given to the role of the United Nations.
　　中国认为，由于核、生物、化学、航天领域所涉及的许多材料、设备和技术具有双用途性质，各国在执行防扩散政策过程中，必须处理好防扩散与和平利用相关高科技的国际合作之间的关系。中国主张，既要在确保实现防扩散目标的前提下，保障各国特别是发展中国家和平利用和分享双用途科技及产品的权利，也要杜绝任何国家以和平利用为借口从事扩散活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China believes that given the dual-use nature of many of the materials, equipment and technologies involved in the nuclear, biological, chemical and aerospace fields, it is important that all countries, in the course of implementing their non-proliferation policies, strike a proper balance between non-proliferation and international cooperation for peaceful use of the relevant high technologies. In this connection, China maintains that, while it is necessary to guarantee the rights of all countries, especially the developing nations, to utilize and share dual-use scientific and technological achievements and products for peaceful purposes subject to full compliance with the non-proliferation goal, it is also necessary to prevent any country from engaging in proliferation under the pretext of peaceful utilization.

二、 积极参加防扩散国际努力

II. Actively Participating in International Non-Proliferation Efforts

多年来，中国广泛参与了多边防扩散机制建设，积极推动这一机制的不断完善和发展，签署了与防扩散相关的所有国际条约，并参加了大多数相关国际组织。
Over the years, China has participated extensively in the construction of the multilateral non-proliferation regime and actively promoted its constant improvement and development. China has signed all international treaties related to non-proliferation, and joined most of the relevant international organizations.
　　在核领域，中国于1984年加入“国际原子能机构”，自愿将自己的民用核设施置于该机构的保障监督之下。1992年，中国加入《不扩散核武器条约》。中国积极参与了日内瓦裁军谈判会议有关《全面禁止核试验条约》的谈判，为该条约的达成作出了重要贡献，并于1996年首批签约。1997年，中国加入“桑戈委员会”。1998年，中国签署关于加强“国际原子能机构”保障监督的附加议定书，并于2002年初正式完成该附加议定书生效的国内法律程序，成为第一个完成上述程序的核武器国家。中国积极参加了“国际原子能机构”和“全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会”等国际组织的工作，支持“国际原子能机构”为防范潜在的核恐怖活动作出贡献，积极参加《核材料实物保护公约》的修约工作，并发挥了建设性作用。

In the nuclear field, China joined the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1984, and voluntarily placed its civilian nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards. It acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1992. It took an active part in the negotiations of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and made important contributions to the conclusion of the treaty. China was also among the first countries to sign CTBT in 1996. China became a member of the Zangger Committee in 1997. China signed the Protocol Additional to the Agreement Between China and IAEA for the Application of Safeguards in China in 1998, and in early 2002 formally completed the domestic legal procedures necessary for the entry into force of the Additional Protocol, thus becoming the first nuclear-weapon state to complete the relevant procedures. China actively participated in the work of the IAEA, the Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO and other related international organizations. It supported the IAEA's contribution to the prevention of potential nuclear terrorist activities, and took an active and constructive part in the revision of the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials.
　　中国积极支持有关国家建立无核武器区的努力。中国签署并批准了《拉丁美洲及加勒比禁止核武器条约》（《特拉特洛尔科条约》）、《南太平洋无核区条约》（《拉罗通加条约》）和《非洲无核武器区条约》（《佩林达巴条约》）的相关议定书。中国已明确承诺将签署《东南亚无核区条约》（《曼谷条约》）相关议定书，并支持建立中亚无核区的倡议。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has energetically backed up countries concerned in their efforts to establish nuclear-weapon-free zones. It has signed and ratified the protocols to the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Treaty of Tlatelolco), the South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Rarotonga), and the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba). China has expressly committed itself to signing the protocol to the Southeast Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Bangkok) and supported the initiative for the establishment of a Central Asian nuclear-weapon-free region.
　　在生物领域，中国自1984年加入《禁止发展、生产、储存细菌（生物）、毒素武器与销毁此种武器的公约》以来，一直严格履行《公约》义务。自1988年以来，中国一直按照公约审议会议的决定，逐年向联合国提交《公约》建立信任措施宣布资料。中国还积极致力于加强《公约》有效性的国际努力，积极参与了《公约》议定书的谈判以及与《公约》相关的国际事务。
In the biological field, China has always strictly observed its obligations under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction (BWC) since its accession in 1984. As from 1988, it has, on an annual basis, submitted to the UN the declaration data of the confidence-building measures for the BWC in accordance with the decision of its Review Conference. China has also enthusiastically contributed to the international efforts aimed at enhancing the BWC effectiveness, and actively participated in the negotiations on the protocol to the BWC and in international affairs related to the BWC.
　　在化学领域，中国为谈判达成《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》作出了积极贡献，于1993年签署、并于1997年交存了《公约》的批准书。《公约》生效以来，中国积极支持“禁止化学武器组织”的工作，认真履行《公约》义务。中国设立了专门的履约机构，按时、完整地提交了初始宣布和各类年度宣布。截至2003年10月底，中国接受了“禁止化学武器组织”68次现场核查。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the chemical field, China made a positive contribution to the negotiation and conclusion of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC). It signed the Convention in 1993 and deposited its instrument of ratification in 1997. Since the CWC came into force, China has stood firmly by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in carrying out its work, and earnestly fulfilled its obligations under the CWC. China has set up the National Authority for the performance of its obligations envisaged in the CWC, and submitted initial and annual declarations of all kinds on schedule and in their entirety. By the end of October 2003, China had received 68 on-site verifications by the OPCW.
　　在导弹领域，中国支持国际社会为防止导弹及其相关技术和物项扩散所作出的努力，对国际上有关加强导弹防扩散机制的建议均持积极和开放的态度。中国以建设性的姿态参加了“联合国导弹问题政府专家组”的工作和“防止弹道导弹扩散国际行为准则”草案、“全球导弹监控机制”等国际倡议的讨论。

　In the missile field, China supports the international community in its efforts to prevent the proliferation of missiles and related technologies and materials, and adopts a positive and open attitude toward all international proposals for strengthening the missile non-proliferation mechanism. China has constructively participated in the work of the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Missiles, as well as the international discussions on the draft of the International Code of Conduct Against Ballistic Missile Proliferation and the proposal of a Global Control System.   

三、 防扩散出口管制体系    

III. Non-Proliferation Export Control System

对可用于发展和生产大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的材料、设备和技术进行有效的管理，是各国履行国际防扩散义务的重要方面，也是国际防扩散努力取得成功的重要保证。作为一个具有一定科技和工业能力的国家，中国深知自己在这一领域所肩负的防扩散责任。长期以来，无论在敏感物项和技术的国内管理，还是出口控制方面，中国政府都采取了严格的管制措施，并根据形势变化，不断加以完善。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Effective control of materials, equipment and technologies that could be used in the development and production of WMD and their means of delivery is an important aspect in a country's implementation of its international non-proliferation obligation, and an important guarantee for the success of the international non-proliferation efforts. As a country with some sci-tech and industrial capabilities, China is well aware of its non-proliferation responsibility in this field. For a long time, the Chinese Government has adopted rigorous measures both for the domestic control of sensitive items and technologies and for their export control, and has kept making improvements in light of the changing situation.
　　在过去相当长时期内，中国实行的是计划经济体制，国家主要依靠行政手段对进出口进行管理。这在当时的历史条件下对执行防扩散政策是有效的。随着改革开放的深入，特别是加入世界贸易组织后，中国国内经济和对外贸易环境发生了较大的变化。目前，中国已初步建立起社会主义市场经济体制，中国的防扩散出口管理模式实现了从行政管理向法制化管理的转变。

For a fairly long time in the past, China practiced a planned economy, whereby the state relied mainly on administrative measures for import and export control. This proved to be effective for implementing the non-proliferation policy under the then prevailing historical conditions. But with the deepening of China's reform and opening-up, and especially following the country's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), tremendous changes have taken place in the environments of China's domestic economy and foreign trade. So far, China has initially established a socialist market economy, and its non-proliferation export control pattern has changed from an administrative control to a law-based control.

　　　近年来，中国政府本着依法治国的原则，不断加强防扩散法制建设，确保防扩散政策的有效实施。中国高度重视对国际通行防扩散出口控制规范的研究，将有关多国出口控制机制和其他国家的有益经验与中国国情相结合，广泛采纳国际通行规范和做法，大力加强和完善防扩散出口管理的体制建设，相继制定并实施了一系列法律法规，形成了一整套涵盖核、生物、化学和导弹等各类敏感物项和技术及所有军品的完备的出口控制体制，为更好地实现防扩散目标提供了充分的法律依据和机制保障。这一出口控制体制普遍采取了以下做法：

In recent years, the Chinese Government has constantly strengthened the work of building the legal system to bolster non-proliferation on the principle of rule of law to ensure the effective enforcement of its non-proliferation policy. China has attached great importance to studying the current international standards of non-proliferation export control. Integrating the multinational export control mechanism and the valuable experience of other countries with its own national conditions, China has widely adopted the current international standards and practices, vigorously strengthened and improved the system for ensuring non-proliferation export control, and formulated and enforced a number of laws and regulations, which form a complete system for the export control of nuclear, biological, chemical, missile and other sensitive items and technologies, and all military products, and provide a full legal basis and mechanism guarantee for the better attainment of the non-proliferation goal. This export control regime has embraced the following practices:
　　出口经营登记制度要求从事敏感物项和技术出口的经营者须经中央政府主管部门登记，未经登记，任何单位和个人不得从事相关出口活动。对核出口、监控化学品和军品出口，还明确规定了专营单位，任何其他实体和个人均不得从事这方面的贸易活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

  Export Registration System All exporters of sensitive items or technologies must be registered with the competent departments of the Central Government. Without such registration, no entity or individual is permitted to engage in such exports. Only designated entities are authorized to handle nuclear exports and the export of controlled chemicals and military products. No other entity or individual is permitted to go in for trade activities in this respect.
　　许可证管理制度规定敏感物项和技术的出口须经中央政府相应的主管部门逐项审批，获取出口许可证件后方可出口。出口许可证持有者须在许可证件有效期内严格按照许可内容从事出口活动，如出口事项和内容发生变更，需交回原出口许可证件，重新申领出口许可证件。出口经营者出口上述物项和技术时，应向海关出具出口许可证件，依照《中华人民共和国海关法》和有关管制条例及管制办法的规定办理海关手续，并接受海关监管。

Licensing System It is stipulated that the export of sensitive items and technologies shall be subject to examination and approval by the competent departments of the Central Government on a case-by-case basis. No license, no exports. The holder of an export license must engage in export activities strictly as prescribed by the license within its period of validity. If any export item or contents are changed, the original license must be returned and an application made for a new export license. When exporting the above-mentioned items and technologies, an exporter shall produce the export license to the Customs, go through the Customs formalities as stipulated by the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China, and the relevant control regulations and control measures, and shall be subject to supervision and control by the Customs.
　　最终用户和最终用途证明要求敏感物项和技术出口经营者提供由进口敏感物项和技术的最终用户出具的最终用户和最终用途证明。根据不同情况，特别是出口物项或技术的敏感程度，需要提供不同种类的证明，即：由最终用户出具并经本国官方机构和中国驻有关国家使领馆认证，或由进口国政府部门出具。最终用户须在上述证明中申明进口物项或技术的最终用户和最终用途，并明确保证，未经中国政府允许，不将中国提供的有关物项用于最终用途以外的其他目的，或向最终用户以外的第三方转让。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

End-User and End-Use Certification An exporter of sensitive items and technologies is required to provide a certificate specifying the end-user and the end-use, produced by the end-user that imports them. Different kinds of certificates must be produced, depending on the circumstances and particularly the sensitivity of the exported items or technologies. In some cases, the certificates must be produced by the end-user and authenticated by the official organ of the end-user's country and the Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, while in others, they must be produced by the relevant government department of the importing country. The end-user must clarify the end-user and end-use of the imported materials or technologies in the above-mentioned certificates, and definitely guarantee that without permission from the Chinese Government, it shall not use the relevant item provided by China for purposes other than the certified end-use, or transfer it to a third party other than the certified end-user.
　　清单控制方法 编制了内容详细的相关敏感材料、设备和技术管制清单。在核、生物、化学领域，有关清单覆盖了“桑戈委员会”、“核供应国集团”、《禁止化学武器公约》和“澳大利亚集团”等机制控制清单监控的绝大部分物项和技术。在导弹领域，中国的清单范围与“导弹及其技术控制制度”技术附件基本一致。在军品出口领域，中国政府于2002年首次制定和颁布军品出口管理清单时，也借鉴了相关多边机制和其他国家的相关做法。中国政府将根据实际情况适时对清单进行调整。

List Control Method China has drawn up detailed control lists of sensitive materials, equipment and technologies. In the nuclear, biological and chemical fields, the relevant lists cover virtually all of the materials and technologies included in the control lists of the Zangger Committee, the Nuclear Suppliers' Group, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), and the Australian Group. In the missile field, the scope of the Chinese list is generally the same as the Technical Annex of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR). In the arms export field, the Chinese Government also drew on the experience of the relevant multilateral mechanism and the relevant practice of other countries when it first formulated and issued the arms export control list in 2002. The Chinese Government will make timely adjustments to the above lists in light of actual conditions.
　　以防扩散为根本出发点的审批原则 主管部门在决定是否颁发出口许可证时，将综合考虑有关出口对国家安全和社会公众利益，以及对国际和地区的和平与稳定的影响。审批的具体参照因素包括中国承担的国际义务和国际承诺，所出口敏感物项或技术是否会直接或间接危害中国的国家安全和社会公众利益，或造成潜在的威胁，是否符合国际防扩散形势和中国的外交政策。对有关出口敏感物项或技术的扩散风险程度，将由审批部门组织独立的技术专家组作出评估，作为审批的重要参考。审批部门还应全面审查最终用户所在国或地区的情况，着重考虑最终用户所在国自身是否存在扩散的风险及向其他国家和地区扩散的风险，其中包括进口国是否对中国的国家安全构成潜在威胁，是否拥有大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的发展计划，是否与拥有大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具发展计划的国家和地区有密切的贸易往来，是否受到联合国安理会决议的制裁，是否支持恐怖主义或与恐怖主义组织有联系。此外，还包括进口国实施出口管制的能力，及其国内政局和周边环境是否稳定等。对最终用户和最终用途的审查，将着重判断进口国使用相关进口物项或技术的能力，进口商和最终用户是否真实可靠，最终用途是否合理等。

Principle of Nonproliferation-oriented Examination and Approval  Before making a decision on whether to issue an export license, the competent department will give overall consideration to the possible effect of the relevant exports on national security and the interests of general public, as well as its effect on international and regional peace and stability. The specific factors for reference in the examination and approval process include China's incumbent international obligations and international commitments, whether the export of the sensitive items or technologies will directly or indirectly jeopardize China's national security or public interests, or constitute a potential threat, and whether it conforms to the international non-proliferation situation and China's foreign policy. An assessment of the degree of proliferation risk of exporting a sensitive item or technology shall be made by an independent panel of technical experts organized by the examination and approval department. The assessment will serve as an important reference in the examination and approval process. The examination and approval department shall also make an overall examination of the situation of the country or region where the end-user is located. It shall give special consideration to whether there is any risk of proliferation in the country where the end-user is located or any risk of proliferation to a third country or region, including: whether the importing country will present a potential threat to China's national security; whether it has a program for the development of WMD and their means of delivery; whether it has close trade ties with a country or region having a program for the development of WMD and their means of delivery; whether it is subject to sanctions under a UN Security Council resolution; and whether it supports terrorism or has any links with terrorist organizations. Moreover, the examination and approval department shall also pay attention to the ability of the importing country in exercising export control and whether its domestic political situation and surrounding environment are stable. The focus of examination of the end-user and end-use is to judge the ability of the importing country to use the imported items or technologies, and to assess whether the importer and the end-user are authentic and reliable, and whether the end-use is justified.
　　全面控制原则对于出口经营者知道或应该知道存在扩散风险的出口项目，即使拟出口的物项或技术可能不属管制清单范围，也要求其申请出口许可证。出口审批部门在审查出口申请、决定是否发放出口许可证时，将全面评估有关出口的最终用途和最终用户及大规模杀伤性武器扩散的风险。一旦发现扩散风险，有关主管部门有权立即停止发放出口许可证和中止出口行为。同时，有关主管部门还可对有关清单外特定物项的出口实施临时管制。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

"Catch-all" Principle If an exporter knows or should know that there is a risk of proliferation of an item or technology to be exported, the exporter is required to apply for an export license even if the item or technology does not figure in the export control list. When considering an export application or deciding on whether to issue an export license, the export examination and approval departments shall make an overall assessment of the end-use and end-user of the item or technology to be exported and the risk of proliferation of WMD. Once such a risk is identified, the competent departments have the right to immediately refuse the requested export license, and terminate the export activity. Moreover, the competent departments may also exercise, on an ad hoc basis, export control on specific items not contained on the relevant control list.
　　处罚措施对未经许可擅自出口受控物项和技术，擅自超出许可范围出口相关物项，伪造、变造或买卖有关出口许可证的出口经营者，依照《中华人民共和国刑法》关于走私罪、非法经营罪、泄露国家秘密罪或其他罪的规定，依法追究刑事责任；不构成犯罪的，根据不同情况，由政府主管部门实施行政处罚，其中包括警告、没收违法所得、罚款、暂停直至撤销其对外贸易经营许可等。

Penalties Exporters who export controlled items or technologies without approval, arbitrarily export items beyond the approved scope, or forge, alter, buy or sell export licenses shall be investigated for criminal liability in accordance with provisions in the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) on smuggling, illegal business operation, disclosure of state secrets or other crimes. For cases that do not constitute crimes, the competent government department(s) shall impose administrative sanctions, including warning, confiscation of illicit proceeds, fines, suspension or even revocation of foreign trade licenses.

四、 防扩散出口管制的具体措施

IV. Concrete Measures for Non-Proliferation Export Control

核领域 中国坚持对核出口和核材料管制等方面进行严格的管理和控制。在核材料管理方面，中国自加入“国际原子能机构”后，就建立了“核材料衡算和控制系统”，以及符合《核材料实物保护公约》要求的“核材料保安系统”。中国政府于1987年颁布了《核材料管制条例》，对核材料实行许可证制度，明确规定了核材料监督管理部门和职责、核材料管制办法、核材料许可证的申请、审查和颁发、核材料账务管理、核材料衡算、核材料实物保护及相关奖励和惩罚措施等。
In the nuclear field, China has persisted in exercising stringent control over nuclear exports and nuclear materials. In nuclear materials control, since its accession to the IAEA, China has established a "State System for the Accountancy and Control of Nuclear Materials," and a "Nuclear Materials Security System" that measures up to the requirements of the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials. In 1987, the Chinese Government issued the Regulations on the Control of Nuclear Materials. Under the Regulations it instituted a licensing system for nuclear materials. It designated the department for supervision and control over nuclear materials and defined its duties, the measures for nuclear materials control, the application for, and examination and issuance of, nuclear materials licenses, the management of nuclear materials accounts, the accountancy of nuclear materials, the physical protection of nuclear materials, and relevant rewards and punishments.
　　中国的核出口由国务院指定的单位专营，并坚决贯彻核出口保证只用于和平目的、接受“国际原子能机构”保障监督、未经中国政府许可不得向第三国转让等三项原则。1997年，中国政府颁布了《中华人民共和国核出口管制条例》，阐述了中国政府的上述原则，以及不主张、不鼓励、不从事核武器扩散，不帮助他国发展核武器，禁止向未接受“国际原子能机构”保障监督的核设施提供帮助，不对其进行核出口和进行人员、技术交流与合作的政策。条例还规定对核出口实施严格的审查制度，对违规行为采取严厉的处罚措施，并制定了全面详细的管制清单。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China's nuclear export is handled exclusively by the companies designated by the State Council. China adheres to the following three principles: guarantee for peaceful use only, acceptance of the safeguards of the IAEA, and no retransfer to a third country without the prior consent of the Chinese Government. The Chinese Government issued the Regulations of the PRC on the Control of Nuclear Export in 1997. Apart from the above-mentioned three principles, the Regulations also expound on China's policy of not advocating, not encouraging and not engaging in the proliferation of nuclear weapons, not helping other countries to develop nuclear weapons, not providing any assistance to any nuclear facility not placed under IAEA safeguards, not providing nuclear exports to it, and not conducting personnel and technological exchange or cooperation with it. The Regulations also provide for a rigorous examination system for nuclear export, severe violation punishments and a comprehensive and detailed control list.
　　1998年，中国政府又颁布了《中华人民共和国核两用品及相关技术出口管制条例》，重申将严格履行不扩散核武器的国际义务，对核两用品及相关技术出口实行严格管制，对有关出口实行许可证管理制度，并确立了出口经营者登记制度、出口审批程序和违规行为的处罚办法等。2001年12月通过的《中华人民共和国刑法》修正案将非法制造、买卖、运输放射性物质的行为定为犯罪，并予以刑事处罚。

In 1998, the Chinese Government promulgated the Regulations of the PRC on the Control of Nuclear Dual-Use Items and Related Technologies Export. Therein it reaffirms its determination of strictly performing its international nuclear non-proliferation obligations and exercising strict control over the export of nuclear dual-use items and related technologies, and it instituted a licensing system for related exports. It established a registration system for exporters and the procedures for the examination and approval of exports, and defined punishments for violations of the Regulations. The Amendments to the Criminal Law of the PRC adopted in December 2001 designate as criminal offenses such acts as illegally manufacturing, trafficking and transporting radioactive substances, and stipulate corresponding punishments for such offenses.
　　生物领域 二十多年来，中国通过颁布实施一系列法律、法规和规章，包括1979年制定的《中华人民共和国刑法》、1980年制定的《兽医微生物菌种保藏管理试行办法》、1987年制定的《兽药管理条例》、1989年制定的《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》、1991年制定的《进出境动植物检疫法》、1996年制定的《兽用生物制品管理办法》和《农业生物基因工程安全管理实施办法》、2001年制定的《兽用生物制品质量标准》等，对有关菌（毒）种、疫苗、生物制品等的生产、管理、使用、保藏、携带、转让等作了严格的规定。2001年12月通过的《中华人民共和国刑法》修正案将非法制造、买卖、运输、储存或投放传染病原体等物质的行为定为犯罪，并予以刑事处罚。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the biological field, China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws, statutes and regulations in the past two decades and more, including: the Criminal Law of the PRC in 1979; the Tentative Measures on the Stockpiling and Management of Veterinarian Bacteria Culture in 1980; the Regulations on the Management of Veterinary Medicines in 1987; the Law of the PRC on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in 1989; the Law on the Quarantine of Animals and Plants Brought into or Taken Out of the Chinese Territory in 1991; the Measures for the Control of Biological Products for Animal Uses and the Procedures for the Safe Administration of Agricultural Biological Gene Engineering in 1996; and the Standards for the Quality of the Biological Products for Animal Uses in 2001. These laws, statutes and regulations have made strict provisions on the production, control, use, stockpiling, carriage and transfer of relevant bacteria (viruses), vaccines and biological products. The Amendments to the Criminal Law of the PRC adopted in December 2001 designate as criminal offenses such acts as illegally manufacturing, trafficking, transporting, stockpiling or using infectious pathogens, and stipulate corresponding punishments for such offenses.
　　2002年10月，中国政府颁布了《中华人民共和国生物两用品及相关设备和技术出口管制条例》及管制清单，对生物两用品及相关设备和技术的出口实行出口许可证制度，对出口经营者实行登记制度，并确立了有关出口不得用于生物武器目的、未经中国政府许可不得将中国供应的生物两用品及相关设备和技术用于申明的最终用途以外的其他用途或向申明的最终用户以外的第三方转让的原则。除此之外，条例还规定了严格的出口报批程序以及对违规行为的处罚措施。

In October 2002, the Chinese Government promulgated the Regulations of the PRC on the Export Control of Dual-Use Biological Agents and Related Equipment and Technologies, and the control list. It instituted a licensing system for the export of dual-use biological agents and related equipment and technologies, and a registration system for the exporters, and established the principle that the relevant exports shall not be used for biological weapon purposes, that without prior consent of the Chinese Government, the dual-use biological agents and related equipment and technologies supplied by China shall not be used for purposes other than the declared end-use, or be retransferred to a third party other than the declared end-user. Besides, the Regulations also provide strict procedures for export examination and approval and punishments for violations of the Regulations.
　　化学领域 1995年至1997年，中国政府先后颁布了《中华人民共和国监控化学品管理条例》、《各类监控化学品名录》、《<中华人民共和国监控化学品管理条例>实施细则》等规章制度，明确了负责监控化学品管理工作的部门和职责，对监控化学品进行了详细的分类，并对敏感化学品的生产、经营、使用活动及进出口进行严格的监控。根据规定，监控化学品的进出口需由被指定单位经营，任何其他单位和个人均不得从事此类进出口业务。1998年，中国政府对《各类监控化学品名录》进行了补充，新增了10种监控化学品。2001年12月通过的《中华人民共和国刑法》修正案将非法制造、买卖、运输、储存或投放毒害性物质的行为定为犯罪，并予以刑事处罚。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the chemical field, the Chinese Government promulgated between 1995 and 1997 the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of the Controlled Chemicals, the Controlled Chemicals List and the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of the Controlled Chemicals, designating the department in charge of the supervision of the controlled chemicals and defining its duties, making a detailed classification of the controlled chemicals and exercising strict control over the production, sale, use, import, and export of sensitive chemicals. Under the Regulations, the import and export of the controlled chemicals must be handled by the designated departments. No other department or individual is permitted to engage in import and export of these items. In 1998, the Chinese Government added 10 controlled chemicals to the Controlled Chemicals List. The Amendments to the Criminal Law of the PRC adopted in December 2001 designate as criminal offenses such acts as illegally manufacturing, trafficking, transporting, stockpiling or using toxic materials, and stipulate corresponding punishments for such offenses.
　　2002年10月，中国政府又颁布了《有关化学品及相关设备和技术出口管制办法》及管制清单。该办法是对《监控化学品管理条例》的有效补充，不仅在所附清单中增列了10种化学品，还特别增加了对相关设备和技术的出口管制。《管制办法》对管制清单所列物项和技术的出口实行许可证制度，要求进口方保证不将中国提供的有关化学品及相关设备和技术用于储存、加工、生产、处理化学武器或用于生产化学武器前体化学品，未经中国政府允许不得将有关物项和技术用于申明的最终用途以外的用途或向申明的最终用户以外的第三方转让。《管制办法》对出口经营者实行登记管理制度，并制定了相应的出口审批制度和处罚措施。
In October 2002, the Chinese Government further promulgated the Measures on the Export Control of Certain Chemicals and Related Equipment and Technologies, and the control list. The Measures are a substantive supplement to the Regulations on the Administration of the Controlled Chemicals, not only adding 10 chemicals to the list, but also providing for the export control of the related equipment and technologies. The Measures provide a licensing system for the export of the materials and technologies on the control list. They require importers to guarantee that the controlled chemicals and related equipment and technologies supplied by China shall not be used for stockpiling, processing, producing or handling chemical weapons, or for producing precursor chemicals for chemical weapons, and that, without the prior consent of the Chinese Government, the related materials and technologies shall not be used for purposes other than the declared end-use or be retransferred to a third party other than the declared end-user. The Measures also provide a registration system for exporters and corresponding rules for the examination and approval of such exports, as well as punishments for violations of the Regulations.
　　导弹领域 中国一向以审慎负责的态度对待导弹及其相关技术的出口。中国政府从1992年宣布将在导弹及其技术出口方面参照“导弹及其技术控制制度”的准则和主要参数行事。1994年，中国承诺将不出口“导弹及其技术控制制度”所限制主要参数的地对地导弹，即内在性能至少达到300公里射程和500公斤载荷的地对地导弹。2000年，中国进一步宣布，无意以任何方式帮助任何国家发展可被用于运载核武器的弹道导弹，并将制定和颁布导弹出口控制领域的条例和清单。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the missile field, China has always taken a prudent and responsible attitude toward the export of missiles and related technologies. The Chinese Government declared in 1992 that it would act in line with the guidelines and parameters of the MTCR in its export of missiles and related technologies. In 1994, it committed itself not to export ground-to-ground missiles featuring the primary parameters of the MTCR - i.e. inherently capable of reaching a range of at least 300 km with a payload of at least 500 kg. In 2000, China further declared that it had no intention to assist, in any way, any country in the development of ballistic missiles that can be used to deliver nuclear weapons, and that it would formulate and publish regulations on the missile export control and the relevant control list.
　　2002年8月，中国政府颁布了《中华人民共和国导弹及相关物项和技术出口管制条例》及管制清单。该条例和清单参照国际通行做法并结合中国实际情况，对导弹及直接用于导弹的物项和技术，以及与导弹相关的双用途物项和技术的出口实行许可证管理制度，规定出口接受方须保证未经中国政府允许，不得将中国提供的有关导弹相关物项和技术用于申明的最终用途以外的其他用途或向申明的最终用户以外的第三方转让，并且规定了严格的出口审批程序和处罚措施。

In August 2002, the Chinese Government promulgated the Regulations of the PRC on Export Control of Missiles and Missile-Related Items and Technologies, and the control list. The Regulations and the list, in light of the actual conditions in China and the prevailing international practice, adopt a licensing system for the export of missiles, items and technologies directly used for missiles, and missile-related dual-use items and technologies. The Regulations provide that the receiving party of the export shall guarantee not to use missile-related items and technologies supplied by China for purposes other than the declared end-use, or retransfer them to a third party other than the declared end-user without the consent of the Chinese Government. They also provide for strict procedures for the examination and approval of such exports, and the punishments for violations of the Regulations.
　　军品出口领域 除上述专门法规外，为加强军品出口管理，规范军品出口秩序，中国政府于1997年颁布并于2002年重新修订了《中华人民共和国军品出口管理条例》。该条例重申了中国在军品出口方面所一贯坚持的三项原则，即：有利于接受国的正当自卫能力；不损害有关地区和世界的和平、安全与稳定；不干涉接受国的内政。条例还规定，军品出口只能由取得军品出口资格的军品贸易公司经营；对军品出口实行许可证管理制度；对最终用途为军用的两用品，视同军品实行控制。2002年11月，中国政府颁布了与《中华人民共和国军品出口管理条例》配套的《军品出口管理清单》，首次对军品出口实施清单管理。该清单对常规武器装备进行了详细分类，构成了以武器定义、武器种类、与武器主要系统或部件以及武器装备直接相关的零部件、技术和服务四个层面为主体的框架体系，为加强军品贸易出口管理提供了科学的、有力的法律保障。

In the arms export field, in addition to the above-mentioned special regulations, the Chinese Government promulgated the Regulations of the PRC on the Administration of Arms Export in 1997, and revised them in 2002 in order to strengthen the administration of arms export and to regulate arms export. The Regulations reaffirm the three principles that China has always adhered to in its arms exports: being conducive to the capability for just self-defense of the recipient country, no injury to the peace, security and stability of the region concerned and the world as a whole, and no interference in the internal affairs of the recipient country. The Regulations also stipulate that arms export can only be handled by arms trading companies which have obtained the business operations right for arms export; that arms export shall be subjected to a licensing system; and that dual-use products whose end-use is for a military purpose shall be regarded as military products and be placed under control. In November 2002, the Chinese Government issued the Military Products Export Control List as a supplement to the Regulations on the Administration of Arms Export, exercising, for the first time, arms export control according to the list. The List contains a detailed classification of conventional weapons and armaments, constituting a framework structure with the main body of four levels of weapon components, weapon categories, main systems or components of weapons, and the parts and components, technologies and services directly related to the weapon equipment, thus providing a scientific and powerful legal guarantee for strengthening the control of the arms trade and arms export.
　　此外，中国政府于2001年颁布的《技术进出口管理条例》也规定，对核技术、核两用品相关技术、监控化学品生产技术、军事技术等的出口进行严格管制。《中华人民共和国海关法》、《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》等，也为有关防扩散出口管制提供了法律依据。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　In addition, the Regulations on the Import and Export Control of Technologies issued by the Chinese Government in 2001 also stipulate that strict control shall be exercised over the export of nuclear technologies, technologies related to dual-use nuclear products, the production technologies of controlled chemicals, and military technologies. The Customs Law of the PRC and the Administrative Punishments Law of the PRC also provide a legal basis for non-proliferation export control.

五、 严格执行防扩散出口管制法规

V. Strictly Implementing the Laws and Regulations on Non-Proliferation Export Control

经过多年努力，中国有关防扩散法律法规不断得到完善和发展，为更好地实现政府的防扩散目标提供了有力的法律依据和保障，同时也对政府相关职能部门的执法能力提出了新的要求。为确保防扩散出口管制法律法规的有效贯彻执行，中国政府有关部门在防扩散出口管制的机构建设、政策法规的宣传、企业教育、违法案件的调查与处理等方面作了大量努力。

Through the past years, China has steadily improved and developed its laws and regulations on non-proliferation, providing a solid legal basis and strong guarantee for the better attainment of the government's non-proliferation goals and, at the same time, setting a new demand for law-enforcement capability of the relevant functional departments of the government. In order to ensure the effective implementation of these laws and regulations concerning non-proliferation export control, the departments concerned of the Chinese Government have devoted a great deal of effort to improving non-proliferation export control organs, publicizing the relevant policies and regulations, conducting education for enterprises, and investigating and handling cases of violation.
　　出口管制机构中国的防扩散出口管制涉及诸多政府工作部门。目前，各部门之间已形成了明确的分工和协调机制。

Export Control Organs China's non-proliferation export control involves many of the government's functional departments. So far, a mechanism for a clear division of responsibility and coordination has been established among these departments.
　　中国的核出口由国防科工委会同其他相关政府部门进行管理。军品出口，其中包括导弹和直接用于导弹的生产设施和关键设备的出口由国防科工委和国防部有关部门会同其他相关政府部门进行管理。

China's nuclear export comes under the control of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND), jointly with other relevant government departments. Arms export, including the export of missiles, and facilities and key equipment used directly for the production of missiles, is under the control of COSTIND and the relevant department under the Ministry of National Defense, jointly with other government departments concerned.
　　核两用品、生物两用品、有关化学品，以及用于民用目的的导弹相关两用物项和技术的出口，由商务部会同其他相关政府部门进行管理。其中，核两用品、导弹相关两用物项和技术的出口，由商务部会同国防科工委进行审查；与动植物相关的生物两用品和技术的出口，由商务部根据需要会同农业部进行审查；与人相关的生物两用品和技术的出口，由商务部根据需要会同卫生部进行审查；生物两用品的相关设备和技术，以及有关化学品的相关设备和技术的出口，由商务部根据需要会同国家发展和改革委员会进行审查；监控化学品出口由国家发展和改革委员会会同商务部进行审查。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The export of nuclear dual-use items, dual-use biological agents, certain chemicals, and the missile-related dual-use items and technology for civilian use is under the control of the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM), jointly with other government departments concerned. Among them, the export of nuclear dual-use items and missile-related dual-use items and technologies is subject to examination by the MOFCOM, jointly with COSTIND. The export of dual-use biological agents and technologies related to animals and plants is subject to examination by the MOFCOM, jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture if needed. The export of dual-use biological agents and technologies related to humans is subject to examination by the MOFCOM, jointly with the Ministry of Health if needed. The export of equipment and technologies related to dual-use biological agents and of equipment and technologies related to certain chemicals is subject to examination by the MOFCOM, jointly with the State Development and Reform Commission if needed. The export of controlled chemicals is subject to examination by the State Development and Reform Commission, jointly with the MOFCOM.
　　涉及外交政策的敏感物项及相关设备和技术的出口，由上述主管部门会同外交部进行审查。对国家安全、社会公众利益有重大影响的出口项目，主管部门还将会同其他部门报国务院、中央军事委员会批准。

The export of sensitive items and related equipment and technologies that relate to foreign policy is subject to examination by the above-mentioned competent departments, jointly with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Where the export items entail significant impact on national security and public interests, the competent departments shall, jointly with other relevant departments, submit the case to the State Council and the Central Military Commission for approval.
　　海关总署负责上述物项和技术的进出口监管工作。

The State General Administration of Customs shall be responsible for the supervision and control of the import and export of the above-mentioned items and technologies.
　　在上述各相关部门中，均设立负责出口管制的专门机构，并配备专门的工作人员。

Special organs, staffed with specialists, have been set up in the above-mentioned ministries and commissions to take charge of the export control work.
　　法规的宣传与企业教育有关防扩散出口管制条例一经颁布，即在全国性媒体发布消息，有关条例、清单全文在政府部门、外贸企业和研究机构的行业刊物及网站上公布。这些宣传为相关出口经营者知悉条例和清单提供了有利条件。有关主管部门还积极采取措施，要求相关企业和机构认真执行条例，并通过法规讲座、培训班等形式向主要的出口企业宣传条例内容及出口审批程序。

Publicity for Laws and Regulations and Education for Enterprises  Immediately after the non-proliferation export control regulations were issued, a news release was announced through the national media, and the full text of the regulations and control lists was published in the professional publications and on the web sites of the government departments, foreign trade enterprises and research institutes concerned. The publicity has provided favorable conditions in informing the concerned exporters of the regulations and control lists. Competent departments concerned have also taken positive steps to ensure earnest implementation of the regulations by relevant enterprises and institutions, and to make export enterprises familiarized with the contents of the regulations and procedures for export examination and approval by organizing lectures and training courses on these regulations.
　　出口审查体系建设 为有效实施出口管制法规，中国建立了面向全社会的申请、审批、发证和海关监管验证放行体系。商务部等有关部门正在制定“敏感物项和技术出口许可证管理目录”（即相关出口管制条例所附清单商品部分附有海关HS编码），尽最大可能在各个环节上告知出口企业知法守法，同时提高政府的出口监管能力。

Building of the Export Examination System  In order to effectively implement the export control regulations, China has established a system involving application, examination and approval, certificate issuance and Customs control, inspection and clearance, and this system applies to all interested exporters. The Ministry of Commerce and other competent departments are formulating the Export Licensing Catalogue of Sensitive Items and Technologies (i.e. the commodities on the lists attached to relevant export control regulations bearing Customs HS codes), and are doing their best to ensure compliance by export enterprises at all stages of export, and enhance the government's capability to exercise supervision on export control.
　　为方便出口企业申领出口许可证，商务部的网上申请审批系统建设完成投入运行后，将面向社会提供服务。政府管理也将相应建立起审批、发证机关与海关的联网监管信息交换系统。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To make it more convenient for export enterprises to apply for export licenses, the Ministry of Commerce plans to provide an online service for license application, examination and approval geared to the needs of the general public once the operation system is available. The government will also establish a corresponding export control information exchange network among the examining, approving and license-issuing organs and the Customs office.
　　违法案件的调查与处理中国政府高度重视对防扩散违法案件的查处。在获知可能存在违法出口时，有关主管部门认真进行调查，并根据违法行为的情节轻重，给予相应行政处罚或移交司法机关追究刑事责任。近年来，中国政府查处了多起违法出口案件，对涉案单位和个人依法进行了相应惩处。

Investigation and Handling of Law Violations  The Chinese Government attaches great importance to the investigation and handling of cases of law violations relating to non-proliferation. After being informed of possible illegal exports, concerned competent departments will make earnest investigations and administer corresponding administrative punishments, or transfer the cases to the judicial organs for ascertaining criminal responsibility, depending on the seriousness of the law-breaking acts. In recent years, the Chinese Government has dealt with a number of law-breaking export cases and administered corresponding punishments to the units and individuals involved according to law.
　　加强执法能力、有效落实有关防扩散出口管制条例是一项涉及面广、内容复杂的系统工程，需要政府多部门的协调与配合。同时，国内企业对国家有关政策和法规的了解、防扩散意识的增强和自律机制的建立，也直接影响防扩散法规的实施。中国政府各有关部门正在总结经验，不断加强执法队伍建设，加大宣传力度，完善国内防扩散出口管理机制。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Strengthening the ability to enforce the law and to effectively implement the non-proliferation export control regulations is a complex systems engineering project that involves many aspects and requires coordination and cooperation among different government departments. At the same time, understanding of the relevant state policies and regulations by domestic enterprises, their increased consciousness of the importance of non-proliferation, and the establishment of a self-discipline mechanism among them also have a direct bearing on the implementation of the non-proliferation laws and regulations. The concerned departments of the Chinese Government are summing up their experience, constantly strengthening the training of the law-enforcing personnel, intensifying publicity and further improving the domestic non-proliferation export control system.

结束语

Conclusion

中国政府在不遗余力地贯彻和落实防扩散政策、加强和完善防扩散法律法规和出口控制机制建设的同时，也清醒地看到，上述努力是一个循序渐进、不断发展的过程。

While sparing no effort to implement the non-proliferation policy, strengthening and improving the non-proliferation laws and regulations and export control mechanism, the Chinese Government is fully aware that the above efforts should proceed in a systematic way and advance step by step.
　　国际防扩散努力离不开各国的政策和措施，各国国内机制的建设也离不开国际防扩散规范的建设。今后，中国将继续积极参加国际防扩散努力，在联合国的框架内大力维护和加强现有防扩散国际法体系，不断加强同一些多国防扩散机制，如“核供应国集团”、“导弹及其技术控制制度”、“澳大利亚集团”和“瓦森纳安排”等的磋商与交流，并继续积极参与有关防扩散问题的国际讨论。

The international non-proliferation effort is inseparable from the policies and measures of the countries involved, and the building of the domestic mechanisms in various countries is inseparable from the establishment of international non-proliferation standards. China will continue to take an active part in international non-proliferation endeavors, and exert great efforts to maintain and strengthen the existing non-proliferation international law system within the UN framework. It will constantly increase consultations and exchanges with the multinational non-proliferation mechanisms, including the "Nuclear Suppliers' Group," the MTCR, the "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement," and continue to take an active part in international discussions related to non-proliferation.
　　中国政府将继续与世界各国就防扩散问题保持沟通与磋商，并愿在防扩散出口管制的有关领域与各方加强交流与合作，不断完善各自的防扩散出口管制体系。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese Government will continue to keep in touch and hold consultations with other countries on non-proliferation issues, and is willing to strengthen its exchange and cooperation with all sides in the fields related to non-proliferation export control to keep improving their respective non-proliferation export control systems.
　　面对复杂多变的国际安全形势，中国主张树立以合作求安全，以对话求安全，以互信求安全，以发展求安全的新安全观。防扩散是新世纪维护国际和地区和平与安全的重要一环，中国将与国际社会热爱和平与稳定的广大成员一道，通过不懈的国际努力与合作，坚持采用和平的手段解决大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具扩散问题，为推进国际防扩散机制的发展和完善，促进世界和平、稳定与发展作出贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　Confronted with the complicated and changeable international security situation, China stands for the fostering of a new security concept of seeking security through cooperation, dialogue, mutual trust and development. Non-proliferation is an important link in the preservation of international and regional peace and security in the new century. China will join the members of the international community who love peace and stability in making contributions to accelerating the development and improvement of the international non-proliferation mechanism and to promoting world peace, stability and development through unremitting international efforts and cooperation and by persisting in settling the issue of proliferation of WMD and their means of delivery through peaceful means.