中国农村扶贫开发的新进展
New Progress in Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council the People’s Republic of China
2011年11月
November 2011, Beijing
目 录
Contents
前言
Foreword
一、扶贫开发的政策和实施
I. Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Policies and Their Implementation
二、扶贫开发的成就
II. Achievements of the Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program
三、专项扶贫
III. Special Poverty Reduction Programs
四、行业扶贫
IV. Poverty Reduction by Industries
五、社会扶贫
V. Social Involvement in Poverty Reduction
六、国际合作
VI. International Cooperation
结束语
Concluding Remarks
前言
Foreword
贫困是世界各国和国际社会面临的挑战。促进发展，消除贫困，实现共同富裕，是人类孜孜以求的理想。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Poverty is a challenge facing all countries and the international community as a whole. To promote development, eliminate poverty and achieve common prosperity is an ideal that humanity constantly pursues.
中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家，发展基础差、底子薄，不平衡现象突出。特别是农村贫困人口多，解决贫困问题的难度很大。中国的减贫，在很大程度上就是解决农村的贫困问题。
China is a developing country with the largest population in the world, featuring a poor economic foundation and noticeable unbalanced development. In particular, it has a large poverty-stricken population in the rural areas, rendering the mission to reduce poverty particularly difficult. For this reason, China’s poverty reduction program is, to a large extent, nothing but solving the poverty problem in the rural areas.
中国政府始终将减缓贫困作为国家发展的重要目标和任务，坚持以人为本，努力使经济社会发展成果惠及全体人民。20世纪80年代中期以来，中国政府开始有组织、有计划、大规模地开展农村扶贫开发，先后制定实施《国家八七扶贫攻坚计划》（1994—2000年）、《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2001—2010年）》、《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011—2020年）》等减贫规划，使扶贫减贫成为全社会的共识和行动。中国的农村扶贫开发，促进了社会和谐稳定和公平正义，推动了中国人权事业的发展和进步。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Chinese government has always made poverty reduction an important goal and task of national development, adhered to the principle of putting people first, and worked hard to enable all the people to enjoy the fruits of economic and social development. It was in the mid-1980s that the Chinese government started the development-oriented poverty reduction program in the rural areas in an organized and planned way. It formulated and implemented the Seven-year Priority Poverty Reduction Program (1994-2000), the Outline for Poverty Reduction and Development of China’s Rural Areas (2001-2010), and the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020), and a few other poverty reduction plans, making poverty reduction a common aim and action of the whole society. China’s development-oriented poverty reduction program in the rural areas has promoted social harmony and stability, fairness and justice, and made contributions to the development and progress of the country’s cause of human rights.
减贫是人类社会的共同事业，中国的扶贫开发是全球减贫事业的重要组成部分。中国提前实现了联合国千年发展目标中贫困人口减半目标，为全球减贫事业作出了重大贡献。
Poverty reduction is a common cause of the entire human society, and China’s development-oriented poverty reduction program is an important component of the world’s poverty reduction efforts. China has realized, ahead of schedule, the goal of cutting the poverty-stricken population by half, as listed in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, thus making great contributions to the world’s poverty reduction efforts.
2001年，中国政府发布了《中国的农村扶贫开发》白皮书，介绍了中国农村扶贫开发的有关情况。这里，就近十年来中国农村扶贫开发取得的进展再作一介绍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In 2001, the Chinese government issued a white paper titled The Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Rural China. Here, this new white paper is an account of the progress of this program over the past decade.
一、扶贫开发的政策和实施
I. Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Policies and Their Implementation
十年来，中国国民经济平稳较快增长，综合国力不断增强。在这一进程中，国家把扶贫开发纳入国民经济和社会发展总体规划，制定和实施有利于农村贫困地区发展的政策措施，把扶贫投入作为公共财政预算安排的优先领域，把贫困地区作为公共财政支持的重点区域，不断加大对贫困地区的扶持力度，切实提高扶贫政策的执行力。
In the past decade, the national economy of China grew rapidly and steadily, and the overall national strength grew constantly. During this period, the Chinese government incorporated development-oriented poverty reduction into its overall plan for national economic and social development, formulated and implemented policies and measures conducive to the development of poverty-stricken rural areas, made poverty reduction a priority in public finance budgeting, and poor areas key recipients of public finance support, continuously increased support to poor areas and earnestly enhanced ability in the implementation of poverty-reduction policies.
农村政策。中国是一个传统的农业大国，农村人口多，贫困现象突出。实行有利于减贫的农村政策，对于消除农村贫困问题十分重要。十年来，国家实行统筹城乡经济社会发展的方略和工业反哺农业、城市支持农村与“多予少取放活”的方针，全面促进农村经济社会的发展，使贫困地区和农村贫困人口普遍受益。国家相继取消牧业税、生猪屠宰税和农林特产税，特别是取消了在中国存在2600多年的农业税，并以法律形式固定下来，让中国广大农民彻底告别了缴纳农业税的历史。全面实行种粮农民直接补贴、良种补贴、农机具购置补贴和农资综合补贴，逐步建立和完善农村社会保障体系，推进农村饮水、电力、道路、沼气等基础设施建设和农村危房改造。推行集体林权制度改革，使农民真正拥有林地承包经营权和林木所有权，落实各项优惠政策，发展林下经济和森林旅游，增加农民收入。不断加大强农惠农富农和扶贫开发的投入力度，中央财政用于“三农”的支出从2003年的2144.2亿元人民币增加到2010年的8579.7亿元人民币，年均增长21.9%，公共财政覆盖农村步伐明显加快。国家的一些强农惠农富农政策率先在贫困地区实行。其中，免征农业税试点、农村义务教育“两免一补”政策（对农村义务教育阶段贫困家庭学生免书本费、免杂费、补助寄宿生生活费）、对国家新安排的公益性基本建设项目减少或取消县及县以下配套，率先在国家扶贫开发工作重点县实行。一些强农惠农富农政策向贫困地区和贫困人口倾斜。中央财政在农村最低生活保障、新型农村合作医疗和新型农村社会养老保险的制度安排上，对中西部地区给予较大支持。2010年，民政部门资助参加新型农村合作医疗4615.4万人次，资助资金14亿元人民币，人均资助30.3元人民币。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Rural policies. China is traditionally an agricultural country with a large rural population and a great number of people in dire poverty. The implementation of rural policies conducive to rural poverty reduction is thus extremely important for eliminating poverty in rural China. In the past decade, the Chinese government carried out the strategy of coordinating urban and rural economic and social development, and the principles of industry nurturing agriculture, urban areas supporting rural areas and "giving more, taking less and loosening control" to promote the comprehensive development of rural economy and society to benefit all poor areas and all rural poor. The government successively abolished the animal husbandry tax, pig slaughtering tax, and tax on agricultural and forestry specialties. Then, it abolished the agriculture tax and wrote it in the law, and this is of particular significance as it made rural people in China bid final farewell to the payment of agriculture tax that had existed in China for over 2,600 years. The government issued subsidies directly to grain growers, subsidies for purchasing fine seeds and agricultural machinery and tools and general subsidies for purchasing agricultural supplies; gradually established and improved the social security system for rural China, and pushed forward the construction of infrastructure related to drinking water, electricity, road and methane, along with the renovation of dilapidated rural housing. The system of collective forest rights was reformed to make farmers real contractors of forested land and real owners of trees in the forests, various preferential policies were implemented to develop the forest economy and forest tourism to increase the farmers’ incomes. The government kept increasing investment into measures that strengthen agriculture and measures that bring benefits to the farmers and increase their incomes, as well as the development-oriented poverty reduction program. The outlays of the central finance on agriculture, the countryside and farmers increased from 214.42 billion yuan in 2003 to 857.97 billion yuan in 2010, representing an annual increase of 21.9 percent on average, indicating that the public finance is quickening the pace of supporting the countryside. Some state policies that strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers and increase their incomes were first carried out in impoverished areas. Of them, some policies were first carried out in key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, and these policies included the pilot project to abolish the agriculture tax, the policy to exempt rural students in compulsory education from poor families from paying tuition and miscellaneous fees, and to provide living subsides for boarders, and the policy to reduce or cancel the required supporting funds to be supplied by local governments at and below the county level for the new public-welfare infrastructure projects listed in national plans. Poor areas and poor people were given top priority in the implementation of some policies that strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers. The central government gave considerable financial support to central and western regions in terms of subsistence allowances for rural residents, new cooperative medical care and new social endowment insurance for rural residents. In 2010, the civil affairs departments paid a total of 1.4 billion yuan in subsidies to 46.154 million people in the new rural cooperative medical care scheme, or an average of 30.3 yuan per person.
区域政策。20世纪末，中国政府开始实施西部大开发战略。中国的西部地区，自然条件相对恶劣，基础设施建设相对滞后，贫困人口比较集中。十多年来，西部大开发安排的水利、退耕还林、资源开发等项目，在同等条件下优先在贫困地区布局；公路建设加快向贫困地区延伸，把贫困地区的县城与国道、省道干线连接起来；基础设施建设项目尽量使用贫困地区的劳动力，增加贫困人口的现金收入。国家相继出台一系列区域发展政策，促进西藏和四川、云南、甘肃、青海四省藏区以及新疆、广西、重庆、宁夏、甘肃、内蒙古、云南等地经济社会发展，并把农村扶贫开发作为政策重点加以推进。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Regional policies. At the end of the 20th century, the Chinese government started to carry out the strategy of large-scale development of the western region. Compared to other regions of China, Western China has rather adverse natural conditions, underdeveloped infrastructure and a larger population of the poor. In the last decade, water conservancy projects, projects of returning cultivated land to forests and projects of resource exploitation, as planned in the strategy of developing the western region, were launched first in poverty-stricken areas, if all other conditions were equal; highways were extended to poor areas at a quicker pace to link up the county seats of poor areas with national and provincial trunklines; the labor force of poor areas was given preference in infrastructure construction projects to increase the cash income of the poor. The government worked out and implemented a series of policies for regional development to promote economic and social development in Tibet and Tibetan-inhabited areas in Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu and Qinghai provinces, as well as in Xinjiang, Guangxi, Chongqing, Ningxia, Gansu, Inner Mongolia and Yunnan, and pushed forward the development-oriented poverty reduction program as a policy priority.
农村社会保障制度。为贫困人口提供基本的社会保障，是稳定解决贫困人口温饱问题的最基础手段。2007年，国家决定在全国农村全面建立最低生活保障制度，将家庭年人均纯收入低于规定标准的所有农村居民纳入保障范围，稳定、持久、有效地解决农村贫困人口温饱问题。农村最低生活保障标准，由县级以上地方政府按照能够维持当地农村居民全年基本生活所必需的吃饭、穿衣、用水、用电等费用确定。截至2010年底，全国农村低保覆盖2528.7万户、5214万人；2010年全年共发放农村低保资金445亿元人民币，其中中央补助资金269亿元人民币；全国农村低保平均标准为117元人民币/人、月，月人均补助水平为74元人民币。国家对农村丧失劳动能力和生活没有依靠的老、弱、孤、寡、残农民实行五保供养，即在吃、穿、住、医、葬等方面给予生活照顾和物质帮助。十年间，五保供养逐步实现了由集体福利事业转型为现代社会保障制度，所需资金由农民分摊转由国家财政负担。到2010年底，全国农村得到五保供养的人数为534万户、556.3万人，基本实现“应保尽保”，全国各级财政共发放农村五保供养资金96.4亿元人民币。2009年，国家开展新型农村社会养老保险试点工作，到2011年7月已覆盖全国60%的农村地区，共有493个国家扶贫开发工作重点县纳入试点，覆盖率达到83%。新型农村社会养老保险实行个人缴费、集体补助、政府补贴相结合的筹资方式，基础养老金和个人账户养老金相结合的待遇支付方式，中央财政对中西部地区按中央确定的基础养老金给予全额补助，对东部地区给予50%的补助。2010年，中央财政对新型农村社会养老保险基础养老金补贴111亿元人民币，地方财政补助资金116亿元人民币。2004年，国家出台了规范的最低工资制度，对保障以农民工为主体的劳动者的劳动报酬权益发挥了积极作用。
Rural social security system. To provide basic social security for the poverty-stricken population is the most fundamental way to steadily solve the problem of adequate food and clothing for such people. In 2007, the state decided to establish a rural subsistence allowance system throughout the rural areas that would cover all rural residents whose per-capita annual net household income was below the prescribed standard, so as to solve the problem of adequate food and clothing for the rural poor in a stable, lasting and effective way. The standards of rural subsistence allowance were determined by local governments above the county level on the basis of the fees needed for such basic necessities as food, clothing, water, electricity and other things throughout the year. By the end of 2010, the system covered 25.287 million rural households, totaling 52.14 million people. In 2010, a total of 44.5 billion yuan of rural subsistence allowance was issued, including 26.9 billion yuan of subsidy funds from the central government. The average standard for rural subsistence allowance is 117 yuan per person per month, and the average subsidy is 74 yuan per person per month. The state provides the five guaranteed forms of support (food, clothing, housing, medical care and burial expenses) for old, weak, orphaned, widowed or disabled rural residents who are unable to work and have no family support. During the decade, the government gradually turned these five forms of support from a collective welfare system into a modern social security system financed by the state instead of by the rural people themselves. By the end of 2010, the five forms of support had been extended to 5.34 million rural households totaling 5.563 million rural residents and basically covering almost all eligible rural residents. The public finances at all levels altogether granted 9.64 billion yuan to eligible rural residents for such support. In 2009, the state launched a pilot scheme of a new type of social endowment insurance for rural residents in some places. By July 2011, the scheme had extended to 60 percent of rural China, covering 493 key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, accounting for 83 percent of such counties. Under this new type of social endowment insurance for rural residents, the funds needed are pooled from personal contributions, collective grants and government subsidies, and the pensions are paid from the basic funds and personal accounts; the central finance subsidizes central and western China all the basic funds for old-age pensions in line with the standards decided by the central government, and subsidizes 50 percent of such funds for eastern China. In 2010, the central finance provided a total subsidy of 11.1 billion yuan for the basic old-age pension funds of the new social en-dowment insurance for rural residents, while the local finances supplied 11.6 billion yuan for the same purpose. In 2004, the state introduced a standard minimum wage system, which has played a positive role in guaranteeing the rights and interests of laborers, mainly migrant workers from rural areas, with respect to remuneration for their labor.
提高扶贫政策执行力。政策实施成功与否，关键在于执行。中国政府把建立工作责任制、加强干部队伍和机构建设作为保障扶贫政策执行力的关键，采取有效措施保证扶贫政策的落实。按照“省负总责、县抓落实、工作到村、扶贫到户”的要求，实行扶贫开发工作责任到省、任务到省、资金到省、权力到省。把扶贫开发作为国家扶贫开发工作重点县政府的中心任务，由县负责把扶贫开发的政策措施落实到贫困村和贫困户。实行扶贫工作党政“一把手”负责制，把扶贫开发的效果作为考核这些地方政府主要负责人政绩的重要依据。加强贫困地区干部队伍建设，将贫困地区县级领导干部和县以上扶贫部门干部的培训纳入各级党政干部培训规划，采取挂职锻炼、干部交流等方式充实和加强贫困地区干部队伍。加强扶贫开发统计监测，为科学决策提供依据。加强贫困地区基层组织建设，改进基层干部思想作风和工作作风，推进社会治安综合治理，维护贫困地区社会稳定。充实和加强各级扶贫开发的工作机构，稳定人员，改善条件，提高素质，增强扶贫开发的组织领导和协调管理能力。国务院有关部门把扶贫开发作为一项重要工作，结合各自职能，认真贯彻落实扶贫政策。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Better implementation of poverty reduction policies. The success of a policy lies in its implementation. The Chinese government regards the establishment of a job-responsibility system, strengthening of the contingent of cadres and building of relevant institutions as the key to the implementation of poverty reduction policies, and has taken effective measures to ensure the implementation of the policies. The central government has raised a requirement that "provincial governments take the overall responsibility and county governments are responsible for the implementation to ensure that poverty reduction staff go down to the villages and the policies reach every household." In accordance with this requirement, provincial governments shoulder the responsibilities, take the tasks, receive funds and exercise the power; governments of key counties covered in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs take poverty reduction as a central task, and are responsible for implementing the relevant policies and measures in every poor village and poor household. A responsibility system is established for top leaders of local Party committees and governments in the poverty reduction work, and the results of this work are taken as an important criterion for checking and evaluating their performance in their official career. To strengthen the building of the contingent of cadres in poor areas, the Chinese government has incorporated the training of county-level cadres and cadres from poverty reduction departments above the county level in poor areas into the program of Party and government cadre training, and strengthened and improved the contingent of cadres in poor areas by such means as appointing them to temporary posts or exchange of posts. The government has strengthened statistics collection related to and supervision over poverty reduction work to provide reliable data for scientific decision-making. The state has strengthened organizational building at the primary level in poor areas, worked hard to improve the ideology and work style of cadres at the primary level, and taken comprehensive measures to maintain law and order to maintain social stability in these areas. The state has enhanced poverty reduction working organizations at all levels, ensured their personnel stability, improved their conditions and qualities, and enhanced the organization, leadership, coordination and management of the poverty reduction work. Relevant departments under the State Council regard poverty reduction as an important task and conscientiously implement the poverty reduction policies in line with their corresponding functions and powers.
中国扶贫开发政策有以下特征：
China’s development-oriented poverty reduction policies display the following characteristics:
——坚持开发式扶贫和社会保障相结合。引导贫困地区和贫困群众以市场为导向，调整经济结构，开发当地资源，发展商品生产，提高自我积累、自我发展能力。注重综合开发、全面发展，促进基础设施建设和经济社会协调发展。注重可持续发展，加强资源保护和生态建设，控制人口过快增长。加快推进城乡基本公共服务均等化进程，建立健全农村最低生活保障制度，逐步提高五保供养水平，不断完善自然灾害应急救助体系，建立新型农村合作医疗制度，开展新型农村社会养老保险制度试点，为贫困人口提供基本生存保障。在国家扶贫开发工作重点县推进扶贫开发政策与农村低保制度衔接试点，努力使各项政策覆盖所有贫困人口。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Combining development-oriented poverty reduction with social security. By means of these policies, the state guides poor areas and people in poverty to, in line with market-oriented objective, adjust the local economic structure, exploit local resources, develop commodity production, and improve their capability of self-accumulation and self-development. The state also lays stress on comprehensive exploitation and overall development in order to promote local infrastructure construction and balanced economic and social development. The state also pays attention to sustainable development, strengthens resource conservation and ecological construction, and controls the rapid growth of the population. The state promotes equal share of basic public services between the urban and rural areas, establishes and improves the system of subsistence allowance in rural areas, gradually raises the level of the five forms of support, constantly improves the emergency-response and relief system in case of natural disasters, establishes the new type of cooperative medical care for rural residents, and introduces pilot projects in the new rural social endowment system for rural residents, so as to provide basic living guarantees for the poor. In the key counties covered in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, the state launches pilot projects to integrate development-oriented poverty reduction policies with the system of subsistence allowance for rural residents, endeavoring to extend the related policies to all the rural poor.
——坚持专项扶贫和行业扶贫、社会扶贫相结合。以贫困人口和贫困地区为工作对象，以财政专项扶贫资金为主要资源，以实现贫困人口基本生存和发展为目标，编制专项扶贫开发规划，分年实施。充分发挥各行业部门职责，将贫困地区作为本部门本行业发展重点，积极促进贫困地区水利、交通、电力、国土资源、教育、卫生、科技、文化、人口和计划生育等各项事业的发展。动员和组织社会各界，通过多种方式支持贫困地区开发建设。党政机关和企事业单位定点扶贫，东西扶贫协作，军队和武警部队支援，社会各界参与，形成有中国特色的社会扶贫方式，推动贫困地区发展，增加贫困农民收入。
Combining special poverty reduction actions with industrial and social efforts. Targeting the poverty-stricken people and areas, taking special poverty reduction funds from the public finances as the main source and aiming at subsistence and development of the poor population, the state works out special programs for development-oriented poverty reduction and carries them out on a yearly basis. The state gives full play to the functions and responsibilities of the various industrial departments, makes poor areas the top priority for each industry’s and department’s development, and works hard to promote the development of water conservancy, transportation, electricity, land resources, education, health care, science and technology, culture, family planning and some other undertakings in poor areas. The state mobilizes and organizes all sectors of society to give various forms of support to poor areas in their development. Party and government departments, enterprises and public institutions give special support to designated poor areas, eastern and western China cooperate to reduce poverty, the army and armed police give their support, and all sectors of society participate in this program -- a poverty reduction model with Chinese characteristics, which helps poor areas to develop and poor farmers to increase their incomes.
——坚持外部支持与自力更生相结合。通过专项扶贫资金、财政转移支付、部门项目建设、社会各界捐助、引进利用外资等途径，不断加大对贫困地区的资金投入。不断探索参与式整村推进、小额信贷、贫困村互助资金等多种扶贫模式。尊重贫困地区广大干部群众在农村扶贫开发中的主体地位，广泛调动他们的主动性、积极性、创造性。广大干部群众自强不息，不等不靠，苦干实干，积极参与决策、投工投劳，依靠自身力量改变贫困落后面貌。
Combining outside support with self-reliance. By way of special poverty reduction funds, transfer payments from the central finance, projects undertaken by various departments, social donations and introduction and utilization of foreign capital, the financial input to poor areas has been continuously increased. Constant exploration in establishing various poverty reduction models, such as participatory and integrated village development, small-sum loaning, and mutual aid funds among poor villages. Respect is shown to the principal role of the local cadres and masses in development-oriented poverty reduction for poor rural areas, and extensive efforts are made to bring into play their initiative, enthusiasm and creativity. The cadres and masses exert themselves constantly, and they do not wait for or depend on outside support, but work hard, take an active part in decision-making, and make every effort to lift their localities and themselves out of poverty and backwardness.
二、扶贫开发的成就
II. Achievements of the Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program
十年来，中国农村居民的生存和温饱问题得到基本解决，贫困人口的生产生活条件明显改善，贫困地区基础设施不断完善，社会发展水平进一步提升，生态恶化趋势得到初步遏制。
Thanks to efforts made over the past decade, the problems of subsistence, food and clothing for China’ s rural residents have been basically solved, the production and living conditions of the poor have been markedly improved, infrastructure in poor areas has continuously improved, the level of social development has been enhanced, and ecological degradation has been initially brought under control.
农村居民的生存和温饱问题基本解决。国家根据经济社会发展水平的提高和物价指数的变化，将全国农村扶贫标准从2000年的865元人民币逐步提高到2010年的1274元人民币。以此标准衡量的农村贫困人口数量，从2000年底的9422万人减少到2010年底的2688万人；农村贫困人口占农村人口的比重从2000年的10.2%下降到2010年的2.8%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The problems of subsistence, food and clothing for rural residents have been basically solved. In line with the increase of economic and social development level and based on the changes in price index, the state gradually raised the national poverty line for rural residents from 865 yuan in 2000 to 1,274 yuan in 2010. Based on this change, the poverty-stricken rural population decreased from 94.22 million at the end of 2000 to 26.88 million at the end of 2010; and their proportion in the total rural population decreased from 10.2 percent in 2000 to 2.8 percent in 2010.
贫困地区经济全面发展。贫困地区产业结构进一步优化，特色优势产业快速发展，县域经济综合实力不断增强。从2001年至2010年，592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县人均地区生产总值从2658元人民币增加到11170元人民币，年均增长17%；人均地方财政一般预算收入从123元人民币增加到559元人民币，年均增长18.3%。农民人均纯收入从2001年的1276元人民币，增加到2010年的3273元人民币，年均增长11%（未扣除物价因素）。上述数据的增幅，均高于全国平均水平。
Economy in poor areas has developed in an all-round way. The industrial structure in poor areas has been further optimized; specialty and competitive industries developed rapidly, and the comprehensive economic strength of poor counties grew constantly. From 2001 to 2010, 592 key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs have seen their per-capita gross regional product grow from 2,658 yuan to 11,170 yuan -- an average annual growth of 17 percent, and per-capita local budgetary revenue grow from 123 yuan to 559 yuan - an average annual growth of 18.3 percent. The per-capita net income of farmers has grown from 1,276 yuan in 2001 to 3,273 yuan in 2010, an average annual increase of 11 percent (not taking inflation into account). All these figures of growth are all higher than the national average.
贫困地区生产生活条件明显改善。国家不断加大贫困地区基础设施建设投入，全面改善这些地方的生产生活条件。从2002年至2010年，592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县新增基本农田5245.6万亩，新建及改扩建公路里程95.2万公里，新增教育卫生用房3506.1万平方米，解决了5675.7万人、4999.3万头大牲畜的饮水困难。到2010年底，国家扶贫开发工作重点县农村饮用自来水、深水井农户达到60.9%，自然村通公路比例为88.1%、通电比例为98%、通电话比例为92.9%，农户人均住房面积24.9平方米，农户使用旱厕和水冲式厕所比重达88.4%。贫困地区农村面貌发生明显变化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Production and living conditions in poor areas have been greatly improved. The state has constantly increased investment in infrastructure construction in poor areas to improve production and living conditions there. From 2002 to 2010, 592 key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs saw their basic farmland increased by 52.456 million mu (approximately 3,497,067 ha), the mileage of newly constructed, renovated and extended roads by 952,000 km, and their buildings for education and health care by 35.061 million sq m, in addition to the solution of drinking-water problem for 56.757 million people and 49.993 million head of livestock. By the end of 2010, in the key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, 60.9 percent of rural households had access to tap water or well water, 88.1 percent of villages had access to roads, 98 percent had access to electricity, and 92.9 percent had access to telephones. In addition, their per-capita housing space reached 24.9 sq m, and 88.4 percent of the rural households had hygienic latrines.
贫困地区社会事业不断进步。农村义务教育得到加强，扫除青壮年文盲工作取得积极进展，到2010年底，国家扶贫开发工作重点县7至15岁学龄儿童入学率达到97.7%，接近全国平均水平；青壮年文盲率为7%，比2002年下降5.4个百分点，青壮年劳动力平均受教育年限达到8年。新型农村合作医疗实现全覆盖，基层医疗卫生服务体系建设不断加强，到2010年底，国家扶贫开发工作重点县参加新农合的农户比例达到93.3%，有病能及时就医的比重达到91.4%，乡乡建有卫生院，绝大多数行政村设有卫生室。贫困地区人口和计划生育工作、公共文化服务体系建设继续得到加强。
Social undertakings in poor areas have made constant progress. Compulsory education in rural areas has been strengthened, and the work to eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged people has made great headway. By the end of 2010, in the key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, 97.7 percent of children aged between 7 and 15 were enrolled in school, close to the national average level; the illiteracy rate of young and middle-aged people had decreased to 7 percent, 5.4 percentage points lower than in 2002; and the average schooling time for the young and middle-aged had reached eight years. In addition, the new type of cooperative medical care system for rural residents had covered all the rural population, and the primary-level medical and health service system had been improved. By the end of 2010, in the key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs, 93.3 percent of rural households had participated in the new cooperative medical care system, and 91.4 percent of rural residents were able to get timely medical service; every township had a hospital, and most administrative villages had a clinic. Population and family planning work, and the building of a public cultural service system in poor areas were strengthened.
贫困地区生态恶化趋势初步得到遏制。从2002年至2010年，国家扶贫开发工作重点县实施退耕还林还草14923.5万亩，新增经济林22643.4万亩。国家扶贫开发工作重点县饮用水水源受污染的农户比例从2002年的15.5%下降到2010年的5.1%，获取燃料困难的农户比例从45%下降到31.4%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Ecological degradation has been brought under initial control. From 2002 to 2010, in the key counties in the national development-oriented poverty reduction programs 149.235 million mu (or 9.949 million ha) of farmland was restored to forest or grassland, and 226.434 million mu (or 15.0956 million ha) of economic forest was planted. In these counties, the proportion of households whose drinking water sources were polluted decreased from 15.5 percent in 2002 to 5.1 percent in 2010, and that of households having difficulty in getting fuel decreased from 45 percent to 31.4 percent.
三、专项扶贫
III. Special Poverty Reduction Programs
中国政府把收入在扶贫标准以下的人口作为扶贫对象，把贫困人口集中的中西部革命老区、少数民族地区、边疆地区和特困地区作为扶贫开发的重点区域，在这些地区确定了592个国家扶贫开发工作重点县给予重点扶持。中央和地方各级政府编制专项规划，安排专项资金，集中资源改善这些地区基础设施，发展特色优势产业，完善社会服务体系，增强人口素质。东部以及中西部其他地区的贫困县、乡、村，主要由地方政府负责扶持。
The Chinese government aims its poverty reduction programs at all people whose income is below the poverty line, while putting emphasis on the old revolutionary bases in the central and western regions, areas inhabited by ethnic minorities, border areas and destitute areas. It includes 592 counties in these areas in the key programs of the nation’ s poverty reduction effort. The central government and local governments at all levels formulate special programs, appropriate special funds and concentrate resources to improve infrastructure construction, develop specialty and competitive industries, improve social services and enhance the people’s quality in these areas. The local governments of other impoverished counties, townships and villages in the eastern, central and western regions are mainly responsible for their respective poverty reduction programs.
十年来，中央和地方各级政府不断调整财政支出结构，逐步加大对扶贫的财政投入，财政投入从2001年的127.5亿元人民币增加到2010年的349.3亿元人民币，年均增长11.9%，十年累计投入2043.8亿元人民币。其中中央财政安排的扶贫资金投入，从100.02亿元人民币增加到222.7亿元人民币，年均增长9.3%，十年累计投入1440.4亿元人民币。财政扶贫资金分配体现了重点倾斜原则，十年累计投向国家扶贫开发工作重点县和各省自行确定的扶贫开发工作重点县1457.2亿元人民币，占总投入的71.3%，县均投入1.36亿元人民币；十年共在22个省（区、市）安排中央财政扶贫资金1356.2亿元人民币，其中西部12个省（区、市）877亿元人民币。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the past ten years, the central and local governments have been constantly adjusting their structures of financial expenditure and gradually increasing the financial input into poverty reduction programs. The financial input increased from 12.75 billion yuan in 2001 to 34.93 billion yuan in 2010, with an average annual growth rate of 11.9 percent, and the accumulative input totaled 204.38 billion yuan in these ten years. For a breakdown, funds appropriated by the central government for poverty reduction programs increased from 10.002 billion yuan in 2001 to 22.27 billion yuan in 2010, with an average annual growth of 9.3 percent, and the accumulative input reached 144.04 billion yuan over these ten years. The distribution of poverty relief funds reflected the priority principle. The accumulative financial input to the key counties in the national and provincial development-oriented poverty reduction programs over these ten years reached 145.72 billion yuan, accounting for 71.3 percent of the total input and with the average in-put for each county reaching 136 million yuan; the central government appropriated a total of 135.62 billion yuan for poverty reduction in 22 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), including 87.7 billion yuan for 12 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in the western regions.
实行整村推进扶贫开发。为促进贫困地区经济社会全面发展，2001年国家在全国确定了14.8万个贫困村，逐村制定包括基本农田、人畜饮水、道路、贫困农户收入、社会事业等内容的扶贫规划，整合各类支农惠农资金和扶贫专项资金，统筹安排，分年度组织实施，力争实现贫困群众增收、基础设施提升、社会公益事业发展、群众生产生活条件改善的目标。截至2010年底，已在12.6万个贫困村实施整村推进，其中，国家扶贫开发工作重点县中的革命老区、人口较少民族聚居区和边境一线地区贫困村的整村推进已基本完成。
Implementing comprehensive development-oriented poverty reduction in villages. To promote overall economic and social development in poverty-stricken areas, the state designated 148,000 impoverished villages nationwide in 2001, and formulated poverty reduction programs for each and every village covering basic farmland, drinking water for people and livestock, roads, income of poor villagers, social undertakings and other areas. The government pooled and allocated funds for the implementation of the programs on a yearly basis to increase the income of impoverished people, upgrade infrastructure, develop public welfare, and improve the production and living standards. By the end of 2010, some 126,000 villages had implemented the programs, and the villages in old revolutionary bases, areas inhabited by smaller minority groups and border areas had basically completed the work.
加强劳动力培训。人力资源开发是提高发展能力的有效手段。2004年以来，中央政府累计安排财政扶贫资金30亿元人民币，实施以劳动力转移为主要内容的“雨露计划”，对贫困家庭劳动力开展务工技能和农业实用技术培训。到2010年，培训贫困家庭劳动力超过400万人次，其中80%以上实现转移就业。抽样调查显示，接受培训的劳动力比没有接受培训的劳动力月工资可提高300至400元人民币。劳动力培训在帮助贫困地区劳动力实现就业和增加收入的同时，也使他们学到新技术，接触新观念，开阔了视野，增强了信心。从2010年开始，国家以促进就业为导向，开展了对贫困家庭的初高中毕业生参加职业教育给予直接补助的工作试点。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Strengthening training of the labor force. The development of human resources is an effective means of enhancing development capability. Since 2004, the central government has appropriated a total of three billion yuan in poverty reduction funds for the "Dew Program," which focuses on training labor force from poor rural families in technical skills and practical agricultural techniques so that they can find better-paying jobs. By the year 2010, more than four million people from poor rural families had received such training, and 80 percent of them found jobs outside agriculture. A sample survey revealed that workers who had received training earned 300-400 yuan per month more than those who hadn’t. The training programs not only helped employment and salary growth in poor areas, they also provided chances for the workers to get access to new skills and new concepts, thus broadening their horizons and enhance their confidence. In 2010, in an attempt to promote employment the state began to carry out a pilot project that provides direct subsidy for high-school graduates from poor families to pursue vocational education.
通过教育开展扶贫。十年来，国家大力发展教育，使大批农村家庭经济困难学生通过接受职业教育掌握了就业技能，在城镇稳定就业，帮助家庭摆脱或缓解了贫困现象。2001年至2010年，全国中等职业学校毕业学生4289万人，其中大部分毕业生来自农村家庭和城市经济困难家庭。不断健全义务教育、高中阶段教育和高等学校家庭经济困难学生资助体系，减轻困难学生家庭经济负担。建设移民学校，推动生态移民。
Poverty reduction through education. Over the past decade, the state has been vigorously developing education, helping large numbers of students from economically poor rural families acquire necessary skills through vocational education and find stable employment in cities/towns, thus shaking off or alleviating poverty in these families. From 2001 to 2010, some 42.89 million students graduated from secondary vocational schools, and most of them were from rural families or impoverished urban families. The state constantly improves the subsidy system for poor students in compulsory education, senior high school education and higher education to relieve the financial burden on poor families. The government also builds schools for immigrants, and encourages immigration for ecological protection purpose.
推进产业化扶贫。结合整村推进、连片开发试点和科技扶贫，扶持贫困农户，建设产业化基地，扶持设施农业，发展农村合作经济，推动贫困地区产业开发规模化、集约化和专业化。十年来，为贫困地区重点培育了马铃薯、经济林果、草地畜牧业、棉花等主导产业。其中，马铃薯产业已经成为贫困地区保障粮食安全、抗旱避灾、脱贫致富的特色优势产业。产业扶贫有效带动贫困农户实现了脱贫致富。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Promoting poverty reduction with industrialization. Combining such programs as comprehensive promotion of poverty reduction in villages, experimental development of adjacent areas, poverty relief through science and technology, rendering support to impoverished farmers, constructing industrial bases, encouraging the use of advanced equipment and technologies in agricultural production and developing the rural cooperative economy of scale, China has endeavored to enhance the efficiency and specialization of industrial development in poverty-stricken areas. Over the past decade, the state has helped the poverty-stricken areas develop potato cultivation, economic trees and fruits, grassland husbandry, cotton planting and other leading industries. Of them, potato production and processing has become a special and competitive industry for the poor areas to guarantee food security, ward off droughts and other natural disasters and get rid of poverty.
实施以工代赈。以工代赈是从20世纪80年代开始实施的一项农村扶贫政策，重点用于与贫困地区经济发展和农民脱贫致富相关的农村小型基础设施建设，主要包括县乡村公路、农田水利、人畜饮水、基本农田、草场建设、小流域治理等。2001年至2010年，中央政府累计投入以工代赈资金550多亿元人民币，有效改善了贫困地区的生产生活条件。
Implementing work relief. The work-relief policy was initiated in the 1980s in rural areas to mainly support economic development in poverty-stricken areas and the construction of small-scale infrastructure projects in rural areas related to poverty reduction, including building of roads in counties, townships and villages, works of farmland irrigation, drinking water projects for the people and livestock, basic farmland capital construction, grassland construction, comprehensive improvement of small river basins, etc. From 2001 to 2010, more than 55 billion yuan was earmarked by the central government as work-relief funds, effectively improving the production and living conditions in poverty-stricken areas.
实施易地扶贫搬迁。在坚持群众自愿的前提下，对居住在生存条件恶劣、自然资源贫乏地区的贫困人口实行易地扶贫搬迁，是改善他们生存环境和发展条件的重要途径。截至2010年，中国政府对770余万贫困人口实行了扶贫搬迁，有效改善了这些群众的居住、交通、用电等生活条件。在推进工业化、城镇化的进程中，一些贫困地区把扶贫搬迁与县城、中心镇、工业园区建设和退耕还林还草、生态移民、撤乡并镇、防灾避灾等项目相结合，在促进贫困农民转移就业的同时，改善了这些群众获得公共服务的条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Relocating impoverished populations from environmentally unfriendly areas. The voluntary relocation of impoverished populations from areas with harsh living conditions and natural resource-poor areas is an important way to improve their living environment and development conditions. By 2010, the Chinese government had relocated 7.7 million impoverished people, effectively improving their housing, communications, power supply and other living conditions. In the process of advancing industrialization and urbanization, some impoverished areas have combined such poverty-relief relocation with the construction of county seats, central towns and industrial parks, converting cultivated land back to forests and grasslands, migration for ecological purpose, merger of villages and disaster prevention, in an effort to improve public services for these people while promoting the employment of impoverished farmers in urban areas and sectors outside agriculture.
开展金融扶贫。资金短缺一直是制约贫困人口生存和发展的重要因素。从2006年开始，国家在全国1.36万个贫困村开展了贫困村互助资金试点，每个试点村安排财政扶贫资金15万元人民币，按照“民有、民用、民管、民享、周转使用、滚动发展”的方式支持村民发展生产，建立起财政扶贫资金使用长效机制。开展扶贫贷款财政贴息改革，引导和撬动金融机构扩大贴息贷款投放规模，从2001年至2010年，中央财政累计安排扶贫贷款财政贴息资金54.15亿元人民币、发放扶贫贷款近2000亿元人民币。特别是2008年国家对扶贫贷款管理体制进行全面改革，通过引入市场竞争机制、扩大扶贫贷款机构经营权限、下放贴息资金管理权限等，进一步调动了地方和金融机构开展扶贫开发的积极性，有效改善了贫困群众贷款难问题。
Financial poverty reduction. Shortages in funds have always been an important factor holding back the survival and development of the poor. Since 2006, the state has tried out an experimental mutual funding program in 13,600 impoverished villages, allocating 150,000 yuan to each of the villages to support local production in line with the principles of "owned by the people, used by the people, managed by the people, enjoyed by the people, cyclical usage and spiral development," thus establishing a long-term working mechanism for the use of the fund. China has also carried out reforms in interest discounts for poverty-relief loans in an effort to guide and inspire financial institutions to grant more loans of interest discounts. From 2001 to 2010, the central government appropriated in total 5.415 billion yuan of poverty reduction funds with discount interests, and granted nearly 200 billion yuan of poverty reduction loans. The comprehensive reform of the state administrative system of poverty reduction loans in 2008, in particular, further motivated local governments and financial institutions to engage in development-oriented poverty reduction, and effectively helped needy people to get such loans by introducing the market competition mechanism, expanding the operational authority of the loan-issuing bodies, and delegating greater power to lower levels in the management of interest-discounted funds, among other measures.
开展特殊地区扶贫试点。为了解决制约贫困地区发展的突出问题，中国政府在一些特殊类型的困难地区开展了符合当地特点的扶贫开发工作。在广西壮族自治区的东兰县、巴马县、凤山县，集中力量开展了解决基础设施建设的大会战。在四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州，开展了扶贫开发与综合防治大骨节病相结合的试点。在贵州省晴隆县开展了石漠化地区的扶贫开发与生态环境建设相结合的试点。在新疆维吾尔自治区的阿合奇县开展了边境扶贫的试点。对云南省的布朗族及瑶族山瑶支系开展全面扶贫。在汶川、玉树地震灾区，把贫困地区的防灾减灾与灾后恢复重建有机结合，全面推进灾后恢复重建。通过这些试点，为因地制宜做好扶贫开发工作探索了道路，积累了经验。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Pilot projects of poverty reduction in special areas. In order to solve major problems hindering the development of poverty-stricken areas, the Chinese government carried out development-oriented poverty-relief work in some special areas in light of the local characteristics. The following are some of the examples: major infrastructure construction projects in Donglan County, Bama County and Fengshan County in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; a pilot project combining development-oriented poverty reduction with the comprehensive prevention and control of Kaschin-Beck Disease in the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province; a pilot project combining poverty reduction with ecological construction in the rocky desert areas of Qinglong County in Guizhou Province; a pilot project of poverty reduction in the border areas of Akqi County in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; a comprehensive poverty reduction program for the Blang ethnic group and the mountain tribes of the Yao ethnic group in Yunnan Province; and the combination of post-quake reconstruction with disaster prevention and reduction of impoverished areas in the quake-stricken Wenchuan of Sichuan Province and Yushu of Qinghai Province to promote their post-quake reconstruction in an all-round way. Through these pilot projects, the state explored the paths and accumulated experience for poverty reduction work suited to local conditions.
四、行业扶贫
IV. Poverty Reduction by Industries
贫困问题是历史、经济、地理、自然等诸多因素综合影响的结果。中国政府从贫困地区实际情况出发，坚持综合治理原则，发挥政府各相关部门优势，积极开展行业扶贫工作。
Poverty is the result of numerous factors, including historical, economic, geographic and natural ones. The Chinese government, proceeding from the actual conditions of the poverty-stricken areas, upholds the principle of comprehensive improvement, and gives full play to the advantages of related government departments to carry out poverty reduction by industries.
推广农业技术。围绕贫困地区特色优势产业，采用科技承包、技物结合、典型示范等方式，推广各类先进实用技术，提高种养业生产效率。以农村青壮年劳动力为重点对象，大规模培养种植养殖能手、致富带头人、农牧民技术员、手工艺制作人才和农业产业化急需的企业经营管理人员、农民合作组织带头人和农村经纪人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Promoting agricultural technology. Focusing on the specialty and competitive industries of poverty-stricken areas, the state has popularized advanced practical technologies of various types to increase the production of crop cultivation and animal, poultry and fish breeding through such means as signing of scientific and technological contracts, provision of both technological and material support, and building of demonstration models. The state also provides large-scale training in rural areas, mainly targeted at the young and middle-aged, in order to bring to the fore large numbers of good hands in farming and breeding trades, those who can lead other people to get rich, farming and animal husbandry technicians, skilled craftsmen and enterprise managerial staff badly needed for agricultural industrialization, leaders of farmers’ cooperative organizations and rural agents.
改善贫困地区交通条件。积极推进乡（镇）和建制村通沥青（水泥）路建设，满足贫困群众的基本出行需求。加强农村公路危桥改造和安保工程建设，改善农村公路网络状况，提高农村公路安全水平和整体服务能力。推进乡镇客运站建设，加强口岸公路、红色旅游公路建设，支持重要水运通道和便民内河水运设施建设。
Improving traffic conditions in poverty-stricken areas. Great efforts have been made to promote the construction of asphalt (cement) roads in the townships (towns) and villages that form separate administrative units to satisfy the basic needs of the poverty-stricken villagers to travel; to strengthen the renovation of unsafe road bridges and construction of safety-enhancement projects in rural areas to improve the conditions of rural highway networks and improve road safety and overall road service in rural areas; and to promote the construction of passenger terminals in townships (towns), strengthen road construction in port areas and "Red tourism" routes, and support the construction of important water-transport channels and inland waterway transport facilities that provide convenience to the local people.
加强贫困地区水利建设。着力解决贫困地区农村人畜饮水困难问题，积极推进农村饮水安全工程建设。推进灌区续建配套与节水改造，因地制宜开展小水窖、小水池、小塘坝、小泵站、小水渠等“五小水利”工程建设。在有条件的地区，实施跨区域水资源调配工程，解决贫困地区干旱缺水问题。加强防洪工程建设，加快病险水库除险加固、中小河流治理和水毁灾毁水利工程修复。加强水源保护及水污染防治。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Strengthening construction of water conservancy projects in poverty-stricken areas. The government has made great efforts to solve the problem of drinking water for people and livestock in impoverished rural areas, and to proactively promote the construction of safe drinking water projects there; to promote continued construction of supporting facilities and water-conservation renovation in the various irrigation areas, and to carry out the construction of small water cellars, small ponds, small reservoirs, small pumping stations and small canals, known as the "five small projects," in accordance with local conditions; if conditions are right, to build projects to divert water from water-rich areas to impoverished areas to tackle their problem of droughts and water shortages; to strengthen the construction of flood-control projects and quicken the risk-removing reinforcement of unsafe reservoirs, harnessing of medium and small rivers and repair of hydraulic projects destroyed by floods and natural disasters; and to strengthen the protection of headwaters and the prevention and control of water pollution.
解决无电人口用电问题。组织实施一二期农村电网改造工程、中西部地区农网完善工程、户户通电工程、无电地区电力建设工程、新一轮农网改造升级工程和新农村电气化建设工程，提高农村电网供电可靠性和供电能力。因地制宜发展太阳能和风力发电，解决不通电行政村、自然村用电问题。推进水电新农村电气化县建设。加强可再生能源技术服务体系建设，继续推进沼气、节能灶、小水电代燃料等农村生态能源建设。
Solving the problem of power supply to areas with no access to electricity. The state has mobilized resources to implement the first and second phases of the rural power grid renovation project, the project of rural power grid improvement in the central and western regions of the country, project of delivering electricity to every household, project of power grid construction in areas without access to electricity, and a new round of rural power grid renovation and upgrading projects and the project of electrification of new rural areas to enhance the reliability and capacity of rural power grids; to develop power generation with solar energy and wind power in light of local conditions to provide electricity for administrative and natural villages that have no access to electric power; promote the county-wide electrification program with power from hydropower resources under the program of building new rural areas; and strengthen the building of the technical service system of renewable energies together with the construction of rural ecological energy supplies using methane, fuel-efficient stoves and small hydropower stations to replace the use of fuels.
开展农村危房改造。2008年起，以解决农村困难群众基本住房安全问题为目标，组织开展了农村危房改造试点。三年来，国家累计安排补助资金117亿元人民币，支持203.4万贫困农户开展危房改造。2010年，已覆盖全国陆地边境县、西部地区县、国家扶贫开发工作重点县、国务院确定享受西部大开发政策的县和新疆生产建设兵团团场。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Rebuilding dilapidated houses in rural areas. Since 2008, the state has undertaken pilot projects to rebuild dilapidated houses in rural areas, aiming at ensuring basic housing safety for the poor in rural areas. Over the past three years, the state has earmarked in total 11.7 billion yuan of allowances to help 2,034,000 poor farmers’ households rebuild unsafe houses. In 2010, the program had covered all counties in land border areas, counties in the western regions, key counties for national poverty reduction and development work, counties designated by the State Council to enjoy the preferential policies adopted for the Western Development pro-gram and regiment-level farms of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps.
开展科技扶贫。组织大专院校、科研院所作为依托单位，派遣有实践经验的专家和中青年知识分子组成科技开发团，并向扶贫开发工作重点县派驻科技副县长，帮助研究和制定科技扶贫规划，筛选科技开发项目、引进先进实用技术、组织技术培训，解决产业发展中的关键技术问题，提高贫困地区产业开发的技术水平。在贫困地区推进科技特派员农村科技创业行动，鼓励科技人员与农民结成利益共同体，开展创业和服务，引导科技、信息、资本、管理等现代生产要素向贫困地区集聚，促进当地经济社会发展和农民增收致富。
Poverty reduction with science and technology. The state dispatches to rural areas science and technology teams composed of experts and young and middle-aged intellectuals with practical experience from universities, colleges and research institutions, and appoints scientists as resident deputy heads of key counties for poverty reduction work to help study and formulate poverty reduction plans through science and technology, select scientific and technological development programs, introduce advanced practical technologies, organize training in science and technology, solve key technological problems in industrial development, and improve the technological level of industrial development in poverty-stricken areas. The state also launches technology entrepreneurship by technological personnel in rural areas, encourages scientific and technological workers to form interest groups with farmers to start businesses and provide related services, and guides technology, information, capital, management and other modern production factors to move to impoverished areas to promote local economic and social development, and help farmers increase their incomes and achieve prosperity.
发展贫困地区社会事业。建立健全农村义务教育经费保障机制，加大对家庭经济困难学生资助力度，减轻贫困地区教育负担。实施中西部农村初中校舍改造工程、全国中小学校舍安全工程和农村义务教育薄弱学校改造计划，加强宿舍、食堂和必要的基础设施建设，改善办学条件。实施农村中小学现代远程教育工程，促进城乡和地区之间优质教育资源共享。加强农村三级医疗卫生服务体系建设，加强国家扶贫开发工作重点县乡镇卫生院、村卫生室建设。组织实施农村订单定向医学生免费培养项目，重点为乡镇卫生院及以下的医疗卫生机构培养卫生人才。加大培养合格乡村医生和接生员的力度，鼓励医疗卫生专业的大学毕业生到乡镇卫生院工作。进一步加大政府对参加新型农村合作医疗费用的资助力度。建立健全人口和计划生育服务体系。全面实行农村计划生育家庭奖励扶助制度，加快推进西部地区计划生育“少生快富”工程。加强农村公共文化服务体系建设，着力建设乡镇综合文化站，组织开展全国文化信息资源共享工程、送书下乡工程，开展广播电视“村村通”工程、农村电影放映工程、“农家书屋”工程。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Developing social undertakings in poverty-stricken areas. The state establishes funding mechanisms for compulsory education in rural areas, and increases subsidies to students from poor families to alleviate the burden of education on impoverished areas; implements classroom renovation project for rural junior high schools in the central and western regions, schoolhouse safety project for primary and secondary schools throughout the country and renovation project of rural schools with weak facilities to enhance the construction of dormitories, canteens and other basic infrastructural facilities and improve teaching conditions; implements modern distance education in rural primary and secondary schools to ensure the sharing of high quality educational resources between urban and rural areas and among different regions; strengthens the construction of three-tier medical service system in rural areas and the construction of township hospitals and village clinics in key counties covered in the national poverty reduction and development work; implements the project that offers free training to medical students oriented to work in rural areas, with the focus on the training of medical workers to work in hospitals at and below the township level; makes greater efforts to train qualified country doctors and midwives, and encourages graduates of medical schools to work at township-level hospitals; further increases govern-mental support to new-type rural cooperative medicare system; establishes and improves population and family planning service networks; comprehensively implements the support and rewarding system for rural households which follow the family planning policies, and promotes the family planning project in the western regions with the theme “fewer children, quicker prosperity.” The state also strengthens the construction of public cultural service networks in rural areas, focuses on the building of comprehensive cultural centers in townships, and organizes the implementation of the national cultural information resource sharing, books for villages, radio and TV access to every village, rural film showing and “rural community library” projects.
加强贫困地区生态建设。巩固退耕还林成果，完善补助政策，延长补助期限。实施退牧还草工程，采取封山育草、禁牧等措施，保护天然草原植被。在西藏等地开展草原生态奖励补助试点。组织实施京津风沙源治理工程，在项目区大力发展生态特色产业，实现生态建设与经济发展有机结合。实施岩溶地区石漠化综合治理工程，通过封山育林育草、人工植树种草、发展草食畜牧业、坡改梯、小型水利水保工程，实现石漠化综合治理与产业发展、扶贫开发结合。实施三江源生态保护和建设工程，通过退耕还草、生态移民、鼠害防治、人工增雨等措施，加强长江、黄河和澜沧江发源地的生态保护。加快完善生态补偿机制，加大天然林保护、湿地保护与恢复、野生动植物保护和自然保护区建设力度，维护生物多样性。
Strengthening ecological construction in poverty-stricken areas. The state has made efforts to consolidate the achievements of the farmland-to-forest project, improves the subsidy policy, and extends the deadline for such subsidies; has started to implement the pastureland-to-grassland project by adopting such measures as sealing off mountains and hills for natural grass growth and banning grazing to protect the vegetation cover of natural grasslands. It has launched pilot projects in Tibet Autonomous Region and other areas to subsidize people who protect the grassland ecology; organized the implementation of the Beijing and Tianjin sandstorm source control project and made efforts to develop ecological specialty industries in project areas to realize the organic integration of ecological construction and economic development. It has taken comprehensive measures to reverse the trend of desertification in Karst areas to realize the integration of industrial development and development-oriented poverty reduction by closing off hills for the growth of trees and grass, planting trees and grass, developing herbivore animal husbandry, constructing terrace-fields on sloping land and building small hydraulic and water conservation projects.
It has implemented the ecological protection and construction project at the headwaters of the Yangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers to strengthen ecological protection in these areas through the conversion of farmland to grassland, immigration for ecological protection purpose, prevention and control of rodent damage, precipitation enhancement and other measures. The state has enhanced the ecological compensation system, and strengthened the protection of natural forests, the protection and restoration of wetlands, the conservation of wild animals and plants, and the construction of nature reserves to maintain biological diversity.
国家把对少数民族、妇女、残疾人的扶贫开发纳入规划，统一组织，同步实施，同等条件下优先安排，加大支持力度。组织实施兴边富民专项行动，支持边境地区加快经济社会发展，帮助边境群众增收致富，扶持范围覆盖全国所有陆地边境县和新疆生产建设兵团边境团场，2000年至2010年共投入兴边富民资金22.1亿元人民币。对全国人口在10万人以下的22个人口较少民族实行专项扶持，编制并实施《扶持人口较少民族发展规划（2005—2010年）》，对人口较少民族及其聚居区投入各项扶持资金37.51亿元人民币，集中力量帮助这些民族加快发展步伐。组织实施《中国妇女发展纲要（2001—2010年）》，把缓解妇女贫困程度、减少贫困妇女数量放在优先位置，加大对贫困妇女扶持力度，帮助、支持贫困妇女实施扶贫项目，鼓励、支持以妇女为主的扶贫经济实体的发展。2009年以来，还组织实施了小额担保贴息贷款项目，截至2011年7月底，累计发放贷款409.93亿元人民币，其中农村妇女获得贷款259.23亿元人民币，使贫困妇女成为扶贫资源的获得者和扶贫成果的直接受益者。组织实施《农村残疾人扶贫开发计划（2001—2010年）》，因地制宜选择符合残疾人特点的扶贫项目和方式，着力解决贫困残疾人温饱问题，缩小残疾人生活水平与社会平均水平的差距。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The state has included development-oriented poverty reduction schemes for ethnic minorities, women and the disabled in its planning, made unified arrangements for their implementation, given priority to their implementation when all conditions are equal, and strengthened support for these groups. It has organized the implementation of a special program to revitalize border areas and enrich the local people, given support to border areas in their efforts to speed up their economic and social development, and helped the people in border areas to increase their incomes and achieve prosperity, and the scope of the support covers all land border counties and border farms of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The total amount of money invested in this program from 2000 to 2010 reached 2.21 billion yuan. The state has rendered special support to 22 ethnic groups, each of which has a population less than 100,000, has worked out and implemented the Program to Support the Development of Ethnic Minorities with Small Populations (2005-2010), and allocated 3.751 billion yuan in support of these smaller ethnic groups and the areas where they live in compact communities to help quicken their development. The state has organized the implementation of the Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2001-2010), prioritized poverty reduction for women and the reduction of the number of impoverished women, strengthened support to women in poverty, helped and supported impoverished women to start poverty reduction programs, and encouraged and supported the development of poverty reduction economic entities with women as the focus. Since 2009, the state has also organized the implementation of programs of interest-discount small-sum loans with guaranty. By the end of July 2011, it had issued a total of 40.993 billion yuan in such loans, including 25.923 billion yuan for women in rural areas, which has ensured impoverished women’ s access to poverty reduction resources and made them direct beneficiaries of poverty reduction achievements. The state has also implemented the Development-oriented Poverty Reduction Program for Disabled People in Rural Areas (2001-2010), determining poverty reduction pro-grams and methods in accordance with the characteristics of disabled people and local conditions, with primary attention being paid to solving the problem of sufficient food and clothing for disabled people in poverty and bridging the gap between the living standard of the disabled people and that of the general public.
五、社会扶贫
V. Social Involvement in Poverty Reduction
扶贫济困是中华民族的传统美德。中国政府始终注重发扬这一优良传统，组织和动员社会力量积极参与扶贫开发，共同推进减贫事业发展。
The Chinese nation has a fine tradition of helping the poor and assisting the needy, and the Chinese government has always attached great importance to carrying forward this tradition. All social sectors, mobilized and organized by the government, actively participate in the work of development-oriented poverty reduction in an effort to promote this undertaking.
为加大对革命老区、民族地区、边疆地区、贫困地区发展的扶持力度，国家大力开展定点扶贫工作。国家确定的定点帮扶单位主要包括中央和国家机关各部门各单位、人民团体、参照公务员法管理的事业单位、国有大型骨干企业、国有控股金融机构、各民主党派中央及全国工商联、国家重点科研院校等，定点帮扶对象为国家扶贫开发工作重点县。多年来，定点帮扶单位采取干部挂职、基础设施建设、产业化扶贫、劳务培训和输出、文化教育扶贫、科技扶贫、引资扶贫、生态建设扶贫、医疗卫生扶贫、救灾送温暖等多样化措施开展定点帮扶。目前，参与此项工作的单位达到272个，受到帮扶的国家扶贫开发工作重点县达到481个，占国家扶贫开发工作重点县总数的81.25%。从2002年至2010年，定点帮扶单位派出挂职干部3559人次，直接投入资金（含物资折款）90.9亿元人民币，帮助引进资金339.1亿元人民币，培训各类人员168.4万人次。中国各民主党派中央及全国工商联，积极发挥各自人力资源、资金动员、信息知识等方面的优势，与贫困地区建立结对帮扶机制，有效开展扶贫工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To promote the development of the old revolutionary base areas, ethnic-minority areas, border areas and poor areas, China has put energetic efforts into poverty reduction work in some key poverty-stricken counties in those areas, with help coming from a number of organizations, including all departments and units of the Party central committee and state organs, people’s organizations, institutions managed in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Civil Servants, key large-sized state-owned enterprises, state-holding financial institutions, central committees of non-Communist parties and All-China Federation of Industry & Commerce, and state key research institutions and universities. Over the past few years, those units and organizations have provided various forms of help to their targeted recipients in such aspects as sending cadres to the aided counties, helping them with infrastructure construction, industrialized operations, training of labor force and provision of labor services to other places, investment introduction, ecological construction and medical health services. They also provide their targeted recipients with assistance in culture, education, science and technology, in addition to aid in disaster relief. At present, the number of such units and organizations has reached 272, and the number of key poverty-stricken counties that have received aid has reached 481, accounting for 81.25 percent of the total number of such counties. From 2002 to 2010, these departments and units sent in total 3,559 cadres to do poverty reduction work in their aid-targeted poverty-stricken counties, ploughed in 9.09 billion yuan-worth of direct aid, both in cash and in kind, helped their recipients of aid introduce 33.91 billion yuan of support funds, and trained 1.684 million people of different caliber for the aid-recipients. Making full use of their own advantages in human resources, fund raising, information and knowledge, the central committees of all the non-Communist parties and All-China Federation of Industry & Commerce have been paired up with some poverty-stricken areas so as to effectively carry out poverty reduction work.
表1 民主党派中央、全国工商联定点扶贫地区
(Table1. Central committees of the non-Communist parties, the All-China Federation of Industry & Commerce and key poverty-stricken areas they are paired to help)
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民革中央——贵州纳雍 民盟中央——河北广宗 民建中央——河北丰宁 民进中央——贵州安龙 农工党中央——贵州大方 致公党中央——重庆酉阳 九三学社中央—四川旺苍 台盟中央——贵州赫章 全国工商联——贵州织金 |
东部发达省市与西部贫困地区结对开展扶贫协作，是国家为实现共同富裕目标作出的一项制度性安排。自1996年开始，中国政府作出部署，安排东部15个经济较发达省、市与西部11个省（区、市）开展东西扶贫协作工作。东西扶贫协作形式多样，形成了政府援助、企业合作、社会帮扶、人才支持为主的基本工作框架。从2003年到2010年，东部到西部挂职的干部2592人次，西部到东部挂职的干部3610人次；东部地区向西部地区提供政府援助资金44.4亿元人民币、协作企业5684个，实际投资2497.6亿元人民币、社会捐助14.2亿元人民币，培训专业技术人才22.6万人次、组织劳务输出467.2万人次。
Pairing the more-developed provinces and municipalities in the east with the impoverished regions in the west in poverty reduction is a policy adopted by the Chinese government in its efforts to achieve common prosperity. Since 1996, the government has made arrangement for 15 economically more developed provinces and municipalities in the east to help 11 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in the west get rid of poverty. The basic framework of this east-help-west cooperation is mainly comprised of government assistance, enterprise cooperation, social aid and human resource support. From 2003 to 2010, some 2,592 cadres were sent from the east to the west to hold temporary leading posts there, and 3,610 were sent from the west to the east for the same purpose. About 4.44 billion yuan-worth of assistance funds was provided and 5,684 enterprises were recommended by governments of the eastern regions for cooperation in this regard, resulting in 249.76 billion yuan actually ploughed in and 1.42 billion yuan in social donations, in addition to 226,000 technical personnel trained and 4.672 million people from the poverty-stricken areas providing labor services elsewhere.
表2 2001—2010年东西扶贫协作关系
(Table2. East-west aid pair-ups in 2001-2010)
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北京—内蒙古 天津—甘肃 辽宁—青海 上海—云南 江苏—陕西 浙江—四川 福建—宁夏 山东—新疆 广东—广西 珠海、厦门—重庆 大连、宁波、青岛、深圳—贵州 |
注：2010年6月，东西扶贫协作结对关系进行了部分调整，其中，山东省帮扶重庆市、福建省厦门市帮扶甘肃省临夏回族自治州、广东省珠海市帮扶四川省凉山彝族自治州。
军队和武警部队是中国社会扶贫的一支重要力量。十年来，军队和武警部队根据国家和驻地扶贫开发总体规划，发挥优势，主动作为，积极参与实施定点扶贫和整村推进扶贫，支援农田水利、乡村道路、小流域治理等农业农村基础设施建设，开展捐资助学、科技服务和医疗帮扶等活动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The military and armed police force are an important force in China’ s poverty reduction efforts. Over the past decade, following the development-oriented poverty reduction program of the state and the localities where they are stationed, the military and armed police force, giving full play to their particular advantages, have taken the initiative in participating in the poverty reduction work. They have helped with infrastructure construction, including basic farmland development, irrigation works, country roads and improvement of small river basins. At the same time, they have donated funds to help education in poor areas, provided scientific and technological services, as well as medical care services.
表3 2001—2010年军队和武警部队参与扶贫开发基本情况
(Table3. Poverty reduction work done by the military and armed police force from 2001 to 2010)
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在全国47个扶贫开发工作重点县、215个贫困乡镇、1470个贫困村开展定点扶贫；建立扶贫联系点2.6万个、支援新农村建设联系点2500多个；帮助210万多名贫困群众摆脱贫困。 支援农田水利、乡村道路、小流域治理等小型工程建设10万多个。 为群众找水打井1119眼，植树造林3561万多亩。 建立科技示范点240多个，扶持发展当地优势特色产业7.3万多项，开展劳动技能和劳动力转移培训600多万人次。 援建中小学校1600多所；资助贫困学生21万多名。 对口帮扶西部地区扶贫开发工作重点县县级医院130所；帮助乡镇（村）卫生院（室）1283所；培训和帮带医护人员8.5万多名，捐赠医疗设备5900多台（件）；为贫困群众义务巡诊治病6100多万人次。 |
各类人民团体、社会组织、民营企业和广大公众积极参与扶贫开发，针对特殊困难地区和群众脱贫致富的要求，通过定点帮扶、结对帮扶、实施专项扶贫工程、参与具体扶贫活动等多种形式，支持产业发展，援建基础设施，发展教育卫生，改善生产生活条件，开展生态环境建设。各类组织有效动员有专业技术且致力于扶贫等公益事业的有识之士，积极开展帮助贫困群众脱贫致富的志愿者活动。民营企业积极履行社会责任，通过捐助资金、招聘劳力、建立产业和培训基地等多种方式参与扶贫开发。
People’s organizations, social organizations, private enterprises and the general public also take an active part in the poverty reduction drive. In line with the actual conditions and specific requirements of the impoverished regions and people, these organizations have helped with industrial development, infrastructure construction, education and public health development, improvement of production and living conditions and ecological environment construction by pairing with the places in need of help, implementing poverty reduction projects and holding specific aid activities. They have also mobilized the public-spirited personages with professional skills to engage in volunteer work to help people out of poverty. The private enterprises have been actively fulfilling their corporate social responsibilities and engaged in poverty reduction by donating money, hiring workers and setting up businesses and training bases.
表4 部分人民团体、社会组织实施的扶贫工程
(Table4. Poverty reduction work done by some people’s organizations and social organizations)
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共青团中央——大学生志愿服务西部计划暨中国青年志愿者研究生支教团 全国妇联——母亲水窖、春蕾计划 中国残联——农村贫困残疾人危房改造项目 中国青少年基金会——希望工程 中国人口福利基金会——幸福工程 中国扶贫基金会——小额信贷、新长城自强项目、爱心包裹 中国扶贫开发协会——山西长治治水项目 中国光彩事业促进会——光彩扶贫工程 |
六、国际合作
VI. International Cooperation
中国政府致力于依靠自身的力量解决贫困问题，并注意借鉴国际社会先进的减贫理念和成果，积极与国际社会分享中国在扶贫开发领域的经验和做法，开展国际交流与合作。
The Chinese government is committed to solving the problem of poverty with its own efforts while learning from other countries’ advanced concepts and successful approaches in the course of poverty reduction. It actively shares with them China’s experience and practice in development-oriented poverty reduction, and provided foreign aid within its ability.
20世纪90年代初期，中国就开始利用外资进行扶贫。先后与世界银行、联合国开发计划署、亚洲开发银行等国际组织和英国、德国、日本等国家以及国外民间组织在扶贫领域开展了卓有成效的减贫项目合作。据不完全统计，截至2010年，扶贫领域共利用各类外资14亿美元，加上国内配套资金，直接投资总额近200亿元人民币，共实施110个外资扶贫项目，覆盖了中国中西部地区的20个省（区、市）300多个县，使近2000万贫困人口受益。
In the early 1990s, China began to make use of foreign funds in its fight against poverty. It has conducted successful cooperation in poverty reduction projects with the World Bank, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Asian Development Bank and other international organizations, as well as UK, Germany, Japan and non-governmental organizations in other countries. According to incomplete statistics, by 2010 a total of 1.4 billion U.S. dollars in foreign funds had been poured into poverty reduction in China, and the aggregate direct investment had reached nearly 20 billion yuan if supporting funds from the Chinese government are taken into account. About 110 foreign-funded poverty reduction projects had been implemented, covering 20 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) and more than 300 counties in central and western China, and benefiting nearly 20 million impoverished people.
外资扶贫作为中国扶贫开发工作的重要组成部分，把国际上一些先进的减贫理念和方法，例如参与式扶贫、小额信贷、项目评估和管理、贫困监测评价等，逐步应用于中国扶贫实践中，在创新扶贫开发机制、提高扶贫工作水平、开发扶贫队伍人力资源等方面产生了积极影响。
Poverty reduction with foreign funds has been an important part of China’s development-oriented poverty reduction drive, in the implementation of which China has brought in from abroad some advanced concepts and successful approaches in its efforts to reduce poverty, such as participatory poverty reduction, small-sum loans, project appraisal and management, and poverty monitoring and evaluation. These advanced concepts and methods, gradually put into China’s poverty reduction practice, have played a positive role in innovating the mechanism of development-oriented poverty reduction, improving the work of poverty reduction and tapping human resources in this field.
多年来，中国积极参与国际减贫事业，致力于构建国际减贫交流合作平台，与广大发展中国家共享减贫经验，共同发展进步。2004年中国政府与世界银行在上海共同召开全球扶贫大会，并与联合国开发计划署等国际机构联合成立中国国际扶贫中心。从2007年开始，中国政府和联合国驻华系统在每年10月17日“国际消除贫困日”期间联合组织举办“减贫与发展高层论坛”，探讨国际减贫的形势和问题。中国政府还组织举办了“中国—东盟社会发展与减贫论坛”，推动了中国与东盟地区的减贫合作，加快减贫进程，促进区域的发展、稳定与繁荣。2010年，中国政府与有关国家和国际机构共同举办了“中非减贫与发展会议”，强调通过“在变革中求发展”的方式削减贫穷，推动千年发展目标在非洲的进程。近年来，中国政府共完成了40多项国内外扶贫理论与政策研究，培训了91个发展中国家的720名中高级官员，举办了上百次减贫方面的高层对话会、研讨会、名人论坛和双边互访减贫交流，与墨西哥、阿根廷、秘鲁、委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、坦桑尼亚、莫桑比克等发展中国家签订减贫合作协议或共建减贫合作中心，在扶贫领域的交流逐步深化。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the years, China has taken an active part in the international poverty reduction cause, helping set up an international exchange and cooperation platform for poverty reduction, and sharing with other developing countries its poverty reduction experience in order to seek common development. In 2004, the Chinese government co-sponsored with the World Bank the Global Conference on Poverty Reduction in Shanghai, and established, together with the UNDP and other international organizations, the International Poverty Reduction Center in China. Since 2007, the Chinese government and the United Nations System in China have convened every year the Global Poverty Reduction and Development Forum on the International Day for the Eradication of Poverty (October 17) to discuss the situation and problems of international poverty reduction. The Chinese government has also organized the China-ASEAN Forum on Social Development and Poverty Reduction, which has promoted poverty reduction cooperation between China and the ASEAN countries, facilitating the process of poverty reduction and promoting regional development, stability and prosperity. In 2010, the Chinese government hosted the China-Africa Poverty Reduction and Development Conference jointly with relevant countries and international organizations, and stressed the “seeking development through reform” approach to reducing poverty and making progress toward the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. In recent years, the Chinese government has completed more than 40 research projects on poverty reduction theories and policies of both China and abroad, trained 720 middle- and high-ranking officials from 91 developing countries, held more than 100 high-level dialogue sessions, seminars, forums, visits and bilateral exchanges related to poverty reduction, and signed cooperation agreements or established cooperation centers for poverty reduction with other developing countries, including Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Tanzania and Mozambique.
结束语
Concluding Remarks
在中国这样一个有着13亿多人口的发展中国家开展扶贫开发，其难度世所罕见。中国为解决贫困问题付出了艰辛的努力，取得了重大进展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Development-oriented poverty reduction is extremely difficult for a developing country like China, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Nevertheless, China has made strenuous efforts in this regard, which has resulted in great achievements.
中国政府清醒地意识到，虽然中国的综合国力有了显著增强，但中国仍然是一个人均收入水平较低的发展中国家，缩小城乡、区域、贫富的差距始终是国家发展面临的重大挑战。当前，制约中国贫困地区发展的深层次矛盾依然存在，诸如扶贫对象规模大、相对贫困问题凸显、返贫现象时有发生、集中连片特殊困难地区发展相对滞后。扶贫开发是中国政府一项长期而艰巨的任务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Chinese government is clearly aware of the fact that, although China’ s overall national strength has been greatly improved, China remains a developing country with low per-capita income and is faced with the serious challenge of narrowing the gaps between urban and rural areas, between different regions, and between the rich and poor. At present, the deep-seated obstacles hindering the development of China’ s poverty-stricken areas are still there, such as the large size of the impoverished population, comparative deprivation, frequent cases of sinking back into poverty, and underdevelopment of regions with special difficulties that lie in vast and contiguous stretches. Therefore, development-oriented poverty reduction is and will continue to be an arduous and long-term task for the Chinese government.
在新的历史起点上，中国政府将坚持科学发展观，把扶贫开发放在更加突出的位置，全面实施《中国农村扶贫开发纲要（2011—2020年）》，把巩固温饱成果、加快脱贫致富、改善生态环境、提高发展能力、缩小发展差距作为新的政策目标，大力推进扶贫开发事业的深入发展。
Now at a new historical starting point, China will continue to adhere to the Scientific Outlook on Development, attach even more importance to development-oriented poverty reduction, comprehensively implement the Outline for Development-oriented Poverty Reduction for China’s Rural Areas (2011-2020), consolidate the achievements already made in solving the food and clothing problem, help people shake off poverty and get well-off more quickly, improve the ecological environment of the poor areas and improve their development capability, narrow the development gap, and advance poverty reduction to a higher level.
中国作为一个负责任的国家，将继续履行与自身发展阶段和发展水平相适应的国际义务，积极参与国际减贫事业，共享先进减贫理念和经验，深化扶贫开发的交流与合作。中国愿与国际社会一道，为创造一个没有贫困、共同富裕的美好世界而不懈努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
As a responsible country, China will continue to shoulder its international duties suitable to its development phase and development level, actively participate in international poverty reduction, share advanced poverty reduction concepts and experiences with other countries, and conduct exchanges and cooperation in this field. China is also keen to continue working with the international community to create a beautiful and poverty-free world where people enjoy common prosperity.
