2014年中国人权事业的进展

Progress in China’s Human Rights in 2014

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

Information Office of the State Council, the People’s Republic of China

2015年6月

June 2015

目录

Contents

前言

Preface

一、发展权利

I. Right to Development

二、人身权利

II. Rights of the Person

三、民主权利

III. Democratic Rights

四、公正审判权

IV. Right to Impartial Trial

五、少数民族权利

V. Rights of Ethnic Minorities

六、妇女、儿童和老年人权利

VI. Rights of Women, Children and Senior Citizens

七、残疾人权利

VII. Rights of Persons with Disabilities

八、环境权利

VIII. Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment

九、对外交流与合作

IX. Foreign Exchanges and Cooperation

前言

Preface

2014年，中国共产党和中国政府协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党战略布局的实施，中国人民更加切实地从国家发展进步中受益，中国人权事业又取得了新成就。

In 2014, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Chinese government jointly pushed forward the implementation of the country’s four major strategic tasks: (1) build a moderately prosperous society; (2) drive the reform in a deeper level; (3) advance the law-based governance of China; and (4) strengthen Party self-discipline. The Chinese people enjoyed practical benefits from the development of the country, and their human rights situation also made new progress.

中国人民的各项基本权利进一步得到有效保障，“国家尊重和保障人权”的宪法原则得到更好贯彻落实。这一年，全面建成小康社会迈出坚实步伐。到2014年底，“十二五”规划所提出的29个可统计、可评估的经济社会发展指标中，超额完成的12个，接近完成的3个，进展良好的11个，三者合计已接近90%。2014年12月，《国家人权行动计划（2012－2015年）》完成中期评估，评估结果显示各项指标任务得到积极落实，大部分量化指标已完成一半甚至更高。这一年，全面推进依法治国开启了新征程。中国共产党十八届四中全会通过《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》，更加清晰地描绘出中国特色社会主义法治国家的宏伟蓝图。中国建设社会主义法治国家，以确保公民权利的实现、人性尊严的捍卫、基本人权的落实为根本目的。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The basic rights of the Chinese people became better protected, and China’s constitutional principle of “respecting and safeguarding human rights” was implemented in a better way. In 2014, China made steady progress in comprehensively completing the building of a moderately prosperous society. By the end of the year, among all the 29 countable or measurable indicators for economic and social development set forth in the 12th Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), 12 had been over-fulfilled, three had been nearly fulfilled and 11 had made smooth progress, accounting for 90 percent of the total. The mid-stage assessment of China’s National Human Rights Action Plan (2012-2015) was carried out in December, 2014, and the result showed that most of the targets set in the plan had been reached, and a larger part of the quantitative indices had been half or even more achieved. In the same year China’s efforts for law-based governance reached a new take-off stage. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC approved the Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on Certain Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Law-Based Governance of China, drawing up a clear blueprint for building a socialist law-based country with Chinese characteristics. The fundamental purposes of the blueprint are to protect civic rights, to defend human dignity and to put basic human rights into practice.

中国人权事业取得的巨大成就，充分说明中国成功地走出一条适合本国国情的人权发展道路。在这条人权发展道路上，中国坚持中国共产党的领导，确保人权事业发展的正确方向；坚持人权普遍性原则与中国现实国情相结合，在更高层次上保障好人民的生存权、发展权；坚持依法治国，把人权发展纳入法治化制度化轨道；坚持突出重点与全面推进相统一，推动人权建设和各领域建设统筹兼顾、协调发展；坚持继承和弘扬中华优秀传统文化，吸收和借鉴人类文明有益成果。

The tremendous achievements China has made in its human rights endeavors fully demonstrate that it is taking the correct path of human rights development that suits its national conditions. Along this path, the CPC will steer the country in the right direction; the combination of the universal human rights principle with China’s national conditions will safeguard, at a higher level, the Chinese people’s rights to life and development; law-based governance will ensure that China’s human rights development is enshrined in the legal system and institutions; all aspects of human rights will be developed with key areas being given priority; China will carry on and promote its fine traditions in this field while learning from and absorbing the merits of all other civilizations.

在实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的征程上，中国共产党和中国政府倍加珍惜来之不易的人权实践成果和积累的宝贵经验，努力发展有利于人权保障与实现的各项事业，让每个人都能发展自我和奉献社会，共同享有人生出彩的机会，共同享有梦想成真的机会，共同享有平等参与、平等发展的机会。

In order to realize the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, both the CPC and the Chinese government will cherish the country’s precious and hard-won achievements and experiences in the realm of human rights, and will make great efforts to develop various undertakings conducive to the protection and realization of human rights, and ensure that all are able to achieve personal development and to contribute to society, to enjoy equal opportunities to achieve their potential and to realize their dreams, and to enjoy equal opportunities to participate in the development of the country.

一、发展权利

I. Right to Development

2014年，中国政府积极推进发展理念和制度创新，采取有效措施保障公民获得公平发展的机会，让更多人分享改革发展的“红利”，促进公民的经济、社会和文化权利得到更好保障。

In 2014, the Chinese government promoted development concepts and systems innovation, adopted effective measures to guarantee citizens’ access to fair development, had more people to share the fruit of reform and development, and better protected the people’s economic, social and cultural rights.

人民生活有新的改善。2014年，中国国内生产总值比上年增长7.4%，经济运行处于合理区间。中西部地区经济增速快于东部地区。城镇新增就业1322万人，高于上年。全年粮食产量60710万吨，比上年增加516万吨。南水北调中线一期工程通水，京津冀等地6000万群众喝上了长江水。6600多万农村人口饮水安全得到解决。全国有19个地区提高了最低工资标准。全国居民人均可支配收入20167元,比上年实际增长8.0%，快于经济增长。城镇居民人均可支配收入28844元，比上年实际增长6.8%；农村居民人均可支配收入10489元，比上年实际增长9.2%，连续五年快于城镇居民收入增长。城乡居民收入比13年来首次降至3倍以下。全国居民人均消费支出14491元，比上年实际增长7.5%。其中，城镇居民人均消费支出19968元，比上年实际增长5.8%；农村居民人均消费支出8383元，比上年实际增长10.0%。截至2014年底，全国电话用户总数达15.3亿户，其中移动电话用户达12.8亿户，普及率达到94.5部/百人。4G用户达到9728.4万户，3G用户4.8亿户。互联网宽带接入用户突破2亿户，其中使用4M及以上宽带产品的用户达到1.77亿户，占比达到88.1%。全国互联总带宽达到2500G，国际通信出入口带宽达到9614Gbps，国际通信业务出入口带宽达到3361.9Gbps。国内居民出境11659万人次，其中因私出境11003万人次，比上年增长19.6%。

People’s living standard further improved. China’s GDP in 2014 increased by 7.4 percent over the previous year, and the economy operated within an appropriate range. The economic growth in central and western China was faster than that in the east. As many as 13.22 million new urban jobs were created, more than that in 2013. The total output of grain was 607.1 million tons, an increase of 5.16 million tons over the previous year. The first phase of the central line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project was completed, providing water from the Yangtze River in the south to 60 million people in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the north. More than 66 million rural people began to have access to safe drinking water in that year. In 2014, minimum wage standards were raised in 19 regions. The nationwide annual per capita disposable income reached 20,167 yuan, up 8 percent over the previous year and faster than the economic growth rate in 2014. The annual per capita disposable income for urban residents was 28,844 yuan, and that for rural residents reached 10,489 yuan, up 6.8 percent and 9.2 percent over the previous year, respectively, with the increasing rate for rural residents higher than that for urban residents for the fifth consecutive year. The urban-rural income ratio fell below 3:1 for the first time over the previous 13 years. Nationwide, per capita consumption expenditure reached 14,491 yuan, an increase of 7.5 percent over 2013, among which the consumption expenditure of urban residents was 19,968 yuan and that of rural residents was 8,383 yuan, up 5.8 percent and 10 percent, respectively. By the end of 2014, the number of telephone users in China had reached 1.53 billion, among whom that of mobile phone users reached 1.28 billion, with the penetration rate hitting 94.5 per 100 people. The number of 4G users was 97.284 million, and that of 3G users was 480 million. The number of Internet broadband users surpassed 200 million, among whom that of subscribers using broadband over 4M reached 177 million, taking up 88.1 percent of the total. The total broadband in China was 2500G, the broadband of the international communications gateway reached 9614Gbps, and the broadband of the international communications service gateway reached 3361.9Gbps. The number of trips abroad made by Chinese citizens was 116.59 million, among which those for private purposes reached 110.03 million, an increase of 19.6 percent over the previous year.

城乡基本公共服务覆盖面进一步扩大。国务院印发《国家新型城镇化规划（2014－2020年）》。中央财政安排11亿元资金，在2个省、14个市和300个示范县重点推进，加快建立新型职业农民队伍。加强农业职业技能培训鉴定工作，全年培训鉴定约40万人次。组织开展农村实用人才带头人示范培训，全年培养1.2万名学员。开展现代种养技术、动物卫生防疫等专业培训，全年培训7万人。国务院发布《关于进一步推进户籍制度改革的意见》，全面放开建制镇和小城市落户限制，建立城乡统一的户口登记制度，建立居住证制度，建立健全与居住年限等条件相挂钩的基本公共服务提供机制，稳步推进城镇基本公共服务常住人口全覆盖。

Basic public services coverage increase in both urban and rural areas. The State Council issued the National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014-2020), and the central government appropriated a fund of 1.1 billion yuan to promote the development of new-type professional farmers in two provinces, 14 municipalities and 300 counties. China improved the occupational training and testing of farmers in 2014, with more than 400,000 people trained and tested in that year. China also organized training sessions for leaders in practical rural skills, and 12,000 people participated in the training in 2014. Professional training sessions were also held on modern planting and breeding as well as on animal sanitation and epidemic prevention, with more than 70,000 people receiving the training in that year. By issuing the Opinions on Further Promoting Household Registration System Reform, the State Council lifted all restrictions on settlement in incorporated towns (towns with a population of at least 2,500) and small cities, established a uniform household registration system in urban and rural areas together with a residence permit system, established and improved a basic public service supply mechanism linked with residence period, and steadily promoted the complete coverage of basic public services for permanent urban residents.

教育公平得到更好落实。继续加大教育资源投入，并向中西部和农村义务教育倾斜。2014年，中央一般公共预算教育支出4101.9亿元，增长8.2%。中央财政安排学前资助资金10亿元，义务教育免费教科书资金132.66亿元，义务教育家庭经济困难寄宿生生活费补助资金72.93亿元。全国近1.1亿名农村义务教育阶段学生全部享受免除学杂费和免费教科书政策，小学一年级新生免费获得学生字典，中西部地区1240万名家庭经济困难寄宿生获得生活费补助。自2014年11月开始，农村义务教育学生营养改善计划国家试点地区补助标准由每生每年600元提高到800元。安排营养改善计划资金171.56亿元，约3184万学生受益。1000多万名中职学校学生享受免学费政策，约488万名普通高中学生、315万名中职学生和660万名高校学生享受国家助学金资助。安排中央预算内投资310亿元，全面改善贫困地区义务教育薄弱学校的办学条件，重点实施农村学前教育推进工程、边远艰苦地区农村学校教师周转宿舍建设、民族地区教育基础薄弱县普通高中建设、中西部地区特殊教育学校建设等工程。全国九年义务教育巩固率、高中阶段教育毛入学率分别达到92.6%和86.5%。全国已有28个省（自治区、直辖市）开始解决进城务工人员随迁子女接受义务教育后在流入地参加高考的问题。继续实施高校“支援中西部地区招生协作计划”和“农村贫困地区定向招生专项计划”，两项计划的规模分别扩大至20万人和5万人，分别比上年增加1.5万人和2万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Educational fairness better guaranteed. China is continuing to increase its input in educational resources, giving preferential treatment to central and western regions and compulsory education in the countryside. In 2014, the education expenditure from the general public services budget of the central government reached 410.19 billion yuan, up 8.2 percent from 2013. The central government allocated one billion yuan from its budget as supporting funds for pre-school education, 13.266 billion yuan for free textbooks for compulsory education courses, and 7.293 billion yuan as cost of living subsidies for boarders in schools offering compulsory education from families with financial difficulties. Nearly 110 million rural students receiving compulsory education benefited from exemption of all tuition and miscellaneous fees as well as free textbooks, first-grade pupils received dictionaries for free, and 12.4 million boarders from poverty-stricken households in central and western China received cost of living subsidies. Since November, 2014, the nutrition subsidies covered by national pilot projects for rural students receiving compulsory education have been raised from 600 yuan to 800 yuan per person per year. In the same year, the central government allocated 17.156 billion yuan for nutrition improvement, benefiting 31.84 million students. Secondary vocational education was made free for more than 10 million students, and national grants were provided to nearly 4.88 million senior high school students, 3.15 million secondary vocational school students and 6.6 million college students. The central government also appropriated 31 billion yuan to upgrade schools with poor compulsory education conditions in poverty-stricken areas, with the focus on promoting pre-school education in rural areas, building dormitories for rural teachers in remote and border areas, building senior high schools in counties with a weak educational foundation in regions inhabited by ethnic minorities, and building special education schools in central and western China. The percentage of students receiving nine-year compulsory education remaining in school and the gross enrollment ratio of senior high schools were 92.6 percent and 86.5 percent, respectively. Twenty-eight provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government have started to address the problem of whether or not permitting children of rural migrant workers who received their compulsory education in cities to sit the national college entrance examinations in cities where they are now living. Institutions of higher learning continued to implement the country’s Collaborative Admission Plan for Supporting the Central and Western Regions (initiated in 2008) and the Special Admission Plan for Students from Poor Rural Areas (initiated in 2012), expanding the two plans to cover 200,000 and 50,000 people, an increase of 15,000 and 20,000 people, respectively, over the previous year.

扶贫工作扎实推进。实施“精准扶贫”战略。国家将10月17日确定为扶贫日。中央和国家机关、企事业单位定点帮扶592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县，定点扶贫实现了对重点县的全覆盖。中央财政预算安排专项扶贫资金433亿元，比上年增长近10%。实施以工代赈政策，中央财政投入资金57.2亿元，支持建设一批农田水利、乡村道路等中小型公益性基础设施，为参与工程建设的贫困地区群众发放劳务报酬6.8亿元。针对贫困地区群众实施易地扶贫搬迁工程，累计投入中央补助资金55亿元，搬迁贫困人口91.69万人。在14个集中连片特困地区投入车辆购置税收入补助地方资金约1541亿元，支持片区改造建设3.17万公里的高速公路和普通国省道，建设9.6万公里农村公路和一批农村客运站点，解决片区93个乡镇、1.05万个建制村交通问题。推进四川、贵州、云南、陕西、甘肃、青海、新疆等七省区138个“溜索改桥”项目建设。按照年人均收入2300元（2010年不变价）的农村扶贫标准计算，2014年底农村贫困人口为7017万人，比上年减少1232万人。

Poverty alleviation steadily promoted. China has adopted a strategy of taking targeted measures for poverty alleviation, and declared October 17 as “China Poverty Alleviation Day.” Departments of the CPC Central Committee and the central government at various levels, enterprises and public institutions are paired up with and assisting all of the 592 counties that are key targets of the government’s development-oriented poverty-reduction work. The central government appropriated 43.3 billion yuan for poverty reduction in 2014, an increase of nearly 10 percent over the previous year, adopted the policy of giving people work in place of relief subsidies, allocated 5.72 billion yuan to support the building of small and medium-sized infrastructure projects for public welfare, such as water conservancy projects, road construction, etc., and earmarked 680 million yuan as remuneration for people in poverty-stricken areas participating in the construction projects. China also resettled 916,900 impoverished people from poverty-stricken areas at a total cost of 5.5 billion yuan. It allocated 154.1 billion yuan out of the vehicle purchase tax to subsidize 14 contiguous poverty-stricken areas, supporting the building and renovation of 31,700 km of expressways and national or provincial highways, building 96,000 km of rural highways and a batch of rural passenger bus stations, and solving the traffic problems of 93 townships, and 10,500 villages. The central government proceeded with the plan of building 138 bridges to replace ropeways in seven provinces and regions, namely, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai and Xinjiang. By the end of 2014, the impoverished population in rural China had decreased to 70.17 million, based on the criterion that the national poverty line has been set at 2,300 yuan per person per year (calculated at 2010 constant prices). This means that there were 12.32 million fewer poverty-stricken people at the end of 2014 than a year earlier.

农民工合法权益得到切实维护。截至2014年底，全国农民工总量为27395万人，比上年增长1.9%。各级政府着力稳定和扩大农民工就业创业，切实保障农民工合法劳动权益。国家制定《农民工职业技能提升计划》。健全基层就业和社会保障服务设施，安排中央预算内资金共建设269个县级就业和社会保障服务中心、961个乡镇服务站。继续发挥工会组织和职工维权机构在保障劳动者权利方面的重要作用，为求职者提供各类就业服务500万人次以上，帮助100万人签订为期一年以上的劳动合同。国家有关部门联合发布《关于进一步做好建筑业工伤保险工作的意见》，进一步明确和细化了保障建筑业农民工工伤保险权益的政策措施。2014年，各级人力资源和社会保障部门依法查处涉及拖欠工资类案件26.3万件。各级人民法院全年共审结土地承包经营权流转、宅基地纠纷、拖欠农民工工资等案件21.9万件，依法判处拒不支付劳动报酬罪犯753人。最高人民法院发布《关于审理工伤保险行政案件若干问题的规定》，明确了特殊情况下承担工伤保险责任的用人单位，第三人的原因造成工伤的处理方式，并对涉及劳动关系确认的行政审判程序作了规范，细化工伤认定中“工作原因、工作时间和工作场所”等问题。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers effectively protected. By the end of 2014, the total number of migrant workers in China was 273.95 million, an increase of 1.9 percent over 2013. Governments at all levels endeavored to stabilize and increase employment as well as business development for migrant workers, thus effectively guaranteeing their legitimate labor rights and interests. The central government formulated the Plan to Raise the Vocational Skills of Migrant Workers, which improved social security and employment service at the community level for them, and provided funds to build 269 county-level employment and social security service centers, and 961 town and township service stations. It gave full play to the important role of the trade unions and other rights-protection organizations for safeguarding workers’ rights, provided various kinds of employment services to more than five million people, and helped one million people sign labor contracts with a duration of over one year. In 2014, various central government departments and a social group jointly issued the Opinions of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, State Administration of Work Safety and All -China Federation of Trade Unions on Further Improving Work on Work-related Injury Insurance in the Construction Industry, further defining and detailing the relevant policies and measures. In the same year, human resources and social security departments at all levels investigated and handled 263,000 cases concerning wage arrears. People’s courts at all levels investigated and settled 219,000 cases relating to the transfer of land-use rights, disputes over rural homestead and wage arrears, and convicted 753 persons for refusing to pay others for the labor rendered. The Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Administrative Cases Concerning Work-Related Injury Insurance was promulgated in the same year to define employers’ responsibility in case of work-related injury insurance, and how to deal with cases of work-related injury caused by third parties. The Provisions also made clear the administrative trial procedures relating to labor relations confirmation, and defined such factors as “work-related, time and place of work” in the identification of work-related injuries.

社会保险覆盖面进一步扩大。国务院发布《关于建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度的意见》，在全国范围内建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，解决了劳动者特别是农民工参加职工和城乡居民基本养老保险的制度衔接问题。截至2014年底，全国城镇职工基本养老保险人数34124万人，比上年增加1906万人。参加城乡居民基本养老保险人数50107万人，比上年增加357万人。全国城镇基本医疗保险参保59774万人，新型农村合作医疗参保73627万人，城乡基本医疗保险覆盖率超过95%。全国参加失业保险人数17043万人，比上年增加626万人，领取失业保险金人数207万人，全年月人均失业保险金水平为852元。参加工伤保险人数20639万人，比上年增加722万人，其中参加工伤保险的农民工7362万人，比上年增加98万人。参加生育保险人数17039万人，比上年增加647万人。

Social insurance coverage widened. The State Council issued the Opinions on Establishing a Unified Basic Pension Insurance System for Non-working Urban and Rural Residents in 2014, establishing a unified basic pension insurance system nationwide, which solved the problem of laborers, especially migrant workers participating in the basic pension insurance system for urban workers or non-working people. A total of 341.24 million people had participated in the basic pension insurance for urban workers by the end of 2014, and 501.07 million people had participated in the basic pension insurance system for non-working people, increases of 19.06 million and 3.57 million, respectively, compared with 2013. At the same time, some 597.74 million people had participated in the basic medical insurance for non-working urban residents and 736.27 million people had participated in the new rural cooperative medical care system. The coverage of the basic medical insurance system for urban and rural residents exceeded 95 percent. In 2014, a total of 170.43 million people participated in the unemployment insurance scheme, an increase of 6.26 million over 2013, and the number of people receiving unemployment insurance allowances reached 2.07 million, making the average amount of 852 yuan per month. A total of 206.39 million people participated in work-related injury insurance in 2014, an increase of 7.22 million people over the previous year, among whom 73.62 million were migrant workers, an increase of 980,000 people. As many as 170.39 million people participated in maternity insurance, 6.47 million more than in 2013.

医疗保障体系更加完善。政府不断提高对城乡居民医保的补助水平，2014年新型农村合作医疗和城镇居民基本医疗保险的财政补助标准提高到每人每年320元，个人缴费水平提高到90元。各地不同程度地开展了城乡居民大病保险工作，大病患者报销比例在基本医保报销的基础上提高了10个百分点以上。中央财政投资224亿元加强医疗卫生服务体系建设，用于全国152所疾控机构、257所妇幼保健机构、24个其他专业公共卫生防治机构建设，以及360所县级医院、2645所乡镇卫生院、53所社区卫生服务中心、4.4万所村卫生室、1.8万套乡镇卫生院周转宿舍建设等。基本公共卫生服务政府补助标准从2013年人均30元提高到2014年的35元，用于11类43项服务内容，进一步扩大了服务内容和人群受益范围。中央财政安排154亿元，实施6大类重大公共卫生服务项目，对艾滋病、结核病等重大疾病预防控制、妇女儿童健康保健、食品风险监测、健康素养促进、人员培训等工作给予补助。中央财政安排91亿元，用于推进基本药物制度在基层医疗卫生机构和村卫生室实施。中央财政安排医改资金118亿元，用于推进公立医院改革、开展住院医师规范化培训等工作。

Medical security system further improved. The central government has gradually raised the annual government subsidy for the basic medical insurance for rural and non-working urban residents. In 2014, government subsidies for the new rural cooperative medical care system and medical insurance for non-working urban residents reached 320 yuan per person per year, with the individual contribution rising to 90 yuan. Serious illness insurance for urban and rural non-working residents is now available throughout the country, and the reimbursement rate for patients with serious illnesses is 10 percentage points higher than that for the basic medical insurance. The central government appropriated 22.4 billion yuan in 2014 to improve the medical health service system, including the building of 152 disease prevention and control institutions, 257 maternal and children health-care institutions, 24 other professional public health and disease prevention and control institutions, 360 county-level hospitals, 2,645 town and township hospitals, 53 community health service centers, 44,000 village clinics and 18,000 dormitories in town and township hospitals. The government subsidy for the basic public health services rose from 30 yuan per person in 2013 to 35 yuan in 2014, covering 43 items of services in 11 categories, providing more services and benefiting more people. The central government appropriated 15.4 billion yuan as supporting funds for six major public health service projects, including the prevention and control of HIV, tuberculosis and other serious diseases, healthcare for women and children, supervision of food risks, raising public’s awareness about health, and personnel training. The central government poured 9.1 billion yuan into implementing the basic pharmaceuticals system at grassroots medical and health institutions, and village clinics. Another 11.8 billion yuan was allocated to promote reform of state-owned hospitals and standardized training of physicians.

社会救助水平进一步提高。《社会救助暂行办法》颁布实施，依法解决城乡困难群众各类生活困难，保障全体公民在获取社会救助方面的权利公平、机会公平、待遇公平。截至2014年底，全国共有城市低保对象1880万人，农村低保对象5209万人、五保供养对象529.5万人。全国城市低保平均标准提高为411元/人/月，月人均补助275元，分别比上年同期增长10.1%、9.1%；全国农村低保平均标准提高为2777元/人/年，月人均补助125元，分别比上年同期增长14.1%、12.5%。中央财政安排5亿元，推动各省（自治区、直辖市）、市（地）建立疾病应急救助基金，用于解决在中国境内急重危伤病、需要急救但身份不明确或无负担能力患者急救费用补助问题。全国实施医疗救助1.02亿人次，支出医疗救助资金254亿元，住院救助、门诊救助、资助参保参合水平分别达到1723元、144元、80元。自2014年10月1日起，国家对残疾军人等优抚对象的抚恤金和生活补助标准提高了20%。

Social assistance further improved. China issued the Interim Measures for Social Assistance, and solved the livelihood difficulties of poverty-stricken urban and rural people in accordance with the law, and ensured equal rights, opportunities and treatment for all citizens who sought social assistance. By the end of 2014, there were altogether 18.8 million urban recipients and 52.09 million rural recipients of subsistence allowances, and 5.295 million people enjoying the “five guarantees” (food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses). The average minimum cost of living and subsidy for urban recipients was 411 yuan per person per month and 275 yuan per person per month, up 10.1 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively, over the previous year. For rural recipients these figures were 2,777 yuan per person per year and 125 yuan per person per month, up 14.1 percent and 12.5 percent, respectively, over 2013. The central government allocated 500 million yuan to encourage all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government as well as cities and prefectures to establish emergency assistance funds for emergency treatment for seriously ill or injured people whose identities are unknown or who are unable to pay the fees. In 2014, 25.4 billion yuan was spent on providing medical aid to 102 million people nationwide. The in-patient aid, out-patient aid and aid for participating in urban medical insurance and the new rural cooperative medical care system respectively reached 1,723 yuan, 144 yuan and 80 yuan per person. From October 1, 2014, pensions and funds to ensure the minimum living standard for disabled soldiers and other people with special needs both increased by 20 percent.

保障性住房建设加速推进。继续落实《国务院关于加快棚户区改造工作的意见》，将棚户区改造和保障性安居工程配套基础设施建设作为中央预算内投资的重点。2014年，棚户区改造和保障性安居工程配套基础设施建设的中央预算内投资达到787亿元。中央财政投入农村危房改造补助资金230亿元，支持完成改造任务266万户。各级政府将保障性安居工程作为必须向人民兑现的“硬承诺”、“硬任务”，全年城镇保障性安居工程新开工740万套，基本建成511万套，超额完成年初既定的新开工700万套以上、基本建成480万套目标任务。2008年至2014年，中央财政投入城镇保障性安居工程补助资金8000多亿元，全国城镇保障性安居工程合计开工4500多万套，其中，各类棚户区改造2080万套。到2014年底，累计解决了4000多万户城镇家庭的住房困难。

Construction of government-subsidized housing accelerated. China continued to implement the Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating the Rebuilding of Shanty Towns to give priority to central government’s financial input in the rebuilding of shanty towns, and the building of infrastructure supportive to government-subsidized housing projects within the central budget. In 2014, funds provided in this regard within the central budget reached 78.7 billion yuan. At the same time, the central government provided 23 billion yuan as part of the funds in the renovation of dilapidated rural houses, and finished renovating the housing of 2.66 million families. Government-subsidized housing is regarded by governments at all levels as a promise they have to fulfill to the people. Throughout the year of 2014, construction began on 7.4 million government-subsidized apartments, and 5.11 million were basically completed, exceeding the goals of the construction of 7 million apartments and completing 4.8 million apartments set at the beginning of the year. From 2008 to 2014 China provided more than 800 billion yuan from the central budget in urban government-subsidized housing. During this period, construction began on 45 million government-subsidized apartments, of which 20.8 million were to be located in shanty towns. By the end of 2014, China had solved housing difficulties for more than 40 million urban households.

公民基本文化权益得到更好保障。国家加快建立健全覆盖全社会的公共文化服务体系，加强文化市场法治建设，将总共11项文化市场主体准入的前置审批项目，一次性全部改为后置审批；加大文化事业资金投入，实施公共数字文化建设和公共图书馆、美术馆、文化馆（站）免费开放项目等重大文化惠民工程。2014年，中央财政安排农村公共文化建设资金143.8亿元，有效提升基层公共文化服务能力，促进公共文化服务均等化提高。截至2014年底，全国共有艺术表演团体2008个，博物馆2760个，文化馆3311个；全国共有公共图书馆3110个，总流通52250万人次；全国共有档案馆4246个，已开放各类档案12835万卷（件）。全国已有2115个博物馆及43510个公共图书馆、美术馆、文化馆（站）实现免费开放。全国有线电视用户3.21亿户，有线数字电视用户1.87亿户；广播节目综合人口覆盖率为98.0%，电视节目综合人口覆盖率为98.6%；广播电视村村通工程覆盖20户以上通电自然村，向户户通升级，直播卫星户户通已达1600多万户。全年生产电视剧429部15983集，电视动画片138496分钟；生产故事影片618部，科技、纪录、动画和特种影片140部，电影票房达到296亿元，比上年增长36%，其中票房过亿元的国产片36部；农村电影放映工程实现平均每个行政村一月放映一场电影的目标，由室外向室内、流动向固定放映转变，可订购影片数量超过3000部。农家书屋工程覆盖全部行政村，初步建立出版物合理定期更新长效机制，数字书屋建设加快推进。中央专项彩票公益金支持建设乡村学校少年宫3600所，比上年增加80%。“十二五”期间累计投入中央专项彩票公益金33.85亿元，示范带动各地兴建25000多所乡村学校少年宫。根据第六次全国体育场地普查结果，全国共有体育场地169.5万个，场地面积19.9亿平方米。全国文化旅游景区（点）年参观人数约14亿人次，带动旅游收入约2500亿元，固定就业人员超过100万。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Basic cultural rights better protected. China has speeded up the building of a public cultural services system that covers the entire society, and enhanced the rule of law in the culture market. It has changed 11 items from pre-access approval to post-access approval for investment in this market. At the same time the state has increased its input in cultural programs, carried out the digital cultural programs, and built libraries, art galleries, cultural centers and similar projects that are open to the public for free. In 2014, the central budget allocated 14.38 billion yuan for rural public cultural improvements, effectively improved the public cultural services at the grassroots level, and promoted equal access to public cultural services. By the end of 2014, China had 2,008 art performance organizations, 2,760 museums and 3,311 cultural centers. In addition, China had 3,110 public libraries, which received a total of 522.5 million visits in that year, and 4,246 archives with a total of 128.35 million open archival records. Some 2,115 museums and 43,510 public libraries, art galleries and cultural centers instituted free admission. China had 321 million cable TV users (households) and 187 million cable digital TV users. About 98 percent of China’s population had access to radio broadcasts, and the figure was 98.6 percent for access to television programs. China has made radio and television services available for every village with more than 20 households, and is working to expand the coverage to every household. The project of providing direct broadcasting satellite services to every household has covered more than 16 million households so far. In 2014, China produced 429 TV series totaling 15,983 episodes, TV cartoon programs totaling 138,496 minutes. It produced 618 feature films, and 140 other films, including popular science films, documentaries, animated cartoons and special-purpose films. The total cinema box office receipts reached 29.6 billion yuan, an increase of 36 percent over the previous year. Thirty-six domestic films each surpassed 100 million yuan in box office receipts. Meanwhile, China carried out a rural film program, projecting at least one film per month in every administrative village. Outdoor mobile film projection is now giving way to projection at permanent indoor venues, and the number of films to be ordered for purchase exceeds 3,000. The rural library project covers all administrative villages, and a long-term mechanism for regular publication updates is taking shape. The building of digital libraries is also accelerating. In 2014, the central government made use of special lottery funds for the building of 3,600 children’s cultural centers for rural schools, up by 80 percent.

二、人身权利

II. Rights of the Person

2014年，中国强化食品安全监管，完善生产安全法律制度，依法打击恐怖主义活动，重视被追诉人、被羁押者和罪犯的人身权利保障，加大禁毒工作力度，切实保障公民人身权利。

In 2014, China strengthened supervision over foodstuffs, improved laws and regulations on production safety, combated terrorism according to law, attached more importance to protecting the rights of the accused, detainees and criminals, and stepped up drug-control efforts to protect citizens’ personal rights.

食品安全监管更加严格。全国人民代表大会常务委员会审议了食品安全法修订草案，在食品生产、食品流通、餐饮服务、食品进出口等环节规定了更严格、覆盖全程的监管制度，建立食品原产地可追溯制度和质量标识制度，加大对食品安全违法行为的处罚力度，依法维护消费者的合法权益。2014年3月，最高人民法院正式实施《关于审理食品药品纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的规定》，加大对危害食品药品安全犯罪打击力度，各级人民法院全年审结相关案件1.1万件。2014年3月，国务院食品安全办公室、国家食品药品监督管理总局、国家工商总局联合发布《关于严厉打击生产经营假冒伪劣食品违法行为　进一步加强农村食品市场监管工作的通知》，围绕农村食品市场存在的无证无照经营、销售和使用无合法来源食品及原料等突出问题和安全隐患，开展系列专项整治行动。整治期间，全国共检查食品生产单位42.42万户次、食品经营户386.88万户次，检查批发市场、集贸市场等各类市场14.29万个次，开展监督抽检25.36万批次，依法取缔无证经营2.28万户，吊销食品生产经营许可证1142户，吊销营业执照642户，捣毁制售假冒伪劣食品窝点1375个，查扣侵权假冒食品数量36.19万公斤，查处各类食品违法案件4.51万件，受理并处置消费者投诉举报4.68万件。

Stricter supervision over food safety. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC) deliberated the revised draft of the Food Safety Law, which enhances the supervision of the whole process in this field from food production and circulation to catering services, and food import and export, sets up a food-traceability system and a quality labeling system, and increases the penalties for violations of food safety to protect the legitimate rights and interests of consumers in accordance with the law.

In March, 2014, the Supreme People’s Court put into effect the Provisions of Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Trial of Cases Involving Food and Drug Disputes, increasing efforts to crack down on crimes endangering food and drug safety. People’s courts at all levels concluded a total of 11,000 related cases in that year. In March, 2014, the Food Safety Office of the State Council, China Food and Drug Administration and State Administration for Industry and Commerce, jointly issued the Notice on Cracking Down on Illegal Acts of Making and Selling Counterfeit and Poor-quality Food, and Strengthening Supervision of Rural Food Markets, launching a special campaign to address problems in the rural food markets such as doing business without a license, and selling and using food and foodstuffs from illegal sources. During this nationwide campaign, the competent departments inspected food producers 424,200 times, food sellers 3,868,800 times, wholesale markets and peddlers’ markets 142,900 times, spot checked these markets 253,600 times, banned 22,800 unlicensed businesses according to law, revoked 1,142 licenses for food production and marketing, cancelled 642 business licenses, destroyed 1,375 counterfeit and poor-quality food-producing workshops, checked and confiscated 361,900 kg of foodstuffs that violated trademark laws, investigated and prosecuted 45,100 cases of foodstuffs illegality, and handled 46,800 related complaints and reports from consumers.

生产安全法律制度进一步完善。2014年8月，全国人民代表大会常务委员会通过了关于修改安全生产法的决定，增加安全生产标准化建设、安全生产规划、安全生产责任保险、安全生产管理机构职责、严重违法行为公示等规定及相关配套制度措施。强化安全生产红线意识、执法监督责任和暗查暗访、打非治违等日常监管。2014年，全国共组织安全生产执法检查组45.3万个，检查生产经营单位234.2万家（次），打击整治127.8万起，停产整顿7745家，关闭取缔5000余家。强化隐患整治，公开曝光重大隐患企业，对存在各类隐患的企业依法依规给予限期整改、停产整顿、罚款和取缔关闭等处罚措施。强化责任追究，严肃事故查处。2014年重特大事故平均结案时间从2013年的123天缩短到113天，2013年发生的51起重特大事故已全部结案，2014年发生的42起重特大事故目前已结案38起，共追究969人，其中追究刑事责任302人。

Improvement of work safety laws and regulations. In August, 2014, the Standing Committee of the NPC approved the Decision on Amending the Work Safety Law, which enhances regulations, mechanisms and measures concerning standardization, planning, liability insurance, responsibility of management organizations and public announcement of serious breaches of the law in the field of work safety. The Decision has helped raise awareness of work safety, strengthen responsibility for law enforcement and supervision, and routine checks and supervision, both overt and covert, to curb violators. In 2014, 453,000 work safety inspection groups conducted 2,342,000 inspections of production and business units, dealing with 1,278,000 incidences of violations, halting the operations of 7,745 such units for rectification and shutting down over 5,000 units. The government strengthened rectification of safety risks, made known to the public all enterprises posing major risks, meted out punitive measures to them such as rectification within deadlines, suspending production for rectification, imposing a fine or shutting down the business completely. The accountability system has been strengthened, and work safety incidents have been thoroughly dealt with. The average time spent on dealing with major and extremely serious safety incidents in 2014 was shortened to 113 days from 123 days in 2013. All the 51 major and extremely serious safety incidents occurred in 2013 have been dealt with, and 38 out of 42 such incidents occurred in 2014 have been dealt with, with 969 persons called to account and 302 of them held criminally liable.

依法打击恐怖活动保障人民群众生命财产安全。2014年10月，第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议对《中华人民共和国反恐怖主义法（草案）》进行了初次审议。2014年11月，草案在中国人大网上公布，向社会征求意见。草案对反恐怖主义工作机制与职责、安全防范、情报信息、应对处置和国际合作等作了规定。2014年12月28日，第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议批准了《上海合作组织反恐怖主义公约》，进一步强化打击恐怖主义的国际合作。2014年9月，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部发布《关于办理暴力恐怖和宗教极端刑事案件适用法律若干问题的意见》，明确了办理暴力恐怖和宗教极端刑事案件的基本原则、案件性质认定，明确了案件认定标准和管辖原则。全年各级人民法院审结煽动分裂国家、暴力恐怖袭击等犯罪案件558件，判处罪犯712人。司法机关依法严惩天安门“10·28”、昆明“3·01”等暴力恐怖犯罪，切实维护人民群众的生命财产安全。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Combating terrorism in accordance with the law to ensure the safety of life and property of the people. In October, 2014, the Anti-terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) was first deliberated at the 11th Plenary Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC. In November, 2014, public views of the draft were solicited via www.npc.gov.cn. This draft stipulated the working mechanism, scope of functions and duties, security precautions, intelligence, emergency response and international cooperation in anti-terrorism efforts. On December 28, 2014, the 12th Plenary Session of the Standing Committee of the 12th NPC approved the Anti-terrorism Convention of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization to further international cooperation against terrorism. In September, 2014, the Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate and Ministry of Public Security released the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning the Application of the Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Terrorism and Religious Extremism, defining the basic principles for handling such cases, how to determine the nature of the cases, and principle of jurisdiction. People’s courts at all levels dealt with 558 cases of crimes of inciting separatism and terrorism, prosecuting 712 culprits. The judicial organs severely punished crimes such as the terrorist attacks at Tiananmen on October 28, 2013 and at Kunming railway station on March 1, 2014 to ensure the safety of life and property of the people.

被追诉人、被羁押者和罪犯的人身权利得到保障。2014年，公安部制定《公安机关讯问犯罪嫌疑人录音录像工作规定》、最高人民检察院修订完善《人民检察院讯问职务犯罪嫌疑人实行全程同步录音录像的规定》，严格落实讯问犯罪嫌疑人录音录像工作，对全程同步录音录像的录制原则、录制方式、录制程序、录音录像资料的管理和使用等方面作出详细规定。各级公安部门、司法行政部门共同推进看守所法律援助工作站建设，法律援助机构在看守所派驻值班律师提供法律咨询等帮助，切实保障被追诉人、被羁押者的合法权利。截至2014年底，法律援助机构在看守所设立了近1700个法律援助工作站，上海、安徽、江西、湖南、重庆、贵州等省（市）看守所实现法律援助工作站全覆盖。公安部开展专项整顿活动，全面提升看守所安全规范管理水平；深入推进监所医疗卫生专业化工作，确保在押人员患病得到及时、有效治疗。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部、国家卫生和计划生育委员会联合发布《暂予监外执行规定》，司法部发布《关于加强监狱生活卫生管理工作的若干规定》等规范性文件，严格公正文明执法水平得到进一步提升。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The rights of the accused, detainees and criminals are protected. In 2014, the Ministry of Public Security formulated the Regulations on Making Audio-Video Recordings by the Public Security Organs When Interrogating Criminal Suspects and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate amended the Provisions on Making Synchronous Audio-Video Recordings Throughout the Entire Process of Interrogation of Duty-Related Criminal Suspects, making sure audio-video recording is used in the entire process of interrogating criminal suspects, and giving detailed provisions on the principle, method and procedure of synchronous audio-video recordings, and management and use of such audio-video recordings. The public security, judicial and administrative departments at all levels worked together to promote the establishing of legal aid stations in detention centers, and resident lawyers from legal aid organizations provide legal consultation for the accused and detainees to protect their legitimate rights and interests. By the end of 2014, up to 1,700 legal aid stations had been set up by the legal aid organizations in detention centers across the country, and this service now covers all the detention centers in the cities of Shanghai and Chongqing, and the provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guizhou. The Ministry of Public Security has launched a special program to comprehensively improve the safety management level of detention centers and pressed ahead with professional health care services provided in detention centers to ensure that sick detainees are treated in a timely and effective manner. The Regulations on Temporarily Serving Sentences Outside Prison jointly issued by the Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Justice, and National Health and Family Planning Commission, and Opinions on Strengthening Sanitation Management in Prisons issued by the Ministry of Justice have helped to make law enforcement fairer, stricter and more civilized.

禁毒工作取得重要成效。2014年，公安禁毒部门认真贯彻落实《中共中央国务院关于加强禁毒工作的意见》，深入开展百城禁毒会战专项行动，沉重打击毒品犯罪，有效净化社会环境，保障公民人身健康与安全。全国共破获毒品犯罪案件14.59万起，抓获毒品犯罪嫌疑人16.89万名，缴获各类毒品合计68.95吨。坚持“以人为本、依法管理、科学戒毒、综合矫治、关怀救助”的原则，采取自愿戒毒、社区戒毒、强制隔离戒毒、社区康复等多种措施，帮助吸毒人员戒除毒瘾。截至2014年底，全国累计登记吸毒人员295.5万人，三年未复吸人员达100.8万人。全国28个省（自治区、直辖市）共设立维持治疗门诊767个，在治吸毒人员18.7万余人。建立戒毒康复人员就业安置基地（点）836个，累计安置社会面阿片类戒毒康复人员51.5万人，就业安置率达47.8%。建成收治病残吸毒人员专区（收治中心）46个，累计收治9000余人次。

Major progress has been made in drug control. In 2014, drug control department under the Ministry of Public Security implemented the Opinion of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council on Strengthening Drug Control, intensified efforts to launch a special drug-control program in 100 cities and cracked down on drug-related crimes, to clean the social environment and ensure the health and safety of citizens. During this period, a total of 145,900 drug-related cases were prosecuted nationwide, with 168,900 criminal suspects arrested and 68.95 tons of drugs of various kinds seized. In helping drug addicts receive treatment we observe the principle of “putting people first, managing drug treatment services according to law, adopting scientific and comprehensive measures based on individual needs, and supplementing treatment with care and aid,” and take measures such as voluntary in-patient treatment, community treatment, compulsory quarantine treatment and community rehabilitation. By the end of 2014, the registered drug addicts totaled 2.955 million, and those who had not relapsed for three years totaled 1.008 million. In 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, 767 drug-treatment clinics were established, receiving a total of 187,000 drug users; 836 employment service centers were set up for drug users recovering from treatment, providing job opportunities for 515,000 ex-addicts of opioids, with an employment rate of 47.8 percent; 46 rehabilitation centers for sick and disabled drug users were set up, providing treatment to over 9,000 people.

三、民主权利

III. Democratic Rights

2014年，中国通过立法正式确立了国家宪法日，弘扬宪法精神、强化宪法实施，在公民参与、民主立法、协商民主、基层民主、公民监督、言论自由等方面，积极推进公民民主权利实现。

In 2014, China officially designated December 4th as the national Constitution Day through legislation with a view to advancing the rule of law, enforcing the implementation of the Constitution, and promoting citizens’ democratic rights to civic participation, democratic legislation, consultative democracy, community-level democracy, citizen supervision and freedom of speech.

人民行使国家权力的机制更加完善。人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度。2014年，全国人民代表大会常务委员会依法行使监督职权，共听取审议“一府两院”13个工作报告，检查4部法律实施情况，开展3次专题询问、4项专题调研。突出立法重点，加快立法步伐，完善立法机制，提升立法效果，有效推进民主立法工作。2014年，全国人民代表大会常务委员会共审议20件法律草案，修改法律10件，制定法律2件，作出8个法律解释。在立法过程中，注重立法前和立法中的评估，通过网络平台、座谈会、论证会、调查研究、来信来函等多种方式公开征求民众、专家和有关部门的意见。以行政诉讼法修正案草案为例，自2014年8月31日至2014年9月20日，共有1586人就《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法修正案（草案二次审议稿）》提出了2300条意见。完善立法后评估工作机制，推动立法后评估工作逐步实现常态化、规范化，法律的立改废释工作逐步建立良性运行机制。

The mechanisms for people to exercise state power being improved. The people’s congress system is the fundamental political system of China. In 2014, the Standing Committee of the NPC exercised its power of supervision in accordance with the law, heard and deliberated 13 work reports from the government, Supreme People’s Court and Supreme People’s Procuratorate, checked the implementation of four laws, and held three topical inquiries and four topical investigations. It highlighted legislative priorities, accelerated the pace of legislative work, and improved the mechanisms for and effectiveness of legislation to promote democratic legislation. In 2014, the Standing Committee of the NPC deliberated 20 draft laws, revised 10 laws, enacted two laws, and provided eight legal interpretations.

It stressed appraisal before and in the process of legislation. Suggestions were solicited from the general public, experts and related departments via the Internet, symposiums, discussions, investigations and letters. Take the draft amendment to the Administrative Procedure Law as an example. From August 31 to September 20, 2014, over 2,300 pieces of advice were offered by 1,586 people on the second review draft.

The Standing Committee also improved the post-legislation appraisal mechanism to make appraisal a standardized practice that is done on a regular basis. A sound operation mechanism for the enactment, revision, abolition and interpretation of laws was established step by step.

协商民主广泛多层制度化发展稳步推进。协商民主是中国社会主义民主政治中独特的、独有的、独到的民主形式。中华优秀传统文化为中国当代新型协商民主提供了深厚的政治思想滋养。2014年，国家围绕协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党广泛凝心聚力，拓展协商民主的广度和深度，切实强化民主监督职能，继续加强政党协商，积极开展人大协商，扎实推进政府协商，进一步完善政协协商，认真做好人民团体协商，稳步推进基层协商，推动构建程序合理、环节完整的协商民主体系，扩大了公民有序参与国家和社会治理的渠道，提高了决策的科学化、民主化水平。全国政协十二届二次会议以来，提案办结率达99.8%。

Multilayer consultative democracy steadily developed. Consultative democracy is a form of democracy unique to China’s socialist democratic politics. China’s fine traditional culture provides a profound political and ideological wellspring for this new-type consultative democracy. In 2014, centered on building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, comprehensively deepening reform, governing the country with the rule of law and running the Party with strict discipline, the country gathered strength, explored with consultative democracy in greater width and depth, strengthened the function of democratic supervision, continued to strengthen consultation among political parties, in the people’s congresses, governments, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and people’s organizations, and at the community level. Efforts were made to build a complete consultation democracy system with proper procedures, and expand channels for citizens to participate in state and social governance in an orderly manner, all of which improved the scientific and democratic level of decision making. Since the Second Session of the 12th CPPCC, the conclusion rate of their proposals has reached 99.8 percent.

权力清单制度积极推进。2014年，国务院通过一系列取消和下放行政审批项目的决定，取消和下放246项行政审批事项，提前完成本届政府任内减少三分之一行政审批事项的目标任务。国务院公开了各部门行政审批事项汇总清单，规定各部门将不得在公布的总计1235项清单之外实施行政审批，坚决消除权力设租寻租空间，完善权力运行程序。积极落实《政府信息公开条例》，全面实行政务公开，推广电子政务和网上办事，保障公民及时、准确地获取信息，接受公众监督。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Power list system actively promoted. In 2014, the State Council made a series of decisions concerning administrative approval items to be cancelled or delegated to lower levels, canceling and delegating to lower levels over 246 items for administrative approval. This means the current Administration has honored the promise of deducting the administrative approval items by one third ahead of schedule. The State Council also released a list of items for administrative approval by all departments, stipulating that no department should exercise administrative approval beyond the list of 1,235 items so as to minimize the possibilities of officials seeking personal gain through power and improve the procedure of the exercise of power. We have actively implemented the Regulations on the Disclosure of Government Information, gone all out to make government affairs public, promoted e-government and online services to ensure timely and accurate access by ordinary citizens to information, and put the government under public supervision.

党风廉政建设和反腐败工作不断深入。中国共产党和中国政府坚定不移改进作风，以零容忍态度惩治腐败，治国理政法治化水平进一步提高。2014年，全国纪检监察机关共接受信访举报272万件（次），立案22.6万件，结案21.8万件，给予党纪政纪处分23.2万人，涉嫌犯罪被移送司法机关处理1.2万人；共查处违反中央八项规定精神问题53085起，处理71748人，其中给予党纪政纪处分23646人。加大国际追逃追赃力度，加强双边多边协作，开展“天网”、“猎狐”行动，发表《北京反腐败宣言》，建立反腐败执法合作网络，追逃500多人，追赃30多亿元。2014年，各级纪检监察机关通过正风肃纪、反腐惩贪为国家挽回经济损失105亿元；全国共审计13万多个单位，提交审计报告和信息25万多篇，促进增收节支和挽回损失4000多亿元，移送违法违纪案件线索3800多件，促进经济健康发展、保证社会公平正义、维护群众切身利益。

More efforts being put in improving Party conduct, upholding integrity and combating corruption. The CPC Central Committee and the Chinese government are unswervingly improving their work practices, adopting zero-tolerance toward corruption and further improving the governance by law. In 2014, the discipline inspection and supervision departments nationwide received a total of 2.72 million tip-off and complaint letters, filed 226,000 cases, concluded 218,000 cases, gave Party and administrative discipline sanctions to 232,000 people, and transferred 12,000 people to judicial organs for suspected crimes; investigated and handled 53,085 cases for violating the “Eight Provisions” of the CPC Central Committee, involving 71,748 people, of whom, 23,646 were given Party and administrative discipline sanctions. We beefed up our efforts to pursue offenders who have fled overseas and recover their ill-gotten gains, strengthened bilateral and multilateral cooperation, launched the “Sky Net” and “Fox Hunt” campaigns, released the Beijing Declaration on Fighting Corruption and established the Network of Anti-Corruption Authorities and Law Enforcement Agencies. These steps have helped the government hunt down over 500 escaped convicts and recover over three billion yuan in illegally diverted funds. In 2014, discipline inspection and supervision departments at all levels retrieved 10.5 billion yuan for the country through rectifying Party conduct and combating corruption; a total of 130,000 units nationwide were audited, and over 250,000 audit reports and files were delivered, resulting in an increase in revenue and decrease in expenditure, and over 400 billion yuan of losses recovered. Over 3,800 pieces of evidence of cases involving violation of laws and regulations were found and submitted to the judiciary for further investigation. All these efforts helped to promote the country’s healthy economic growth, ensure social equity and justice and safeguard the immediate interests of the people.

社会主义核心价值观建设深入推进。中国人权事业发展离不开社会主义核心价值观建设。社会主义核心价值观建设与提高全民尊重和保障人权意识相辅相成。中共十八大以来，在全社会大力倡导富强、民主、文明、和谐，倡导自由、平等、公正、法治，倡导爱国、敬业、诚信、友善，积极培育和践行社会主义核心价值观。社会主义核心价值观是中国人民的共同理想和精神支柱，已成为当代中国精神世界的“价值公约数”。2014年，国家继续大力开展人权教育，深入推进社会主义核心价值观建设，开展学雷锋志愿服务、孝敬教育、诚信教育、勤俭节约教育，培育传承优良家风、校训、企业精神和乡贤文化、节日文化，制作刊播“图说我们的价值观”公益广告；深化文明城市、文明村镇、文明单位创建，推进文明旅游；通过网上《好人365》专栏等系列活动，推出一批体现时代精神的先进典型。全年共推荐好人好事线索4万多件，至2014年底，仅新浪微博阅读量已突破1.7亿，形成了向上向善的强大社会力量。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The construction of core socialist values gathering momentum. China’s human rights will not be able to make progress without the construction of core socialist values. They are supplementary to each other. Since the 18th CPC National Congress, core socialist values, namely, prosperity, democracy, civility, harmony, freedom, equality, justice, the rule of law, patriotism, dedication, integrity and friendship have been advocated, fostered and implemented in all sectors of society. Core socialist values are the common ideals and spiritual pillars of the Chinese people. In 2014, the state renewed its efforts to promote human rights education, and advanced the construction of core socialist values, launching volunteer services and programs inculcating filial piety education, integrity education, thrift education, cultivating and inheriting fine family traditions, school mottoes, entrepreneurship, fine village traditions and festival culture, and publicizing public service advertisements titled “Our Values.” We intensified the building of civilized cities, towns, villages, and units, and exhorted Chinese tourists to behave themselves. We presented role models representing the spirit of our time through the online column “365 moral models.” Recommendations for role models and good deeds totaled over 40,000 throughout that year, and by the end of 2014, the page featuring this topic on weibo.com at the website SINA was read by more than 170 million people, exerting a positive influence on society.

公民言论自由权得到有效保障。2014年，中国出版各类报纸465亿份，各类期刊32亿册，图书84亿册（张），人均图书拥有量6.12册（张）。截至2014年底，中国互联网网民规模达到6.5亿，互联网普及率为47.9%。其中手机即时通信网民5.08亿，比2013年增长7683万，年增长率达17.8%。全国前三大互联网应用——即时通信、搜索引擎和网络新闻，用户规模分别达到5.88亿、5.22亿和5.19亿。网络视频用户规模为4.33亿，微博客用户规模为2.49亿，微信公众账号数超过800万，微信和WeChat的合并月活跃账户数近5亿。公众通过新闻传播媒介自由地发表意见、提出批评建议，讨论国家和社会的各种问题。政府鼓励各类企业依法依规为公众提供丰富多样的互联网信息服务业务，为公众获取和交流信息创造良好环境，日益清朗的网络空间成为民间获取信息和表达意见的重要场所。

Freedom of speech better protected. In 2014, China published 46.5 billion copies of newspapers, 3.2 billion copies of periodicals, and 8.4 billion copies of books, with 6.12 copies of books per person. By the end of 2014, the population of netizens in China was 650 million, and the Internet penetration rate was 47.9 percent. Of all the netizens, 508 million were smart phone users, an increase of 76.83 million over 2013, registering an increase rate of 17.8 percent. The users of the top three Internet applications instant messaging, search engine and netnews were 588 million, 522 million and 519 million, respectively. The number of online video users was 433 million, microblog users 249 million, and WeChat accounts over eight million, with its active domestic and overseas accounts per month close to 500 million. The public can air opinions, and raise criticisms and suggestions freely through the news media, and discuss problems of this country and society. The government encourages enterprises to provide various Internet services to the public in accordance with the law so as to create a good environment for the public to acquire and exchange information. A cleaner cyber space is becoming an ever important place for the public to get information and make their voices heard. Social organizations playing their roles better.

社会组织作用得到更好发挥。社会组织直接登记继续推进，为公民通过建立社会组织以维护合法权益、表达正当诉求、参与公共事务管理、从事社会服务提供了更加有利的条件和制度保障。2014年，全国在民政部门正式登记的社会组织共有60万个，比上年增长11.1%，其中社会团体30.7万个，同比增长7.3%；基金会4044个，同比增长 15.7%；民办非企业单位28.9万个，同比增长15.1％。政府向社会组织购买服务工作深入推进。2014年，中央财政全年共立项448个，立项总资金2亿元，配套资金1.66亿元，支持社会组织服务社会，直接受益群众超过235万，培训社会组织负责人近2万。

Renewed efforts are being made to promote the direct registration of social organizations, providing more favorable conditions and an institutional guarantee for citizens to safeguard their legitimate rights and interests, express their legitimate demands, participate in the management of public affairs and engage in social services through these social organizations. In 2014, the social organizations registered at the Ministry of Civil Affairs totaled 600,000, an increase of 11.1 percent over the previous year; among them, 307,000 were social groups, with year-on-year growth of 7.3 percent; 4,044 were foundations, a year-on-year growth of 15.7 percent; and 289,000 were non-governmental nonprofit units, a year-on-year growth of 15.1 percent. Meanwhile, the government continued to outsource services from social organizations. In 2014, it allocated a budget of 200 million yuan to initiate 448 projects, with supporting funds of 166 million yuan to assist social organizations to serve society, directly benefiting over 2.35 million people and training about 20,000 heads of social organizations.

四、公正审判权

IV. Right to Impartial Trial

2014年，各级司法机关强化司法公正、公开，积极推进多项司法改革举措，进一步促进公正审判权有效实现，司法领域人权保障迈上新台阶。

In 2014, China’s judicial bodies at all levels enhanced judicial justice and openness, adopted multiple judicial reform measures and ensured impartiality in the trial of cases, thereby safeguarding human rights in the field of justice at a higher level.

司法公正得到切实维护。公安机关、检察机关和审判机关继续落实有关法律规定，分别从侦查、检察和审判等刑事诉讼各环节，进一步健全冤假错案的防范机制、发现机制和纠正机制。2014年，各级人民法院依法惩治犯罪，维护人民群众人身、财产安全，审结一审刑事案件102.3万件，判处罪犯118.4万人；严格落实罪刑法定、疑罪从无、证据裁判等原则，对518名公诉案件被告人和260名自诉案件被告人依法宣告无罪，切实保障无罪的人不受刑事追究。最高人民法院印发《关于办理死刑复核案件听取辩护律师意见的办法》，保障律师查询立案信息、查阅案卷材料等权利，律师可直接向最高人民法院法官当面陈述辩护意见。各级检察机关对侦查机关不应当立案而立案的，督促撤案17673件；对滥用强制措施、违法取证、刑讯逼供等侦查活动违法情形，提出纠正意见54949件次；对不构成犯罪和证据不足的，决定不批捕116553人、不起诉23269人。各级人民法院按照审判监督程序再审改判刑事案件1317件。多起重大刑事冤假错案根据疑罪从无原则得到纠正。福建省高级人民法院依法审理念斌投放危险物质案，以“事实不清、证据不足”宣告念斌无罪。内蒙古自治区高级人民法院依法再审呼格吉勒图故意杀人、流氓罪一案，改判呼格吉勒图无罪。

Judicial justice maintained. Public security, procuratorial and judicial bodies continued to implement relevant laws and regulations to improve the mechanisms of preventing, identifying and redressing cases involving unjust, false and wrongful charges throughout all criminal procedures from investigation to prosecution to trials. In 2014, the people’s courts at all levels punished criminals in accordance with the law, protected the lives and property of the people, concluded 1.023 million cases of first instance, and convicted 1.184 million people. Based on the principles of “statutory crime and penalty,” “no punishment in doubtful cases” and “evidentiary adjudication,” the courts acquitted 518 defendants in cases of public prosecution and 260 in cases of private prosecution, thereby maintaining the freedom of innocent people. The Supreme People’s Court issued the Measures of the Supreme People’s Court for Listening to Opinions of Defense Lawyers in the Handling of Death Penalty Review Cases. It ensured lawyers’ rights to search case-filing information and consult case files, and empowered lawyers to present defense arguments directly to judges of the Supreme People’s Court. Procuratorial bodies at all levels got the investigation bodies to cancel 17,673 cases that should not have been filed; provided 54,949 opinions to correct illegal investigation activities such as misuse of compulsory measures, illegally obtaining evidence and extorting confessions by torture; got 116,553 arrests and 23,269 prosecutions annulled since the conducts in question did not constitute crimes or lacked sufficient evidence. Following the trial supervision procedures, the people’s courts altered the judgments of 1,317 criminal cases after retrial. A number of major criminal cases involving unjust, false, or wrongful charges were redressed in accordance with the principle of “no punishment in doubtful cases.” The Higher People’s Court of Fujian Province heard the poisoning case involving Nian Bin, and acquitted the suspect on the ground of “lacking sufficient evidence.” The Higher People’s Court of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region retried the case of Hugjiltu who was originally charged with intentional homicide and indecent assault, and absolved him of guilt.

司法透明度进一步提高。最高人民法院积极实施《关于推进司法公开三大平台建设的若干意见》。建立审判流程信息平台，方便当事人查询案件进展情况。建设裁判文书公开平台。2014年1月1日，《最高人民法院关于人民法院在互联网公布裁判文书的规定》正式实施。全年共上网公布裁判文书629.4万份，其中最高人民法院公布7993份。建设执行信息公开平台。完善失信被执行人名单制度，全年共公开发布失信被执行人信息110万例，采取限制高消费等信用惩戒措施150万次。2014年10月1日，《人民检察院案件信息公开工作规定（试行）》开始实施。全面建成全国检察机关统一的案件信息公开系统，正式运行案件程序性信息查询、法律文书公开、重要案件信息发布和辩护与代理预约申请等四大平台。

Judicial openness increased. The Supreme People’s Court implemented the Several Opinions on Advancing the Establishment of the Three Major Platforms of Judicial Openness. A trial procedure information platform has been established so that litigants can inquire about the progress of their cases, and a judgment disclosure platform has been created. On January 1, 2014, the Provisions of the Supreme People’s Court on the Publicizing of Written Judgments of the People’s Courts on the Internet was officially implemented. In 2014, a total of 6.294 million judgments were publicized on the Internet, of which 7,993 were published by the Supreme People’s Court. An execution information disclosure platform has been built. China has improved the system of publicizing the name and other information of people who fail to obey the rulings of the people’s court. In 2014, China published information about 1.1 million such persons, and enforced punitive measures 1.5 million times, including restricting them from high consumption. On October 1, 2014, the Provisions on Case Information Disclosure by the People’s Procuratorates (Trial) was implemented. China has completed the construction of a nationwide system of case information disclosure by procuratorial bodies, putting into operation the four platforms of case procedural information inquiry, legal documentation disclosure, information disclosure of major cases, and application by appointment for defense and representation.

非法证据排除制度得到严格贯彻。公安机关、检察机关和审判机关进一步完善非法证据排除的实施机制。对于侦查机关采用刑讯逼供等非法方法收集的犯罪嫌疑人、被告人供述和采用暴力、威胁等非法方法收集的证人证言、被害人陈述，对于以违反法定程序收集、可能严重影响司法公正且不能补正或者作出合理解释的物证、书证，依法予以排除。2014年，各级检察机关因排除非法证据决定不批捕406人、不起诉198人。河北省顺平县检察院在审查办理王某某涉嫌故意杀人案时，针对多处疑点，坚决排除非法证据，作出不批捕决定，提出补充侦查意见，公安机关最终抓获真凶。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The system of excluding illegally obtained evidence implemented. Public security, procuratorial and judicial bodies have further improved the implementation mechanism of excluding illegally obtained evidence. They would refuse evidence obtained by these means: confessions of criminal suspects or defendants that are extorted by torture or other illegal means, witnesses’ testimonies or victims’ presentations obtained through violence or threats, material or written evidence obtained by violating legal procedures, and other actions that might severely affect justice, and to which no correction or supplementation can be made or reasonable explanations given. In 2014, by refusing to adopt illegally obtained evidence, procuratorial bodies at all levels decided not to arrest 406 people and not sue 198 people. During the investigation and examination of an intentional homicide case, the People’s Procuratorate of Shunping County in Hebei Province identified multiple questionable points, resolutely refused to adopt illegally obtained evidence, decided not to arrest the suspect by the family name of Wang, and urged more investigations, with the result that the real culprit was apprehended.

司法体制改革积极推进。中央全面深化改革领导小组第三次会议审议通过《关于司法体制改革试点若干问题的框架意见》等文件，在上海、广东、吉林、湖北、海南、贵州、青海7个省市先行试点完善司法人员分类管理、完善司法责任制、健全司法人员职业保障、推动省以下地方法院检察院人财物统一管理等四项司法改革措施。根据《最高人民法院设立巡回法庭试点方案》，最高人民法院在广东省深圳市、辽宁省沈阳市分别设立第一、第二巡回法庭，审理跨行政区域重大行政和民商事案件，实现最高人民法院工作重心下移，就地解决纠纷，方便群众诉讼，确保司法公正。根据《最高人民法院关于全面深化人民法院改革的意见》，设立跨行政区划法院，在北京、上海组建跨行政区划中级法院，办理跨地区重大刑事、民事、行政案件；在北京、上海探索设立跨行政区划人民检察院，重点办理跨地区的行政诉讼监督案件、重大民商事监督案件、重大职务犯罪案件、重大环境资源保护和重大食品药品安全刑事案件，保证国家法律正确统一实施。

Judicial system reform advanced. The Third Meeting of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening the Reform deliberated on and adopted the Framework Opinions on Several Issues Concerning Judicial System Reform and other documents. Shanghai Municipality and Guangdong, Jilin, Hubei, Hainan, Guizhou and Qinghai provinces were designated as pilot areas to implement four judicial reform measures, namely, improving the categorized management of judicial personnel, improving the judicial accountability system, improving the career security of judicial personnel, and implementing the integrated management of personnel, finance and property in the people’s courts and procuratorates below the provincial level. According to the Plan of the Supreme People’s Court on Setting up Pilot Circuit Courts, the Supreme People’s Court set up the First Circuit Court in Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, and the Second Circuit Court in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, to hear major administrative, civil and business cases across administrative regions, shifting its work focus to lower levels and resolving disputes on the spot, thus making it more convenient for the ordinary people to file lawsuits and ensuring judicial justice. In line with the Opinions of the Supreme People’s Court on Comprehensibly Deepening the Reform of the People’s Courts, Beijing and Shanghai have set up trans-administrative regional intermediate courts to handle major criminal, civil and administrative cases; Beijing and Shanghai have been exploring ways of setting up trans-administrative regional people’s procuratorates, focusing on administrative litigation supervision cases, major civil and business supervision cases, major duty-related cases, major criminal cases concerning environmental and resource protection and food and drug safety, so as to ensure that the law is enforced correctly and consistently across the country.

行政审判制度进一步改革完善。全国人民代表大会常务委员会通过了关于修改行政诉讼法的决定，完善行政案件起诉、审理、判决、执行等制度，进一步保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益。扩大行政诉讼的受案范围，明确将行政机关滥用行政权力排除或者限制竞争的，违法集资、摊派费用的，没有依法支付抚恤金、最低生活保障待遇或者社会保险待遇等行政行为纳入受案范围。在立案上，实行立案登记制，起诉期限延长至六个月。2014年，各级人民法院受理一审行政诉讼案件15.1万件，审结13.1万件，同比分别上升16.3%和8.3%。山东、广东、陕西、江苏、云南、河南等省份的行政案件跨区域集中管辖试点工作扎实推进。

Administrative adjudication system reformed and improved. The Standing Committee of the NPC adopted the resolution on amending the Administrative Litigation Law, further improving the systems covering every aspect of administrative litigation, from bringing a case to court, the trial of the case, to making of the judgment and enforcement, so as to further protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations. China has expanded the case-filing scope for administrative litigation to include such activities as administrative bodies’ abuse of power to exclude and restrict competition, illegal raising of funds and apportioning expenses, and failing to provide subsistence allowances or social security benefits. China practices case-filing registration and has extended the time limit for prosecution to six months. In 2014, the people’s courts at all levels took up 151,000 administrative cases of first instance and concluded 131,000 of them, up 16.3 percent and 8.3 percent, respectively, over 2013. Shandong, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Henan provinces continued the pilot work of centralized jurisdiction of trans-regional administrative cases.

知识产权司法保护更加完善。2014年，北京、上海、广州设立了知识产权法院。最高人民法院发布《知识产权法院法官选任工作指导意见（试行）》，明确了知识产权法院法官的选任原则、选任标准、选任方式等，提高知识产权审判专业化水平。2014年，各级人民检察院起诉侵犯商标权、专利权、著作权和商业秘密等犯罪9427人，同比上升7.1%。各级人民法院审结一审知识产权案件11万件，同比上升10%。

Judicial protection of intellectual property rights improved. In 2014, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou set up intellectual property courts. The Supreme People’s Court issued the Guiding Opinions on Selecting and Appointing Judges for Intellectual Property Courts (Trial), which prescribed the principles, criteria and approaches for selecting and appointing such judges, and improved the professional level of intellectual property adjudication. In 2014, the people’s procuratorates at all levels prosecuted 9,427 persons for infringement of trademarks, patents, copyrights or business secrets, up 7.1 percent over 2013. The people’s courts at all levels concluded 110,000 intellectual property cases of first instance, up 10 percent over 2013.

国家赔偿和司法救助工作进一步加强。明确国家赔偿案件适用精神损害赔偿的原则和条件，推动建立国家赔偿联动机制，有效保障赔偿请求人合法权益。2014年，各级人民法院审结国家赔偿案件2708件，决定赔偿金额1.1亿元。完善刑事被害人救助制度。为当事人减免诉讼费1.8亿元，保障生活困难的群众获得诉讼救济的权利。

State compensation and judicial assistance enhanced. China has made it clear that the principles and conditions guiding the compensation for psychological damage can be applied in state compensation cases, and is making efforts to build a joint mechanism for state compensation to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of compensation applicants. In 2014, the people’s courts at all levels concluded 2,708 state compensation cases, and decided on a compensation amount totaling 110 million yuan. China has improved the criminal victim relief system, reducing or exempting litigation fees totaling 180 million yuan, so as to protect the litigation relief rights of impoverished people.

五、少数民族权利

V. Rights of Ethnic Minorities

2014年，中国少数民族和民族地区各项事业不断发展，各少数民族的公民、政治权利和经济、社会、文化权利进一步得到保障。

In 2014, China’s ethnic minorities and areas inhabited by ethnic minorities made new developments in various social programs, and ethnic minorities’ civil, political, economic, cultural and social rights were further guaranteed.

少数民族参与国家事务管理的权利得到有效保障。各少数民族自治地方依法享有广泛的自治权利，包括地方立法权、依照当地民族的特点对法律和行政法规的规定作出变通的权力、使用民族语言文字的权利、人事管理权、财政管理权和自主发展文化教育权等。全国少数民族公务员总量进一步增加，少数民族公务员占全国公务员总数的比例高于少数民族人口占全国总人口的比例，并呈逐年上升的趋势。西藏自治区全区34244名四级人大代表中，藏族和其他少数民族代表31901名，占93％以上。在全国人大代表中，西藏自治区有20名代表，其中藏族和其他少数民族代表14名。在全区干部队伍中，藏族及其他少数民族占70.53%，其中县乡两级领导班子中，藏族和其他少数民族占73.03%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The rights of ethnic minorities to participate in the administration of the state are effectively guaranteed. All ethnic autonomous areas enjoy autonomous rights in a wide range of areas in accordance with the law, including local legislative power, flexibility in the execution of relevant state laws and regulations based on the characteristics of each ethnic minority, the right to use their own spoken and written languages, power of personnel and financial management, and the right of independently developing their own culture and education. Nationwide, the number of civil servants from ethnic minorities keeps increasing. The proportion of such civil servants in the total number of civil servants is higher than the proportion of ethnic minorities in the country’s total population, and is on the rise every year. In Tibet, of the 34,244 deputies to the people’s congresses at all four levels, 31,901 persons, or 93 percent, are from the Tibetan or other minority communities. The Tibet Autonomous Region has 20 deputies to the NPC, 14 of whom are Tibetans or from other minority groups. Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for 70.53 percent of the government officials in the Tibet Autonomous Region. Tibetans and other ethnic minorities account for 73.03 percent of the leaders at county and township levels.

少数民族地区经济快速发展。2014年，内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和贵州、云南、青海3个少数民族人口较多的省，城镇居民人均可支配收入分别为28350元、24669元、22016元、23285元、23214元、22548元、24299元、22307元，分别比上年实际增长9.0%、8.7%、7.9%、8.4%、10.1%、9.6%、8.2%、9.6%；农村居民人均可支配收入分别为9976元、8683元、7359元、8410元、8724元、6671元、7456元、7283元，分别比上年实际增长11.0%、11.4%、12.3%、10.7%、11.2%、13.1%、10.9%、12.7%。以上8个民族省区全年实现外贸进出口总额8148亿元，比上年增长15.4%，高于全国增速13.1个百分点，其中，出口完成5526亿元，比上年增长20%，高于全国增速15个百分点；农村贫困人口比上年减少357万人，减贫率为13.9%。中央财政拨付少数民族发展资金40.59亿元，比上年增长10%。中央财政为支持边境地区发展，投入兴边富民补助资金和中央预算内投资28.8亿元，比上年增加8890万元。中央预算内投资和少数民族发展资金拨付15.3亿元扶持人口较少民族加快发展，比上年增加8710万元。大力实施少数民族特色村寨保护与发展工程，中央财政专项补助资金达到4.9亿元，较上年增长22.5%。

Ethnic-minority areas achieve fast economic growth. In 2014, the per capita disposable income of urban residents in the Inner Mongolia, Guangxi Zhuang, Tibet, Ningxia Hui and Xinjiang Uygur autonomous regions, and Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai provinces, which have large minority populations, reached 28,350 yuan, 24,669 yuan, 22,016 yuan, 23,285 yuan, 23,214 yuan, 22,548 yuan, 24,299 yuan and 22,307 yuan, respectively, a year-on-year increase of 9 percent, 8.7 percent, 7.9 percent, 8.4 percent, 10.1 percent, 9.6 percent, 8.2 percent and 9.6 percent, respectively; the per capita disposable income of rural residents in the same areas reached 9,976 yuan, 8,683 yuan, 7,359 yuan, 8,410 yuan, 8,724 yuan, 6,671 yuan, 7,456 yuan and 7,283 yuan, respectively, a year-on-year increase of 11 percent, 11.4 percent, 12.3 percent, 10.7 percent, 11.2 percent, 13.1 percent, 10.9 percent and 12.7 percent, respectively. In 2014, the total foreign trade value of these five autonomous regions and three provinces registered 814.8 billion yuan, growing by 15.4 percent over the previous year and 13.1 percentage points higher than the national growth rate. Exports reached 552.6 billion yuan, increasing by 20 percent over the previous year and 15 percentage points higher than the national growth rate. The rural impoverished population decreased by 3.57 million from the previous year, with a poverty reduction rate of 13.9 percent. The central government appropriated 4.059 billion yuan as special funds for the development of minority groups, a growth rate of 10 percent compared to 2013. Aiming to support the development of border areas, where large numbers of minority peoples reside, the central government provided 2.88 billion as assistance funds for revitalizing border areas and bringing prosperity to their residents and central budgetary investment, an increase of 88.9 million yuan over the previous year. The central budgetary investment and funds for the development of minority groups provided 1.53 billion yuan to support the development of minority groups with small populations, an increase of 87.1 million yuan compared with 2013. The state vigorously implemented protection and development projects for ethnic-minority villages with cultural significance, and provided 490 million yuan as specialized funds, up 22.5 percent over the previous year.

西藏和新疆人民生活水平不断提高。2014年，西藏自治区生产总值增幅高于全国平均水平3.4个百分点。西藏自治区政府连续8年、累计投资273.57亿元的农牧民安居工程全面完成，全区46.03万户、230万农牧民住上了安全适用的房屋。农村居民、城镇居民人均居住面积分别达到33.77平方米和41.39平方米。拉萨市全面完成城市天然气供暖工程，10.52万户居民过上“暖冬”。西藏自治区已建立以拉萨为中心，遍布全区城乡的藏医、西医、中医相结合的公共医疗卫生服务体系，以免费医疗为基础的农牧区医疗制度覆盖全区农牧民。农牧民免费医疗经费补助标准2015年提高到人均380元。安排专项资金2300万元，建立了农牧民群众大病补充医疗保险。“五保集中供养、孤儿集中收养”爱心工程扎实推进，72%有意愿的五保对象实现集中供养，5900多名孤儿得到有效救助。西藏自治区人均寿命达到68岁，孕产妇死亡率和婴儿死亡率均大幅下降。新疆维吾尔自治区经济增速居全国前列，增幅高于全国平均水平2.6个百分点；公共财政预算收入1282.6亿元，比上年增长13.7%。新疆维吾尔自治区公共财政用于民生建设支出占总支出的70.3%，政府承诺的25类150项重点民生工程全部兑现。农村居民和城镇居民人均可支配收入增速连续三年居全国前列。新增就业38万人，贫困人口减少10万人。分别投入246.44亿元、262.4亿元和36.53亿元，建设安居富民工程30.78万户、保障性安居工程26.52万套、游牧民定居房3.01万套。新建农村饮水安全工程134处，解决了60万农村人口饮水安全问题。投入34.2亿元，新建、改建农村公路6087公里，改善了全疆85万农牧民出行条件。新疆维吾尔自治区新农合人均筹资水平达436.9元，人均公共卫生服务经费提高到35元。农牧区妇女“两癌”筛查、儿童先天性心脏病救治、22类54种重大疾病医疗保障工作全面推开。

Quality of life in Tibet and Xinjiang keeps improving. In 2014, the growth rate of the GDP of the Tibet Autonomous Region was 3.4 percentage points higher than the national average. The region completed its housing project for farmers and herdsmen, after eight years of incremental investment that totaled 27.357 billion yuan. The region’s 2.3 million farmers and herdsmen of 460,300 households have moved into solid and convenient houses. The per capita living space of Tibetan rural and urban residents is now 33.77 sq m and 41.39 sq m, respectively. Lhasa completed a natural gas heating project, enabling 105,200 households to enjoy “warm winters.” Now Tibet has a public medical and health service system combining Tibetan, Western and traditional Chinese medicine that covers all urban and rural areas of the autonomous region with Lhasa as the center. So free medical services are now available to all the farmers and herdsmen in Tibet. The subsidy for each farmer or herdsman for these medical services was raised to 380 yuan per person in 2015. The autonomous regional government allocated a special fund of 23 million yuan to set up a major disease supplementary health insurance for farmers and herdsmen. A project is being carried out to provide the “five guarantees” (food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral expenses) to the needy and orphans in communal settings. Some 72 percent of residents entitled to the “five guarantees” are now supported, and more than 5,900 orphans have received assistance from the government in this manner. The average life expectancy in Tibet has increased to 68 years and the death rates of infants and women in childbirth have dropped significantly. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region ranks among the top in economic growth in the country, with a growth rate 2.6 percentage points higher than the national average. In 2014, the public financial revenue of the Xinjiang government reached 128.26 billion yuan, an increase of 13.7 percent compared to 2013; 70.3 percent of the public financial expenditure of the autonomous region was used to improve its people’s livelihood; the government in Xinjiang had fulfilled its promise to implement 150 key livelihood projects of 25 types. Xinjiang has ranked among the top in China in the growth of per capita disposable incomes of both rural and urban residents for three consecutive years. The region’s employed population has increased by 380,000 and its poverty-stricken population has been reduced by 100,000. Sums of 24.644 billion yuan, 26.24 billion yuan and 3.653 billion yuan have been used in building comfortable housing for 307,800 families, 265,200 government-subsidized apartments, and 30,100 units of nomad-settlement housing, respectively. The region has newly developed 134 sites of safe rural drinking water, supplying 600,000 rural residents. Some 3.42 billion yuan has been allocated for the construction and reconstruction of rural highways with a total length of 6,087 km, providing better travel conditions for 850,000 farmers and herdsmen. Xinjiang has raised the per capita funding level for the new rural cooperative medical care system to 436.9 yuan, and the per capita expenditure on public health services to 35 yuan. Screening breast cancer and cervical cancer in women, treating congenital heart disease in children, and providing medical care to those who suffer from 54 kinds, or 22 categories of serious diseases in agricultural and pastoral areas are in progress as planned.

少数民族地区教育事业快速发展。国家在制定支持各项教育改革发展政策时，均给予少数民族地区倾斜支持，支持少数民族地区发展学前教育，改善义务教育阶段学校基本办学条件，加快发展职业教育。2014年，中央投资24亿元支持少数民族地区教育基础薄弱县普通高中学校建设。在高校招生计划安排上对少数民族和民族地区给予倾斜，民族地区农村学生接受优质高等教育的机会大幅提高。实施“少数民族预科班”和“少数民族高层次骨干人才计划”等特殊措施培养少数民族人才，2014年招收少数民族预科学生5.3万人，比上年增长3.31%。

Rapid development in education. When making educational reform and development policies, the state always gives special support to areas inhabited by ethnic minorities to develop preschool education, improve basic conditions of schools carrying out compulsory education and accelerate the development of vocational education. In 2014, the central government provided 2.4 billion yuan in the development of regular high schools at counties inhabited by ethnic minorities and with a weak educational basis. The state implements a preferential policy toward ethnic minorities and areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in college admissions, giving rural students from ethnic-minority areas easier access to high-quality higher education resources. The state adopts special measures of “preparatory classes for ethnic minorities” and “plan for high-caliber personnel of ethnic minorities” for personnel training of ethnic minorities. In 2014, there were 53,000 ethnic-minority students enrolled in preparatory classes, up 3.31 percent over the previous year.

少数民族地区文化不断发展。民族地区公共文化服务体系进一步完善。民族自治地方仅省、市两级就有广播电视播出机构104座，开办广播节目191套，其中民族语广播节目45套；开办电视节目215套，其中民族语电视节目42套。全国民族自治地方有各类文化机构5万多个。全国文化志愿者边疆行活动累计招募近万名文化志愿者，为边疆民族地区举办演出、讲座和展览1200多场（次），培训7000多人（次），受益群众数百万人。面向边疆民族地区实施“边疆万里数字文化长廊”、“藏羌彝文化产业走廊”建设项目，构建广覆盖、高效能的公共数字文化服务网。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Cultural services keep growing. Ethnic-minority areas have improved their cultural public service system. A total of 104 radio stations and television stations in ethnic autonomous areas at provincial and municipal levels run 191radio programs, including 45 programs broadcast in ethnic-minority languages, and 215 TV programs, including 42 programs broadcast in ethnic-minority languages. There are more than 50,000 cultural institutions of various types in ethnic autonomous areas. The “Cultural Volunteers Going to Border Areas” activity has attracted about 10,000 volunteers, giving and running more than 1,200 performances, lectures and exhibitions in border areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. Training courses have been held on 7,000 occasions, and several million people have benefited. The projects “Digital Cultural Corridor in Border Areas” and “Tibetan, Qiang & Yi Cultural Corridor” have been carried out in border areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, aiming to build a digital cultural service network with broad coverage and high effectiveness.

尊重和保障少数民族使用和发展本民族语言文字的权利。国家继续切实保障少数民族语言文字在行政司法、新闻出版、广播影视、文化教育等各领域的合法使用。中央人民广播电台和地方广播电台每天用21种少数民族语言进行播音。西藏自治区共有10种藏文杂志、22种藏文报纸，西藏人民广播电台开办有42个藏语栏目，西藏电视台藏语卫视24小时播出。全国共1.2万多所学校开展双语教学，接受双语教育的学生达400多万人，双语教师有20多万人。西藏自治区义务教育阶段实施双语教学的学生有40多万人，占在校生总数的97%。

Respecting and safeguarding the right of ethnic minorities to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. The state takes concrete measures to ensure the legitimate use of ethnic-minority languages in the administrative and judicial sectors, news and publication, radio, film and television, culture and education, and other areas. China National Radio and local radio stations broadcast in 21 ethnic-minority languages on a daily basis. There are ten Tibetan-language magazines and 22 Tibetan-language newspapers in Tibet. Tibet People’s Radio has 42 programs in Tibetan. Tibet TV Station has a Tibetan-language channel broadcasting 24 hours a day. Bilingual teaching is done in the classroom in more than 12,000 schools around the country. There are more than four million students receiving bilingual education, and over 200,000 bilingual teachers. Tibet has more than 400,000 students receiving bilingual education at the stage of compulsory education, accounting for 97 percent of the total.

少数民族地区文化遗产、文物古迹得到有效保护。民族地区非物质文化遗产项目和代表性传承人保护得到进一步加强。西藏自治区有非物质文化遗产项目近800个，藏戏和《格萨尔》史诗被列入联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录。158部珍贵古籍入选国家珍贵古籍名录。2014年，布达拉宫、罗布林卡、萨迦寺三大重点文物保护维修工程收尾，这是西藏文物保护史上中央政府投资最多、工程规模最大、科技含量最高、施工工艺最为复杂的文物维修工程，累计投资3.8亿余元。“丝绸之路：长安－天山廊道的路网”项目成功申遗，其中包括新疆北庭故城等6处遗址点。

Cultural relics and historic sites effectively preserved. China has further enhanced the preservation of intangible cultural heritage projects and their representative inheritors in ethnic-minority areas. Tibet has nearly 800 intangible cultural heritage projects. Tibetan opera and the Gesar Epic have been included in UNESCO’s Masterpieces of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity, and 158 books have been put on the State List of Valuable Ancient Books. In 2014, the preservation and maintenance of the three key projects of the Potala Palace, Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery was completed, for which more than 380 million yuan was used. This is the largest project for the preservation and maintenance of cultural relics in Tibet, with the most funds from the central government, in which sci-tech means have been widely applied and the latest construction techniques have been used. “Silk Road: the Route Network of the Chang’ an-Tianshan Corridor” has been designated as a new World Heritage Site by UNESCO, including the ruins of Beiting City and other five sites in Xinjiang.

少数民族宗教信仰自由获得充分保障。西藏自治区有各类宗教活动场所1787座，住寺僧尼4.6万余人。活佛转世作为藏传佛教特有的传承方式得到国家的尊重，西藏现有活佛358名，其中40多位新转世活佛按历史定制和宗教仪轨得到认定。大力实施利寺惠僧政策，实现了在编僧尼医保、养老、低保和人身意外伤害保险全覆盖，并每年为僧尼免费进行健康体检。根据国家藏传佛教高级学衔制度，截至2014年，共有110位僧人荣获“拓然巴”高级学衔，84位僧人荣获“智然巴”中级学衔。少数民族宗教经典得到保护和传承。国家投资3500万元，历时20多年完成了《中华大藏经》（藏文）对勘本的整理和出版。中国伊斯兰教协会为信教群众编印了《塔哈维教典诠释》、《哲拉莱尼古兰经注》等阿拉伯文伊斯兰教典籍。中国伊斯兰教协会开通了维吾尔语版网站，介绍宗教文化知识，开展网络解经，满足群众的宗教需求。2014年，中国共有14466名穆斯林赴麦加朝觐。有关部门加强对朝觐团医护人员的集中培训，努力提高朝觐医疗防疫水平，保证了朝觐人员的健康和安全。

Freedom of religious belief of ethnic minorities fully guaranteed. Currently there are 1,787 venues for religious activities of various types in Tibet, with 46,000 resident monks and nuns. Living Buddha reincarnation, as a special succession system of Tibetan Buddhism, is respected by the state. There are 358 living Buddhas in Tibet, of whom over 40 incarnated living Buddhas have been confirmed through traditional religious rituals and historical conventions. Under the special care of the government, all the monks and nuns in Tibet are covered by health insurance, pension insurance, basic living allowance and personal accident insurance. Tibet provides free physical examinations to monks and nuns annually. In accordance with the senior academic titles system of Tibetan Buddhism, by the end of 2014, a total of 110 monks had received senior academic titles and 84 had received intermediate academic titles. Ethnic minorities’ religious classics have been protected and preserved. The country has provided 35 million yuan in the collating and publishing of the Chinese Tripitaka (Tibetan) over the past two decades. The Chinese Islamic Association has compiled and published Islamic scriptures in Arabic, including Sharhal-Aqeedah al-Tahawiyyah and Tafsir al-Jalalayn. The Association has also set up a website in the Uygur language, providing introduction of religious knowledge and online explanation of the scriptures to meet the religious needs of the people. In 2014, a total of 14,466 Chinese Muslims made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Relevant government departments strengthened the training of accompanying medical staff, and worked hard to improve medical care and epidemic prevention for pilgrimage groups to guarantee the pilgrims’ health and safety.

六、妇女、儿童和老年人权利

VI. Rights of Women, Children and Senior Citizens

2014年，中国政府进一步贯彻男女平等基本国策，落实儿童最大利益原则，加快推进社会养老服务体系建设和养老服务业发展，切实保障妇女、儿童和老年人合法权益。

In 2014, the Chinese government further implemented the basic national policy of equality between men and women, and the principle that “the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration,” and built up a system of old-age services and related businesses, so as to better protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, children and senior citizens.

妇女参与公共事务管理的权利得到依法保障。健全法律政策性别平等评估工作机制，加强对法律政策的性别平等评估。截至2014年底，已有北京、天津、山西、江苏、浙江、安徽、湖北、四川8个省市建立省级法规政策性别平等评估机制，从性别角度对法规政策的影响进行评估，避免因规定不当造成制度性的性别歧视。推动把农村妇女进村“两委”工作纳入新一轮村“两委”换届选举工作同步部署，深化妇女议事会、妇女理事会、留守妇女互助组、巾帼志愿服务等工作。全年新增留守妇女互助组3.3万多个、新增注册巾帼志愿者222万人。

Women’s right to participation in public affairs management protected in accordance with the law. The mechanism for assessing relevant laws and policies concerning gender equality was improved. By the end of 2014, Beijing and Tianjin cities, and Shanxi, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei and Sichuan provinces had established their own mechanisms for assessing the effects of regulations and policies from the perspective of gender so as to avoid institutional gender discrimination caused by improper stipulations. Efforts were made to include rural women into the village branch committees of the CPC and the villagers’ committees when a new round of election of these two committees was conducted, and to improve the work of women’s deliberative councils, boards of women directors, mutual-assistance groups of women in the countryside whose husbands are seeking employment in cities, and women volunteers. In 2014, more than 33,000 such mutual-assistance groups were set up, and 2.22 million women volunteers were registered.

妇女就业得到有效促进。2014年，累计发放妇女小额担保贷款2172.75亿元，中央和地方落实财政贴息资金186.81亿元，获得贷款的妇女459万人次。开展新型职业女农民培训，提升妇女的市场竞争能力。全年扶持各级巾帼现代农业科技示范基地1.7万个，创建巾帼家政培训基地4000多个，培训巾帼家政服务员58万人次，帮助60万人次妇女在家政服务行业实现就业；实施助推女大学生就业创业行动，为227所高校50多万女大学生提供政策宣传、岗位推介等服务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Employment of women effectively increased. In 2014, some 217.275 billion yuan of small-sum secured loans were granted to women, and 18.681 billion yuan of subsidies for interest discount were issued from central and local government budgets, benefiting 4.59 million women. Training of a new type of professional women farmers was offered to enhance their market competitiveness. Some 17,000 modern agricultural scientific and technological demonstration bases at various levels run by women received government support, more than 4,000 domestic service training bases were built for women, more than 580,000 women received training, and more than 600,000 women found jobs as domestic helpers. Efforts were made to help more than 500,000 female students in 227 colleges and universities find jobs or start businesses through publicity of employment policies and by provision of information on job vacancies.

妇女、儿童人身权利进一步得到保障。2014年，各级人民法院审结拐卖妇女儿童、性侵未成年人犯罪案件1048件，其中判处5年以上有期徒刑至死刑876人。制定《关于依法办理家庭暴力犯罪案件的意见》，依法制裁家庭暴力行为。2014年2月，最高人民法院向社会通报人民法院近年来打击家庭暴力行为的有关情况，同时公布十起涉家庭暴力典型案例，进一步统一了涉家庭暴力案件的法律适用。截至2014年底，全国已有29个省（自治区、直辖市）制定了专门的预防和制止家庭暴力的地方性法规或政策。《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法（征求意见稿）》正式向社会公众征求意见。着力健全未成年人社会保护“监测预防、发现报告、帮扶干预”联动反应机制，积极构建覆盖城乡的未成年人社会保护网络，探索建立“以家庭监护为基础、社会监督为保障、国家监护为补充”的监护制度，推动形成“家庭、社会、政府”三位一体的未成年人社会保护工作格局。2014年12月，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、民政部联合发布《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》，对依法处理监护人侵害未成年人合法权益作出明确规定，建立了监护侵害情形报告处置机制，细化了未成年人监护权转移案件审理要求，明确了民政部门、审判机关、检察机关和公安机关的职责。江苏省徐州市铜山区人民法院审结首例撤销未成年父母监护资格案件。完善未成年人案件“圆桌审判”方式，继续落实未成年人犯罪记录封存制度。

The rights of the person of women and children better protected. In 2014, the people’s courts at various levels concluded 1,048 criminal cases involving the kidnapping of women and children and sexual assault on minors, resulting in 876 criminals sentenced to five years’ imprisonment or more, with some receiving the death penalty. The Opinions on Law-based Handling of Crimes of Domestic Violence was enacted to provide legislation for the punishment of domestic violence in accordance with the law. In February, 2014, the Supreme People’s Court held a press conference focusing on domestic violence cases handled by the people’s courts in recent years, citing 10 typical cases as examples, which improved the consistent application of the laws in tackling domestic violence. By the end of 2014, a total of 29 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government had enacted local regulations and policies to prevent and deter domestic violence. The Anti-domestic Violence Law of the People’s Republic of China (Draft) was published to solicit the public’s opinions.

Efforts were made to improve the joint response mechanism for protecting minors, which featured “monitoring for prevention, timely reporting of clues, and assistance and intervention,” to build a nationwide social protection network for minors, and to explore a guardian system with “family guardianship as the basis, public supervision as the guarantee, and state guardianship as the supplement,” so as to form a working structure for the protection of minors that integrates efforts of family, society and government.

In December, 2014, the Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security and Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly released the Opinions on Law-based Handling of the Infringement of the Rights and Interests of Minors by Their Guardians, which made explicit stipulations, created a mechanism for reporting and handling the infringement as soon as it occurs, specified the requirements for the trial of cases involving guardianship transfer, and defined the duties of civil affairs departments, courts, prosecution organs and public security organs. The Tongshan District People’s Court of Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, concluded the first case in China that stripped the parents of their guardianship of their minor child. The practice of “round-table trial” of cases involving minor suspects was improved, and the system of sealing up criminal records of minors was followed.

困境儿童生活保障制度不断完善。民政部公布《关于规范生父母有特殊困难无力抚养的子女和社会散居孤儿收养工作的意见》、《家庭寄养管理办法》、《关于建立儿童福利领域慈善行为导向机制的意见》等规范性文件，探索建立困境儿童分类保障制度，稳步推进适度普惠型儿童福利制度先行先试工作，鼓励社会力量参与儿童福利慈善活动。孤儿基本生活保障水平不断提高。中央财政投入23亿元专项补助资金，地方普遍加大财政投入，为孤儿发放基本生活费，惠及全国55.7万名孤儿和5200名艾滋病病毒感染儿童。

Subsistence security of children living in difficult circumstances strengthened. The Ministry of Civil Affairs has issued the Opinions on Regulating the Adoption of Children with Extremely Indigent Biological Parents and of Abandoned Orphans, Measures for the Management of Families with Children Entrusted to Their Care, Opinions on Establishing a Guiding Mechanism for Charitable Deeds Concerning Children, and other regulatory documents, explored the provision of classified security for children living in difficult circumstances, pushed forward a pilot program of a moderate general preferential welfare system for children, and encouraged the public to join in philanthropic activities for children. The subsistence allowances for orphans were continuously increased. The central budget allocated 2.3 billion yuan in addition to the financial provision of local governments to cover the basic cost of living for orphans, benefiting 557,000 orphans and 5,200 HIV-affected children nationwide.

妇女儿童健康服务水平进一步提升。国家卫生和计划生育委员会将2014年确定为“妇幼健康服务年”，启动妇幼健康优质服务创建活动。继续做好农村孕产妇住院分娩补助、农村妇女“两癌”检查等项目。全年分别为1000万和120万农村妇女进行宫颈癌、乳腺癌免费检查，为10362名贫困患病妇女提供人均1万元救助。大力推进国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目，年度目标人群覆盖率达到80%以上。妇女儿童常见病、多发病得到有效防治，艾滋病母婴传播率下降至6.3%，孕产妇中重度贫血患病率、低出生体重发生率、儿童营养不良患病率等指标不断改善。中央财政继续安排21.62亿元专项补助资金，惠及全国55.2万名孤儿和5226名艾滋病病毒感染儿童。“贫困地区婴幼儿营养改善试点项目”拓展到21个省（自治区、直辖市）300个县，“消除婴幼儿贫血行动”惠及15万婴幼儿。在集中连片特殊贫困地区投入经费5亿元和1.59亿元，分别实施儿童营养改善项目和新生儿疾病筛查项目，为137万名6至24个月的婴幼儿免费提供营养包，为132.5万新生儿开展两种遗传代谢病（PKU和CH）筛查和新生儿听力筛查。西藏基本完成10000名先天性心脏病儿童免费救治。

Woman and child health care service improved. The National Health and Family Planning Commission made 2014 “Woman and Child Health Care Service Year,” kicking off a campaign to provide high-quality health care service for women and children. In-patient childbirth subsidies were granted to rural women. Rural women received free cervical cancer and breast cancer screening examinations practices that had been continued for years. In 2014, some 10 million and 1.2 million rural women, respectively, had such free examinations, and 10,362 women patients with financial difficulties each received 10,000 yuan of aid on average.

The government went ahead with free pre-pregnancy physical examinations, which covered more than 80 percent of the targeted women in 2014. Common diseases, frequently-occurring diseases afflicting women and children were effectively prevented and cured. The mother-to-child transmission rate of AIDS dropped to 6.3 percent. The occurrence of serious anemia among pregnant or lying-in women, of low-birth-weight infants, and of malnutrition among children all declined. The central budget allocated 2.162 billion yuan of special subsidies to support 552,000 orphans and 5,226 HIV-infected children.

The “pilot program of nutrition improvement for infants in poverty-stricken areas” had spread to 300 counties in 21 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government by the end of 2014, and the “act to eliminate anemia among infants” benefited 150,000 babies. Some 500 million yuan and 159 million yuan, respectively, were spent on nutrition improvement of children and disease-screening examinations of newborns in contiguous poverty-stricken areas. Free nutrition packages were provided to 1.37 million infants aged six to 24 months, and screening for phenylketonuria, congenital hypothyroidism and hearing loss was conducted for 1.325 million newborns. Some 10,000 children suffering congenital heart disease in Tibet Autonomous Region received free treatment.

老年人权益保障机制进一步健全。深入实施《中国老龄事业发展“十二五”规划》、《社会养老服务体系建设规划（2011－2015年）》、《国务院关于加快发展养老服务业的若干意见》和《关于进一步加强老年人优待工作的意见》，山东、河北、广东、海南、上海等省（市）完成了省级老年人权益保障、老年人优待、养老机构管理等方面的地方性法规制定工作，建立高龄津贴制度，制定经济困难老年人养老服务补贴政策。着力推动社区为老服务信息平台建设，促进居家养老服务发展。全国已有25个省（自治区、直辖市）60多个县（市、区）建起社区为老服务信息平台，2000万老年人受益。全国城乡居家和社区养老服务覆盖率分别达到70%和37%。企业退休人员基本养老金水平连续10年调整，月人均水平由2004年的647元提高到2014年的2050元。2014年7月起，城乡居民养老保险基础养老金最低标准从每人每月55元提高到70元，中央财政增加补助资金120亿元，1.43亿城乡居民领到基本养老金。中央投资25亿元，优先改善社会福利院、农村敬老院等“兜底”床位条件，重点满足困难群体的服务需求。截至2014年底，全国每千名老人拥有养老床位数达到26张。全国超过88.8%的65岁以上老年人纳入健康管理体系。中央专项彩票公益金投入10亿元，支持地方3.33万个农村幸福院项目。加强老年群众组织建设工作。截至2014年底，全国基层老年协会49万个，老年志愿者人数近2000万人。全国共建立老年人法律援助工作站2137个，老年人法律援助申请能够及时就近得到受理。各级司法行政部门全年共组织办理老年人法律援助案件11.3万件，解答老年人法律咨询34万多人次。

Rights and interests of senior citizens guaranteed. The government continued to implement the 12th Five-Year Plan for Helping Senior Citizens and 12th Five-Year Plan for the System of Old-age Services (both 2011-2015), Opinions of the State Council on Accelerating Old-age Services and Opinions on Improving Care for Senior Citizens. Shandong, Hebei, Guangdong and Hainan provinces, and Shanghai have drawn up their own regulations regarding the protection of the rights and interests of senior citizens, special care for them, and management of nursing homes. In these provinces and the city of Shanghai, allowances were provided for senior citizens over a certain age, and old-age service subsidies were issued to the elderly in financial difficulties.

Information platforms for the elderly have been set up in more than 60 counties, cities and municipal districts in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, benefiting 20 million elderly people. Home care and community services now cover 70 percent and 37 percent, respectively, of the elderly population.

The basic pension benefits for enterprise retirees have been increasing for 10 years in a row, with the per capita monthly amount being raised from 647 yuan in 2004 to 2,050 yuan in 2014. From July, 2014, the lowest monthly basic amount of the pension insurance for rural and urban non-working residents was raised from 55 yuan to 70 yuan per person, for which the central budget allocated 12 billion yuan as additional subsidies, benefiting 143 million rural and urban non-working residents.

The central budget provided 2.5 billion yuan to improve the conditions of welfare institutions and rural nursing homes to satisfy the needs of senior people in difficulties. By the end of 2014, the number of nursing home beds nationwide had reached 26 for every 1,000 senior citizens, and over 88.8 percent of the Chinese over 65 years old had been incorporated into the health management system. One billion yuan from the central special lottery public welfare fund was provided to 33,300 rural nursing homes.

Non-governmental organizations of senior citizens received support. By the end of 2014, China had 490,000 community-level associations of senior citizens and nearly 20 million senior volunteers. There were 2,137 legal assistance centers offering timely services for the elderly. In 2014, judicial and administrative agencies handled 113,000 cases of legal assistance for the elderly and provided legal consultations to more than 340,000 senior people.

七、残疾人权利

VII. Rights of Persons with Disabilities

2014年，国家继续推出一系列保障和改善残疾人民生的措施，残疾人社会保障、就业、教育和公共服务等得到进一步提升。

In 2014, the government adopted a series of measures to protect and improve the well-being of persons with disabilities, and progress was made in social security, employment, education, and provision of public services for disabled people.

困难残疾人生活得到更好保障。民政部和中国残疾人联合会在部分地区推动实施建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度。共有19个省（自治区、直辖市）建立了困难残疾人生活补贴专项制度，15个省（自治区、直辖市）建立了重度残疾人护理补贴专项制度。全国至少实施一项补贴制度的覆盖率达到77.42%，700多万残疾人直接受益。

The lives of disabled persons with financial difficulties better secured. The Ministry of Civil Affairs and China Disabled Persons’ Federation supported the introduction of living expense subsidies to disabled persons with financial difficulties and of nursing subsidies to those suffering from a high degree of disability in some regions. Nineteen provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government adopted the policy of granting living expense subsidies to disabled persons with financial difficulties, and 15 had adopted the policy of granting nursing subsidies to those suffering from a high degree of disability. Nationwide, 77.42 percent of the entitled population had access to either of the two policies, benefiting more than seven million people with disabilities.

重点康复工程建设成效显著。2014年，中央专项彩票公益金投入10.63亿元，专门用于残疾人康复工作。通过实施一批重点康复工程，共751.5万残疾人得到不同程度的康复服务：完成白内障复明手术74.8万例，其中为贫困白内障患者免费实施复明手术30万例；为14.2万名低视力者配用助视器；为12.3万名盲人开展了定向行走训练；对3.2万名聋儿进行听力语言康复训练；对3.09万名智力残疾儿童开展机构康复训练；对7.34万名智力残疾儿童、3.48万名成人智力残疾人开展社区、家庭康复指导；对4万名脑瘫儿童进行机构康复训练及其家长培训；对36.7万名肢体残疾人开展社区、家庭康复训练；组织实施贫困肢体残疾儿童矫治手术8860例、麻风畸残矫治手术224例；为583.7万名精神病患者实施综合防治康复措施，对46.2万名贫困精神病患者实施医疗救助，对2万名孤独症儿童进行康复训练；为残疾人提供辅助器具152.4万件，其中国家彩票公益金项目为贫困残疾人免费发放40.32万件，为贫困残疾人减免费用装配普及型假肢2.9万例，矫形器6.4万例。大力开展康复人才培养，全国共培训康复管理人员2.58万人，5.59万名康复专业技术人员和16.98万名社区康复协调员接受培训。开展社区康复服务的市辖区累计达914个，县（市）累计达2023个，接受社区康复服务的残疾人数达614.45万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Notable achievements in key rehabilitation projects. In 2014, the central special lottery public welfare fund provided 1.063 billion yuan for the rehabilitation of the disabled. Thanks to a number of key rehabilitation projects, 7.515 million disabled people received rehabilitation services of various kinds: 748,000 received cataract surgery, including 300,000 free operations; 142,000 visually impaired people received visual aids; 123,000 blind people received orientation and mobility training; 32,000 children with hearing impairments received hearing restoration or language training; 30,900 children with intellectual disabilities received training in rehabilitation institutions; 73,400 children and 34,800 adults with intellectual disabilities received rehabilitation guidance in their communities or homes; 40,000 children with brain paralysis received training in rehabilitation institutions, and their parents also received relevant training; 367,000 physically challenged people received rehabilitation training in their communities or homes; 8,860 physically handicapped children from poor families and 224 persons suffering from leprosy received surgery; 5.837 million patients with mental disorder received comprehensive rehabilitation services, 462,000 indigent people with mental disorder received medical services, and 20,000 children with autistic disorders received rehabilitation training; 1.524 million assistance devices were provided to people with disabilities, of which 403,200 were provided gratis by the central special lottery public welfare fund for disabled people living in poverty; and 29,000 artificial limbs and 64,000 remedial aids were provided cheaply or free for disabled people living in poverty.

In addition, efforts were made to train rehabilitation personnel, including 25,800 rehabilitation management staff, 55,900 rehabilitation specialists and 169,800 community rehabilitation coordinators. In total, 914 municipal districts and 2,023 counties and county-level cities provided community rehabilitation services, benefiting 6.1445 million people.

无障碍设施建设加快推进。无障碍设施建设工作进入依法发展阶段。各省（自治区、直辖市）创建无障碍环境市县工作稳步推进，创建工作涉及全国650多个市和1600多个县。重点推进居住区缘石坡道、轮椅坡道、人行通道，以及建筑公共出入口、公共走道、地面、楼梯、电梯候梯厅及轿厢等设施和部位的无障碍改造。投入使用“贫困残疾人家庭无障碍改造数据库系统”，及时了解残疾人家庭无障碍设施建设工作进展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Construction of barrier-free facilities accelerated. In 2014, the construction of a barrier-free environment progressed in accordance with the law. All provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government made steady headway in building barrier-free cities and counties, involving 650 cities and 1,600 counties nationwide. The focus was on building barrier-free curb ramps, ramps for wheelchairs and pavements in residential quarters, and barrier-free entry-exit, passages, floors, stairways, elevator landings and compartments, and other areas in public buildings. The “database of barrier-free renovation of deprived families with disabled members” was put into operation to promptly record the progress of barrier-free renovation work.

残疾人公共文化服务进一步完善。2014年，全国近5万所城乡公共文化服务设施已实现无障碍进入，有条件的文化站专门配备康复训练设施和适合残疾人使用的文化娱乐器材。全国公共图书馆盲文图书藏量超过80万册，盲人阅览室坐席数达18万多个。各级图书馆、文化馆（群艺馆）以“全国助残日”、“国际助残日”、“全国爱耳日”等为契机，广泛开展慰问演出、文化培训和资源配送等活动。国家为参加2014年高考的盲人提供盲文考卷、电子试卷，或安排专门工作人员对考生提供便利协助。

Public cultural services to persons with disabilities improved. In 2014, nearly 50,000 urban and rural centers of public cultural services provided barrier-free access, with rehabilitation facilities and cultural amusement devices available where conditions permitted. Public libraries nationwide had 800,000 copies of books in braille, and provided 180,000 reading seats for blind people. Libraries and cultural and art centers at all levels organized performances, cultural training programs and resources distribution around the “National Day for Assisting Disabled Persons,” “International Day of Persons with Disabilities” and “Ear Care Day.” Blind people who sat the national college entrance examinations in 2014, took the exams in braille, or with the assistance of audio device. Special staff were provided to assist them in taking the exams.

八、环境权利

VIII. Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment

2014年，中国政府以治理环境突出问题为重点，努力保障广大人民群众的环境权利，积极探索中国特色生态文明建设道路。

In 2014, the Chinese government gave the country’s major environmental problems high priority, making considerable efforts to safeguard the people’s right to a clean and healthy environment, and further exploring a new way to make ecological progress with Chinese characteristics.

环境生态保护制度体系进一步完善。2014年，国家对环境保护法进行了全面修订，强化了政府和企业的环保责任，明确了公民的环境权利和环保义务，规定了查封扣押、重点污染物排放总量控制、按日计罚、限产停产、移送拘留、环境公益诉讼、区域联防联控、公众参与等多项新制度。《突发环境事件调查处理办法》、《企业事业单位环境信息公开办法》、《环境保护主管部门实施限制生产、停产整治办法》、《环境保护主管部门实施按日连续处罚办法》、《环境保护主管部门实施查封、扣押办法》等配套规范性文件相继制定颁布，进一步完善了建设生态文明国家的法律制度体系。

The legal system for protecting the environment and eco-systems was further improved. In 2014, China made a comprehensive amendment to the Environmental Protection Law, by which governments at all levels and all enterprises are required to shoulder more responsibilities, the citizens’ right to a clean and healthy environment and their duties regarding the protection of the environment are clearly defined, and a series of new mechanisms concerning closing down or distraining facilities (causing environmental pollution), total quantity control of major pollutant emissions, fines accumulating by the day, production restriction and halts, detention, environmental public interests litigation, regional joint defense against and control of pollution, and public participation are included. Specific normative regulations were also drawn up and issued to support the newly amended law, including the Rules on Investigating and Handling Emergent Environmental Incidents, Rules on Environment Information Disclosure of Enterprises and Public Institutions, Rules for Environmental Administrations in Limiting or Halting Pollution-causing Production, Rules for Environmental Administrations in Levying Fines Accumulating by the Day and Rules for Environmental Administrations in Closing Down or Distraining Pollution-causing Facilities and Equipment. These have all greatly reinforced China’s legal system in the ecological and environmental field.

绿色生态建设取得新进展。2014年，全国造林602.7万公顷，重点生态修复工程完成造林199.9万公顷，城市建成区绿化覆盖面积增加9.6万公顷，沙化土地治理126.5万公顷，新启动封禁保护区试点县23个，国家沙漠公园试点32个，新建自然保护区11处，面积14万公顷，新增湿地保护面积50多万公顷。截至2014年底，全国自然保护区达到2729个，其中国家级自然保护区428个。2014年，全国各类草原违法案件立案1.78万起，结案1.74万起，结案率97.6%；清理排查非法侵占林地案件4.9万起，收回违法违规侵占林地3517.3公顷；森林和野生动物刑事案件立案3.1万起，破案2.5万起，比2013年上升14.1%，首次公开销毁执法查没象牙及制品6.1吨。西藏国家生态安全屏障保护与建设完成投资57亿元。

New progress achieved in ecological construction. In 2014, some 6.027 million ha of trees were planted all around China, among which 1.999 million ha was in the key ecological-rehabilitation projects. In addition, 96,000 ha of urban built-up areas were greened. The state improved 1.265 million ha of desertified lands, newly designated 23 counties as pilot areas for forest conservation, set up 32 national pilot desert parks, built 11 new nature reserves totaling 140,000 ha, and increased the areas of conserved wetlands by more than 500,000 ha. By the end of 2014, there were 2,729 nature reserves in China, including 428 national ones. In the same year, 17,800 cases concerning grassland damage were placed on file across the country, and 17,400 cases, or 97.6 percent, were closed; 49,000 cases of illegal encroachment on forest lands were investigated and settled, with 3,517.3 ha of forests illegally encroached upon being rehabilitated; 31,000 cases concerning forest and wildlife crimes were recorded by public security organs, among which 25,000 were solved, an increase of 14.1 percent over 2013; and 6.1 tons of illegal ivory and ivory products were destroyed publicly for the first time. In the meantime, China provided a total of 5.7 billion yuan in a project for building and protecting a national ecological security barrier in Tibet.

节能减排成效显著。大力调整产业结构，完成了钢铁、水泥等15个重点行业淘汰落后产能年度任务，超额完成了淘汰黄标车和老旧车指标。逐步推进大气环境保护目标责任制和考核评价制度。广东、西藏等地建立了可操作、具体化的环境污染防治目标责任考核办法。环境保护部对未履行环境保护职责或履行职责不到位的地方政府及相关部门负责人，依法进行告诫谈话，并督促整改到位。河南安阳、湖南衡阳、贵州六盘水、山东临沂、河北承德等地级市的“一把手”被环境保护部公开约谈。2014年，全国化学需氧量、氨氮、二氧化硫、氮氧化物排放继续下降，尤其是氮氧化物排放量下降6.7%，为历史上年度最大降幅。全年煤炭消费量下降2.9%，水电、风电、核电、天然气等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量的16.9%，万元国内生产总值能耗下降4.8%，万元工业增加值用水量下降5.6%。年末城市污水处理厂日处理能力达到12896万立方米，比上年末增长3.5%，城市污水处理率达到90.2%。

Remarkable results in energy conservation and emission reduction. In 2014, China made an enormous adjustment to its industrial structure, accomplishing the year’s goal of abolishing outdated production capacities in 15 key industries like steel and cement, and overfulfiling the targets for scrapping yellow-labeled and outdated vehicles whose emissions were above the national standards. A goal-oriented responsibility and assessment system for air protection was gradually put in place, with the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Guangdong and some other provinces having drawn up feasible and specific measures. The Ministry of Environmental Protection gave warnings in line with the law to heads of local governments and departments that had failed to fulfill their environmental protection duties or hadn’t performed them well, including the mayors of Anyang in Henan Province, Hengyang in Hunan Province, Liupanshui in Guizhou Province, Linyi in Shandong Province and Chengde in Hebei Province, and supervised their improvements. In 2014, the chemical oxygen demand, and the discharges of ammonia nitrogen, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide continued to decrease, nitrogen oxide seeing the largest annual cut of 6.7 percent. The overall consumption of coal was reduced by 2.9 percent, and clean energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind energy, nuclear energy and natural gas, rose to 16.9 percent of all energy consumption in China during the year. In China energy used to produce 10,000 yuan of GDP declined by 4.8 percent and the amount of water used to produce 10,000 yuan added value of industry decreased by 5.6 percent. The daily treatment capacity of urban sewage plants had reached 128.96 million cubic meters by the end of the year, an increase of 3.5 percent over that by the end of the previous year, and 90.2 percent of urban sewage was treated.

对环境违法行为的惩戒力度加大。各级环保部门严格执行环境保护法，全年共出动环境执法人员216万余人次，检查企业84万家次，立案12531件，结案8373件，对1600余起案件进行了挂牌督办。积极探索跨区域、跨流域联合防治协调机制，逐步建立京津冀、长三角、珠三角等跨区域空气、水质质量联动规划、监测、预报和防治机制，完善信息共享机制。各级环保部门和公安机关逐步建立联动执法联席会议、常设联络员、重大案件会商督办“三项制度”和案件移送、联合调查、信息共享和奖惩“四项机制”。创新手段开展无人机环保执法检查，全年共飞行11架次，总航程超过2000公里，覆盖面积达1000多平方公里。

Punishments for activities violating environmental laws were intensified. Environmental administrations at all levels strictly executed laws concerning environmental protection, sending 2.16 million enforcement officers to inspect 840,000 enterprises, putting 12,531 cases on file and settling 8,373 of them, and particular supervision was given over the handling of 1,600 major cases. China actively explored a trans-regional and trans-river joint prevention and coordination mechanism, gradually established trans-regional joint planning, monitoring, forecasting, prevention and control systems for air and water quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta areas, and improved the relevant information-sharing mechanism. Environmental departments at all levels coordinated closely with public security organs, setting up the three systems of “joint enforcement conference,” “permanent liaison officers,” and “consultation on and joint supervision of major cases,” and the four mechanisms of “transferring cases,” “joint investigation,” “sharing information,” and “rewarding and punishing.” China introduced unmanned planes for inspecting pollution, and during the year 11 flights were made, flying more than 2,000 km and covering an area of 1,000 sq km.

环境权的司法保障进一步加强。最高人民法院设立专门的环境资源审判庭，实行环境司法专门化，对环境公益诉讼制度从管辖制度、审判程序、责任方式、赔偿范围和诉讼成本负担机制作出了操作性的规定，充分保障法律规定的机关和有关组织的环境民事公益诉权。2014年12月，最高人民法院通报了佛山市三英精细材料有限公司诉佛山市顺德区人民政府环保行政处罚案等十大环境保护行政案件。2014年因环境污染犯罪而被移送公安机关的案例数量超过了以往十年的总和。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The legal guarantee of the right to a clean environment was further strengthened. The Supreme People’s Court established a special tribunal to hear cases related to the environment and natural resources, and stipulated a practical environmental public interest litigation system covering jurisdiction, judicial procedure, liability, compensation scope and lawsuit costs, so as to fully safeguard the right of public interest litigation of the institutions and related civil organizations as stipulated by the law. In December 2014, the Supreme People’s Court announced ten typical administrative cases concerning environmental protection, including the Jincheng (Foshan) Scien Fine Materials Co., Ltd’ s lawsuit against an administrative penalty meted out by the Shunde District People’s Government of Foshan City, Guangdong Province for the company’s alleged environmental offence. The number of cases involving environmental offences that was transferred to public security organs in 2014 exceeded the total of the previous ten years.

公民参与环境事务管理的渠道进一步拓宽。修改后的环境保护法规定，环保部门应当公开环境信息，完善程序，为公众参与和监督环境保护提供便利；凡依法在设区的市级以上人民政府民政部门登记的，专门从事环境保护公益活动连续五年以上且无违法记录的社会组织，都能向人民法院提起公益诉讼；对符合条件的社会组织提起的诉讼，人民法院应当受理。各级政府机关还积极探索通过网络平台、问卷调查、听证会、座谈评议多种渠道吸纳民众意见。自2014年1月1日起，全国城市空气质量实时发布平台每天向社会实时发布约15万个空气质量数据和信息。环境保护部“12369”环保举报热线受理群众举报。截至2014年底，共受理公众举报1463件，目前已全部办结，按期办结率达100%。环境保护部印发《关于进一步做好突发环境事件信息公开工作的通知》，要求每月在《中国环境报》、环境保护部网站公开被举报企业名称、存在问题和处理情况。截至2014年底，已公开1479件举报件（含2013年受理、2014年办结的举报件）的办理情况和33件典型案例。

The channels for citizens to participate in the management of environment-related affairs were further broadened. The amended Environmental Protection Law stipulates that: The environmental departments should disclose information about the environment and improve their procedures, so as to facilitate the public’s participation in and supervision of environmental protection; the environmental NGOs which have registered with the civil affairs authorities at municipalities which contain districts or above, which are engaged in environmental protection for the public interest and have no law violation records for five consecutive years are eligible to file environmental public interest lawsuits to the people’s courts, and the latter should accept and hear all lawsuits filed by eligible NGOs. Governments at all levels also actively explored ways of soliciting public opinions through online platforms, questionnaire surveys, hearings and reviewing panels. Since January 1, 2014, the national air quality real-time announcement website has released 150,000 pieces of information on the air quality in cities. The Ministry of Environmental Protection listened to and dealt with the public’s complaints on environmental offences through the “12369” hotline. By the end of 2014, the hotline had handled 1,463 complaints from the public, and settled all of them on time. The ministry issued the Notice on Better Disclosure of Information Related to Emergent Environmental Incidents, requiring related departments to publish the names of reported offending enterprises, their problems and the handling of their problems in the China Environment News and the website of the ministry every month. By the end of 2014, the handling of 1,479 complaints (including those received in 2013 but settled in 2014) and 33 typical cases had been made known to the public.

九、对外交流与合作

IX. Foreign Exchanges and Cooperation

2014年，中国积极参与国际人权交流与合作，在联合国人权机构中发挥建设性作用，推动国际人权事业健康发展。

In 2014, China continued to take the initiative in exchanges and cooperation with other countries in the realm of human rights. It played a constructive role in the UN’s human rights bodies, and endeavored to promote the sound development of human rights on the international stage.

深入参与全球人权治理。中国代表团出席了联合国人权理事会第25、26、27次会议，联合国人权理事会第20、21、22次特别会议，第69届联合国大会第三委员会，联合国人权理事会国别人权审查工作组第18、19、20次会议，以及联合国人权理事会下属“社会论坛”、“工商业与人权论坛”等多边人权会议，积极宣示中国人权理念、政策和成就，深度参与各项议题讨论，反映发展中国家合理主张，推动联合国人权机制公正、客观处理各类人权问题。中国建设性参与联大加强和增进人权条约机构体系有效运作政府间进程，与观点相近国家一道，成功推动联大通过人权条约机构改革方案。2014年4月，中国顺利连任联合国非政府组织委员会成员。

China fully participated in the global governance of human rights. Chinese delegations attended the UN Human Rights Council’s (HRC) 25th, 26th and 27th sessions, and 20th, 21st and 22nd special sessions, the relevant meetings of the Third Committee of the 69th Session of the UN General Assembly, the 18th, 19th and 20th sessions of the HRC’s Universal Periodic Review (UPR) Working Group, and a series of multilateral conferences such as the HRC’s Social Forum and Forum on Business and Human Rights. In those meetings, China actively introduced its principles, policies and achievements in the human rights field, joined in the discussions of various topics, brought all member states’ attention to the reasonable assertions of developing countries, and urged the UN’s human rights mechanisms to deal with all human rights issues in a just and objective manner. The Chinese government actively participated in the intergovernmental process of the UN General Assembly on strengthening and enhancing the effective functioning of the human rights treaty body system, and played a constructive role therein. With the efforts of China and other countries holding similar positions, the General Assembly adopted a resolution to strengthen and enhance the effective functioning of the human rights treaty body system. In April 2014 China was reelected as a member of the UN’s Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations.

认真履行国际人权义务。2014年3月，中国接受第二轮国别人权审查报告获得人权理事会核可。中国本着开放、认真的态度接受了各国提出的204条建议，占建议总数的81%，受到国际社会一致好评。2014年5月，中国执行《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》第二次报告接受联合国经济、社会和文化权利委员会审议，中国代表团全面介绍中国保障经社文权利取得的成就，真诚回答委员会提问，委员会专家称赞此次审议为“履约审议典范”。2014年10月，中国执行《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第七、八次合并报告接受联合国消除对妇女歧视委员会审议，中国代表团本着自信、包容、开放的态度与委员会开展了建设性对话。

China conscientiously fulfilled its international human rights obligations. In March, 2014 the HRC approved China’s actions after receiving HRC’s second Universal Period Review for China. With an open mind and in a serious manner, China accepted 204 recommendations, or 81 percent, raised by other countries during the review, which received worldwide praise. In May, 2014 the UN Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights reviewed China’s second periodic report on the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Chinese delegation explained in a thorough manner their country’s achievements in safeguarding its people’s economic, social and cultural rights, and replied candidly to the questions raised by the Committee, with some Committee experts regarding it as an exemplary review. China’s combined seventh and eighth periodic report on its implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women was reviewed by the UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in October, 2014. With a confident, inclusive and open attitude, the Chinese delegation held a constructive dialogue with the Committee.

拓展与联合国人权机构的合作。加强与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处合作，承诺于2014年至2017年向联合国人权高专办大幅增加捐款。与联合国人权特别机制进行建设性对话，认真及时答复特别机制来函，向外债问题独立专家、健康权问题特别报告员、安全饮用水问题特别报告员发出访华邀请。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Promotion of cooperation with the UN’s human rights bodies. China continued to cooperate closely with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, promising to greatly increase its donations to the office in the period 2014-2017. It held constructive talks with the Special Procedures of the HRC, earnestly replied to its letters on time, and invited its independent expert on the effects of foreign debt and other related international financial obligations of states to ensure the full enjoyment of all human rights, particularly economic, social and cultural rights, special rapporteur on the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, and special rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation to visit China.

推动双边人权对话与交流。中国与欧盟及英国、德国、澳大利亚、新西兰等举行人权对话和交流，与澳大利亚开展人权技术合作，增进相互了解。与俄罗斯举行人权事务磋商，与老挝、斯里兰卡等开展人权交流，分享参与国际人权工作的做法和经验。参与第14届亚欧非正式人权研讨会，与亚欧各国人权官员和民间代表进行交流。中国人权研究会和中国人权发展基金会主办了第七届“北京人权论坛”，中外与会者以“中国梦：中国人权事业的新进展”为主题，对“中国梦的人权意义”、“人权的跨文化交流”、“国家治理创新与人权保障、反恐怖与人权保障”三个分议题进行了广泛深入的讨论。

Enhancing bilateral human rights dialogues and communication with other countries. In 2014, China held human rights dialogues and communication with the EU, the UK, Germany, Australia and New Zealand, and entered into technical cooperation with Australia regarding human rights, so as to improve mutual understanding. It also held discussions with Russia on human rights affairs, and communicated with Laos and Sri Lanka in the field to share the experience gained from international human rights work. It sent a delegation to attend the 14th Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) Informal Seminar on Human Rights, exchanging views with human rights officials of other Asian and European countries, and civil society representatives. The China Society for Human Rights Studies and the China Foundation for Human Rights Development jointly held the seventh session of the Beijing Forum on Human Rights. Centering on the theme of “The Chinese Dream: New Progress in China’s Human Rights,” participants both at home and abroad engaged in deep and extensive discussion concerning the sub-topics of “the Chinese dream and human rights,” “trans-cultural international exchanges on human rights” and “national governance innovation and human rights protection, and anti-terrorism and human rights protection.”

中国将一如既往地与国际社会一道，为推动国际人权事业的健康发展作出不懈努力。

Working closely with other countries, China will continue to spare no effort to promote the wholesome development of human rights worldwide.