西藏和平解放60年

Sixty Years Since Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The People’s Republic of China

Information Office of the State Council

2011年7月11日

July 11, 2011

目录

Contents

前言

Preface

一、西藏和平解放的实现

I. Realizing the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

二、和平解放60年的发展历程

II. Sixty-years’ Development since Peaceful Liberation

三、举世瞩目的伟大成就

III. Historic Achievements that Capture World Attention

结束语

Concluding Remarks

前言

Preface

1951年5月23日，中央人民政府和西藏地方政府在北京签订《关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》（以下简称《十七条协议》），西藏实现和平解放。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

On May 23, 1951 the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet (“17-Article Agreement” for short) was signed in Beijing, marking the peaceful liberation of Tibet.

西藏和平解放是中国人民解放事业的重要组成部分，是近代以来中华民族反对帝国主义侵略、维护国家统一和主权伟大斗争中的一件大事，是西藏社会发展具有划时代意义的历史转折点，是西藏从黑暗走向光明、从落后走向进步的起点。

The peaceful liberation of Tibet was an important part of the cause of the Chinese people’s liberation, a great event in the Chinese nation’s struggle against imperialist invasion to safeguard national unity and sovereignty, an epoch-making turning point in the social development history of Tibet, and a milestone marking the commencement of Tibet’s progress from a dark and backward society to a bright and advanced future.

西藏和平解放60年来，在中国共产党和中央人民政府领导下，经历了民主改革、自治区成立、社会主义建设和改革开放的伟大历史进程，现代化建设事业取得了前所未有的成就，社会面貌发生了翻天覆地的变化，人的命运发生了深刻的改变。这是西藏各族人民团结奋斗的伟大成果，也是中国实行共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展的民族政策的生动体现。

Over the 60 years since its peaceful liberation, Tibet, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Central People’s Government, has undergone a great historic process starting with democratic reform, and proceeding to the establishment of the Tibet Autonomous Region, socialist construction, and to the reform and opening-up era, made unprecedented achievements in the modernization drive, and witnessed great changes in its social outlook and profound changes in its people’s life. These achievements were attained by all the ethnic groups in Tibet through concerted efforts, and vividly manifest how China implements the ethnic minority policy of promoting unity and achieving common prosperity and development.

今年是西藏和平解放60周年。回顾总结西藏和平解放60年波澜壮阔的历史进程，全面展示新西藏发展的巨大成就，进一步推动西藏实现跨越式发展和长治久安，用事实揭穿达赖集团散布的种种谎言，有助于国际社会正确了解西藏和平解放60年的历史真相，让世人真实感受和认识一个充满生机和活力的社会主义新西藏。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

This year marks the 60th anniversary of the peaceful liberation of Tibet. We review and summarize the spectacular historic process over the 60 years and demonstrate the great achievements in the development of New Tibet, so as to help Tibet achieve leapfrogging development and maintain lasting stability, while laying bare the lies of the Dalai clique, giving a better understanding of the true history of the 60 years since the peaceful liberation of Tibet to the outside world and enabling people around the world to get to know that socialist New Tibet is full of vigor and vitality.

一、西藏和平解放的实现

I. Realizing the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet

（一）西藏自古以来就是中国不可分割的一部分

1. Tibet has been an inseparable part of China since ancient times.

中国是一个统一的多民族国家，西藏人民是中华民族大家庭的重要成员。中国的疆域和历史是中华民族共同创造的，藏族作为中国境内具有悠久历史的民族之一，为多民族统一国家的缔造与发展，为中华民族的形成和发展作出了重要贡献。大量考古、学术研究表明，藏族与汉族和其他兄弟民族自古就有血缘、语言和文化等方面的密切联系，西藏地方与中国内地的经济、政治、文化往来始终没有中断过。13世纪，元朝中央政府设立释教总制院和宣政院，直接管理西藏地区军政事务，正式将西藏地方纳入中央行政管辖之下。此后，中央政府对西藏的管辖逐步规范化、制度化，其中包括直接掌握西藏地方行政机构及任命西藏地方官吏的权力，驻军戍边，并多次在西藏清查人口户籍等。明袭元制，实施多封众建，贡市羁縻。清朝加强了对西藏地方的管理。清朝皇帝于1653年、1713年分别册封五世达赖喇嘛、五世班禅喇嘛，自此正式确定达赖喇嘛、班禅额尔德尼的封号，以及他们在西藏的政治和宗教地位。1727年，清廷设驻藏大臣，代表中央监督西藏地方行政。1751年，清王朝正式任命七世达赖喇嘛掌管西藏地方政府，废除郡王掌政制度，设立由四位噶伦组成的噶厦地方政府。1793年，清廷在驱除廓尔喀入侵势力之后，颁布了著名的《钦定藏内善后章程二十九条》，完善了中央政府治理西藏地方的多项制度，明确规定达赖喇嘛等大活佛转世须经金瓶掣签认定，并报请中央批准。清朝此后的五位达赖喇嘛有三位经由“金瓶掣签”认定，有两位由清朝皇帝批准免于金瓶掣签。清朝皇帝还曾于1706年革除六世达赖仓央嘉措的名号，并于1904年和1910年先后两次革除十三世达赖土登嘉措的名号。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China is a unified, multi-ethnic country, and the Tibetan people are important members of the family of the Chinese nation. China’s territory and history were created by the Chinese nation; the Tibetan group, as one of the centuries-old ethnic groups in China, has made important contributions to the creation and development of this unified, multi-ethnic country and to the formation and evolvement of the Chinese nation. Archaeological and academic research findings show that since ancient times the Tibetan people have been closely connected with the Han and other ethnic groups in blood relationship, language, culture and other aspects, and economic, political and cultural exchanges between Tibet and inland China have never been broken off. In the 13th century the central government of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) formally incorporated Tibet into the central administration by setting up the Supreme Control Commission and Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs to directly administer the military and political affairs of the Tibet region. Following this, the Yuan central government gradually standardized and institutionalized the administration of Tibet, including directly controlling the local administrative organs of Tibet and exercising the power of appointing local officials in Tibet, stationing troops there and conducting censuses. Following the Yuan system, the Ming (1368-1644) government implemented such policies as multiple enfeoffment, tributary trade and establishment of subordinated administrative divisions. The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) strengthened the central government’s administration of Tibet. In 1653 and 1713 the Qing emperors granted honorific titles to the 5th Dalai Lama and the 5th Panchen Lama, officially establishing the titles of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni, and their political and religious status in Tibet. From 1727 the Qing court established the post of grand minister resident in Tibet to supervise local administration on behalf of the central authorities. In 1751 the Qing government abolished the system under which the various commandery princes held power, and formally appointed the 7th Dalai Lama to administer the local government of Tibet, and set up the Kashag (cabinet) composed of four Kalons (ministers). In 1793, after dispelling Gurkha invaders, the Qing government promulgated the Ordinance by the Imperial House Concerning Better Governance in Tibet (29 Articles), improving several systems by which the central government administered Tibet. The Ordinance stipulated that the reincarnation of Dalai Lama and other Living Buddhas had to follow the procedure of “drawing lots from the golden urn,” and the selected candidate would be subject to the approval by the central authorities of China. In the Qing Dynasty five Dalai Lamas were selected in this way, but two did not go through the lot-drawing procedure as approved by the Qing emperors. The Qing emperors deposed the 6th Dalai Lama, Tsangyang Gyatso, in 1706 and the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso, in 1904, and again in 1910.

1911年，辛亥革命爆发，推翻了清王朝，建立了中华民国。1912年3月11日，中华民国第一部宪法《中华民国临时约法》明确规定中央对西藏的主权，宣布“西藏是中华民国领土的一部分”，提出“合汉、满、蒙、回、藏诸族为一人，实行五族共和”。7月17日，民国政府设蒙藏事务局，隶属国务院，管理蒙藏事务。1929年，南京国民政府设立蒙藏委员会，行使对西藏的行政管辖。1940年，国民政府在拉萨设立蒙藏委员会驻藏办事处，作为中央政府在西藏地方的常设机构。历史事实表明，虽然民国期间军阀混战，内乱频仍，但中央政府仍在十分艰难的条件下维护了国家在西藏的主权。十四世达赖喇嘛丹增嘉措就是经当时国民政府批准免于金瓶掣签继位的。国际上没有一个国家和政府承认过西藏独立。

微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Revolution of 1911 toppled the Qing empire, and the Republic of China (1912-1949) was founded. On March 11, 1912 the Republic of China issued its first constitution - the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, which clarified the central government’s sovereignty over Tibet. It clearly stipulated that Tibet was a part of the territory of the Republic of China, and stated that “the Han, Manchu, Mongol, Hui and Tibetan peoples are of one, and the five ethnic groups will be of one republic.” On July 17 the government set up the Bureau of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs under the State Council. After the Provisional Government of the Republic of China was set up in Nanjing, a Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs was established in 1929 to exercise administrative jurisdiction over Tibet. In 1940 the Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs opened an office in Lhasa as the permanent mission of the central government in Tibet. The central government of the Republic of China safeguarded the nation’s sovereignty over Tibet in spite of frequent civil wars among warlords in the interior. The 14th Dalai Lama, Dainzin Gyatso, succeeded to the title with the approval of the national government, which waived the lot-drawing convention. No country or government in the world has ever acknowledged the independence of Tibet.

（二）所谓的“西藏独立”问题是近代帝国主义侵略势力瓜分中国图谋的一部分

2. So-called “Tibet independence” was part of imperialist aggressors’ attempt to carve up China.

1840年英国发动鸦片战争以后，中国逐步沦为半殖民地半封建社会。19世纪末，帝国主义掀起瓜分中国的狂潮，英国侵略势力趁机染指西藏。英军先后于1888年、1903年两次武装入侵西藏，因遭到西藏军民的抵抗而失败。在靠武装侵略没能达到将西藏变为殖民地的目的后，帝国主义开始在西藏培植亲帝分裂势力，策划把西藏从中国分裂出去的活动，煽动“西藏独立”。1907年8月31日，英俄帝国签订《西藏协定》，第一次在国际文件中把中国对西藏地方的主权篡改为“宗主权”。1913年，英帝国策划召开西姆拉会议，唆使西藏代表首次提出“西藏独立”的口号，当即遭到中国政府代表的拒绝。英国代表于是提出所谓“折衷”方案，企图将中国在西藏地方的主权篡改为“宗主权”，使西藏在“自治”的名义下脱离中国政府的管辖，遭到中国政府和人民的坚决反对。1914年7月，中国政府代表奉命拒绝在《西姆拉条约》上签字，并发表声明概不承认任何此类条约或文件，同时将立场照会英国政府，西姆拉会议遂以破产而告终。1942年，西藏地方政府在英国代表的支持下突然宣布成立“外交局”，公开进行“西藏独立”活动，因遭到全国人民和国民政府的反对而不得不改变原议。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Since the Opium War Britain started in 1840 , China had been gradually reduced to a semi-feudal, semi-colonial country. At the end of the 19th century imperialist forces set off mad spree to carve up China, and the British aggressors took the opportunity to invade Tibet. British troops intruded into Tibet twice - in 1888 and 1903 - but failed due to the resistance of the Tibetan army and civilians. After their failure to turn Tibet into a colony through armed aggression, the imperialists started to foster pro-imperialist separatists in Tibet, plotted activities to separate Tibet from China and trumpeted “Tibet’s independence.” On August 31, 1907 Britain and Russia signed the Convention between Great Britain and Russia on Tibet, changing, for the first time, China’s sovereignty over Tibet into “suzerainty” in an international document. In 1913 the British government engineered the Simla Conference to instigate the Tibetan representative to raise the slogan of “Tibet’s independence” for the first time, which was immediately rejected by the representative of the Chinese government. The British representative then introduced the so-called “compromise” scheme, attempting to change China’s sovereignty over Tibet into “suzerainty” and separate Tibet from the authority of the Chinese government under the pretext of “autonomy.” These ill-intentioned attempts met with resolute opposition from the Chinese people and government. In July 1914, upon instruction, the representative of the Chinese government refused to sign the Simla Convention, and made a statement saying that the government of China refuse to recognize any such agreement or document. The Chinese government also sent a note to the British government, reiterating its position. Thereupon, the conference collapsed. In 1942 the local government of Tibet, with the support of the British representative, suddenly announced the establishment of a “foreign affairs bureau,” and openly carried out “Tibetan independence” activities. With opposition from the Chinese people and the national government, the local government of Tibet had no choice but to withdraw its decision.

1947年，英帝国主义幕后策划邀请西藏派代表参加“泛亚洲会议”，在会场上悬挂的亚洲地图和万国旗中把西藏作为一个独立国家来对待，经中国代表团严正交涉，会议组织者不得不改正。1949年7月8日，西藏地方政府以“防止共产党混迹西藏”为借口，下令将国民政府驻藏办事处人员及相关人员驱赶出西藏，制造了“驱汉事件”。1949年11月，西藏地方政府决定派所谓的“亲善使团”赴美国、英国、印度、尼泊尔等国，寻求对“西藏独立”的政治支持和军事援助，加紧分裂国家的活动。1949年底，美国人劳尔·汤姆斯以“无线评论员”名义在西藏探索“华盛顿给西藏以可能的援助”，并在美国报刊上宣称“美国已准备承认西藏为独立自由”的国家。1950年上半年，一批美国枪支弹药经由加尔各答进入西藏，用以对抗中国人民解放军进藏。

In 1947 the British imperialists plotted behind the scenes to invite Tibetan representatives to attend the “Asian Relations Conference,” and even identified Tibet as an independent country on the map of Asia hung in the conference hall and in the array of national flags. The organizers were forced to rectify this after the Chinese delegation made a stern protest. On July 8, 1949 the local government of Tibet issued an order to expel officials of the Tibet Office of the Commission for Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs on the excuse of “prohibiting Communists from staying in Tibet.” In November 1949 the local government of Tibet decided to dispatch a so-called “goodwill mission” to the United States, Britain, India, Nepal and some other countries to seek political and military support for “Tibet’s independence,” making it obvious that it was intensifying separatist activities. Around the end of 1949 the American Lowell Thomas roamed Tibet in the guise of a “radio commentator” to explore the “possibility of aid that Washington could give Tibet.” He wrote in a US newspaper: “The United States is ready to recognize Tibet as an independent and free country.” In the first half of 1950 American weaponry was shipped into Tibet through Calcutta in order to help resist the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in its entry into Tibet.

历史事实清楚地证明，所谓“西藏独立”完全是新老帝国主义侵略者炮制出来的，是西方侵略势力瓜分中国领土阴谋的一部分。

Historical facts clearly demonstrate that the so-called “Tibetan independence” was in fact cooked up by old and new imperialists, and was part of Western aggressors’ scheme to carve up the territory of China.

（三）解放西藏是中国人民解放事业的重要组成部分

3. The Liberation of Tibet was an important part of the cause of the Chinese people’s liberation.

面对帝国主义的侵略和压迫，包括藏族在内的中国各族人民为维护国家的独立、统一和领土完整，为实现中华民族的解放，不惜流血牺牲，进行了长达100多年不屈不挠的斗争。直到在中国共产党的领导下，经过艰苦卓绝的斗争，中国人民的解放斗争才取得了完全胜利。1949年，人民解放战争取得决定性胜利，中华人民共和国宣告成立。人民解放军进军西藏、解放西藏，驱逐帝国主义势力出西藏，提上了议事日程。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In face of aggression and oppression from imperialists, all ethnic groups of China, including the Tibetans, had waved unyielding struggles for more than a century and at the cost of many lives to safeguard the independence, unity and territorial integrity of China, and to realize the liberation of the Chinese nation. It was under the leadership of the CPC that the Chinese people achieved final victory in the Liberation War after extremely hard struggle. In 1949 the Chinese people won decisive victory in the people’s Liberation War, and the People’s Republic of China was founded. Then, it came on the agenda that the PLA would march into Tibet, liberate it and expel imperialists from it.

针对帝国主义分子和西藏地方上层反动势力紧锣密鼓策划“西藏独立”的活动，1949年9月2日，中国共产党授权新华社发表题为《决不容许外国侵略者吞并中国的领土——西藏》的社论，在概述列强百年来侵略西藏的过程后指出，“西藏是中国的领土，绝不容许任何外国侵略；西藏人民是中国人民的一个不可分离的组成部分，绝不容许任何外国分割。这是中国人民、中国共产党和中国人民解放军的坚定不移的方针”。社论发表后，西藏各界纷纷响应和拥护，盼望解放军早日进藏。1949年10月1日，十世班禅致电中央政府“速发义师，解放西藏，驱逐帝国主义势力”。11月23日，毛泽东、朱德复电十世班禅说：“中央人民政府和中国人民解放军必能满足西藏人民的这个愿望”。12月2日，原西藏摄政五世热振活佛的近侍热振·益西楚臣到青海西宁，向人民解放军控诉帝国主义者破坏西藏内部团结的罪行，要求迅速解放西藏。1950年初，藏族农牧民、青年、妇女和民主人士代表百余人在刚刚解放的兰州集会，要求解放西藏。西康省甘孜白利寺五世格达活佛、康北玉隆地区头人夏格刀登和康南巨商邦达多吉派出的代表到达北京，向中央人民政府毛泽东主席致敬，倾诉藏族同胞迫切要求解放的热望。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In response to “Tibetan independence” activities plotted by imperialists and reactionary forces from the upper strata of Tibet, on September 2, 1949 Xinhua News Agency, with authorization from the CPC, published an editorial under the headline, “Foreign Aggressors Are Resolutely Not Allowed to Annex China’s Territory - Tibet.” The editorial summarized how some big powers had invaded Tibet over the previous century, and then pointed out, “Tibet is part of Chinese territory; all foreign aggression is not allowed. The Tibetan people are an inseparable part of the Chinese nation, and any attempt to divide them from China will be doomed. This is a consistent policy of the Communist Party of China and the People’s Liberation Army.” All sectors of society of Tibet quickly responded and expressed support for the editorial and the hope that the PLA would enter Tibet as soon as possible. On October 1, 1949 the 10th Panchen Lama sent a telegram to the Central People’s Government: Dispatching troops to liberate Tibet and expelling the imperialists as soon as possible.” On November 23 Mao Zedong and Zhu De telegraphed the 10th Panchen Lama: “The Central People’s Government and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army will certainly comply with this wish of the Tibetan people.” On December 2 Reting Yeshe Tsultrim, an aide of the 5th Regent Reting Rinpoche, arrived in Xining, Qinghai Province, to make complaints to the PLA about the imperialists’ atrocities of destroying the internal unity of Tibet, urging the PLA to liberate Tibet as soon as possible. In early 1950 over 100 Tibetan people, including farmers and herdsmen, young people, women and democratic representatives, assembled in Lanzhou, which had been liberated not long before, and urged the PLA to liberate Tibet. The 5th Gedar Tulku of Beri Monastery in Garze, Xikang (Kham) Province, headman Shaka Tobden of Yilung in northern Xikang, and the business tycoon Pangda Dorje in southern Xikang sent representatives to Beijing to pay tribute to Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central People’s Government and they expressed the Tibetan people’s urgent and earnest wish for the liberation of Tibet.

为了应对国际形势的复杂变化和西藏地方的严峻局势，满足西藏人民要求早日解放的愿望，1949年12月，毛泽东主席在前往苏联访问、途经满洲里时，写信给中共中央，作出了“进军西藏宜早不宜迟”的战略决策。

To address the complicated changes in the international situation and the grave situation in Tibet, and to satisfy the Tibetan people’s wish for liberation as soon as possible, in December 1949 Mao Zedong wrote a letter to the CPC Central Committee in Manzhouli on his way to the Soviet Union for a visit. In the letter, Mao made the strategic decision that “it is better for the PLA to enter Tibet sooner rather than later.”

在酝酿和探索解放西藏的过程中，考虑到西藏是一个特殊的民族地区，为了有利于人民解放军顺利进军，有利于维护西藏人民的利益，有利于加强民族团结，中国共产党确立了和平解放的方式。1949年3月，毛泽东主席根据人民解放战争即将全面胜利的形势指出，待解放的地方按照“北平方式”和平解放的可能性在增加。之后，湖南、宁夏以及与西藏相邻的新疆、云南、西康等省相继以和平方式解放，为和平解放西藏提供了借鉴。1950年1月20日，针对西藏地方政府派出所谓“亲善使团”一事，毛泽东主席授权中央人民政府外交部发言人发表谈话指出：西藏人民的要求是在中央人民政府统一领导下实行适当的区域自治，“如果拉萨当局在这个原则下派出代表到北京谈判西藏的和平解放的问题，那么，这样的代表自将受到接待”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

When planning the liberation of Tibet and exploring the way of liberation, the CPC decided on the way of peaceful liberation in view of the fact that Tibet was a special region inhabited by the ethnic minorities, in order to enable the PLA to enter Tibet smoothly, safeguard the interests of the Tibetan people and strengthen national unity. In March 1949 when the people’s Liberation War was about to end with people’s victory, Chairman Mao pointed out that the possibilities of peaceful liberation, like that of Beiping, for other areas were growing. Then Hunan and Ningxia, as well as Xinjiang, Yunnan and Xikang, which all bordered Tibet, were liberated peacefully in succession, affording useful experience for the peaceful liberation of Tibet. On January 20, 1950, in response to the local government of Tibet’s dispatching of a so-called “goodwill mission,” a spokesperson of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs delivered a speech with authorization from Chairman Mao, saying that the Tibetan people demanded the exercise of appropriate regional autonomy under the unified leadership of the Central People’s Government, and that “if the Lhasa authorities send delegates to Beijing to negotiate the peaceful liberation of Tibet, they will be well received.”

为争取和平解放西藏，中央人民政府组织开展了大量的政治争取工作。1950年间，西南局和西北局先后四次派出代表或代表团赴西藏进行劝和，以争取十四世达赖喇嘛和西藏地方政府派出代表与中央人民政府谈判和平解放西藏的办法。2月1日，西北局派出藏族干部张竞成携带青海省人民政府副主席廖汉生致十四世达赖喇嘛和摄政达扎·阿旺松饶的书信等赴藏联络。3月底，在中共中央批准和西南局组织下，与西藏政教界有着良好关系的汉族高僧志清法师由成都启程赴藏。7月间，以塔尔寺当才活佛为团长的青海寺院赴藏劝和团从西宁出发。青海省人民政府副主席、著名藏族学者喜饶嘉措向达赖喇嘛和藏族同胞发表广播讲话，呼吁西藏地方政府“迅速派遣全权代表赴京进行和平协商”。7月10日，西康省甘孜白利寺五世格达活佛一行十人从白利寺出发，踏上赴藏劝和征程。然而，这一系列劝和促谈活动，却受到帝国主义侵略势力和西藏亲帝分裂分子的重重阻挠，劝和人员被驱赶或软禁，有的代表团被分解，格达活佛在昌都被投毒致死。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To achieve the peaceful liberation of Tibet, the Central People’s Government organized and did a lot of work in political persuasion. In 1950 the Southwest and Northwest bureaux of the CPC Central Committee sent delegates or delegations to Tibet for mediation four times, in order to persuade the 14th Dalai Lama and the local government of Tibet to send representatives to negotiate with the Central People’s Government on the peaceful liberation of Tibet. On February 1 the Northwest Bureau sent a Tibetan cadre, Zhang Jingcheng, to Tibet with a letter for the 14th Dalai Lama and Regent Taktra Ngawang Sungrab from Liao Hansheng, then vice chairman of the Qinghai Provincial People’s Government. At the end of March an eminent Han monk, Master Zhiqing, who had good relations with the political and religious circles of Tibet, started for Tibet from Chengdu, with approval from the CPC Central Committee and the support of the Southwest Bureau. In July a delegation composed of members from Qinghai temples and monasteries, led by Taktser Rinpoche of Kumbum Monastery, set out from Xining. Sherab Gyatso, vice chairman of the Qinghai Provincial People’s Government and a leading Tibetan scholar, delivered a radio talk, calling on the local government of Tibet to “quickly dispatch plenipotentiary representatives to Beijing for peace talks.” On July 10 a delegation of ten, including the 5th Gedar Tulku of Beri Monastery in Garze, Xikang, also went to Tibet. However, these mediation activities suffered obstruction from imperialist aggressors and pro-imperialist separatists in Tibet. They were driven away or detained, some delegations were split up, and Gedar Tulku was even poisoned to death in Qamdo.

与此同时，西藏地方政府在帝国主义侵略势力的怂恿和西藏上层亲帝分裂势力的把持下，极力扩充藏军，并以其主力7个代本（相当于团）沿金沙江西岸陈兵于以昌都为中心的周围地区，企图阻止人民解放军进军解放西藏。昌都为从西南入藏的必经之地。1950年8月23日，毛泽东指出占领昌都“对于争取西藏政治变化及明年进军拉萨，是有利的”，“有可能促使西藏代表团来京谈判，求得和平解决”。10月6日起，人民解放军进藏部队从南北两线分别渡过金沙江执行解放昌都的作战任务。10月19日，昌都解放。在此基础上，昌都地区第一次人民代表会议召开，选举产生了昌都地区人民解放委员会，成立了昌都地区僧俗人民争取和平解放西藏工作委员会。昌都战役打开了和平谈判的大门，为促进西藏和平解放创造了必要条件。

Meanwhile, the local government of Tibet, incited by imperialist aggressors and dominated by the pro-imperialist separatists in the upper strata of Tibet, expanded the Tibetan army and deployed seven regiments in areas around Qamdo along the western bank of the Jinsha River, in an attempt to halt the PLA’s advance into Tibet. Qamdo was the only way into Tibet from the southwest. On August 23, 1950 Mao Zedong pointed out that the capture of Qamdo “will help us to change the political situation in Tibet and advance into Tibet next year,” and “may spur the Tibetan delegation to come to Beijing for negotiations for a peaceful settlement.” On October 6 the PLA troops started to cross the Jinsha River to carry out the task of liberating Qamdo. On October 19 Qamdo was liberated. On this basis, the First People’s Congress of Qamdo was held, at which the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee was elected and a working committee was founded, composing of representatives from both the ecclesiastical and secular, in Qamdo to strive for the peaceful liberation of Tibet. The Qamdo Battle opened the door to peace negotiations and created the necessary conditions for the peaceful liberation of Tibet.

（四）签订《十七条协议》，实现西藏和平解放

4. The 17-Article Agreement was signed, and Tibet was liberated peacefully.

中央人民政府和毛泽东主席始终没有放弃和平解放西藏的努力，在昌都战役进行中，仍催促西藏“代表团应速来京”。昌都战役促使西藏地方政府内部发生分化，爱国进步力量占据上风，主张亲帝分裂的摄政达扎·阿旺松饶被迫下台，十四世达赖喇嘛于11月17日提前亲政，西藏地方政局朝着有利于和平解放的趋势发展。

The Central People’s Government and Chairman Mao Zedong had never given up their efforts for the peaceful liberation of Tibet. Even during the Qamdo Battle, Mao Zedong urged that the Tibetan “delegation should come to Beijing as soon as possible.” The Qamdo Battle led to a division within the local government of Tibet, when patriotic and advanced forces got the upper hand, while the pro-imperialist separatist Regent Taktra Ngawang Sungrab was forced to resign. On November 17 the 14th Dalai Lama assumed power, and the political situation in Tibet started to develop in the direction of peaceful liberation.

1951年1月2日，十四世达赖喇嘛移居西藏亚东，一面对我进行观望，一面向英、美、印、尼等国求援，伺机逃往国外，但是没有一个国家愿意公开支持“西藏独立”。西藏地方政府也相应地分为留守的“拉萨噶厦”和临时性的“亚东噶厦”两部分。随后，西藏地方政府“官员会议”决定正式派出代表到北京同中央人民政府和谈。达赖喇嘛在致中央人民政府表示愿意和平谈判的信中说：“过去，在我年幼未掌权期间，藏汉之间关系屡遭破坏，近日已通知阿沛及随员从速启程去北京。为争取时间，我们将再给阿沛两位助手，经印度前往北京。”在中央人民政府民族平等政策和和平解放西藏方针的感召下，西藏地方政府派出了与中央人民政府和谈的全权代表团，阿沛·阿旺晋美为首席代表，凯墨·索安旺堆、土丹旦达、土登列门、桑颇·登增顿珠为代表。代表团分作两路启程，于1951年4月27日齐聚北京，受到中央人民政府的欢迎。随即，中央人民政府组成谈判代表团，李维汉为首席全权代表，张经武、张国华、孙志远为全权代表。经过友好协商，中央人民政府和西藏地方政府于1951年5月23日在北京签订了《关于和平解放西藏办法的协议》。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

On January 2, 1951 the 14th Dalai Lama moved to the Tibetan city of Yadong, on the one hand taking a wait-and-see attitude, and on the other seeking support from Britain, the US, India and Nepal while awaiting an opportunity to flee abroad. But no country wished to publicly support “Tibet’s independence.” Correspondently, the local government of Tibet was divided into a Kashag who remained in Lhasa and a temporary Kashag in Yadong. Following this, an “officials’ meeting” of the local government of Tibet decided to formally send delegates to Beijing for peace negotiations with the Central People’s Government. In his letter to the Central People’s Government to express his wish for peace talks, the 14th Dalai Lama said, “In the past when I was young and had not taken power, the Tibetan-Han relationship was repeatedly disrupted. Recently I have notified Ngapoi (Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme) and his entourage to set out for Beijing as soon as possible. Racing against time, we will add another two assistants to Ngapoi, who will go to Beijing via India.” Inspired by the Central People’s Government’s policy of equality of all ethnic groups and peaceful liberation of Tibet, the local government of Tibet sent a delegation for peace talks with the Central People’s Government. The plenipotentiary representatives included the Chief Representative Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, and Representatives Kemai Soinam Wangdui, Tubdain Daindar, Tubdain Legmoin and Sampo Dainzin Toinzhub. The representatives set out in two groups, and assembled in Beijing on April 27, 1951. They received a warm welcome from the Central People’s Government, which also organized a delegation, including Chief Representative Li Weihan and representatives Zhang Jingwu, Zhang Guohua and Sun Zhiyuan. After friendly talks, the Central People’s Government and the local government of Tibet signed the Agreement of the Central People’s Government and the Local Government of Tibet on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet in Beijing on May 23, 1951.

关于中央人民政府和西藏地方政府进行和平谈判并签订《十七条协议》，需要强调以下几点基本历史事实：

Regarding the peace talks and the signing of the 17-Article Agreement, we need to stress some basic historical facts as follows:

    第一，和平谈判是在西藏地方政府承认西藏是中国不可分割的一部分的前提下进行的。十四世达赖喇嘛和西藏地方政府派出谈判代表团时，给每位代表颁发了一份盖有印章的全权证书，证书外面注明了西藏全权代表五人的姓名和身份，里面写有承认西藏为中国领土等内容。谈判要解决的根本问题，是增强民族团结和维护祖国统一问题。正如阿沛回忆指出的，在这个问题上，“双方代表的基本立场是一致的。”微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

First, the peace talks were held on the premise that the local government of Tibet admitted that Tibet is an inseparable part of China. When the 14th Dalai Lama and the local government of Tibet dispatched the delegation, every representative got a sealed plenipotentiary certificate, which stated the name and identity of the holder on the envelope, and inside the statement that Tibet is a part of China and some other sentences. The essential problem to be solved during the talks was to enhance ethnic solidarity and safeguard national unity. As Ngapoi recalled, on this problem, “the basic standpoints of the representatives of the two sides were the same.”

第二，中央人民政府关于和平解放西藏问题的“十大政策”是谈判的基础。“十大政策”主要内容是：驱逐英美帝国主义侵略势力出西藏，西藏实行民族区域自治，西藏现行各种政治制度维持原状概不变更，保障宗教信仰自由，发展西藏经济和文化教育，西藏各项改革事宜由西藏人民及西藏领导人采取协商方式解决，人民解放军进入西藏等。在谈判之初，西藏地方政府代表强调不能接受“十大政策”中的“人民解放军进入西藏”。当时，中央人民政府代表并没有勉强西藏地方政府代表，而是建议休会两天，安排他们参观，同时耐心劝说，提出既然承认西藏是中国不可分割一部分就没有理由阻止人民解放军进入西藏。同时，充分考虑到西藏代表提出的西藏经济落后、资源贫瘠，供给人民解放军有很大困难的问题，中央政府作出“进军西藏，不吃地方，一切开支由中央负责”的保证。双方最终协商确定西藏地方政府积极协助人民解放军进入西藏，巩固国防。

Second, the Central People’s Government’s “ten policies” for the peaceful liberation of Tibet were the basis for the talks. The main contents were: British and US imperialist aggressive forces shall be driven out of Tibet; regional ethnic autonomy shall be exercised in Tibet; the present political system in Tibet shall remain unchanged; freedom of religious belief shall be guaranteed; economy, culture and education in Tibet shall be developed; matters of reform in Tibet shall be settled by the Tibetan people and Tibetan leaders through consultation; and the PLA troops shall enter Tibet. At first, the Tibetan representatives stressed that they could not accept the PLA’s entry into Tibet. At that time, the Central People’s Government representatives did not force them to accept this term; instead, they suggested a two-day adjournment, during which they arranged Tibetan representatives to visit some places, while patiently persuaded them, saying that now that the local government of Tibet admitted Tibet as an inseparable part of China, it had no reason to obstruct the PLA from entering Tibet. In the meantime, the central government took into full consideration the problem raised by the Tibetan representatives that it would be difficult for economically backward and resource-poor Tibet to supply the PLA, and promised that the PLA troops would “be supplied by the central government after entering Tibet, all their expenses will be borne by the central government.” After negotiations, the two sides finally agreed that the local government of Tibet would make positive efforts to assist the PLA’s entry into Tibet for national defence.

第三，达赖喇嘛和班禅额尔德尼之间的团结问题，是谈判必须解决的一个重要问题。由于帝国主义侵略势力的挑唆，九世班禅喇嘛在20世纪20年代初与十三世达赖喇嘛发生不和，被迫从西藏出走内地，1937年12月在返回西藏途中圆寂于青海玉树。1949年8月10日，经国民政府批准，十世班禅在青海塔尔寺坐床继位。西藏地方政府代表团在谈判之初，并不承认十世班禅的合法地位。中央人民政府谈判代表团向西藏地方政府谈判代表团展示了原国民党政府批准认定十世班禅为九世班禅转世灵童的全部公文，以及由达赖喇嘛方面代表参加的十世班禅在塔尔寺坐床继位时的照片。在确凿的证据面前，西藏地方政府谈判代表团最终承认了十世班禅的合法地位。谈判期间正值“五一”劳动节，中央人民政府邀请西藏地方政府谈判代表团和十世班禅在天安门城楼上共同观礼，阿沛·阿旺晋美与十世班禅进行了友好会面，并受到毛泽东的接见。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Third, the conflict between the Dalai Lama and Panchen Erdeni was an important problem that had to be resolved in the talks. Due to instigation by imperialist aggressors, the 9th Panchen Lama did not get along with the 13th Dalai Lama in the early 1920s, and thus was forced to leave Tibet for inland China. He died in Yushu, Qinghai Province, in December 1937 on his way back to Tibet. On August 10, 1949, the 10th Panchen Lama was enthroned at the Kumbum Monastery in Qinghai, with the approval of the national government. At first, the Tibetan delegation did not acknowledge the legal status of the 10th Panchen Lama. The central government delegation showed to the Tibetan delegation all the official documents by which the Kuomintang’s national government had approved and confirmed the 10th Panchen Lama as the reincarnated soul boy of the 9th Panchen Lama, and the photos of the enthronement ceremony at the Kumbum Monastery, which representatives of the Dalai Lama attended. Faced with this irrefutable evidence, the Tibetan delegation finally acknowledged the legal status of the 10th Panchen Lama. The May Day holiday arrived during the peace talks, and the Central People’s Government invited all the representatives of the local government of Tibet and the 10th Panchen Lama to attend the celebration on the Tian’anmen Rostrum, during which Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme and the 10th Panchen Lama had a friendly meeting and were received by Mao Zedong.

第四，协议在相互尊重和友好协商的基础上达成。协议大部分条款是关于西藏内部关系和内部事宜的处理。在这些问题上，中央人民政府全权代表依据中央人民政府的民族政策和西藏地区的实际情况，主动提出了一系列建议。西藏地方政府谈判代表团也提出了若干建议。中央人民政府对正确的部分加以采纳和研究综合，并对不合理的部分进行了耐心的解释。西藏地方政府代表土丹旦达根据切身经历谈道：“我作为译仓派出的僧官，在谈判过程中对宗教信仰、寺庙收入等提的建议较多，中央大都采纳了。”谈判一开始就搞了汉、藏两种协议文本，每一次修改两种文本都同步进行，并得到了西藏地方政府谈判代表团的同意。谈判结束后，汉、藏两个文本同时产生，并在签订后予以一并公布。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Fourth, the Agreement was reached on the basis of mutual respect and friendly negotiations. Most terms of the Agreement were about how to handle internal relations and affairs of Tibet. For these issues, the plenipotentiary representatives of the Central People’s Government took initials to offer some proposals in line with the ethnic policy of the central government and the reality in Tibet. The Tibetan representatives also raised their suggestions. The Central People’s Government studied and adopted some, while patiently explaining the reasons for not accepting others. Representative Tubdain Daindar talked about his experience of the talks: “As an ecclesiastic official from the Yitsang (Secretariat), I offered many suggestions about religious beliefs, monastery income and some other related issues, most of which were adopted by the central government.” A Han-language version and a Tibetan-language one of the Agreement were prepared from the very beginning of the talks. And every revision made in both versions was only with consent from the Tibetan delegation. After the talks, both versions were signed and issued together.

西藏地方政府全体谈判代表作为全权代表，在正式谈判前协商立下如下工作原则：“能做主的问题就立即定下来，不能解决的，向亚东报告”；来不及请示时，“作为全权代表可以先定下来，再向达赖喇嘛报告”。西藏地方政府谈判代表团向达赖喇嘛和噶厦的请示渠道始终通畅，就哪些问题请示由他们内部协商确定。谈判开始不久，关于人民解放军进入西藏问题，西藏地方政府谈判代表通过凯墨·索安旺堆和土丹旦达带来的密码机向在亚东的达赖喇嘛和噶厦发了电报，说明谈判中其他方面问题都不大，就是如不承认人民解放军进藏守卫国家边疆，谈判恐怕谈不成。其间，他们还在与班禅的关系问题上，同“亚东噶厦”联系过两次。在20多天的谈判中，虽然双方代表在一些问题上有争论和不同意见，但始终是在友好真诚、充分协商的气氛中进行的，最终就有关和平解放西藏的所有问题达成协议。在协议签订仪式上，双方代表在协议文本上签名，并加盖了个人图章，以示郑重。

As plenipotentiary representatives from the local government of Tibet, they discussed and established the following principles before formal talks: “Plenipotentiary representatives shall quickly decide on terms that they can decide on, and report to the Kashag in Yadong those that they cannot settle;” and when there was not enough time, “the plenipotentiary representatives can decide first and then report to the Dalai Lama.” The channel for the Tibetan delegation to ask for instructions from the Dalai Lama and the Kashag was always unimpeded, and the representatives discussed among themselves for which items they would request instructions. Soon after the talks started, the issue of the PLA’s entry into Tibet arose. The Tibetan representatives telegraphed the Dalai Lama and the Kashag in Yadong via cryptograph brought by Kemai Soinam Wangdui and Tubdain Daindar, saying that there would not be a big problem regarding most of the items, but if the local government of Tibet did not permit the PLA to enter Tibet, the talks could fail. During the talks, they contacted the Kashag in Yadong twice regarding its relationship with the Panchen Lama. During the 20-odd-day talks, although representatives from the two sides disagreed on some items, the talks went on in a friendly and sincere atmosphere and with full consultation. At the signing ceremony, the representatives of the two sides signed and sealed both versions of the Agreement.

为了保证协议的贯彻执行，中央人民政府和西藏地方政府在谈判中签订了两个协议附件。其一是《关于人民解放军进驻西藏的若干事项的规定》。在人民解放军进驻西藏问题上，西藏地方政府全权代表在谈判中提出了进藏部队的具体数量、驻军部署及供给等有关人民解放军进驻西藏的具体问题。由于这些问题属于军事机密，因而不能写在需要公布的协议中，于是就有了签订这一附件的必要。其二是《关于西藏地方政府负责执行和平解放西藏办法的协议的声明》。对于协议，如果达赖喇嘛予以承认，并返回拉萨，则和平解放西藏顺理成章。如果达赖喇嘛因某种情况暂不返回拉萨，西藏地方政府谈判代表团提出，希望中央人民政府允许达赖喇嘛在执行协议的第一年内，因某种需要可以自行选择住地，在此期间内返职时，其地位与职权不予变更。对此，中央人民政府表示同意，但如果将这一内容写在协议里，则可能引起各种议论。双方就有可能发生的情况提前作出预防性规定，签订了该附件。这两个附件是属于协议实施细则和对协议未尽事宜的补充。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

To ensure that the Agreement was earnestly implemented, the Central People’s Government and the local government of Tibet signed two appendices to the Agreement, and one was the Regulations on Matters Concerning the Entry and Stationing of the People’s Liberation Army in Tibet. Regarding the PLA’s entry into and stationing in Tibet, the plenipotentiary representatives of the local government of Tibet questioned the number and deployment of and supplies for the troops. Since these details were military secrets, they could not be written in the Agreement, which was to be announced. Thus it was necessary to put them in Appendix I. Appendix II was the Declaration on the Local Government of Tibet Being Responsible for Carrying out the Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet. If the Dalai Lama acknowledged the Agreement and returned to Lhasa, then the peaceful liberation of Tibet would be a natural result. But if he did not return to Lhasa for some time for whatever reason, the Tibetan delegation hoped that the Central People’s Government would allow the Dalai Lama to choose his own place of residence during the first year of the implementation of the Agreement, and to retain his status and power unchanged if he returned to his original post during this year. The Central People’s Government consented. But if this clause was written into the Agreement, it would provoke controversy. So the two sides agreed on preventive stipulations for future possibilities and wrote them into this appendix. These two appendices were detailed rules for the implementation of the Agreement and complements to the Agreement on matters that had not been covered in the Agreement.

第五，协议得到达赖喇嘛和西藏僧俗人民的一致拥护。阿沛·阿旺晋美从北京回到拉萨后，西藏地方政府于9月26至29日召开了全体僧俗官员、三大寺堪布、藏军甲本以上军官等300多人的“官员大会”，通过了向达赖喇嘛的呈文：“签订的《十七条协议》，对于达赖之宏业，西藏之佛法、政治、经济诸方面，大有裨益，无以伦比，理当遵照执行。”10月24日，达赖喇嘛致电毛泽东主席表示拥护协议。该电文全文为：“今年西藏地方政府特派全权代表噶伦阿沛等五人于1951年4月底抵达北京，与中央人民政府指定的全权代表进行和谈。双方代表在友好基础上已于1951年5月23日签订了关于和平解放西藏办法的协议。西藏地方政府及藏族僧俗人民一致拥护，并在毛主席及中央人民政府领导下积极协助人民解放军进藏部队巩固国防，驱逐帝国主义势力出西藏，保护祖国领土主权的统一，谨电奉闻。”10月26日，毛泽东主席复电达赖喇嘛，感谢他对实行和平解放西藏协议的努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Fifth, the Agreement gained support from the Dalai Lama and both ecclesiastical and secular people in Tibet. After Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme returned to Lhasa from Beijing, the local government of Tibet held between September 26 and 29, 1951 an “officials’ meeting” attended by more than 300 people, including all ecclesiastical and secular officials, Khenpo (abbot) representatives of the three most prominent monasteries, and Tibetan army officers above the regimental-commander rank. At the conference, a report to the Dalai Lama was approved. It stated, “The 17-Article Agreement that has been signed is of incomparable benefit to the grand cause of the Dalai Lama and to Buddhism as a whole, and to the politics, economy and other aspects of life in Tibet. Naturally it should be carried out.” The Dalai Lama sent a telegram to Chairman Mao Zedong on October 24 to express his support for the Agreement. The telegram read, “This year the local government of Tibet sent five delegates with full authority, headed by Kalon Ngapoi, to Beijing in late April 1951 to conduct peace talks with delegates with full authority appointed by the Central People’s Government. On the basis of friendship, the delegates of the two sides signed on May 23, 1951 the Agreement on Measures for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet. The local government of Tibet as well as the ecclesiastical and secular people unanimously support this Agreement, and, under the leadership of Chairman Mao and the Central People’s Government, will actively assist the PLA troops entering Tibet to consolidate national defense, ousting imperialist influences from Tibet and safeguarding the unification of the territory and the sovereignty of the motherland. I hereby send this cable to inform you of this.” On October 26, Chairman Mao Zedong telegraphed the Dalai Lama in reply, expressing thanks for his efforts in carrying out the Agreement.

《十七条协议》的签订，标志着西藏实现和平解放，西藏的社会发展从此揭开了崭新的一页。和平解放使西藏彻底摆脱了帝国主义的侵略及其政治、经济羁绊，维护了中国的国家主权、统一和领土完整，实现了全国各族人民的团结和西藏内部的团结，为西藏与全国一起共同进步和发展创造了基本前提。

The signing of the 17-Article Agreement symbolized the peaceful liberation of Tibet, thus opening a new page in the history of social progress in Tibet. The peaceful liberation enabled Tibet to shake off imperialist aggression and imperialist political and economic fetters, safeguarded the national sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of China, enhanced the solidarity among all ethnic groups of China and within Tibet, and created the basic preconditions for Tibet to advance and develop together with other parts of the country.

二、和平解放60年的发展历程

II. Sixty-years’ Development since Peaceful Liberation

和平解放是西藏历史发展的一个重要转折点。在此后的60年里，西藏历经民主改革、自治区成立、社会主义建设和改革开放各个历史阶段，走过了波澜壮阔的发展历程。

Peaceful liberation was an important turning point in the historical development of Tibet. Over the 60 years since then Tibet has gone through several phases of development, such as the Democratic Reform, establishment of the autonomous region, building of socialism, and reform and opening up, scoring spectacular achievements.

（一）落实《十七条协议》，维护国家统一和民族团结，开启西藏现代化发展的崭新征程

1. Implementing the 17-Article Agreement, maintaining national unity and ethnic solidarity, and launching Tibet’s drive towards modernization

——进军西藏，巩固边防。按照《十七条协议》及附件一的规定，从1951年9月到1952年6月，以十八军为主的各路进藏部队先后到达拉萨，进驻（抵）太昭、江孜、日喀则、山南隆子宗、亚东、察隅、改则等国防重镇，完成了进军西藏的任务，结束了西藏4000多公里边境线上长期有边无防的历史。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Sending troops to Tibet and consolidating border defense. As stipulated in the 17-Article Agreement and its Appendix I, the PLA troops with the 18th army as the major force marched into Tibet from September 1951 to June 1952, and were stationed in strongholds such as Gyamda, Gyangtse, Shigatse, Lhuntse Dzong, Dromo, Zayul and Gerze, bringing to an end the history of Tibet’ s 4,000-km border being undefended.

——统一处理西藏一切涉外事务。1952年9月6日，中央人民政府驻西藏代表外事帮办办公室成立，在中央人民政府外交部的领导下，具体办理西藏地方的一切涉外事宜。1954年4月29日，中印双方在北京签订了《关于中国西藏地方和印度之间的通商和交通协定》，同时互换照会，取消印度继承的英国侵略西藏遗留下来的特权。1955年中国和尼泊尔正式建立外交关系，并于1956年签订《中华人民共和国和尼泊尔王国保持友好关系以及关于中国西藏地方和尼泊尔之间的通商和交通协定》，取消了尼泊尔在西藏的特权，中尼友好关系在新的基础上得到巩固和发展。至此，完全实现了由中央人民政府统一处理西藏地区的一切涉外事宜。

- Handling Tibet’s foreign-related affairs on a centralized basis. On September 6, 1952 the foreign affairs office of the central government representative stationed in Tibet was set up, responsible for all the foreign-related affairs of Tibet under the leadership of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Central People’s Government. On April 29, 1954 the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of India signed in Beijing the Agreement on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and India, abolishing the privileges India had inherited from the British invaders. In 1955 China established official diplomatic ties with Nepal, and signed the Agreement on Maintaining Friendly Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Kingdom of Nepal and on Trade and Intercourse between the Tibet Region of China and Nepalin 1956, which cancelled Nepal’s privileges in Tibet, advancing and consolidating the Sino-Nepalese relationship to a new level. To this day, all the foreign-related affairs of Tibet are dealt with by the Central People’s Government on a centralized basis.

——实行生产自给，解决军需民用。中央政府作出了“进军西藏，不吃地方”及“精打细算，生产自给”等指示，提出“保障军需，兼顾民用”，“统一采购，紧缩开支”等一系列财经政策。人民解放军进驻拉萨后，首先从羊毛出口贸易着手，解决军需民用问题。中央政府拨款400亿元（旧币），以高于出口印度市场的价格，收购西藏积压的羊毛，打击了上层反动集团囤积居奇，挑拨、破坏藏汉关系的图谋，上层人士为此获得丰厚的利润，也体会到中央政府是切实维护藏族人民利益的，在经济上逐渐减少了对帝国主义势力的依赖和联系，积极向中央政府靠拢。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Attaining self-sufficiency and satisfying both military and civilian needs. The central government issued such instructions as “sending troops to Tibet but not depending on local people for grain supply” and “tightening the budget and attaining self-sufficiency,” and put forward a series of financial policies such as “guaranteeing food supplies for the army and taking into consideration of civilian needs” and “unified procurement and economical practice.” Soon after the PLA entered Tibet, it funded itself by selling local wool to the central government at prices higher than those of India. This move foiled the scheme of illegal hoarding and profiteering plotted by reactionaries of the Tibetan upper class with an aim to sow discord between Tibetans and Han people and greatly benefited many of the upper class, enabling them to acknowledge the central government’s goal of safeguarding the interests of the Tibetan people. They thus gradually reduced their dependence on and connection with the imperialist forces and drew closer to the central government.

——开展统战工作，促进民族团结和进步。在中央人民政府的推动下，1952年4月，十世班禅额尔德尼及班禅行辕人员自青海返回拉萨，实现了班禅与达赖的友好会晤。西藏工委不间断地进行工作，解决了达赖与班禅相互之间的历史遗留问题和现实问题。1953年，十四世达赖和十世班禅被选为全国佛教协会名誉会长，功德林活佛被选为副会长。1956年9月，成立了中国佛教协会西藏分会。1954年9月，十四世达赖、十世班禅联袂赴京参加中华人民共和国第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议，体现了西藏各族人民平等参与管理国家大事的权利。与此同时，组织参观团或观礼团到内地参观、访问，自1952年至1957年间组织了13批1000多人次到内地参观、访问，其成员不断扩大，包括从拉萨直至西藏各地区的上层僧俗官员、寺庙喇嘛、青年和妇女，增进了西藏与内地的联系和各民族的团结。

微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Carrying out united front work, and promoting national unity and progress. Encouraged by the central government, the 10th Panchen Lama and his entourage returned to Lhasa from Qinghai Province to have a friendly meeting with the 14th Dalai Lama in April 1952. The CPC Working Committee of Tibet then made great efforts to help settle both the current practical problems and those left over from history between the Dalai and Panchen lamas, who in 1953 were elected as honorary presidents of the Buddhist Association of China, with Living Buddha Kundeling as vice president. In September 1956 the Tibetan branch of the Buddhist Association of China was set up. In September 1954 the 14th Dalai and 10th Panchen lamas went together to Beijing to attend the First Session of the First National People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China, which demonstrated that the Tibetan people enjoyed equal rights with other ethnic groups in participating in the administration of China’ s state affairs. Concurrently, a total of 1,000 people in 13 groups were organized from 1952 to 1957 to visit the hinterland, including upper-class monks and lay officials to lamas and common people including women and youngsters, which strengthened connections between Tibet and the hinterland and promoted national unity.

——积极开展现代化建设，推动西藏经济社会文化的发展。和平解放后，人民解放军和进藏工作人员坚决执行《十七条协议》和中央的政策，修建康藏、青藏公路和当雄机场，兴修水利，建设现代工厂、银行、贸易公司、邮局、农场和学校等，采取多种措施帮助农牧民发展生产，开展社会救济，救灾活动，免费为群众防疫治病，推动了西藏经济、社会、文化事业的发展，展示了一种现代文明和进步的新气象，在西藏各阶层和广大群众中产生了深远影响，从而打破了西藏社会长期封闭、停滞的局面，开启了走向现代社会的历史进程，为西藏社会进一步向前发展开辟了广阔前景，为西藏与全国共同前进创造了必要条件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

- Actively undertaking the modernization program to promote Tibet’s economic, social and cultural development. After the peaceful liberation, the PLA and people from other parts of China working in Tibet persisted in carrying out the 17-Article Agreement and the policies of the Central Authorities, built the Xikang-Tibet and Qinghai-Tibet highways, Damxung Airport, water conservancy projects, modern factories, banks, trading companies, post offices, farms and schools. They adopted a series of measures to help the farmers and herdsmen expand production, started social relief and disaster relief programs, and provided free medical service for the prevention and treatment of epidemic and other diseases. All this promoted the region’s economic, social and cultural development, created a new social atmosphere of modern civilization and progress, produced a far-reaching influence among people of all walks of life in Tibet, ended the long-term isolation and stagnation of Tibetan society, paved the way for Tibet’s march toward a modern society, opened up wide prospects for Tibet’s further development and provided necessary conditions for the common progress of Tibet and the nation as a whole.

（二）实行民主改革，废除封建农奴制度，解放百万农奴和社会生产力，完成西藏历史上最深刻的社会变革

2. Implementing the Democratic Reform, abolishing feudal serfdom, and emancipating millions of serfs and the social productive forces, achieving the most profound social reform in the history of Tibet

民主改革之前的旧西藏是一个比欧洲中世纪还要落后、黑暗的政教合一的封建农奴制社会。占人口5％的官家、贵族、寺庙上层僧侣三大领主及其代理人占有西藏的全部耕地、牧场、森林、山川、河流和大部分牲畜，而占人口95％的农奴和奴隶没有生产资料和人身自由。广大农奴和奴隶不仅遭受着沉重的赋税、乌拉差役和高利贷的剥削，而且遭受着世所罕见的残酷的政治压迫和刑罚，挣扎在死亡线上。改革西藏社会制度是西藏社会发展的必然要求和西藏人民的根本愿望。考虑到西藏的特殊情况，《十七条协议》规定：“对于西藏的现行政治制度，中央不予变更”；“有关西藏的各项改革事宜，中央不加强迫。西藏地方政府应自动进行改革，人民提出改革要求时，得采取与西藏领导人员协商的方法解决之”。和平解放后，中央人民政府对西藏社会制度改革采取了十分慎重的态度和极为宽容的政策，耐心等待和劝说西藏地方上层统治集团主动进行改革，并给予充分的时间。但是，西藏反动上层为了维护农奴主阶级的既得利益和特权，根本反对改革，企图永远保持封建农奴制，为此，他们蓄意违反《十七条协议》，策划了一系列分裂祖国的活动，直至1959年发动全面武装叛乱。

Prior to the Democratic Reform, Tibet practiced a system of feudal serfdom under theocracy, which was darker and more backward than in Europe in the Middle Ages. The three major estate-holders - officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks in monasteries - accounted for less than five percent of Tibet’s total population but owned all the farmland, pastures, forests, mountains and rivers, and the majority of the livestock. The serfs and slaves, accounting for more than 95 percent of the population, had no means of production or freedom of their own. They were not only subjected to the three-fold exploitation of corvee labor, taxes and high-interest loans, but also suffered cruel political oppression and punishment rarely seen in world history. Their lives were no more than struggles for existence. Thus, reforming the social system of Tibet was an inevitable requirement of social development and the fundamental aspiration of the Tibetan people. In consideration of the special conditions of Tibet, the 17-Article Agreement stipulated that “the Central Authorities will not alter the existing political system in Tibet;” “in matters related to various reforms in Tibet, there will be no compulsion on the part of the Central Authorities. The local government of Tibet shall carry out reforms of its own accord, and when the people raise demands for reform, they shall be settled by means of consultation with the leading personnel of Tibet.” After Tibet was liberated peacefully, the Central People’s Government adopted a very prudent and tolerant attitude toward the reform of its social system, hoping to persuade the people of the local ruling class of the need for reform and waiting patiently for them to take initiative to start the social reform. But the serf owners were totally opposed to any reform which would mean giving up their privileges, and sabotaged the 17-Article Agreement and plotted a series of activities to split Tibet from China, which ended in a full-scale insurrection in 1959.

为了维护国家的统一和西藏人民的根本利益，中央人民政府采取果断措施，与西藏人民一道坚决平息了叛乱，解散了西藏地方政府，并在西藏进行了一场彻底摧毁封建农奴制度的民主改革运动。民主改革废除了“政教合一”制度，实现了政教分离；废除了生产资料的封建领主所有制，确立了农牧民个体所有制；废除了对“三大领主”的人身依附，使农奴和奴隶获得人身自由。民主改革是西藏社会进步和人权发展史上划时代的重大变革，使西藏百万农奴和奴隶在政治、经济和社会生活多方面实现了翻身解放，有效地促进了西藏社会生产力的发展，为西藏的现代化发展开辟了道路。据统计，在民主改革中，农奴和奴隶共分得土地280多万克（15克相当于1公顷），到1960年西藏民主改革完成时，西藏的粮食生产量比1959年增长12.6％，比民主改革前的1958年增长17.7％，牲畜存栏头数1960年比1959年增长9.9％。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In order to safeguard the unity of the nation and the fundamental interests of the Tibetan people, the Central People’s Government, together with the Tibetan people, took decisive measures to suppress the rebellion, dissolved the local government and carried out the Democratic Reform in Tibet, which fundamentally uprooted the feudal serfdom. Through this reform, the theocratic system was annulled to separate religion from government; the feudal serf owners’ right to own means of production was abolished and private ownership by farmers and herdsmen was established; the serfs and slaves’ personal bondage to the officials, nobles and upper-ranking monks was cancelled, and they won their freedom of the person. The Democratic Reform constituted an epoch-making change in the social progress of Tibet and its development of human rights. It emancipated a million of serfs and slaves politically, economically and in other aspects of social life, effectively promoted the development of social productive forces in Tibet and opened up the road towards modernization. The former serfs and slaves got over 186,000 hectares of land in the Democratic Reform and, in 1960, when the Democratic Reform was basically completed, the total grain yield of Tibet was 12.6 percent higher than in 1959 and 17.7 percent higher than in 1958 prior to the Reform. In addition, the total number of livestock was 9.9 percent higher than in 1959.

（三）实行民族区域自治制度，推动西藏走上社会主义的发展道路

3. Implementing regional ethnic autonomy, making Tibet embark on the road of socialism.

西藏民主改革的过程同时也是民主建政的过程。1959年3月西藏发生叛乱后，国务院发布命令，解散西藏噶厦地方政府，决定由西藏自治区筹备委员会行使西藏地方政府职权。此后，相继撤销了昌都地区人民解放委员会和班禅堪布会议厅委员会，结束了几种不同性质政权并存的局面，建立了统一的人民民主政权。1961年，西藏各地开始实行普选，昔日的农奴和奴隶第一次获得了当家作主的民主权利，选举产生了西藏各级权力机关和政权，一大批翻身农奴和奴隶担任了各级领导职务。1965年9月，西藏自治区第一届人民代表大会第一次会议在拉萨开幕，西藏自治区及其人民政府宣告成立。此后，西藏通过对农牧业的社会主义改造，走上了社会主义的发展道路。西藏自治区的成立和社会主义制度的实行，从制度上保障了各民族平等、团结、互助和共同繁荣政策在西藏的实现，保障了西藏各族人民平等参与管理国家事务和自主管理本地区本民族事务的权利，为西藏在国家的特殊支持和资助下，根据本地区特点实现与全国共同发展进步提供了制度保证。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Democratic Reform in Tibet coincided with its construction of democratic politics. After the rebellion broke out in March 1959 the State Council issued an order to dissolve the Kashag and decided to make the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region exercise the local government’s duties and power. Later, the Qamdo People’s Liberation Committee and the Panchen Kampus Assembly were abolished, and a centralized people’s democratic government was set up, thus ending the co-existence of several political powers of different nature. In 1961 a general election was held across Tibet. For the first time, the former serfs and slaves were able to enjoy democratic rights as their own masters, as they elected power organs and governments at all levels. Many emancipated serfs and slaves took up leading posts at various levels in the region. In September 1965 the First Session of the First People’s Congress of Tibet was convened in Lhasa, at which the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and the Regional People’s Government were officially proclaimed. Then, through the socialist transformation of agriculture and animal husbandry, Tibet embarked on the road of socialism. The founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region and adoption of the socialist system provided an institutional guarantee for the realization of ethnic equality, unity, mutual help and common prosperity. It also provided a guarantee for all ethnic groups in Tibet to enjoy equal rights to participate in the administration of state affairs and that of ethnic affairs. In this way, an institutional guarantee was put in place for Tibet to develop along with other parts of China, with special support and assistance by the state and according to its local conditions.

（四）实行改革开放，推动西藏经济从封闭走向开放、从供给型经济走向经营型经济

4. Implementing reform and opening up, promoting Tibetan economy to change from a closed one into an open one and from a planned one to a market one.

20世纪80年代，西藏与全国一样掀起了改革开放和现代化建设热潮。1980年和1984年，中央先后召开第一次和第二次西藏工作座谈会，确定了西藏以经济建设为中心，从封闭式经济转变为开放式经济，从供给型经济转变为经营性经济的指导方针。中央政府制订了“土地归户使用，自主经营，长期不变”，“牲畜私有私养，自主经营，长期不变”等一系列有利于西藏经济发展的特殊优惠政策，推进了西藏的经济体制改革和对外开放，并从1984年起，由国家投资、全国九省（市）援建西藏43项工程等一批项目。改革开放政策的实施和国家的支援，壮大和繁荣了西藏经济，提高了西藏产业的整体水平和经济活动的商品化水平，使西藏经济社会发展跨上了一个新的台阶。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The 1980s witnessed a great upsurge of the reform, opening-up and modernization drive in Tibet, as in all the other parts of China. In 1980 and 1984, respectively, the Central Authorities held the First and Second Tibet Work Forums, setting the guiding principles for work in the region - focusing on economic development, changing from a closed economy to an open one and from a planned economy to a market one. The central government also formulated a series of special policies for economic development in Tibet, such as “long-term right to use and independently operate land by individual households” and “long-term right to have, raise and manage livestock by individual households,” to promote the reform of the region’s economic system and its opening-up program. Since 1984, 43 projects have been launched in Tibet with state funds and aid from nine provinces and municipalities. The implementation of the policy of reform and opening up and the state aid have invigorated the Tibetan economy, raised the overall level of industries and the level of commercialization of economic activities in Tibet, and helped Tibet take another step forward in its economic and social development.

（五）根据新的形势，在实践中探索和形成新时期西藏工作的基本方针，不断加快西藏发展，维护局势稳定

5. Exploring and formulating the basic policies for the work in Tibet in the new period as required by the new situation, constantly speeding up the development of Tibet and maintaining its stability.

达赖集团叛逃国外后，始终没有放弃“西藏独立”的主张和分裂国家的活动，在美国中央情报局的支持下，在印度宣布成立“西藏独立国”，在印度、尼泊尔建立了叛乱武装基地，长期对我边境实施武装袭扰。1964年，国务院第151次会议通过《关于撤销达赖职务的决定》，指出“达赖在1959年发动叛国的反革命武装叛乱，逃往国外以后，组织流亡伪政府，公布伪宪法，支持印度反动派对我国的侵略，并且积极组织和训练逃往国外的残余叛乱武装骚扰祖国边境。这一切证明他早已自绝于祖国和人民，是一个死心塌地为帝国主义和外国反动派作工具的叛国分子。”西藏实行改革开放后，达赖集团更是加紧进行渗透破坏，并于上世纪80年代末组织策划拉萨骚乱。中央政府采取有力措施，迅速平息了骚乱，并于1989年提出了指导西藏工作的十条意见，对统一思想、促进稳定发挥了重要作用，成为新时期西藏工作的转折点。1994年，中央政府召开第三次西藏工作座谈会，确立了以经济建设为中心，紧紧抓住发展经济和稳定局势两件大事，确保西藏经济加快发展，确保社会全面进步和长治久安，确保人民生活水平不断提高的新时期西藏工作指导方针；作出了中央关心西藏、全国支援西藏的重大决策；制定了一系列加快西藏发展的特殊优惠政策和措施，形成了国家直接投资西藏建设项目、中央实行财政补贴、全国进行对口支援的全方位支援西藏现代化建设的格局。2001年，中央召开第四次西藏工作座谈会，决定采取更加有力措施，进一步加大对西藏的支持力度，全面推进西藏的发展，促进西藏的稳定。1994年以来，中央政府先后安排60个中央国家机关、全国18个省市和17户中央企业，从人力、财物、技术、管理等方面对口支援西藏，对口援藏范围覆盖到西藏所有地市和73个县（市、区）。特别是1994年确定的62项援藏工程和2001年确定的117项援藏工程的全面完成，极大地改善了西藏的生产生活条件，为西藏经济社会发展注入了强劲的动力。与此同时，排除达赖集团的干扰破坏，圆满完成十世班禅转世灵童的寻访认定，批准认定坚赞诺布继任第十一世班禅额尔德尼，坚决开展对达赖分裂集团的斗争，维护了西藏的局势稳定。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Ever since the Dalai Lama and his clique fled abroad, they have stuck to their claims and efforts for “Tibet independence” and secessionist activities. With the support of the CIA of US, they proclaimed the setting up of an “independent Tibet” in India, and established bases for armed forces in India and Nepal, launching armed attacks on China’s borders intermittently. In 1964, at the 151st Conference of the State Council, the Decision on the Removal of the Dalai Lama from His Official Positions was adopted, which stated, “After the Dalai Lama staged the treasonous armed rebellion in 1959, he fled abroad and organized a ‘government-in-exile,’ issued a bogus constitution, supported Indian reactionaries who invaded our country, and engaged in the organization and training of remnants of Tibet’s armed forces who had fled abroad with the object of attacking our borders. All this proves that he has alienated himself from the country and the people, and been reduced to a traitor working for imperialists and reactionaries abroad.” After the policies of reform and opening up were implemented in Tibet, the Dalai Lama clique pressed on with their infiltration and sabotage activities, and plotted the Lhasa riots in the late 1980s, which were quickly quelled by resolute actions adopted by the central government. In 1989 the Chinese government put forward ten propositions to guide the development of Tibet, which served to unify the people’s thinking and promote stability, thus constituting a turning point for the work in Tibet in the new period. In 1994 the central government held the Third Tibet Work Forum, and set the guiding principles for work in the region in the new era as follows: Focusing efforts on economic development, firmly grasping the two major tasks of developing the economy and stabilizing the situation, securing a high-speed development of the economy, overall social progress and lasting political stability in Tibet, and ensuring the continuous improvement of the Tibetan people’s living standards. At the Forum, the Central Authorities also adopted the important decisions to devote special attention to Tibet and ask all other parts of China to aid Tibet, and formulated a series of special favorable policies and measures for speeding up the development of the autonomous region. The Forum led to the birth of a mechanism for all-round aid for the modernization of Tibet, in which the state would take the lead to directly invest in construction projects in the region, the central government would provide financial subsidies, and the other parts of the country would provide paired-up aid. In 2001 the Central Authorities held the Fourth Tibet Work Forum, at which it was decided that more effective measures would be adopted and efforts would be further strengthened to support Tibet and push forward in an all-around way the region’s development and stability. Since 1994 the central government has organized 60 state organs, 18 provinces and municipalities and 17 state-owned enterprises to provide aid to Tibet in the fields of human resources, finance and materials, technology and management in a paired-up way to cover all the cities at the prefectural level and 73 counties (including cities and districts at the county level) in Tibet. The completion of 62 aid projects identified in 1994 and 117 aid projects identified in 2001, respectively, in Tibet gave a strong impetus to its economic and social development. In the meantime, the central government overcame interference and sabotage from the Dalai Lama clique, identified the reincarnated the soul boy of the 10th Panchen Lama, approving Gyaltsen Zangpo’s position as the 11th Panchen Lama, and resolutely struggled against the Dalai Lama’s secessionist group, all of which helped to maintain stability in Tibet.

（六）坚持科学发展观，大力推动西藏从加快发展到跨越式发展，从基本稳定到长治久安

6. Upholding the Scientific Outlook on Development, vigorously accelerating Tibet’ s development to realize leapfrog development, and achieving lasting peace based on stability.

中共十六大以后，中央根据新的历史条件，明确提出要按照科学发展观的要求，把保障和改善农牧民生产生活条件，增加农牧民收入作为经济社会发展的首要任务，推动西藏经济社会更好更快更大发展，使各族群众共享改革发展成果。中央政府于2006年制定了加快西藏发展、维护西藏稳定的40条优惠政策，确定了西藏“十一五”建设项目180个（实际完成188个），推动西藏发展稳定工作取得了新的显著成绩。西藏经济快速发展，交通、能源等基础设施成效明显，青藏铁路等一大批重大项目建成并发挥良好效益，社会事业全面进步，各族群众的生活水平显著提高，西藏自我发展的能力进一步增强。与此同时，依法平息拉萨“3·14”事件，坚决防范和打击达赖集团分裂西藏活动，深入开展寺庙爱国主义教育和法制宣传教育，反分裂斗争取得重大胜利，民族团结不断加强。2010年1月，中央召开第五次西藏工作座谈会，进一步丰富和完善了西藏工作指导思想，提出以经济建设为中心，以民族团结为保障，以改善民生为出发点和落脚点，紧紧抓住发展和稳定两件大事，确保经济社会跨越式发展，确保国家安全和西藏长治久安，确保各族人民物质文化生活水平不断提高，确保生态良好的指导思想，对西藏的发展稳定各项工作作出了全面部署。西藏站在新的历史起点上展现了蓬勃发展的崭新态势。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

After the 16th National Congress of the CPC, in light of the new historical conditions, the Central Authorities explicitly stated that its priorities for Tibet’s economic and social development would be to ensure and improve the production and living conditions of farmers and herdsmen, and to increase their incomes as required by the Scientific Outlook on Development. By doing this, it helped to promote the region’s economy and society to develop in a better and faster way, and make all ethnic groups in Tibet enjoy the fruit of the reform and development. In 2006 the central government formulated 40 preferential policies aiming to accelerate Tibet’s development and maintain its stability, and identified 180 (the actually completed number is 188) construction projects for its 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010), which helped Tibet to score remarkable achievements in development and stability. Tibet’s economy developed at a high rate, infrastructure construction in transportation and energy improved markedly, a large number of major projects including the Qinghai-Tibet Railway were completed and have produced satisfactory economic benefits, social undertakings showed all-around progress, the living standards of people of all ethnic groups in Tibet were greatly improved and Tibet’s self-development capacity was further enhanced. In the meantime, the government put down the March 14th Lhasa Incident according to law, resolutely prevented and cracked down on splittist activities instigated by the Dalai Lama clique, further conducted education in patriotism and law in the monasteries, scored a great victory in the anti-secession struggle and strengthened ethnic unity constantly. In January 2010 the Central Authorities held the Fifth Tibet Work Forum, at which it further enriched and perfected the guiding principles for the work in Tibet, and drew up comprehensive plans for every aspect of its development and stability, which were: focusing efforts on economic development, safeguarding ethnic unity, taking improvement of people’s livelihood as both the starting point and final aim of all work, holding fast to development and stability, ensuring a leapfrog development of economy and society, national security and prolonged peace in Tibet, and working for the constant improvement of the standard of people’s material and cultural life, and a sound ecological environment. At a new starting point in its history, Tibet is showing great momentum for prosperity again.

三、举世瞩目的伟大成就

III. Historic Achievements that Capture World Attention

和平解放60年来，在中央人民政府领导和全国各族人民大力支持下，经过西藏各族人民艰苦奋斗，西藏实现了由封建农奴制度到社会主义制度、由封闭贫穷落后到开放富裕文明的两大“历史性跨越”，在各方面取得了举世瞩目的伟大成就。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In the 60 years since its peaceful liberation in 1951, Tibet, under the leadership of the Central People’s Government and with the support of people of all ethnic groups in China, and with the hard work of all ethnic groups in the autonomous region, has fulfilled two historic leaps from a society of feudal serfdom to one of socialism, and from a state of isolation, poverty and backwardness to one of opening, prosperity and civilization, scoring historic achievements in various undertakings that caught world attention.

（一）政治建设成就斐然，社会制度实现历史跨越

1. Tibet has scored brilliant political achievements and made historic changes in its social system.

和平解放以来，西藏废除了封建农奴制度，实行了民族区域自治制度，建立了人民民主的社会主义制度。昔日的农奴和奴隶从此成为国家和社会的主人，不仅享有了平等参与管理国家事务的权利，而且享有了自主管理本地区、本民族事务的政治权利。在2007年举行的西藏自治区、地（市）、县、乡（镇）人民代表大会代表的选举中，参选率达到96.4％。经过直接和间接选举产生的34000多名四级人大代表中，藏族和其他少数民族占94％以上。在全国人大代表中，西藏自治区有20名代表，其中藏族公民12名，门巴族、珞巴族公民各1名。西藏各阶层和各界人士还通过参与各级人民政治协商会议，参政议政，行使民主权利。现有多名西藏民族、宗教界人士是全国政协委员。中国人民政治协商会议西藏委员会于1959年成立以来，历届委员中的绝大多数是藏族和其他少数民族人士。

Since its peaceful liberation Tibet has abolished feudal serfdom, implemented regional ethnic autonomy and established socialism featuring people’s democracy. The former serfs and slaves have since become masters of their own country and society. They enjoy both the right to equally participate in the administration of state affairs and the right to handle local and ethnic affairs on their own. In the elections of people’s congresses at the autonomous regional, prefectural (municipal), county and township (town) levels in 2007, 96.4 percent of the eligible residents participated in the electoral process. Of the more than 34,000 deputies directly or indirectly elected to the people’s congresses at the aforementioned four levels, more than 94 percent were members of the Tibetan or other ethnic minorities. Of the deputies to the current National People’s Congress, 20 are from Tibet, including 12 Tibetans, one Monba and one Lhoba. People from all walks of life in Tibet also attend the people’s political consultative conferences at various levels to participate in the deliberation and administration of state affairs, and to exercise their democratic rights. Among the deputies to the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, quite a number of them are Tibetans and a few are from the Tibetan religious circle. Since the founding of the Tibet People’s Political Consultative Conference in 1959, an overwhelming part of the members have been Tibetans or members of other ethic minorities.

民族区域自治在法制化的轨道上不断推进。西藏自治区成立以来，先后制定了279件地方性法规和具有法规性质的决议、决定，内容涉及民主政治、经济发展、文化教育、语言文字、人民司法、医疗卫生、文物保护、野生动植物和自然资源保护、环境保护等各个方面。现已建立起以自治条例和单行条例为骨干的地方性自治法规体系，为维护西藏各族人民在政治、经济和社会生活各方面的权益，促进地方经济社会发展，提供了重要的法律保障。这些法制建设成果具有鲜明的西藏地方特点，其中包括《西藏自治区立法条例》、《西藏自治区各级人民代表大会选举实施细则》、《西藏自治区学习、使用和发展藏语文的决定》、《关于维护祖国统一、加强民族团结、反对分裂活动的决议》、《西藏自治区文物保护管理条例》和《西藏自治区环境保护条例》等等。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Regional ethnic autonomy has constantly been institutionalized. Statistics show that since 1965 the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region has enacted 279 local regulations, resolutions and decisions with legal effect, which cover political power buildup, economic development, culture and education, spoken and written languages, justice, medical care and public health, relics protection, protection of wild animals and plants, protection of natural resources, and environmental protection. Now Tibet has established a legal regime of local autonomy, with autonomy-related regulations and separate regulations as the mainstay, protecting the special rights and interests of the people in Tibet in the areas of politics, economy and social life, and promoting the development of various local undertakings. These regulations have distinctive local features. They include the Regulations on Legislation of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Implementing Rules for Election of Deputies to the People’s Congresses at Various Levels in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Resolutions on the Study, Use and Development of the Tibetan Language in the Tibet Autonomous Region, Resolutions on Maintaining National Unification, Enhancing Ethnic Solidarity and Opposing Secessionist Activities, Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on the Protection and Management of Cultural Relics, and Regulations of the Tibet Autonomous Region on Environmental Protection.

藏族和其他少数民族干部是西藏自治区干部的主体，是建设西藏、发展西藏的骨干力量。西藏自治区成立以来，历任自治区人大常委会主任和人民政府主席均是藏族公民。全区干部队伍中，藏族及其他少数民族占70.3％，其中县乡两级主要领导中，藏族和其他少数民族占81.6％。目前，西藏自治区专业技术人员达到5.4万人，少数民族技术人员占76.8％左右。

Cadres of the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities constitute the main body of cadres in Tibet and the backbone of the construction and development of the region. Since the founding of the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, all chairpersons of the Standing Committee of the People’s Congress and all governors of the People’s Government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have been Tibetan citizens. Cadres of the Tibetan and other ethnic minorities account for 70.3 percent of the total at the autonomous regional level and 81.6 percent at the county and township levels. At present, Tibet has 54,000 specialized technical personnel, among whom 76.8 percent are from ethnic minorities.

（二）经济建设实现跨越式发展，人民生活得到大幅改善

2. The local people’s living standards have been greatly improved along with leapfrog economic development.

和平解放前，西藏经济长期停滞不前，百业凋零，民不聊生。和平解放以来，西藏走上了跨越式发展的道路。为推动西藏经济社会发展，中央政府根据西藏经济社会发展的实际，制定了许多特殊优惠政策，涉及金融、财税、投资、基础设施建设、产业发展、农牧业和农牧区、环保、教育、卫生、科技、文化、体育等各个方面，并在财力、物力、人力上给予大力支持和帮助。中央财政没有从西藏拿走一分钱，反而不断加大对西藏的财政转移支付力度，1952－2010年中央对西藏的财力补助达3000亿元，年均增长22.4％。60年来，中央对西藏的直接投资超过1600多亿元，在不同时期相继安排了43项、62项、117项、188项等一大批关系西藏长远发展和人民生活的重大工程项目，相继建成了公路、铁路、机场、通信、能源等一批重点基础设施，极大地改善了西藏的基础设施和人民生产生活条件。据统计，1994－2010年，对口援藏省市、中央国家机关及中央企业分6批共支援西藏经济社会建设项目4393个，总投资133亿元，共选派4742名优秀干部支援西藏。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Before the peaceful liberation, the economy in Tibet was in a state of stagnation, and the masses lived in dire poverty. Since the peaceful liberation however, the economy has leaped forward with each passing day. To boost local economic and social growth, the central government has adopted a series of preferential policies for Tibet in such areas as banking, finance and taxation, investment, infrastructure construction, industrial development, farming and animal husbandry, environmental protection, education, public health, science and technology, culture and physical education, and has rendered Tibet strong support in terms of finance, materials and manpower. The central government has never taken a cent from Tibet, but constantly increased the allotment in the central budget for Tibet. In the period from 1952 to 2010, the central government sent a total of 300 billion yuan to Tibet as financial subsidies, with an annual growth rate of 22.4 percent. Over the past 60 years the central government has allocated more than 160 billion yuan in direct investment to Tibet and approved at different periods 43, 62, 117 and 188 major projects respectively concerning Tibet’s long-term development and its people’s livelihood. Highways, railways, airports, telecommunications facilities, energy and other key infrastructural projects have been completed one after the other, thus greatly improving Tibet’s infrastructure and its people’s living and production conditions. Statistics show that from 1994 to 2010 state departments, provincial and municipal governments, and state-owned enterprises involved in the paired-up support program launched 4,393 aid projects in six batches, with a total of 13.3 billion yuan in aid funds and 4,742 cadres from across the country dispatched to work in Tibet.

在中央政府的大力扶持和全国各地支援下，西藏经济实现了历史性跨越。据统计，1959－2010年，西藏全社会固定资产投资累计完成2751亿元，年均增幅达到15％以上，其中1994－2010年，全社会固定资产投资累计2643亿元，年均增幅达到20％以上。1951年西藏地区生产总值仅有1.29亿元，2010年达到507.46亿元，按可比价格计算增长111.8倍，年均增长8.3％。其中，1994年以来，西藏地区生产总值连续18年达到两位数增长，年均增速达12％。“十一五”期间（2006年－2010年），西藏地区生产总值先后跨上300亿元、400亿元、500亿元三大台阶。2010年，西藏自治区人均生产总值为17319元，地方财政一般预算收入达到36.65亿元，连续8年保持20％以上的增长。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Thanks to the care of the Central Authorities and the support of the whole nation, Tibet has witnessed a historic leap in its economic and social development. From 1959 to 2010 fixed assets investment in the region totaled 275.1 billion yuan, registering an average annual growth of over 15 percent. The figure was 264.3 billion yuan from 1994 to 2010, and the annual growth rate in that period was more than 20 percent. The local GDP soared from 129 million yuan in 1951 to 50.746 billion yuan in 2010, a 111.8-fold increase or an average annual growth of 8.3 percent at comparable prices. Since 1994 the local GDP has grown at an annual rate of 12 percent, registering double-digit growth for 18 years in a run. During the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) Tibet’s GDP exceeded 30, 40 and 50 billion yuan successively. In 2010 the per-capita GDP was 17,319 yuan, and the local budgetary receipts reached 3.665 billion yuan, showing an average annual growth of over 20 percent for eight consecutive years.

现代工业从无到有，现已建立起一个包括能源、轻工、纺织、机械、采矿、建材、化工、制药、食品加工、民族手工业、藏医药等20多个门类、富有西藏特色的现代工业体系。工业总产值从1956年的0.014亿元增加到2010年的75.61亿元，年均增长14.1％。特色优势产业不断发展壮大，甲玛铜多金属矿正式投产并在香港成功上市，拉萨青稞啤酒、5100矿泉水、甘露藏药等一批特色产品打入国内外市场。旅游业持续快速增长，2010年接待游客685.14万人次，旅游总收入达到71.4亿元，正向着重要的世界旅游目的地发展。

There was no modern industry in old Tibet. But the region now has a modern industrial system covering over 20 sectors with distinctive local features, including energy, light industry, textiles, machinery, mining, building materials, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food processing, folk handicrafts and Tibetan medicine. The total industrial output value increased from 1.4 million yuan in 1956 to 7.561 billion yuan in 2010, registering an annual growth rate of 14.1 percent. Competitive industries with local features keep expanding. The Gyama copper-polymetallic deposit in Tibet has been put into operation and gone public in Hong Kong. Some specialty products, such as Lhasa barley beer, “5100 Tibet Glacier Spring Water” and Ganlu traditional Tibetan medicine have entered the market in other parts of the country as well as the international market. Tourism in Tibet has also maintained a sustained and rapid growth. Some 6.8514 million people visited Tibet in 2010, and the tourism revenue reached 7.14 billion yuan. Tibet is set to be one of the most popular destinations for visitors from all over the world.

能源、交通等基础产业蓬勃兴起。和平解放前，西藏仅有一座125千瓦、只供少数上层贵族享受的小电站，而今已形成以水电为主，地热、风能、太阳能等多能互补的新兴能源体系。2010年，西藏电力装机总容量达到97.4万千瓦，用电人口覆盖率达到82％以上。青藏直流联网工程开工建设，即将结束西藏电力孤网运行的历史。和平解放前西藏没有一条公路，现在已初步建立起以公路、铁路、航空、管道为主的综合交通运输体系，西藏所有乡镇和80％以上的行政村通公路，通车里程达到5.82万公里。墨脱公路嘎隆拉隧道胜利贯通，即将结束全国唯一不通公路县的历史。青藏铁路建成通车，结束了西藏没有铁路的历史。拉萨贡嘎机场助航灯光工程投入使用，林芝米林机场、阿里昆莎机场、日喀则和平机场建成通航，结束了西藏无夜航和支线航空单一的历史。目前，西藏已初步形成了以拉萨贡嘎机场为干线，以昌都邦达、林芝米林、阿里昆莎、日喀则和平机场为支线的机场布局，开通了22条国际国内航线。旧西藏通讯是人背畜驮、驿站式传递，今天，西藏已迈入信息化时代，建立起以光缆、卫星、网络为骨干的现代通讯网络体系，基本实现乡乡通宽带、村村通电话。

旧西藏农牧业基本靠天吃饭、靠天养畜，如今农牧业现代化程度大幅提高。西藏第一产业增加值由1959年的1.28亿元增加到2010年的68.13亿元，年均增长4.8％。粮食产量由1959年的18.29万吨增加到2010年的92万吨；粮食平均亩产量由1959年的91公斤提高到2008年的357.4公斤；年末牲畜存栏数由1959年的956万头（只、匹）增加到2010年的2321万头（只、匹）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibet’s energy, transportation and other basic industries are also flourishing. On the eve of Tibet’s peaceful liberation, there was only one 125-kw hydropower station in the region, which supplied electricity only to a handful of senior officials and aristocrats. Now, an extensive energy system has been formed, with hydropower as the mainstay, backed up by geothermal, wind and solar energy sources. In 2010 the installed power-generating capacity in Tibet reached 974,000 kw, and more than 82 percent of the population had access to electricity. The Qinghai-Tibet DC Power Transmission Line is under construction, which will link the Tibetan grid to those of the rest of the country. In the old days there was not a single highway in Tibet. Today, a comprehensive transportation network has taken shape, with highway, rail, air and pipeline transportation as the backbone. All townships and more than 80 percent of the administrative villages in Tibet have gained access to highways, which now total 58,200 km. China’s last “isolated” county is soon to be connected to the country’s highway network with the completion and operation of the Galung La tunnel on the Medog Highway. The operation of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway ended Tibet’s history of being without railways. The navigation lighting project at the Lhasa Gongkar Airport, and the Nyingchi Menling Airport, Ngari Gunsa Airport, Xigaze Peace Airport have been completed and put into use, allowing night flights into and out of Tibet and greatly increasing the number of air routes. An airport layout has taken shape in Tibet, with the Lhasa Gongkar Airport as the main hub, and the Chamdo Bangda, Nyingchi Menling, Ngari Gunsa and Xigaze Peace airports as the branches, catering to 22 domestic and international air services. In old Tibet, letters were carried by people or beasts of burden and relayed via posthouses. Nowadays, Tibet has entered the information age, having established a modern telecommunications network with cables, satellites and the Internet as the backbone. It has also realized broadband coverage in all townships and telephone communication in all villages. ‘ In the old days Tibet’s agriculture and animal husbandry were completely at the mercy of the weather. Nowadays, modern facilities have been widely introduced. The added value of primary industry (agriculture) in Tibet increased from 128 million yuan in 1959 to 6.813 billion yuan in 2010, registering an average annual growth of 4.8 percent. Grain output rose from 182,900 tonnes in 1959 to 920,000 tonnes in 2010. Meanwhile the grain output per mu (15 mu equal one ha.) rose from 91 kg in 1959 to 357.4 kg in 2008, with the number of livestock rising from 9.56 million head in 1959 to 23.21 million head at the end of 2010.

和平解放前，西藏90％以上的人没有自己的住房，过着衣不蔽体、食不果腹的生活。60年来，西藏各族人民的生活条件不断改善，生活水平不断提高。1951年，西藏城镇居民人均居住面积不到3平方米；2010年末，西藏城镇居民人均居住面积达到34.72平方米。2006年开始，西藏实施以安居工程为突破口的社会主义新农村建设，先后使27.48万户、140.21万农牧民住上了安全适用的新房，人均居住面积增加到24平方米，实现了让全区所有住房条件较差的农牧民住上安居新房的目标。同时，西藏整体推进农牧区水、电、路、讯、气、广播电视、邮政和优美环境综合建设，农牧区面貌发生历史性变化。目前，乡镇通邮率、乡镇通公路率和行政村通公路率分别达到85.7％、99.7％、81.2％，累计解决153.2万农牧民的安全饮水问题，农牧区碘盐覆盖率达91.2％。2010年，西藏农牧民人均纯收入达到4138.7元，连续8年保持两位数增长，城镇居民可支配收入达到14980元。随着人民生活逐步富裕，消费结构开始多样化，冰箱、彩电、电脑、洗衣机、摩托车、手机等消费品进入了寻常百姓家。西藏每百户农村居民家庭拥有彩色电视机73.45台、移动电话52.64部、生活用汽车3.98辆，其中拉萨市每百户城镇居民家庭拥有家用电脑63台、移动电话182部、家用轿车32辆。广播、电视、通信、互联网等现代信息传递手段，与全国乃至世界同步发展，已经进入到人民群众的日常生活。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Before the peaceful liberation, more than 90 percent of the people in Tibet had no private housing, nor had they enough food and clothing. But over the past 60 years the Tibetan people’s living conditions have constantly improved. In 1951 the per-capita housing of urban dwellers was less than three sq m, but the figure reached 34.72 at the end of 2010. Since 2006, with the construction of a new socialist countryside and comfortable housing project underway, 274,800 households, comprising 1.4021 million farmers and herdsmen, have moved into modern houses, and the per-capita housing space has increased to 24 sq m in rural areas. The aim of providing farmers and herdsmen living in poor conditions with comfortable houses has been realized. Tibet has also improved its facilities in the areas of water, electricity, highways, telecommunications, gas, radio and television, postal services and the environment in farming and pastoral areas, giving rise to historic changes in these areas. The coverage rate of postal services in townships, that of highways in townships, and that of highways in administrative villages have reached 85.7 percent, 99.7 percent and 81.2 percent, respectively. The region has provided safe drinking water for 1.532 million farmers and herdsmen, and iodized salt for 91.2 percent of the residents in farming and pastoral areas. In 2010 the per-capita net income of farmers and herdsmen was 4,138.7 yuan, registering a double-digit growth for eight consecutive years. The per-capita disposable income of urban dwellers stood at 14,980 yuan.

Meanwhile, the consumption pattern of Tibetan residents is becoming more diversified with improvement in their livelihood, and such consumer goods as refrigerators, color TVs, computers, washing machines, motorcycles and mobile phones have got access to ordinary homes. A survey shows that for every 100 rural households there are 73.45 color TVs, 52.64 mobile phones and 3.98 private cars, and for every 100 urban households in Lhasa, there are 63 PCs, 182 mobile phones and 32 private cars. Radio, television, the Internet and other modern means of information keep growing with progress in other parts of China and the rest of the world. They have become an integral part of people’s daily life in Tibet as well.

（三）社会建设全面进步，各项事业呈现欣欣向荣的局面

3. Tibetan society has progressed in an all-round way, with all social undertakings flourishing.

旧西藏没有一所现代意义上的学校，寺院垄断着教育，仅有极少数僧官学校，绝大多数学生是贵族子弟，广大农奴和奴隶被剥夺了受教育的权利，适龄儿童入学率不到2％，青壮年文盲率高达95％，现代科技更是一片空白。1951年至2010年，国家累计投入西藏教育经费407.3亿元，有力地推动西藏教育事业发展。如今，西藏已经建立起一个涵盖幼儿教育、小学教育、中学教育、职业教育、高等教育、成人教育、特殊教育等具有地方特色和民族特点的现代教育体系。2010年，西藏拥有普通高等教育院校6所，各级中学122所，小学872所，各类在校学生达50多万人。内地西藏班在校生总数2万余人；在内地12省市42所学校开办中职班。目前，西藏适龄儿童入学率、初中入学率、高中入学率和高等教育毛入学率分别达到99.2％、98.2％、60.1％和23.4％，青壮年文盲率下降到1.2％，15周岁以上人口人均受教育年限达到7.3年。国家对农牧民子女和城镇困难家庭子女实行包吃、包住、包学习费用的“三包”政策，涵盖学前、小学、初中和高中阶段，目前，“三包”经费年补助标准达到2000元。科技事业从无到有，迅速发展。2010年，西藏共有各类独立科研院所34所、民营科研机构9所、农牧技术推广机构140个，各类专业技术人员52107人，完成国家及自治区重点科技项目3253项。经济发展中的科技含量明显提高，其中科技对经济增长的贡献率达到33％，对农牧业增长的贡献率达到40％。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In old Tibet there was not a single school in the modern sense. Education was monopolized by monasteries, and there were only a limited number of schools run by monks and officials. Almost all students in such schools were children of the nobility. The masses of serfs and slaves had been robbed off the right of receiving education. The enrollment rate for school-age children was less than 2 percent, while the illiteracy rate was as high as 95 percent among the young and the middle-aged, to say nothing of ignorance of modern science and technology. From 1951 to 2010 the central government invested 40.73 billion yuan to give a boost to Tibet’s education. Now, Tibet has basically established an educational system with special local flavor and minority ethnic characteristics, which includes pre-school, primary and middle schools, secondary vocational and technical schools, institutions of higher learning, and adult and special education institutions. In 2010 Tibet had six institutions of higher learning, 122 junior and senior high schools, and 872 primary schools. The total enrollment was over 500,000. More than 20,000 Tibetan students are studying in Tibetan classes in schools of the hinterland. In 12 hinterland provinces and municipalities of China, 42 secondary vocational schools have classes for Tibetan students. Now the enrollment rate for primary school-age children of the Tibetan ethnic group has reached 99.2 percent; that for junior high school, 98.2 percent; that for senior high school, 60.1 percent; and that for institutions of higher learning, 23.4 percent. The illiteracy rate among the young and the middle-aged has fallen to 1.2 percent. The average educational period of people above 15 years old in Tibet has reached 7.3 years. The children enjoy “three guarantees” for compulsory education, i.e., the state guarantees all tuition as well as food and lodging expenses for students from Tibet’s farming, pastoral or impoverished urban families from the pre-school period all the way to the senior high school period. Subsidies for each student in this regard have reached 2,000 yuan per year.

Science and technology in Tibet started from scratch and is growing rapidly. In 2010 Tibet had 34 independent scientific research institutes at various levels, nine private research centers, 140 organizations at various levels for popularizing science and technology in the fields of agriculture and animal husbandry, and 52,107 professional technical personnel who have completed 3,253 key scientific and technological programs at the autonomous region and state levels. The scientific and technological content of economic development has increased markedly. The rate of contribution made by science and technology to overall economic growth has reached 33 percent, and that to the growth of agriculture and animal husbandry, 40 percent.

医疗卫生事业不断发展健全。和平解放前，西藏只有3所设备简陋、规模很小的官办藏医机构和少量私人诊所，从医人员不足百人。2010年末，西藏有各级各类医疗卫生机构1352个，床位8838张，卫生技术人员9983人。以政府投入为主导，家庭账户、大病统筹和医疗救助相结合的农牧区医疗制度全面建立，以拉萨为中心、遍布城乡的医疗卫生网建立起来，实现了乡乡有卫生院、村村有卫生室。人民的健康水平显著提高。孕产妇死亡率由1959年的5000／10万人下降到174.78／10万人，婴幼儿死亡率由和平解放前的430‰下降到20.69‰，人均预期寿命从35.5岁提高到67岁。据第六次全国人口普查，西藏人口由和平解放前100万增加到现在的300.22万人，其中藏族人口271.64万人，占90.48％。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibet’s medical services are also constantly improving. Before the peaceful liberation, there were only three small, shabby government-run institutions of Tibetan medicine and a small number of private clinics, with less than 100 medical workers altogether. By the end of 2010 there were 1,352 medical institutions of all types and at all levels in Tibet, with 8,838 hospital beds and 9,983 medical workers. A healthcare system in farming and pastoral areas has been established, with funds from the government comprising the major part, backed up by family accounts, and comprehensive arrangements for serious diseases and medical relief. A medical and healthcare network covering all counties and townships, with Lhasa as the center, has taken shape. Now, all townships in Tibet have health centers and all villages have clinics. Thanks to improvement in medical services, the Tibetan people’s health level has been raised. The death rate of women in childbirth has dropped from 5,000 per 100,000 to 174.78 per 100,000, and the infant mortality rate from 430 per thousand before the peaceful liberation to 20.69 per thousand. The average life expectancy has increased from 35.5 to 67 years. According to the sixth national census, the total population of Tibet increased from one million before the peaceful liberation to more than three million, of whom 2.7164 million or 90.48 percent were Tibetans.

以养老、医疗、失业、工伤和生育五大保险为主体的覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系已经建立。自2009年11月开展新农保工作以来，截至2010年底，73个县（市、区）全部纳入新农保试点范围，累计向年满60周岁及以上农牧区居民发放基础养老金7631.55万元；企业退休人员人均养老保险待遇达到每月2439元，高于全国平均水平。城镇居民医保政策范围内住院费用报销比例达到75.1％。2010年年度医疗费最高报销额度达到13万元，是西藏城镇居民人均可支配收入14980元的8.7倍。参加社会保险总人数达到166.23万人，兑现各项社会保险待遇17.32亿元。城镇就业总人数达到52.71万人，城镇登记失业率为3.81％。

Tibet has established a social security system mainly covering basic pension insurance, basic medical insurance, unemployment insurance for urban workers, industrial accident insurance and maternity insurance, which cover all urban and rural residents. From November 2009, with the initiation of the New Rural Pension Social Insurance, to the end of 2010, 73 counties (cities and districts) were made pilot areas to try out the policy, granting accumulatively 76.3155 million yuan of basic pension insurance payments to residents over 60 years old in farming and pastoral areas. Pensions received by enterprise retirees reached 2,439 yuan per month per person, higher than the national average. The inpatient reimbursement rate for urban residents covered by the medical insurance policy reached 75.1 percent. The highest reimbursement of medical expenses in 2010 was 130,000 yuan, 8.7 times the per-capita disposable income of 14,980 yuan of urban dwellers in Tibet. The number of Tibetan people underwriting policies of social insurance stood at 1.6623 million, and 1.732 billion yuan of various social insurances have been collected. Meanwhile, there were 527,100 employees in the urban areas, and the registered urban unemployment rate was 3.81%.

（四）文化建设空前繁荣发展，宗教信仰自由受到尊重和保护

4. Ethnic culture in Tibet is enjoying unprecedented prosperity, and freedom of religious belief is respected and protected.

中央政府和西藏地方政府高度重视民族优秀文化的继承、保护和发展。藏语文的学习、使用和发展受到法律保障，藏文已成为国家第一个具有信息技术信息交换用文字编码国际标准的少数民族文字。国家累计投入14.5亿元对布达拉宫、罗布林卡、萨迦寺等文物古迹进行维修保护。西藏的传统手工技艺、民间美术、藏戏等76个文化项目已被列入国家级非物质文化保护名录，53位传承人入选国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人名录。布达拉宫、大昭寺、罗布林卡列入联合国世界文化遗产名录，藏戏和“格萨尔”成功入选世界非物质文化遗产名录，独具特色的藏医藏药走向世界，藏学研究事业空前繁荣。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The central and regional governments always attach great importance to carrying on, protecting and developing the excellent traditional culture of the Tibetan ethnic group. The study, use and development of the Tibetan language are protected by law, and the Tibetan script has become the first ethnic-minority script in China that has international text coding standards for information exchange. The state has altogether apportioned 1.45 billion yuan to maintain and repair the Potala Palace, the Norbulingka and Sakya Monastery, and other cultural relics and historical sites. Tibet’s 76 distinctive cultural items such as folk handicrafts, folk art and Tibetan opera have been listed among items of state-level intangible cultural heritage, and 53 people have been recognized as representatives of the state-level intangible cultural heritage. The Potala Palace, Jokhang Monastery and Norbulingka have been listed as UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites. Tibetan opera and the famous Legend of King Gesar have been put upon the World Intangible Cultural Heritage list. Tibetan medicine, with unique local features, has entered the world market, and Tibetology research is flourishing as never before.

广播电视和新闻出版事业快速发展。2010年，西藏已有广播电台4座、电视台5座，中波广播转播台27座，县级广播电视转播台68座，乡（镇）村级广播电视收转站9371座。西藏建成中国第一个少数民族语广播影视节目译制中心——中国西藏藏语广播影视节目译制中心。38万多户农牧民群众通过直播卫星可以收听收看到55套数字广播电视节目。广播、电视人口综合覆盖率分别达到90.28％和91.4％。目前，西藏公开发行的报刊种类已达58种，已累计出版各类藏汉文图书1.2万多种、2.5亿多册。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibet’s radio, TV, press and publications are also growing rapidly. In 2010 the region had four radio stations, five TV stations, 27 medium-wave transmitting and relay stations, 68 radio and TV transmitting and relay stations at the county level, and 9,371 radio and TV receiving and transmitting stations at the township level. Tibet has built China’s first ethnic-minority-language radio and TV program dubbing center - Tibetan Radio and TV Program Dubbing Center. More than 380,000 households can receive 55 digital radio and TV programs though the Direct Broadcasting Satellite. The radio and TV coverage rate has reached 90.28 percent and 91.4 percent, respectively. Tibet publishes 58 kinds of newspapers and periodicals, and has accumulatively published 12,000 titles of books in Chinese and Tibetan, totaling 250 million printed copies.

西藏现有专业艺术表演团体10个，业余文艺演出队和藏戏表演队500多个，县级民间艺术团19个。拉萨雪顿节、日喀则珠峰文化艺术节、那曲恰青赛马节等一大批群众性文化传统节庆得到继承和创新。西藏大力实施广播电视“村村通”“户户通”、文化信息资源共享、县乡村文化馆（站）等文化惠民工程，综合文化活动中心和县级文化信息资源共享工程实现全覆盖，创作出一大批具有浓郁地方特色、鲜明时代特点、突出时代特征的文化精品，文艺作品的产量和质量大幅提升。

Tibet now has 10 professional art performing troupes, 500-odd amateur art performing and Tibetan opera teams, and 19 folk art performing groups at the county level. A large number of traditional festivals have been inherited and revived, such as the annual Shoton Festival in Lhasa, Qomolangma Cultural and Tourist Festival in Xigaze and Summer Horse Races in Nagqu. Tibet endeavors to extend radio and TV coverage to every village and household, share cultural information and resources and establish cultural centers at the county and township levels to enrich the cultural life of farmers and herdsmen. It also endeavors to realize the complete coverage of comprehensive cultural centers and county-level sharing of cultural information and resources. A number of literary and artistic works and programs have been created which have a strong local flavor and display the features of our times, and there have been great improvement in both their quantity and quality.

宗教信仰自由得到尊重和保护。在西藏，各宗教、各教派一律平等。藏传佛教特有的活佛转世的传承方式得到充分尊重，寺庙学经、辩经、受戒、灌顶、修行等传统宗教活动和寺庙学经考核晋升学位活动正常进行。西藏各族人民群众的宗教信仰自由得到充分保障。中央人民政府先后将西藏的布达拉宫、大昭寺、扎什伦布寺、哲蚌寺、色拉寺、萨迦寺等著名宗教活动场所列为重点文物保护单位。目前西藏共有1700多处宗教活动场所，僧尼约4.6万人，僧俗信教群众每年都组织和参加萨噶达瓦节等各种各样的宗教和传统活动，每年到拉萨朝佛敬香的信教群众达百万人次以上。

Freedom of religious belief of all ethnic groups is respected and protected in Tibet. All religions, all religious sects are equal in Tibet. The Living Buddha reincarnation system, unique to Tibetan Buddhism, is fully respected. People are free to learn and debate Buddhist doctrines, get ordained as monks and practice Buddhist rites. Academic degrees in Buddhism are also promoted. The central government has listed some famous sites for religious activities as cultural relics units subject to state or autonomous regional protection, including the Potala Palace, Jokhang Monastery, and Tashilhunpo, Drepung, Sera and Sakya monasteries. Tibet now has more than 1,700 venues for religious activities, and about 46,000 monks and nuns. Monks and laymen organize and take part in the Sakadawa Festival and other religious and traditional activities every year. More than one million worshipers make pilgrimage to Lhasa each year.

（五）生态建设取得长足发展，环境保护全面加强

5. Ecological conservation has been progressing rapidly, and environmental protection is being strengthened in an all-round way.

西藏是中国重要的生态屏障和安全屏障。和平解放前，西藏根本谈不上宏观生态建设和综合环境保护。和平解放以来特别是改革开放以来，中央政府和西藏自治区政府高度重视生态建设和环境保护，投入了大量资金和人力、物力，特别是2002年中央决定建设160个重点生态保护建设项目。“十五”期间，国家投入西藏生态环境保护与建设的资金达32.43亿元，“十一五”期间达到101.62亿元，是“十五”期间的3倍多。西藏自治区人大和人民政府颁布实施的生态建设和环境保护类法规、规范性文件、部门规章30余件，形成了比较系统的地方性环境保护法规体系，如《土地管理法》、《水法》、《草原法》等。同时，积极推进天然林保护、退耕还林、退牧还草等工程，大力开展水土流失治理、防沙治沙和小流域综合治理及地质灾害防治工作。西藏在全国率先启动草原生态保护奖励机制试点工作，全面启动农村薪柴替代工程，15万户农牧民用上清洁的沼气能源。目前，西藏已建立21个生态功能保护区、7个国家森林公园、3个地质公园、1个国家级风景名胜区以及47个各级各类自然保护区，保护区面积占西藏土地面积的34.5％，居全国之首。森林覆盖率由和平解放时的不足1％提升到11.91％，保护湿地600余万公顷。据最新环境公报显示，西藏的水环境、大气环境基本没有受到污染，西藏基本保持了较为自然的原生状态，是世界自然环境最好的地区之一。西藏已经初步走上了一条经济发展与生态保护齐头并进的可持续发展道路。2009年3月2日，中央政府批准《西藏生态安全屏障保护与建设规划（2008－2030年）》，计划投入资金155亿元，到2030年基本建成西藏生态安全屏障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Tibet serves as an important ecology safety barrier in China. In old Tibet macro-ecological conservation or comprehensive environmental protection was out of the question. But since the peaceful liberation, and especially since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policies, the central and regional governments have attached great importance to ecological conservation and environmental protection, and plowed in large amounts of funds, manpower and materials in these endeavors. In 2002 the central government decided to launch 160 key projects in this regard. During the 10th Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the state granted 3.243 billion yuan for ecological and environmental protection in Tibet, and during the 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) the figure tripled to 10.162 billion yuan. The people’s congress and people’s government of the Tibet Autonomous Region have published more than 30 local regulations, regulatory documents and administrative rules covering ecological conservation and environmental protection. A relatively comprehensive system of environmental protection has taken shape. Meanwhile, Tibet actively carries out projects to protect its natural forests, and convert farmland into forest and pastures into grassland. It also makes efforts to control desertification and soil erosion, manage small watersheds and prevent geological disasters. Tibet led the whole country to initiate the ecological compensation mechanism for the protection of grassland. It has launched a project to replace firewood with clean energy, and 150,000 households have begun to use methane gas. Tibet is home to 21 ecological function conservation areas, seven national forest parks, three geological parks, one state-class scenic area and 47 nature reserves at various levels, accounting for 34.5 percent of the total land area of the region, topping any other part in China. The forest coverage rate has risen from less than 1 percent before the peaceful liberation to 11.91 percent at present, and more than six million hectares of wetland have been protected. According to the latest report on the state of the environment of China, generally speaking, there is no pollution of the atmosphere or water in Tibet. The region has basically maintained its original natural state, being one of the areas with the best environmental quality in the world. Tibet has embarked on a path of sustainable development, with economic growth and ecological protection advancing side by side. On March 2, 2009 the central government approved the Plan for Ecology Safety Barrier Protection and Construction in Tibet (2008-2030), with the projected investment amounting to 15.5 billion yuan.

结束语

Concluding Remarks

60年在人类历史的长河中只是短暂的瞬间。但是，在中国共产党和中国政府的领导下，西藏各族人民创造了短短60年跨越上千年的人间奇迹。

Sixty years are just a fleeting moment in the history of mankind. However, within six decades Tibet has achieved development that would normally call for a millennium. Under the leadership of the CPC and the Chinese government, the people of Tibet have created a miracle.

和平解放60年的历史证明，西藏作为中国不可分割的组成部分，历来与祖国同命运、共发展。西藏的发展进步与祖国息息相关，祖国的命运直接影响到西藏的前途。近代中国积贫积弱、政府腐败无能，沦为半殖民地半封建社会，包括西藏在内的中国领土遭到西方列强的侵略和蹂躏，面临被瓜分肢解的厄运。中华人民共和国成立以后，在中央人民政府的强有力领导和特殊关怀下，西藏实现了和平解放，并通过民主改革、自治区成立、社会主义建设和改革开放，由一个政教合一的封建农奴制社会跨入了人民民主的社会主义现代化社会，实现了经济的快速发展和社会的全面进步，一步步地向现代化迈进。可以说，西藏60年的发展进步是与祖国的统一、发展和中央的关心、全国的支援分不开的。没有祖国的独立、统一和富强，就没有西藏社会的新生和发展。只有坚持中国共产党的领导，坚持社会主义道路，坚持民族区域自治制度，坚持走有中国特色、西藏特点的发展路子，西藏才有繁荣进步的今天和更加美好的明天。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The 60 years following Tibet’s peaceful liberation have proved that Tibet, as an inseparable part of China, shares its destiny with the motherland, and its development is also impossible without that of China. In modern times, when China was reduced to semi-colonial and semi-feudal society beset with poverty and weakness under corrupt and incompetent regimes, Tibet was also invaded and bullied by Western powers. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, Tibet was peacefully liberated. Under the leadership of and with special care from the Central People’s Government, and through democratic reform, the founding of the autonomous region, socialist construction and the reform and opening-up, Tibet abolished serfdom and theocracy, become a modern, democratic socialist society, achieved rapid and comprehensive economic and social development, and embarked on the road to modernity. Tibet’s 60 years of development would have been impossible without the care of the Central Authorities and the support of the entire nation. Moreover, Tibet’s rebirth and development would have been impossible without national unification, independence and prosperity. Only by adhering to the leadership of the CPC, the path of socialism, the system of regional ethnic autonomy, and the development mode with Chinese characteristics and Tibet’s regional features, can Tibet enjoy lasting prosperity and a bright future.

当前，中国正处于全面建设小康社会、加快推进改革开放和现代化建设的新的历史时期。中央召开了第五次西藏工作座谈会，从国家发展和西藏的实际出发，确立了西藏从加快发展到跨越式发展、从基本稳定到长治久安的战略目标，作出了全面的部署。西藏的改革发展稳定各项工作呈现出喜人的局面。我们相信，有过去60年发展奠定的良好基础，有中央的关心、全国的支援和西藏各族人民的共同奋斗，西藏必将迎来更加美好的明天。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Today, China is in a historical period of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, speeding up reform and opening up and realizing modernization. The Fifth Tibet Work Forum, held by the Central Authorities, formulated the strategic goal to realize leapfrog development on the basis of the rapid development achieved so far and achieve lasting stability on basis of basic stability by proceeding from the reality of Tibet and the development of the country. Tibet is advancing smoothly in the course of reform and in all of its undertakings, and we have every reason to believe that the Tibet Autonomous Region will have a better future with the combined efforts of all ethnic groups in Tibet and the help of the entire nation.