中国的禁毒
Narcotics Control in China

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the Peoples Republic of China
二000年六月·北京
June 2000, Beijing

目　　录
Contents
前　　言
Foreword
一、坚持严厉禁毒的立场
I. Sticking to the Position of Strict Drug Control
二、不断加强禁毒立法
II. Constantly Strengthening Drug Control Legislation
三、坚决惩治毒品犯罪
III. Cracking Down on Drug-related Crimes
四、严格管制易制毒化学品
IV. Exercising Strict Control over the Precursor Chemicals
五、矫治挽救吸毒人员
V. Treatment and Rehabilitation
六、提高全民禁毒意识
VI. Raising the Consciousness of the Entire People Vs Drugs
七、开展国际禁毒合作
VII. Developing International Cooperation in Drug Control

前　　言
　　Foreword
　　当今世界，全球化的毒品问题已对人类的生存和发展构成重大威胁。据1998年联合国有关资料显示：全世界有2100万人遭受可卡因和海洛因之害，有3000万人因滥用苯丙胺类兴奋剂而受害。
　　The present globalization of the drug issue has posed a grave menace to human well-being and development. According to data published by the United Nations in 1998, 21 million people worldwide suffered from cocaine or heroin addiction, and another 30 million from the abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants.
　　中国西南边境毗邻世界最主要的毒源地“金三角”。二十世纪七十年代末期以来，国际毒潮不断侵袭中国，过境贩毒引发的毒品违法犯罪活动死灰复燃；吸毒人数持续上升，毒品案件不断增多，危害日益严重，禁毒形势严峻。1999年，全国共查获毒品犯罪案件6.5万起，缴获海洛因5.364吨、鸦片1.193吨、甲基苯丙胺(俗称“冰毒”)16.059吨，以及部分可卡因、摇头丸(MDMA)、大麻等，破案数和缴获毒品总量分别比1998年增加2.4%和33.6%。中国公安部门登记在册的吸毒人数，1991年为14.8万，1995年为52万，1999年为68.1万。现有吸毒人数占全国总人口的0.54‰，吸毒人数中，吸食海洛因的占71.5%，年龄在35岁以下的占79.2%。截至1999年底，全国累计报告的17316例艾滋病病毒感染者中，因静脉注射毒品感染的占72.4%。目前，全国各省、自治区、直辖市都程度不同地存在着与毒品有关的违法犯罪活动，中国已由毒品过境受害国转变为毒品过境与消费并存的受害国。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　On her southwestern border China is adjacent to the "Golden Triangle,'' one of the main sources of drugs in the world. Since the late 1970s, the illicit international narcotics tide has constantly invaded China, and criminal drug-related activities touched off by transit drug trafficking have re-emerged. The number of drug addicts has kept rising, drug-related cases have constantly increased, the drug scourge is becoming more serious with each passing day, and the situation is grim for the anti-drug struggle. In 1999, China cracked down 65,000 drug-related criminal cases, and confiscated 5.364 tons of heroin, 1.193 tons of opium, 16.059 tons of crystal methamphetamine (commonly known as "ice''), and some cocaine, MDMA and marijuana. In 1999, the number of drug-related cases cracked and the total amount of drugs confiscated increased by 2.4 percent and 33.6 percent, respectively, over 1998. The number of drug addicts registered with the public security organs in 1999 was 148,000, a figure which rose to 520,000 in 1995, and to 681,000 in 1999. Now drug addicts account for 0.054 percent of China's total population. Of the drug addicts, those taking heroin make up 71.5 percent, and those under the age of 35 amount to 79.2 percent. By the end of 1999, of a total of 17,316 reported cases of AIDS virus infection, those infected by intravenous injections of drugs made up 72.4 percent. At present, each province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government in China suffers from illegal drug-related activities to a certain extent, and China has been turned from a victim of the transit drug trade into a victim of both drug transit and consumption.
　　
　　毒品祸国殃民。开展禁毒斗争，扫除毒品祸害，是中国政府的历史责任。在旧中国，毒品曾给中华民族带来深重灾难。1949年中华人民共和国成立后，中国政府领导人民开展了声势浩大的禁毒斗争，在短短三年时间里，一举禁绝了为患百年的鸦片烟毒，创造了举世公认的奇迹。面对新的毒品问题，中国政府以对国家、民族、人民和全人类高度负责的态度，坚持严厉禁毒的立场，采取一切必要措施，尽最大努力禁绝毒品，造福人民。
   
　　Illicit drugs bring calamity to any country and people. Launching an anti-drug struggle to eliminate the drug scourge is the historical responsibility of the Chinese government. In old China, drugs once brought hideous disaster to the nation. But after the founding of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the Chinese government led the Chinese people in a momentous struggle against drugs. In a short period of three years, China wiped out the scourge of opium, which had scourged China for a century, thus performing a miracle acknowledged by the whole world. Confronting the new drug problem, the Chinese government, taking an attitude of supreme responsibility to the state, the nation and the people, and the mankind as a whole, and standing firm in strictly prohibiting illegal drugs, has adopted all necessary measures and done its utmost to ban illicit drugs for the benefit of the people.

　一、坚持严厉禁毒的立场
　　I. Sticking to the Position of Strict Drug Control
　　中国政府认为，毒品是全人类共同面对的世界性公害，禁毒是国际社会刻不容缓的共同责任。毒品危害人民健康，滋生犯罪和腐败，破坏可持续发展，危及国家安全和世界和平。因此，对一切毒品违法犯罪活动必须严加禁绝。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　The Chinese government believes that drugs are a worldwide public hazard confronting the whole of mankind, and drug control is imminent and common responsibility incumbent to international society. Drugs harm people's health, give rise to corruption and crimes, disrupt sustainable development and endanger national security and world peace. Therefore, all illegal activities involving drugs must be strictly prohibited and eliminated.
　　中国人民对毒品危害有切肤之痛，禁毒是中国人民的根本利益所在。保障公民的生命安全，维护人民的生存发展，是中国政府的崇高责任。多年来，中国政府以“禁绝毒品”为根本目标，制定并实施了一系列严厉禁毒的方针、政策和措施。
　　The Chinese people feel keenly the harm of drugs, and know that drug control is in their fundamental interests. Safeguarding citizens' lives, and protecting the people's subsistence and development are the lofty responsibilities of the Chinese government. For many years, the Chinese government has taken drug control as a fundamental objective, and has formulated and implemented a series of principles, policies and measures in this regard.
　　——把禁毒作为事关中华民族兴衰存亡的大事来抓。将禁毒作为一项基本政策纳入国民经济和社会发展规划，并规定为各级政府的一项重要职责，逐级建立了适合中国国情的禁毒工作责任制，保障禁毒工作常抓不懈。
　
　　- Attending to drug control as a vital matter involving the rise and fall of the Chinese nation. We take drug control as a basic policy and include it in the program for national economic and social development, and make it an important duty of governments at all levels. The governments at all levels have set up a drug control work responsibility system that suits the actual conditions of China to maintain the permanent momentum in drug control.
　　——实行综合治理的禁毒战略。把禁毒作为一项复杂的社会系统工程和长期的战略任务，综合运用法律、行政、经济、文化、教育和医疗等多种手段，动员和组织全社会力量参与禁毒斗争。
　　- Implementing a comprehensive drug control strategy. We take drug control as a complex social system project and a long-term strategic task, and use various means in a comprehensive way - law, administration, the economy, culture, education, and medical treatment, to mobilize and organize all social walks of life to participate in the anti-drug struggle.
　　——坚持依法禁毒。按照依法治国的方略，不断建立健全禁毒法律法规体系，依法管理管制麻醉药品、精神药品和易制毒化学品，防范、惩治毒品犯罪，坚决打击各类毒品违法犯罪活动，开展戒毒治疗和康复工作，矫治挽救吸毒人员，确保禁毒工作在法制轨道上进行。
微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　- Persisting in drug control according to law. In accordance with the general plan of exercising the rule of law, we have persisted in setting up and perfecting a system of laws and regulations concerning drug control, administered and controlled narcotics, psychotropic substances, and precursor chemicals, prevented and punished drug-related crimes. We have resolutely cracked down on various illegal activities involving drugs, started drug addiction treatment and rehabilitation, corrected, cured and rescued drug addicts, so as to guarantee that drug control work proceeds in a law-governed manner.
　　——确定“‘四禁’并举、堵源截流、严格执法、标本兼治”的工作方针。坚持禁吸、禁贩、禁种、禁制，控制非法供应和防止滥用并重，禁止和打击一切从事毒品违法犯罪活动。
　　- Formulating the working principle of "promoting '4-in-1 prohibitions' simultaneously, eradicating sources of drugs and obstructing their channels of trafficking, enforcing the law strictly, and solving the problem by examining both its root causes and its symptoms.'' While prohibiting drug abuse, trafficking, cultivating and manufacturing, we lay equal stress on the control of illicit supplies and the prevention of drug abuse, forbid and crack down on all illegal activities involving drugs.
　　——把预防青少年吸毒作为禁毒工作的基础工程。对青少年立足于教育和保护，采取各种有力措施，组织、协调政府有关部门和各种社会组织做好预防工作，教育青少年珍爱生命，拒绝毒品。
　　- Taking the prevention of drug abuse by teen-agers as a basic project in drug control. As for teenagers, we put stress on education and protection, adopt various powerful measures, organize and coordinate relevant government departments and various mass organizations to perfect the preventive work, and educate youngsters to treasure their lives and refuse drugs.
　　——积极参与和推动国际禁毒合作。中国政府支持开展国际禁毒合作，并在国际禁毒领域认真履行三项主张：坚持广泛参与、责任共担的原则；全面实施综合、均衡的国际禁毒战略；高度重视替代发展，促进从根本上解决毒品问题。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　- Actively participating in and promoting international cooperation in drug control. The Chinese government supports international drug control cooperation, and earnestly implements three propositions in this regard: adhering to the principle of extensive participation and shaved responsibilities; comprehensively implementing an overall and balanced international drug control strategy; and attaching great importance to alternative development to promote a solution to the drug problem for good.
　　在中国，禁毒工作由各级政府领导，公安禁毒部门主管，政府有关职能部门齐抓共管，社会团体共同参与。1990年，中国政府成立由公安部、卫生部和海关总署等25个部门组成的国家禁毒委员会，统一领导全国的禁毒工作，负责禁毒国际合作，办事机构设在公安部。1998年，国务院批准公安部成立禁毒局，该局同时又作为国家禁毒委员会的办事机构。目前，全国31个省、自治区、直辖市和大多数县(市、区)政府都建立了相应的禁毒领导机构，有24个省、自治区、直辖市及其所辖的204个地(市、州)、735个县(市、区)的公安机关组建了缉毒警察队伍。中国人民武装警察部队、公安边防、司法、海关、药品监督管理、工商行政管理等部门，也承担相应的禁毒执法任务。中国各级政府把禁毒所需经费纳入财政预算，并随着国民经济的发展和禁毒形势的需要，逐年增加投入。1998年，国务院批准成立中国禁毒基金会，广泛吸纳社会资金，支持禁毒工作。
　　In China, drug control is led by governments at all levels, in the care of the drug control departments of public security authorities, co-administered by relevant government functional departments and participated in jointly by mass organizations. In 1990, the Chinese government set up the National Narcotics Control Commission (NNCC), composed of 25 departments, including the Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Health and General Administration of Customs. The NNCC leads the nation's drug control work in a unified way, and is responsible for international drug control cooperation, with an operational agency based in the Ministry of Public Security. In 1998, with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Public Security set up the Drug Control Bureau, which also serves as an operational agency of the NNCC. Now, the governments of all the 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities and most counties (cities and districts) in China have set up corresponding drug control leading organs. Meanwhile, the public security organs of 24 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, and of the 204 regions (cities and prefectures), 735 counties (cities and districts) under the jurisdiction of these provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities have set up police anti-drug squads. The Chinese People's Armed Police, frontier defense force of the public security authorities, judicial departments, Customs, supervision and control organs of pharmaceuticals, and administration departments for industry and commerce also undertake corresponding anti-drug law enforce- ment tasks. Governments at all levels in China include the funds required for drug control in their financial budgets, and along with the development of the national economy and the needs of the drug control situation, the funds allocated for such purpose are expected to increase every year. In 1998, the China Narcotics Control Foundation was set up, with the approval of the State Council, aiming at collecting funds from society at large to support drug control work.

二、不断加强禁毒立法
　　II. Constantly Strengthening Drug Control Legislation
　　中国高度重视禁毒法制建设，坚持依法禁毒。近二十多年来，针对不断蔓延的毒品问题，中国加快禁毒立法的步伐，制定颁布了一系列法律、法规，禁毒法制建设取得重大进展。
　　China attaches great importance to the building of the legal system in drug control and persists in drug control according to law. In view of the drug rampancy over the past 20-odd years, China has speeded up legislation in drug control, and has formulated and promulgated a whole array of laws and regulations, thanks to which, great progress has been made in legal system building in this field.
　　禁毒刑事立法逐步完善。1979年7月1日，第五届全国人民代表大会第二次会议制定的《中华人民共和国刑法》，专门规定了制造、贩卖、运输毒品罪及其刑罚。八十年代，全国人民代表大会常务委员会陆续颁布《中华人民共和国海关法》、《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》、《关于严惩严重破坏经济的罪犯的决定》、《关于惩治走私罪的补充规定》等法律，进一步对惩治毒品违法犯罪作出规定，并将严重毒品犯罪的法定最高刑提高到死刑。1990年12月18日，第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议通过的《关于禁毒的决定》，对毒品犯罪的种类及其刑罚，对吸毒者的处罚和强制戒毒等，作了全面规定，并明确规定了中国对走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品犯罪的普遍管辖权。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　Criminal legislation for drug control has improved step by step. On July 1, 1979, the Criminal Law of the PRC was adopted at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress (NPC), which specified the crimes of manufacturing, trafficking and transporting drugs, and the relevant punishments. In the 1980s, the NPC Standing Committee issued, successively, the Customs Law of the PRC, the Regulations of the PRC on Administrative Penalties for Public Security, the Resolution on Severely Punishing Criminals Who Have Seriously Sabotaged the Economy, the Supplementary Regulations on Punishing Smuggling, and other laws, which formulated further regulations on punishing drug-related crimes and raised the highest legal punishment for serious drug-related crimes to the death penalty. On December 18, 1990, the 17th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh NPC adopted the Decision on Drug Control, which included comprehensive regulations on the types of drug-related crimes and penalties, the punishments for drug addicts and compulsory drug addiction rehabilitation, and clearly specified China's universal jurisdiction over the crimes of smuggling, trafficking, transporting and manufacturing drugs.
　　1997年3月14日，第八届全国人民代表大会第五次会议对《中华人民共和国刑法》进行了修订，在吸收、保留《关于禁毒的决定》主要内容的基础上，对毒品犯罪的法律规定作了重要修改和补充，使中国的禁毒刑事立法进一步得到加强。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院对修订后的刑法作出了相关司法解释。
　　On March 14, 1997, at the Fifth Session of the Eighth NPC, the Criminal Law of the PRC was revised. On the basis of absorbing and retaining the main contents of the Decision on Drug Control, the revised Criminal Law made important amendments and supplements to the legal regulations on drug- connected crimes, thus further improving China's criminal legislation in this regard. The Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate made relevant judicial interpretations of the revised Criminal Law.
　　从严惩处毒品犯罪，是中国禁毒刑事立法的显著特点之一。修订后的《中华人民共和国刑法》充分体现了这一原则。其一，对毒品犯罪种类规定齐全，确保各种毒品犯罪行为受到法律制裁。该法规定了走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪，非法持有毒品罪，窝藏、转移、隐瞒毒品、毒赃罪，走私制毒物品罪，非法买卖制毒物品罪，非法种植毒品原植物罪，非法买卖、运输、携带、持有毒品原植物种子、幼苗罪，非法提供麻醉药品、精神药品罪等12个罪名及刑罚，并对毒品洗钱犯罪行为作出处罚规定。其二，对走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品，无论数量多少，都规定要追究刑事责任，予以刑事处罚。毒品的数量以查证属实的走私、贩卖、运输、制造、非法持有毒品的数量计算，不以纯度折算。其三，对毒品犯罪从经济上予以制裁。对毒品犯罪，规定了并处没收财产或罚金，旨在剥夺毒品罪犯的非法收益，摧毁其再次实施毒品犯罪的经济能力。其四，对利用、教唆未成年人走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品，或者向未成年人出售毒品的，引诱、教唆、欺骗或者强迫未成年人吸食、注射毒品的，因走私、贩卖、运输、制造、非法持有毒品罪被判过刑又有毒品罪行为的，从重处罚。其五，对走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品等严重的毒品罪犯处以死刑。中国在立法上对毒品犯罪从严惩处，是现实禁毒斗争的需要，表明了中国严厉禁毒的立场。
　　Severely punishing drug-connected crimes is one of the outstanding characteristics of China's criminal legislation for drug control. The revised Criminal Law fully embodies this principle. First, the law comprehensively specifies the types of drug-related crimes, guaranteeing that various drug-related criminal offenses are punished by law. The law specifies 12 crimes, which cover the smuggling, trafficking, transporting and manufacturing of drugs, the illegal holding of drugs, the harboring, transferring and concealing of drugs and illicit drug-related money, the smuggling of materials for manufacturing drugs, the illegal trading in such materials, the illegal cultivation of mother plants of narcotic drugs, the illegal trading, transporting, hand-carrying and holding of seeds and seedlings of such plants, and the illegal provision of narcotics and psychotropic substances, as well as the criminal punishments for these crimes. In addition, the penalties for the laundering of drug-related money are stipulated. Second, the law specifies that the criminal responsibility of a person for smuggling, trafficking, transporting or manufacturing narcotic drugs, regardless of their quantity, be legally pursued and punished. The quantity of drugs shall be calculated according to the verified amount of the drugs smuggled, trafficked, transported, manufactured or illegally held, and not in terms of purity. Third, economic sanctions are applied against drug-related crimes. The law specifies that property shall be confiscated or a fine imposed for drug-related crimes, aiming at depriving drug criminals of their illegal income and destroying their economic ability to commit drug-related crimes again. Fourth, those who make use of or instigate minors to smuggle, sell, transport or manufacture drugs, sell drugs to minors, or lure, instigate, deceive or force them into taking or injecting drugs, and those who have again committed drug-related crimes after having already been convicted of the crime of smuggling, selling, transporting, manufacturing or illegally holding drugs shall be punished with severity. Fifth, criminals who smuggle, sell, transport or manufacture large amounts of drugs shall be sentenced to death. The fact that China legislatively punishes drug-connected crimes with severity is required by the reality of the anti-drug struggle, and shows China's stand for strict drug control.
　　严格管理、禁止滥用麻醉药品和精神药品，是中国禁毒法制建设一项十分重要的内容。中国为此颁布的法律、法规和规章多达30余项。1984年9月，第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第七次会议通过《中华人民共和国药品管理法》，其中第三十九条规定：国家对麻醉药品、精神药品实行特殊的管理办法。1987年和1988年，国务院先后发布《麻醉药品管理办法》和《精神药品管理办法》，分别对麻醉药品和精神药品的生产、供应、运输、使用、进出口的管理作出了明确规定。1995年，国务院发布《强制戒毒办法》，卫生部发布《戒毒药品管理办法》，使戒毒工作有法可依。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　Strict administration to prevent the abuse of narcotics and psychotropic substances is a very important content of the building of China's anti-drug legal system. Hence China has promulgated more than 30 relevant laws, statutes and regulations. In September 1984, the seventh meeting of the Standing Committee of the Sixth NPC adopted the Law of the PRC on the Management of Medicines and Chemical Reagents. Article 39 of the Law specifies: The state adopts special procedures for the administration of narcotics and psychotropic substances. In 1987 and 1988, the State Council promulgated the Procedures for Narcotic Drug Control, and the Procedures for Psychotropic Substances Control, which specify clearly the administration of the production, supply, transportation, use, import and export of narcotics and psychotropic substances. In 1995, the State Council promulgated the Procedures for Compulsory Drug Addiction Rehabilitation, and the Ministry of Health issued the Procedures for the Administration of Pharmaceuticals for Drug Addiction Treatment. Hence the work in this regard has laws to follow.
　　为了防止易制毒化学品流入非法渠道，打击有关违法犯罪活动，中国立法机构和政府还发布了一系列严格管制易制毒化学品的法规和规章。《中华人民共和国刑法》、《中华人民共和国海关法》和全国人民代表大会常务委员会《关于禁毒的决定》，都对非法买卖、走私易制毒化学品和麻黄素等用于制造毒品的原料和配剂的犯罪行为，规定了严厉的处罚条款。
　　To prevent precursor chemicals diverting into illegal channels, and crack down on relevant illegal or criminal activities, Chinese legislative bodies and the Chinese government have also issued a series of laws and regulations for the strict control of such chemicals. The Criminal Law of the PRC, the Customs Law of the PRC, and the Decision on Drug Control made by the NPC Standing Committee include stern penalties for the criminal offenses of illegally trading and smuggling precursor chemicals, ephedrine and other raw materials and ingredients intended to be processed into drugs.
　　此外，云南、贵州、四川、广东、广西、甘肃、陕西、黑龙江、宁夏、江苏等省、自治区的地方立法机构，也从实际出发，制定了地方性禁毒法规。
　　In addition, the legislative organs of Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong, Gansu, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang and Jiangsu provinces, and the Guangxi Zhuang and Ningxia Hui autonomous regions have worked out local drug control statutes in accordance with local conditions.
　　目前，中国已初步形成了以刑事法律为主、行政法规和地方性法规相配套的禁毒法律体系，为开展禁毒斗争提供了有力的法律武器。
　　At present, China has formed a preliminary anti-drug legal system with criminal laws as the mainstay, and administrative and local statutes as supplements, thus providing powerful legal weapons for the anti-drug struggle.

三、坚决惩治毒品犯罪
   
　　III. Cracking Down on Drug-related Crimes
　　中国禁毒执法机关严格执法，对一切毒品犯罪活动严厉打击，对一切毒品犯罪分子严惩不贷。
　　China's anti-drug law enforcement organs enforce the laws strictly and are waging a fierce battle against all drug-related criminal activities, administering merciless punishment to those involved in such activities.
　　针对毒品主要来自境外的情况，中国尽最大努力，严格查禁过境贩毒。八十年代，以西南边境及东南沿海等地区为重点，投入大量人力、物力、财力，组织公安机关、武警部队、海关和群众联防队协同作战，建立了边境一线堵、内地二线查和交通要道、机场、车站、码头三线截的“三道防线”。九十年代，进一步加大查禁过境贩毒的工作力度，“堵源截流”，在各地主要交通线及机场、车站、海港、码头公开查禁毒品，形成了统一布防、分工协作，对入境毒品围追堵截的态势。全国公安、海关、铁路、交通、民航、林业、邮电等有关部门，充分发挥各自职能，缉毒成效显著。1982年以来，仅云南省就查获过境贩毒案件7万多起，缴获从“金三角”流入的海洛因和鸦片80多吨。1994年5月，云南省警方成功破获特大跨国贩毒案，抓获“金三角”大毒枭，司法机关依法处以极刑。多年来，中国执法机关始终保持对毒品犯罪活动的高压态势，沉重打击了境内外毒品犯罪分子的嚣张气焰。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　In China, drugs mainly come from other countries, and the Chinese government has done its best to ban transit drug trafficking. In the 1980s, the government organized public security, armed police and customs organs, and the civilian joint defense teams to coordinate the fight against drug trafficking, mainly in the southwest border areas and southeast coastal areas. It mobilized a large number of people, a great quantity of materials and a large amount of money. Three "lines of defense'' were set up to keep drugs from flowing in: The first line was the borderland, where exit and entry were subject to strict examination; the second line was composed of checkpoints in inland regions; and the third line consisted of checks on vital lines of communication, airports, railway stations and harbors. In the 1990s, the work of banning transit drug trafficking was further intensified and attention was paid to "eradicating sources of drugs and obstructing their channels of trafficking." Checking was publicly done on key lines of communication, and at airports, railway stations, sea ports and harbors, so that a situation was created in which defense was organized in a unified way and actions were coordinated with due divisions of labor and incoming drug dealers were subject to encirclement, pursuit, obstruction and interception. The functions of relevant organs such as the public security, customs, forestry, posts and telecommunications, railway, civil aviation and other transport departments have been brought into full play, culminating in a signal victory in the battle against drugs. Since 1982, more than 70,000 transit drug trafficking cases have been cleared up in Yunnan Province alone, and more than 80 tons of heroin and opium from the "Golden Triangle'' area have been confiscated. In May 1994, police in Yunnan Province cracked an extraordinarily serious transnational drug smuggling case, in which the "Golden Triangle'' drug ring kingpin was sentenced by the judicial organ to capital punishment according to law. For many years China's law enforcement organs have consistently adopted a highhanded policy in dealing with drug-related criminal activities and struck heavy blows at the overweening arrogance of the drug-related culprits both at home and abroad.
　　在严查过境贩毒的同时，中国政府持续组织禁毒专项斗争，不断对毒品危害严重地区进行重点整治，狠狠打击了国内毒品违法犯罪活动。1983年至1986年，全国连续三年开展的“严厉打击刑事犯罪活动”都把毒品犯罪作为重点。1992年8月，云南省政府组织历时83天的武装扫毒行动，一举捣毁了在云南省文山州平远镇形成的具有黑社会性质的特大贩毒贩枪集团。1993年至1996年，公安部部署在西南边境地区开展了“三年缉毒缉枪专项斗争”。1997年，国家禁毒委员会统一部署在全国开展了声势浩大的禁毒专项斗争，取得重大战果。1999年以来，在国家禁毒委员会统一组织下，云南、贵州、四川、广东、广西、甘肃等重点省区，对一些毒品危害严重地区进行了专项重点整治，破获了一批毒品大案，抓获了一批毒犯，打掉了一批贩毒团伙，摧毁了一批地下毒品交易市场和网络。1991年至1999年，中国禁毒执法机关共破获毒品违法犯罪案件80余万起，缴获海洛因39.67吨，鸦片16.894吨，大麻15.079吨，甲基苯丙胺23.375吨。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　While stemming the trafficking of drugs from abroad, the Chinese government has continuously organized special battles against drugs, constantly focusing attention on areas where drugs constitute a serious problem and hitting hard at drug crimes at home. In the three consecutive years from 1983 to 1986, China launched a nationwide campaign to crack down on criminal offenses, targeted mainly at drug-related crimes. In August 1992, the Yunnan provincial government organized an 83-day armed drug elimination operation, in which a massive drug-and weapon-smuggling ring which had been operating in the town of Pingyuan, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan Province, with the characteristics of a criminal syndicate was smashed at one fell swoop. From 1993 to 1996, in the southwest border areas, the Ministry of Public Security launched a three-year campaign against drugs and firearms. In 1997, according to a unified deployment the NNCC launched a momentous anti-drug campaign nationwide, with great success. Since 1999, under the unified organization of the NNCC key areas like Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong and Gansu provinces and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region have paid great attention to drug-infested areas and cracked a sequence of major drug-related cases, arrested a contingent of drug-traffickers, wiped out a batch of drug-smuggling gangs and eradicated a number of underground drug-dealing markets and networks. From 1991 to 1999, China's drug-control organs cracked more than 800,000 drug cases, and confiscated 39.67 tons of heroin, 16.894 tons of opium, 15.079 tons of marijuana and 23.375 tons of methamphetamine.
　　中国人口众多，对麻醉药品和精神药品合法需求量大。在保障人民健康、满足医疗需要的同时，中国对118种麻醉药品和119种精神药品实行严格的管制，限制其生产、经营、使用和进出口，防止流入非法渠道。各地卫生、药品监督管理、农业、工商行政、外贸和海关、铁路、交通、民航、公安等部门，每年都对麻醉药品和精神药品的生产、经营、运输、进出口等进行安全检查，及时查处非法生产、贩运、供应和滥用行为。黑龙江、内蒙古、山西、陕西等中国北部省区，近年来严厉查处了一大批盗窃、非法买卖、滥用哌替啶等麻醉药品的违法犯罪案件。
　　China is a country with a large population. So it needs a lot of legal narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. While endeavoring to protect people's health and meet the needs of medical treatment the government practices strict control of 118 narcotic drugs and 119 psychotropic substances, and their production, trading, use and import and export are restricted to prevent illegal circulation. The health and pharmaceuticals control and management departments, as well as the agricultural, industrial and commercial administration, foreign trade, customs, public security, railway, civil aviation and other transport departments in different areas carry out security checks every year on the production, trading, transportation, and import and export of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The illegal production, trafficking and supply or abuse of such drugs and substances are promptly investigated and punished. A large number of criminal cases of stealing, illegal buying and selling or addiction of pethidine and other narcotic drugs have been investigated and severely dealt with in Heilongjiang, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the northern part of China.
　
　　中国政府始终把禁种毒品原植物作为工作重点，常抓不懈，防患于未然。国家禁毒委员会每年都部署全国开展禁种铲毒工作。各级政府层层落实禁种铲毒责任制，发动群众搞好宣传教育和禁种检查，做到种毒必究、有毒必铲。重点山区、林区的当地政府，每年都组织人员对山区、林区非法种植毒品原植物问题进行调查监控。1992年以来，国家禁毒委员会和林业部门运用现代科技手段，在东北的大兴安岭和西北的莲花山等原始森林地区组织了航测查毒铲毒行动。目前，中国基本禁绝了非法种植毒品原植物。
   
　　The Chinese government prohibits the cultivation of mother drug plants. It has always taken this as a focal point of its drug control work and paid constant attention to it as a way to nip troubles in the bud. Every year, the NNCC instructs governments at all levels to promote the activities to eradicate drug cultivation and to carry out a responsibility system along that line. Anti-drug publicity and education is conducted among the people and efforts are made to investigate illegal drug planting and to see that drug growers are punished and the plants are uprooted wherever they are found. The local governments in key mountainous and forested areas organize special teams every year to investigate and check the illegal planting of mother drug plants. Since 1992, the NNCC and forestry departments have organized aerial surveillance of suspected planting in the primeval forests in the Greater Hinggan Mountains in northeast China and in the Lianhua Mountains in northwest China, with modern scientific and technological methods. As a result of all this, China has virtually eradicated the illegal cultivation of mother drug plants.

四、严格管制易制毒化学品
   
　　IV. Exercising Strict Control over the Precursor Chemicals
　　八十年代以来，随着世界毒品问题的泛滥和化学合成毒品生产的扩张，跨国走私、贩运各种易制毒化学品和麻黄素活动剧增。中国政府以对国际社会高度负责的态度，认真履行有关国际禁毒公约的义务，对易制毒化学品和麻黄素实行严格的管制。
　　Since the 1980s, transnational smuggling and trafficking of precursor chemicals and of ephedrine have increased rapidly in tandem with the prevalence of the global drug problem and the extended production of chemosynthesized drugs. The Chinese government takes seriously its responsibility to the international community to strictly control these chemicals and ephedrine, in earnest compliance with its duties under international anti-drug conventions.
　　不断健全管制易制毒化学品的法规和规章。中国有关部门于1988年10月发文，对醋酸酐、乙醚、三氯甲烷三类可供制造海洛因等毒品的化学品实行出口管制。1993年1月，中国对《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》所列举的22种易制毒化学品实行出口许可证管理；1996年6月，又规定对上述22种易制毒化学品实行进口许可证管理。1997年4月，中国外贸部门发布《易制毒化学品进出口管理暂行规定》，并于1999年12月正式发布《易制毒化学品进出口管理规定》。临近境外毒源地的云南、四川等省，还制定了对易制毒化学品的生产、运输、经营和使用进行全面管制的地方性法规。目前，中国政府正在制定全国性的易制毒化学品管理条例。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　Laws and regulations on the control of such chemicals have gradually been perfected. In October 1988, the relevant government departments issued a document on the control of exports of acetic oxide, ether and chloroform, which can be used for synthesis of heroin and other narcotic drugs. In January 1993, China exercised control over the export licenses for the 22 precursor chemicals as listed in the UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, and in June 1996 it also exercised control over the import licenses for these chemicals. In April 1997, China's relevant foreign trade department issued the Interim Regulations on the Control of the Import and Export of Precursor Chemicals, and in December 1999, the Regulations on the Control of the Import and Export of Precursor Chemicals was officially issued. At the same time, local regulations on the overall control of the production, transportation, trading and use of such chemicals were formulated in provinces, such as Yunnan and Sichuan that border on the sourcelands of narcotic drugs. At present, the Chinese government is formulating nationwide regulations on the control of such chemicals.
　　逐步完善管制麻黄素的法规。1992年至1998年，中国有关部门多次发布关于麻黄素管理方面的规定。1998年3月，国务院发出《关于进一步加强麻黄素管理的通知》，规定对麻黄素的生产、经营、运输、使用、出口实行专项管理。1998年12月，有关部门联合下发《关于加强麻黄素类产品出口管理有关问题的通知》，对麻黄素各种盐类、粗品、衍生物和单方制剂等12个品种全部实行出口管制。1999年6月和2000年5月，国家有关部门先后发布《麻黄素管理办法》和《麻黄素运输许可证管理规定》，进一步完善了对麻黄素严格管制的有关规定。
　　Regulations on the control of ephedrine have steadily been improved. From 1992 to 1998, the relevant government departments issued several regulations on the control of ephedrine. In March 1998, the State Council issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Control of Ephedrine. The notice stipulates that the production, trading, transportation, use and export of ephedrine shall be subject to special control. In December 1998, the relevant departments jointly issued the Notice on Issues Pertaining to the Strengthened Control of the Export of Ephedrine-typed Products, exercising control over the export of the 12 saline products, semi-finished products, derivatives and single preparations of ephedrine. In June 1999 and May 2000, they issued the Procedures for the Control of Ephedrine and the Regulations on the Control of Transportation Licenses for Ephedrine, which have further improved the rules on the strict control of ephedrine.
　　中国各级主管部门和执法机关严格执行国家有关法律法规，不断加强对易制毒化学品和麻黄素生产及流通领域的监测、管理，依法保护合法生产经营，坚决打击非法买卖、贩运和走私活动。西南、西北、东北各省区在边境地区和各出入境口岸，坚持开展既查禁毒品入境，又查禁易制毒化学品和麻黄素走私出境的“双向查缉”工作。1997年至1999年，全国共破获非法买卖和走私易制毒化学品案件548起，缴获各类易制毒化学品1000多吨。
　　The competent departments and law enforcement organs at all levels strictly implement the state's relevant laws and regulations, and continuously strengthen the supervision and control of the production and circulation of precursor chemicals and of ephedrine. The legal production and trading of these chemicals and ephedrine are protected by law, but the illegal buying and selling, trafficking and smuggling of these products shall be severely punished. The border areas and ports of entry and exit of provinces and autonomous regions in southwest, northwest and northeast China have consistently investigated and banned the import of drugs as well as the smuggling abroad of those chemicals and ephedrine in pursuance of their "two-way investigation program.'' From 1997 to 1999, China cracked 548 cases of illegal buying, selling and smuggling of precursor chemicals and confiscated more than 1,000 tons of illegal chemical products.
　　中国有关部门还与联合国禁毒机构及有关国家的主管当局，联合建立了易制毒化学品进出口的国际核查制度。仅1999年，中国就办理进出口核查568件，发现、制止了35起非法贸易，阻止了3380吨易制毒化学品出境。1999年4月至12月，在包括中国在内的20多个国家、地区及国际组织联合举行的防止高锰酸钾流入非法渠道的全球“紫色行动”中，中国发现非法贸易6起，阻止了1160吨高锰酸钾出口。
　　In collaboration with UN drug control organs and competent departments of other countries, the relevant departments of China have set up an international system to check the import and export of precursor chemicals. In 1999 alone, China examined 568 such import and export cases, and 35 cases of illicit trading were discovered and curbed. As a result, 3,380 tons of chemical products were withheld from export. From April to December 1999, China discovered six cases of such illegal trading, and withheld 1,160 tons of potassium permanganate from export, during the global drive known as "Purple Action.'' China joined with more than 20 countries, regions and international organizations, during this campaign to thwart illegal trafficking in potassium permanganate.
　　自五十年代起，中国政府一直严格管理苯丙胺类精神药品。针对近年来制造、贩卖甲基苯丙胺犯罪活动日益猖獗的情况，中国公安机关以东南沿海地区为重点，多次部署开展了打击制贩甲基苯丙胺类犯罪的专项斗争。1999年，国家禁毒委员会将禁毒工作方针中的禁吸、禁贩、禁种“三禁并举”，调整为禁吸、禁贩、禁种、禁制“四禁并举”，各地公安部门进一步加大了打击制贩甲基苯丙胺等制毒犯罪活动的力度，取得显著成效。1991年至1999年，全国共破获制贩甲基苯丙胺案件360起，沉重打击了此类犯罪活动。
　　Since the 1950s, China has exercised strict control over amphetamines and other psychotropic substances. In view of the fact that criminal activities involving the manufacture and trafficking of methamphetamines have become increasingly rampant in the past few years, Chinese public security organs have launched several campaigns specially against such activities, particularly in the southeast coastal areas of the country. In 1999, the NNCC added the prohibition of drug manufacture to its "simultaneous promotion of three prohibitions'' anti-drug principle (simultaneous prohibition of addiction, trafficking and cultivation of drugs), making it the "simultaneous promotion of four prohibitions'' principle. Public security authorities across the country have thenceforth intensified their operations against the manufacture and trafficking of methamphetamines and other drug-related crimes, and these operations have been crowned with outstanding success. From 1991 to 1999, China cracked 360 cases involving the production and trafficking of methamphetamines, dealing a heavy blow to such activities.

五、矫治挽救吸毒人员
　　V. Treatment and Rehabilitation
　　为了保护公民身心健康，维护社会治安秩序，最终消除毒品危害，中国政府高度重视并大力开展禁吸戒毒工作，采取强制戒毒与社会帮教相结合的综合戒毒治疗康复措施，努力教育挽救吸毒人员。
　　To protect the physical and mental health of Chinese citizens, maintain public order, and wipe out once and for all the scourge of drugs, the Chinese government attaches great importance to and vigorously carries out the work of drug prohibition and the rehabilitation of addicts. To this end, it has adopted comprehensive measures for the rehabilitation of addicts, and their treatment and recovery, integrated with compulsory measures and social help and education, in a concerted effort to eradicate drug abuse and save drug addicts.
　　中国法律规定，吸毒必戒。为此，各地建立了吸毒人员调查登记制度，建立了药物滥用监测网络，定期收集数据资料，及时掌握吸毒人员情况。国务院发布了《强制戒毒办法》，有关部门制定了《阿片类成瘾常用戒毒疗法的指导原则》和《戒毒药品管理办法》，规范了全国的戒毒治疗工作。国家还建立了药物依赖性研究中心、药物滥用监测中心、药物依赖治疗中心和麻醉品实验室，组织科研机构和专家开展科学戒毒方法和戒毒药物研究。中国从国情出发，以强制戒毒为主体，采取多种办法帮助吸毒人员戒除毒瘾。对吸毒成瘾者，一律送到由各级政府统一建立的戒毒所强制戒毒；对强制戒毒后又吸毒者，一律送司法部门管理的劳动教养所，在劳动教养中强制戒毒；对不宜收入强制戒毒所的吸毒人员，在家属监护下和住地公安派出所的教育、管理下，令其限期戒毒。此外，一些地方在医疗单位开办戒毒脱瘾治疗业务，收治自愿戒毒者。一些地区还因地制宜，采取了基层组织、社会团体监督帮助吸毒人员戒毒的做法。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　According to Chinese law, drug takers must be rehabilitated. Therefore, an investigation and registration system and monitoring networks of drug abuse have been established throughout the country, regularly collecting data and materials, and promptly monitoring the conditions of addicts. The State Council has promulgated the Procedures for Compulsory Drug Addiction Rehabilitation, and the related department has formulated the Guiding Principles for Commonly Used Therapies Applicable to Opiates Addicts and the Procedures for the Control of Pharmaceuticals for Drug Addiction Treatment, to standardize the work of the rehabilitation and treatment of addicts in China. The state has also established drug dependence research centers, drug abuse monitoring centers, drug dependence treatment centers and narcotic drugs laboratories, and organized scientific research institutions and experts to conduct research on scientific methods of rehabilitation for addicts and pharmaceuticals for drug addiction treatment. Proceeding from its concrete conditions, China has adopted various measures to rehabilitate addicts, taking compulsory measures as the main principle. All addicts are sent to compulsory rehabilitation centers established by governments at all levels. Those who resume drugs after receiving compulsory treatment, are sent to reeducation-through-labor centers administered by judicial departments, where they are forced to undergo treatment side by side with reeducation through physical labor. Addicts who are unsuitable for receiving treatment in compulsory rehabilitation centers, are ordered to give up within a definite time period under the guardianship of their family members and the education and administration of the local public security stations. Some local medical institutions also offer services for the rehabilitation and treatment of volunteer addicts. In some areas, measures adaptable to local conditions have also been taken to supervise and help addicts become rehabilitated through mass organizations and organizations at the grassroots level.
　　在中国，强制戒毒和劳教戒毒是最主要的戒毒方法，强制戒毒所和劳教戒毒所是教育挽救吸毒人员的特殊学校。《强制戒毒办法》对强制戒毒场所的建设、管理、戒毒措施、生活保障等方面作出了明确具体的规定。中国公安、司法机关分别制定了有关规章，对强制戒毒所和劳教戒毒所实行等级化、规范化管理。各级政府每年都投入大量资金，建设专门的戒毒场所。目前，全国共有强制戒毒所746个，戒毒劳教所(队)168个。1999年共强制戒毒22.4万余人次，在所劳教戒毒人员12万。各戒毒所坚持教育、感化、挽救的方针，实行依法、严格、科学、文明管理。戒毒所都对戒毒人员进行安全科学的戒毒治疗，进行法制教育、道德教育和严格的行为矫正训练。组织戒毒人员学习科学文化知识，开展丰富多彩的文体活动，参加适当的生产劳动，使其既增强体能，又掌握谋生技能。戒毒人员的劳动所得，全部用来改善其生活条件。戒毒所充分尊重和保障戒毒人员的合法权益，实行警务公开制度，主动接受人大代表和社会各界的监督。国家禁毒部门与卫生防疫部门合作，在戒毒所开展了艾滋病的监测、宣传教育和防治工作，在部分省进行了吸毒人群艾滋病感染情况调查。云南、贵州、甘肃、广东等省的一些戒毒所，在规范化管理方面创造了“治疗医院化、教育学校化、环境园林化、康复劳动化”的经验，被戒毒人员称为“告别毒品的再生之所”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　In China, addicts mainly receive treatment at compulsory rehabilitation centers and treatment and reeducation- through-labor centers - special schools for educating and saving addicts from ruin. Specific and concrete provisions are formulated in the Procedures for Compulsory Drug Addiction Rehabilitation on the construction, administration, rehabilitation measures and welfare provisions of compulsory rehabilitation centers. Chinese public security and judicial organs have also formulated regulations on the hierarchical and standardized administration of compulsory rehabilitation centers and treatment and reeducation-through- labor centers. Governments at all levels also earmark large amounts of funds for the establishment of special rehabilitation centers each year. At present, China has a total of 746 compulsory rehabilitation centers and 168 treatment and reeducation-through-labor centers (teams). In 1999, over 224,000 and 120,000 addicts received treatment at compulsory rehabilitation centers and treatment and reeducation-through- labor centers, respectively. The rehabilitation centers carry out strict, scientific and civilized administration according to law, adhering to the principle of saving addicts through reform education. They offer to addicts safe and scientific treatment, legal and moral education, and strict training to correct their behavior, and organize them to learn scientific and general knowledge, carry out varied and stimulating recreational and sports activities, and engage in appropriate productive labor, by which they can both improve their physical agility and master skills to earn their livings. All the income from their work is used to improve their living conditions. To fully respect and guarantee the legal rights and interests of addicts, the centers carry out an open security system and voluntarily lay their work open to the supervision of the deputies to the NPC and the general public. State narcotics control organs and health and anti-epidemic departments jointly carry out the work of survey, education, prevention and cure in connection with AIDS at the centers, and conduct investigations into HIV infection among addicts in some provinces. Endeavoring to realize standardized administration, a number of centers in Yunnan, Guizhou, Gansu and Guangdong provinces have created the experience of "undergoing treatment along hospital lines, offering education along school lines, managing the environment along garden lines and achieving rehabilitation along labor lines," and have been called "places of rebirth where I bade farewell to drugs" by many addicts.
　　为解决戒毒复吸率高的难题，中国政府依靠人民群众，动员全社会的力量，开展对戒毒人员回归社会后的继续帮教工作。各地的公安机关、社区组织、单位、家庭与戒毒所密切配合，把强制戒毒与帮教巩固有机结合起来，普遍建立了社会帮教制度，组成了各种类型的帮教小组，对戒毒人员全面落实帮教措施。全国各地的工会、共青团、妇联、个体工商业者协会等社会团体，充分利用自身优势，有针对性地对吸毒人员中的妇女、职工、青少年、个体劳动者等开展帮教工作，收到良好效果。中国各级政府和基层组织，积极帮助戒毒出所人员解决生活、工作方面的具体困难，使其在就业、升学方面不受歧视。许多戒毒人员成功戒断毒瘾，重返社会，走向新生。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　To solve the difficult problem of the high rate of relapse, the Chinese government carries out the work of continuous help and education for rehabilitated addicts upon their return to society, relying on the masses and mobilizing all social forces. Local public security organs, community organizations, units and families closely cooperate with rehabilitation centers to establish a social help and education system and various types of help and education groups, and fully carry out the relevant measures, organically integrating compulsory rehabilitation with help, education and consolidation measures. Mass organizations, including the trade unions, the Communist Youth League (CYL) organizations, the women's federations and the associations of self-employed industrialists and businessmen, help with the work of rehabilitating addicted women, workers and staff members, young people and self-employed laborers by making full use of their own advantages, to great effect. Governments at all levels and grassroots organizations actively help the rehabilitated addicts to solve concrete problems in their life and work, so that they will not be discriminated against in employment or admission to higher education. Many addicts have returned to society and started to lead a new life upon successful rehabilitation.
　　禁吸戒毒是根本解决毒品问题的突破口。近年来，内蒙古、云南、广西、贵州等省、自治区，从开展社会帮教工作，发展到创建“无毒社区”活动，逐步探索出一条从最基层社区抓起，以禁吸戒毒为重点，带动整个禁毒工作的新路子。其基本做法是：以城乡小型社区(城市一般是街道，农村一般是乡镇)为单位，在社区政权组织统一领导下，建立覆盖整个社区的禁毒管理机制和工作责任制，把禁毒责任分解落实到社区内的各个单位和每个人，分片包干实现无毒目标，创建“无毒社区”。在此基础上，不断扩大“无毒社区”的覆盖面，积小区为大区，最终在一县、一市、一省实现无毒目标。内蒙古自治区包头市是中国开展创建“无毒社区”活动的一个典范。该市毒品问题曾经十分严重，1994年以后，全市以禁吸戒毒为突破口，开展创建“无毒社区”活动，普遍建立和落实纵向到帮教小组，横向到辖区所有基层单位的禁毒工作责任制，形成全民参与禁毒斗争的局面。目前，该市共建立帮教小组2169个，对2000多名吸毒人员全部落实了帮教措施，一年以上的戒断巩固率达到70%以上；已建成“无毒社区”1436个，占社区总数的90.2%，实现了社会面基本无毒害的目标。
　　Narcotics prohibition and the rehabilitation of addicts are breakthrough points in the effort to completely solve the drugs problem. In recent years, the Inner Mongolia and Guangxi autonomous regions and Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces have gradually probed a new way of motivating the drug control work as a whole - starting with the grassroots units (communities), and stressing drug prohibition and the rehabilitation of addicts, to establish "drug-free communities." The basic procedure is as follows: With small communities in cities (sub-districts) and the countryside (towns and townships) as the lowest units, and under the unified leadership of the organs of state power in the communities, establishing administrative and working responsibility systems of drug prohibition covering the whole community, dividing up the responsibilities and assigning a part to each unit and individual to realize the "drug-free" target and establish "drug-free communities," continuously enlarging their coverage, and finally realizing the "drug-free" target in a particular county, city or province. Baotou City in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is a model in this regard. The drug problem used to be very serious in the city. However, there has been a drive to pronounce communities there "drug-free" since 1994, stressing drug prohibition and the rehabilitation of addicts, and establishing the working system of dividing the responsibilities among the help and education groups and all the local grassroots units. In this way, a situation has been created where all people in Baotou are taking part in the anti-drug struggle. At present, the city has a total of 2,169 help and education groups, implementing the related measures to over 2,000 addicts, and the consolidation rate of rehabilitation over one year has reached more than 70 percent. It has also established 1,436 "drug-free communities" (90.2 percent of the total), and basically realized the "drug-free" target in the entire area.
　　实践证明，创建“无毒社区”适合中国的国情，符合全民动员、综合治理的战略要求；“无毒社区”是持久开展禁毒斗争的有效载体。1999年，国家禁毒委员会向全国推广了包头等地的先进经验，部署在全国范围内开展创建“无毒社区”活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　Experience has proved that the drive to make communities drug-free conforms to the situation in China and the strategic requirements of mobilizing the entire people to treat the drug problem comprehensively. "Drug-free community" is an effective vehicle for protracted combat vs drugs. In 1999, the NNCC publicized nationwide the advanced experience of Baotou and other cities and made arrangements for activities to establish "drug-free communities" across the country.

　六、提高全民禁毒意识
　　VI. Raising the Consciousness of the Entire People Vs Drugs
　　禁毒的关键在于唤起民众。中国把提高全民禁毒意识作为一项治本之策和战略任务，在全体国民中广泛深入地开展毒品预防教育。
　　The key to drug control work is to arouse the consciousness of the general public. China regards it as a fundamental and strategic task to raise the consciousness of the whole nation concerning the fight against drugs, and carries out extensive and deep-going drug prevention education among all the people.
　　中国各级政府高度重视禁毒宣传工作，每年都制定计划，面向社会公众开展以拒绝、抵制毒品为主要内容的毒品预防教育。各地禁毒部门与宣传、文化、广播电影电视、新闻出版等部门密切合作，充分运用报刊、广播、电视等新闻媒体和各种群众喜闻乐见的形式，经常开展禁毒宣传、教育和咨询活动，普及禁毒知识和法律知识。国家禁毒办和各地禁毒办还设立了禁毒咨询服务热线电话，云南等一些省市创办了禁毒报刊，在国际互联网上开通了禁毒网页。每年“6·3”林则徐虎门销烟纪念日、“6·26”国际禁毒日期间，各地政府都统一组织规模较大的宣传活动，形成禁毒宣传高潮。鉴于吸毒是传播艾滋病的重要途径，在每年12月1日世界艾滋病日期间，卫生部门都组织开展以“拒绝毒品，防止艾滋病”为内容的宣传活动。
微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　Governments at all levels attach great importance to publicizing the dangers of drugs, and formulate plans every year to carry out drug prevention education to persuade the public to turn their backs on drugs. Local drug control departments often carry out education, publicity and consultation activities concerning the dangers of narcotics and the anti-drug laws, using the news media - newspapers, radio and television programs, and by other methods appealing to the general public, closely cooperating with the departments of publicity, culture, radio, film and television, and press and publications. The NNCC Office and its local branches have also opened special telephone lines providing advice and information on drug-related issues. Yunnan and some other provinces and cities have started periodicals and opened web pages on the Internet in this regard. Every year on June 3, the commemoration date of Lin Zexu's burning of opium stocks in Humen beach, Guangdong Province in 1839, and on June 26, the International Day Against Illicit Drug Trafficking and Abuse, local governments organize large-scale activities to publicize the dangers of narcotics. As drug taking is a major channel for the spread of AIDS, during the period of the World AIDS Day on December 1 every year, public health departments organize publicity activities, with the theme "refuse drugs, and prevent AIDS."
　　1998年5月至7月，中国政府在北京举办了为期两个月的全国禁毒展览，中国国家领导人、社会各界人士和青少年学生共166万人次前往参观，反响强烈，影响深远。国家禁毒委员会还将展览内容制作成《全国禁毒展览挂图》，下发全国各地，并组织了长达半年的巡回展览，直接接受教育的观众达1.66亿多人次。全国禁毒展览的成功举办，使中国的禁毒宣传教育水平提高到一个新的阶段，对增强全民禁毒意识，推动各项禁毒工作全面开展，起到了积极作用。
　　From May to July, 1998, the Chinese government held a two-month national exhibition on drug control. A total of 1.66 million people from all walks of life, including Chinese state leaders and young students, visited it. The exhibition provoked strong repercussions, and exerted a far-reaching influence. The NNCC also turned the contents of the exhibition into a Wall Map of the National Exhibition on Drug Control for distribution throughout the country. It also organized half-year itinerant exhibitions throughout China, at which a total of over 166 million people received education directly. The success of the national exhibition on narcotics control brought China's publicity level in this regard to a new stage, and played an active role in raising the consciousness of the entire people about the drug problem, giving a boost to drug control work in an all-round way.
　　中国政府尤其重视对青少年进行毒品预防教育。1991年第七届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十一次会议颁布的《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》和1999年第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十次会议颁布的《中华人民共和国预防未成年人犯罪法》，都对保护青少年不受毒品危害作出规定。按照禁毒预防教育从小抓起的思路，各级政府把对中小学生的禁毒预防教育作为禁毒工作的基础工程。1997年，国家教育委员会会同国家禁毒委员会下发通知，规定把禁毒教育作为国民素质教育的组成部分，正式纳入中小学德育教育教学大纲，要求在大中小学校有针对性地开展形式多样的禁毒教育。国家禁毒委员会和国家教育委员会共同编写了适合学生阅读的禁毒系列丛书。共青团在青少年中开展了丰富多彩的禁毒宣传活动，动员组织广大青少年向毒品宣战。许多省区开展了以青少年为主要对象的毒品预防教育活动。1999年，根据国家禁毒委员会的要求，全国县以上各级禁毒部门在24223所中小学校建立了毒品预防教育联系点，直接指导学校开展禁毒教育。
　　The Chinese government attaches special importance to drug prevention education for youngsters. Special provisions aimed at protecting young people from drugs are included in the Law of the PRC on the Protection of Minors issued at the 21st meeting of the Standing Committee of the Seventh NPC in 1991, and the Law of the PRC on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency issued at the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC in 1999. In pursuance of the guideline of paying special attention to education on narcotics control and prevention among youngsters, governments at all levels take the education of primary and middle school students as a basic part of narcotics control work. In 1997, the State Education Commission (SEC) and the NNCC issued a notice stipulating that drug control education as an integral part of education to improve people's cultural quality should become formally part of the program of ethical education in primary and middle schools, and that anti-drug education should be carried out in diverse forms and with definite aims in view in colleges and universities and primary and middle schools. The NNCC and SEC have jointly compiled a series of anti-drug education pamphlets for students. The CYL has also developed a variety of colorful activities to publicize the dangers of narcotics among young people, and mobilize them to fight against drugs. Many provinces and autonomous regions have unfolded the drug-prevention education activities mainly for youngsters. In 1999, according to the requirements of the NNCC, drug control departments at the county level and above established communication centers of drug prevention education in 24,223 primary and middle schools to directly guide the work in schools.
　　近年来，中国各地结合开展创建“无毒社区”活动，逐步把禁毒宣传引向社区，覆盖到社会各个角落。各级政府通过加强基层政权和群众性自治组织的建设，充分发挥街道办事处、乡镇、居(村)委会在禁毒工作中的作用，结合创建“文明社区”，积极做好毒品预防教育的基础性工作。各级工会、共青团、妇联组织，结合实际工作，开展了职工禁毒教育、青少年志愿者义务禁毒宣传和“拒绝毒品进家庭”活动。各地的爱国宗教团体发扬弃恶扬善的优良传统，积极动员宗教界人士和信教群众参与禁毒斗争。各级个体劳动者协会、私营企业者协会，认真贯彻中国个体劳动者协会《关于在全国个体劳动者、私营企业经营者中广泛开展禁毒教育的通知》，加强了对8000万个体私营经济从业人员的毒品预防教育。近年来，国家禁毒委员会不断将各种禁毒宣传材料发送到全国的强制戒毒所、治安拘留所、收容教育所、看守所、劳动教养所、监狱、工读学校，加强对易染毒特殊人群的毒品预防教育。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　In recent years, integrated with the efforts to develop "drug-free communities," drug control publicity activities have been gradually extended to communities to cover every nook and corner of society. Governments at all levels give every encouragement to sub-district offices, towns and townships, residents and villagers committees in their drug control work by strengthening the construction of organizations of political power at the grassroots level and self-governing mass organizations, and actively carry out basic work on narcotics prevention education, integrating this with the efforts to develop "civilized communities." In the meantime, trade unions, the CYL organizations and the women's federations at all levels carry out anti-drug education among workers and staff members, anti-drug publicity organized by young volunteers, and the activity known as "preventing drugs entering families." Local patriotic religious organizations actively mobilize religious believers and personages of religious circle to fight against drugs, carrying on their good tradition of shunning evil and promoting good. The associations of self-employed laborers and private enterprise operators at various levels have conscientiously carried out the recommendations in the Notice on Extensively Carrying Out Drug Prevention Education Among Self-employed Laborers and Private Enterprise Operators in China issued by the China Self-employed Laborers' Association, and strengthened drug prevention education among the 80 million employees of private enterprises. In recent years, the NNCC has sent various anti-drug publicity materials to compulsory rehabilitation centers, houses of detention, public security houses of detention, reformatories, reeducation-through-labor centers, prisons and work-study schools for juvenile delinquents throughout China to reinforce drug prevention education among the people who are most likely to fall victims to narcotics.
　　为了使毒品预防教育系统化、经常化，国家禁毒委员会统一部署，从1999年到2001年，在全国建设禁毒教育“五个一工程”：即各省、自治区、直辖市都要建立一所禁毒教育基地，各大中小学校每年都要开展一次禁毒教育活动，各地要组织一批禁毒宣传理论研究成果，创作一批禁毒文艺作品，培养一批青年禁毒志愿者。国家重点支持北京市、贵州省贵阳市、广东省东莞市等地建设一批永久性禁毒教育基地。从1998年起，中国开始出版《中国禁毒年度报告》。
　　To make drug prevention education a systematic and regular practice, the NNCC has made overall arrangements to carry out the "five-one project" of anti-drug education nationwide from 1999 to 2001: Every province, autonomous region and municipality should establish a drug control education base; every primary and middle school, college and university should carry out an anti-drug education activity each year; and every district should organize a batch of research achievements on anti-drug publicity and theory, produce a number of literary and artistic works, and train a contingent of young volunteers in this regard. The state gives full support to Beijing, Guiyang in Guizhou Province, Dongguan in Guangdong Province and some other cities in their efforts to build permanent drug control education bases. In the meantime, China has published the Yearly Report on Drug Control in China since 1998.

七、开展国际禁毒合作
　　VII. Developing International Cooperation in Drug Control
　　加强国际禁毒合作，对于推动世界范围内的禁毒斗争和从根本上解决中国的毒品问题，是十分必要的。中国在坚持和平共处五项原则的基础上，一向积极参与和推动禁毒国际合作，在世界禁毒领域发挥了重要作用。
　　It is highly necessary to strengthen international cooperation in drug control to promote the battle against narcotics worldwide and radically solve the drug problem in China. On the basis of clinging to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence [mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty, mutual non- aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence], China has all along actively participated in and promoted international cooperation in drug control and played an important role in this field.
　　中国政府积极参与国际禁毒事务。1985年6月，经全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准，中国加入经1972年议定书修正的联合国《1961年麻醉品单一公约》、《1971年精神药物公约》。1989年9月，经全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准，中国加入《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》，成为最早加入该公约的国家之一。从1984年起，中国多次派代表团出席联合国、国际刑警组织、世界海关组织和世界卫生组织召开的禁毒国际会议。1989年10月，中国在北京举办亚洲地区缉毒研讨会。1996年11月，中国在上海主办国际兴奋剂专家会议。1990年2月和1998年6月，中国政府代表团先后参加联合国第十七次和第二十次禁毒特别会议，向国际社会宣示了中国政府坚决禁毒的立场和政策、措施。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　The Chinese government takes an active part in inter- national affairs connected with drug control. In June 1985, approved by the NPC Standing Committee, China acceded to the UN 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances that had been revised by the 1972 Protocol. In September 1989, China obtained the approval of the NPC Standing Committee to accede to the UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, becoming one of the first member countries to it. Beginning in 1984, China has sent delegations many times to attend international drug control meetings held by the United Nations, the International Criminal Police Organization, the World Customs Organization and the World Health Organization. In October 1989, China held the Asian Region Anti-Drug Seminar in Beijing and in November 1996, hosted the International Stimulant Specialists Meeting in Shanghai. The Chinese government sent delegations to take part in the 17th and 20th UN special General Assembly sessions on drug control in February 1990 and June 1998, declaring the Chinese government’s resolute anti-drug stand, policies and measures to the international community.
　　中国积极支持和促进联合国倡导的次区域禁毒合作活动。1991年5月，国家禁毒委员会在北京主办第一次中国、泰国、缅甸和联合国禁毒署高级官员会议，商讨开展次区域禁毒多边合作的设想。1992年6月，中国、缅甸和联合国禁毒署在缅甸仰光签署《中国、缅甸和联合国禁毒署三方禁毒合作项目》。1993年10月，中国、缅甸、泰国、老挝和联合国禁毒署签署《禁毒谅解备忘录》，确定在次区域禁毒合作中保持高级别接触。1995年5月，中国、越南、老挝、泰国、缅甸、柬埔寨及联合国禁毒署在北京召开第一次次区域禁毒合作部长级会议，通过《北京宣言》，并签署《次区域禁毒行动计划》。1999年，中国政府又派代表团分别出席在日本和老挝召开的次区域部长级会议，继续积极推动次区域禁毒合作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　China is an active supporter and promoter of cooperation in drug control in the sub-region, as initiated by the UN. In May 1991, the NNCC of China hosted the first meeting of senior officials of China, Thailand, Myanmar and the United Nations Drug Control Program (UNDCP) in Beijing, to discuss the proposal on multilateral cooperation against drug abuse in the sub-region. In June 1992, China, Myanmar and the UNDCP signed the China/Myanmar/UNDCP Joint Cooperation Project on Drug Control in Rangoon, Myanmar. In October 1993, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and the UNDCP signed the Memorandum of Understanding on Narcotic Drugs Control, which stressed keeping contacts between high officials to further the cooperation in drug control in the sub-region. In May 1995, China, Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and the UNDCP convened the first minister-level meeting on cooperation in sub-region drug control in Beijing. The meeting adopted the Beijing Declaration and signed the Sub-region Drug Control Program of Action. In 1999, the Chinese government sent delegations to attend the sub-region minister-level meetings in Japan and Laos to continue to promote enthusiastic cooperation in drug control in the sub-region.
　　中国不断加强与外国的双边、多边国际禁毒合作。中国与美国从1985年开始进行禁毒合作，1987年，两国政府签署《中美禁毒合作备忘录》。1997年，中美两国首脑签署包括禁毒合作内容的《中美联合声明》，把中美禁毒合作提高到一个新水平。随后，中美两国政府互派了禁毒联络官。中国重视与俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦在禁毒领域的合作。1996年4月，中俄两国签署《关于禁止非法贩运和滥用麻醉药品及精神药物的合作协议》。1998年，中、哈、吉、俄、塔五国元首共同签署联合声明，把打击毒品犯罪和跨国犯罪作为五国合作的一条重要内容。此外，中国政府还与墨西哥、印度、巴基斯坦、哥伦比亚、塔吉克斯坦等国政府签署了双边禁毒合作协议。
　　China has constantly strengthened bilateral and multilateral cooperation in drug control with other countries. In 1985 China began to cooperate with the United States in drug control, and in 1987 the governments of the two nations signed the Sino-US Memorandum of Cooperation in Narcotic Drugs Control. In 1997, the heads of the two states signed the Sino-US Joint Statement containing contents on cooperation in drug control, which upgraded this cooperation between the two countries to a new level. Subsequently, the governments of China and the United States mutually accredited anti-drug liaison officers. Meanwhile, China attached importance to the cooperation in drug control with Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In April 1996, China and Russia signed the Agreement on Cooperation Against Illicit Trafficking and Abuse of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In 1998 the heads of state of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan signed a joint statement, taking cracking down drug-connected and trans- national crimes as major contents in cooperation among the five countries. In addition, the Chinese government has signed bilateral agreements on cooperation in drug control with the governments of Mexico, India, Pakistan, Colombia and Tajikistan.
　　多年来，中国与美国、加拿大、日本、法国、澳大利亚、泰国、缅甸、老挝、越南、柬埔寨等国家开展了多种形式的禁毒情报交流、培训与执法合作。从1996年起，中国还陆续与缅甸、老挝、越南、俄罗斯等国建立边境地区缉毒执法合作联络官制度。中国与美国、加拿大、日本、韩国等国家警方，通过国际禁毒情报交流和司法协助，多次联合破获贩毒案件，有效地打击了跨国毒品犯罪活动。
　　For many years, China has developed cooperation in many forms with the United States, Canada, Japan, France, Australia, Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia in anti-drug information exchange, training and law enforcement. Since 1996, China has successively established a liaison officer system of anti-drug law-enforcement cooperation in border areas with Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and Russia. Besides, the police authorities of China, the United States, Canada, Japan and the Republic of Korea have on many occasions jointly cracked cases of illicit traffic in drugs through international anti-drug information exchange and judicial cooperation, effectively deterring transnational drug-related crimes.
　　中国政府尽自己的力量，积极帮助周边国家开展禁毒工作。从1990年起，中国通过技术援助、农业支援、开发旅游资源等多种形式，主动帮助缅甸和老挝北部传统罂粟种植地区开展替代发展工作。这些工作，在一定程度上推动了该地区经济社会的发展，有助于减轻“金三角”毒品对中国和国际社会的威胁。在国际合作中，中国得到了联合国禁毒机构的大力支持和帮助。
　　The Chinese government has done its utmost to enthusiastically help bordering countries to unfold anti-drug combat. Beginning in 1990, China has actively helped the northern parts of Myanmar and Laos, where poppies were traditionally planted, to promote alternative development by means of providing technological and agricultural support and developing tourism resources. These efforts, to some degree, have promoted the economic and social development in that region, consequently helping to reduce the threatens brought to China and international community by the "Golden Triangle" drugs. At the same time, China has received energetic support and help from the UNDCP in international cooperation.
　　过去二十多年，中国禁毒工作取得显著成就，并得到国际社会的普遍赞誉。但中国政府清醒地认识到，国际毒潮对中国危害加剧的状况，不会在短期内彻底消除；毒品在中国仍处于蔓延阶段，禁毒任重道远。人类正处于千年更迭、世纪交替的重要时刻，国际社会已空前一致地意识到了禁毒的紧迫性和重要性。早日解决毒品问题，建设一个健康、文明、幸福、美好的世界，是各国人民的共同愿望。在新的世纪里，中国政府将在全国深入持久地开展禁毒斗争。毒品一日不绝，禁毒一刻不停。中国政府将一如既往地与世界各国加强合作，为彻底消除毒害、建设一个“无毒的世界”而不懈努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　Over the past 20 years or so, China has made outstanding achievements in drug control and gained a shower of praise from international community. In the meantime, the Chinese government has soberly realized that the waves of the rising international drug tide is buffeting China more severely than ever and such situation could not be eliminated in the short run. The drug problem is still rampant in China and therefore the fight against drug abuse in China is a heavy task, and there is a long way ahead in this regard. At this important moment when a new millennium is dawning on mankind and the old century is giving place to the new, international community has realized more unanimously than ever the urgency and importance of drug control. It is a common wish of people of all countries to solve the drug problem as soon as possible and to build this planet into a healthy, civilized, happy and beautiful world. During the new century, the Chinese government will wage an unremitting, thoroughgoing struggle against drugs nationwide and will not stop its efforts until drugs are eradicated. The Chinese government will, as always, strengthen cooperation with other countries and make unremitting efforts to completely eliminate narcotic drugs and build a world free from the drug scourge.
　　注：统计数据均未包括香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾省。
　　Note: The statistical data mentioned here do not include the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province.