中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

May 2009 Beijing

二〇〇九年五月·北京

Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China

目　　录

Contents

前　　言

Foreword

一、自然灾害状况

I. Natural Disasters in China

二、减灾战略目标和任务

II. Strategic Goals and Tasks for Disaster Reduction

三、减灾法制和体制机制建设

III. Construction of a Legal Framework, Institutional Setup and Working Mechanism Related to Disaster Reduction

四、减灾能力建设

IV. Enhancement of Disaster-reduction Capability

五、减灾的社会参与

V. Public Participation in Disaster Reduction

六、减灾的国际合作

VI. International Cooperation in Disaster Prevention and Reduction Concluding Remarks

前　　言

Foreword

　　近年来，全球频发的自然灾害给人类社会造成了巨大的生命和财产损失，自然灾害成为各国面临的共同挑战。

In recent years, natural disasters happened frequently around the world and have caused enormous losses of life and property to human society. They pose a common challenge to all the countries in the world.

　　中国是世界上自然灾害最为严重的国家之一。伴随着全球气候变化以及中国经济快速发展和城市化进程不断加快，中国的资源、环境和生态压力加剧，自然灾害防范应对形势更加严峻复杂。

China is one of the countries in the world that suffer the most natural disasters. Along with global climate changes and its own economic takeoff and progress in urbanization, China suffers increasing pressure on resources, environment and ecology. The situation in the prevention of and response to natural disasters has become more serious and complicated.

　　中国政府坚持以人为本，始终把保护公众的生命财产安全放在第一位，把减灾纳入经济和社会发展规划，作为实现可持续发展的重要保障。近年来，中国全面贯彻落实科学发展观，进一步加强减灾的法制和体制、机制建设，努力推进减灾各项能力建设，大力倡导减灾的社会参与，积极开展减灾领域的国际合作，不断推进减灾事业发展。

Always placing people first, the Chinese government has all along put the security of people's lives and property on the top of its work, and has listed the disaster prevention and reduction in its economic and social development plan as an important guarantee of sustainable development. In recent years, China has been comprehensively implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development, further strengthened legislation as well as the building of systems and mechanisms on disaster prevention and reduction, committed to building on disaster-prevention capacities, encouraged public contribution, and actively participated in international cooperation in this respect.

　　2008年5月12日发生的四川汶川特大地震，造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失，给中国人民带来巨大伤痛。中国政府决定，自2009年开始，每年的5月12日为国家"防灾减灾日"。值此四川汶川特大地震发生一周年和首个"防灾减灾日"之际，对中国减灾事业的发展状况做一介绍，使世人更全面地了解中国政府和中国人民为减灾所做的巨大努力。

The devastating Wenchuan earthquake, which occurred on May 12, 2008, caused massive human casualties and property losses, and caused immeasurable sufferings to the Chinese people. In the wake of the disaster, the Chinese government decided to make May 12 "Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day," starting in 2009. This document has been written to mark the first anniversary of the Wenchuan earthquake and greet China’s first "Disaster Prevention and Reduction Day," with a review of the endeavors the Chinese government and people have made in disaster prevention and reduction.

　　一、自然灾害状况

I. Natural Disasters in China

　　中国的自然灾害具有以下几个主要特点：

The natural disasters that China suffers from most have the following characteristics:

　　（一）灾害种类多。中国的自然灾害主要有气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害、海洋灾害、生物灾害和森林草原火灾。除现代火山活动外，几乎所有自然灾害都在中国出现过。

1. Diverse types. They include meteorological disasters, earthquakes, geological disasters, marine disasters, biological disasters, and forest and grassland fires. Except for modern volcanic activity, China has suffered from most types of natural disasters.

　　（二）分布地域广。中国各省（自治区、直辖市）均不同程度受到自然灾害影响，70%以上的城市、50%以上的人口分布在气象、地震、地质、海洋等自然灾害严重的地区。三分之二以上的国土面积受到洪涝灾害威胁。东部、南部沿海地区以及部分内陆省份经常遭受热带气旋侵袭。东北、西北、华北等地区旱灾频发，西南、华南等地的严重干旱时有发生。各省（自治区、直辖市）均发生过5级以上的破坏性地震。约占国土面积69%的山地、高原区域因地质构造复杂，滑坡、泥石流、山体崩塌等地质灾害频繁发生。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

2. Wide scope of distribution. Natural disasters cause damages in different degrees to all of Chinese provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government). More than 70 percent of Chinese cities and more than 50 percent of the Chinese population are living in areas vulnerable to serious earthquakes, or meteorological, geological or marine disasters. Two thirds of China's land are threatened by floods. Tropical cyclones often batter the eastern and southern coasts, and some inland places. Droughts often occur in the northeast, northwest and north, with particularly serious ones common in southwest and south China. Destructive earthquakes with a magnitude of 5 or more on the Richter Scale have struck all the country's provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities). The mountainous and plateau areas, accounting for 69 percent of China's total land territory, suffer frequent landslides, mudrock flows and cliff collapses due to complicated geological conditions.

　　（三）发生频率高。中国受季风气候影响十分强烈，气象灾害频繁，局地性或区域性干旱灾害几乎每年都会出现，东部沿海地区平均每年约有7个热带气旋登陆。中国位于欧亚、太平洋及印度洋三大板块交汇地带，新构造运动活跃，地震活动十分频繁，大陆地震占全球陆地破坏性地震的三分之一，是世界上大陆地震最多的国家。森林和草原火灾时有发生。

3. High frequency. Its monsoon climate has a strong impact on China, and causes frequent meteorological disasters. Local or regional droughts occur almost every year, while tropical cyclones, seven times a year on average, batter the east coast. As China lies right in the region where the Eurasian, Pacific and Indian Ocean plates meet, it suffers from frequent earthquakes due to still-active tectonic movements. Most of the quakes shaking China are continental, accounting for one-third of global destructive land quakes. Fires often break out in forests and on grasslands.

　　（四）造成损失重。1990－2008年19年间，平均每年因各类自然灾害造成约3亿人次受灾，倒塌房屋300多万间，紧急转移安置人口900多万人次，直接经济损失2000多亿元人民币。特别是1998年发生在长江、松花江和嫩江流域的特大洪涝，2006年发生在四川、重庆的特大干旱，2007年发生在淮河流域的特大洪涝，2008年发生在中国南方地区的特大低温雨雪冰冻灾害，以及2008年5月12日发生在四川、甘肃、陕西等地的汶川特大地震灾害等，均造成重大损失。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

4. Huge losses. During the 19 years from 1990 to 2008, on annual average, natural disasters affected about 300 million people, destroyed more than 3 million buildings, and forced the evacuation of more than 9 million people. The direct financial losses caused exceeded 200 billion yuan. Floods in the Yangtze, Songhua and Nenjiang river valleys in 1998, serious droughts in Sichuan Province and Chongqing Municipality in 2006, devastating floods in the Huaihe River valley in 2007, extreme cold weather and sleet in south China in early 2008, and the earthquake that shook Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi and other places on May 12, 2008 all caused tremendous losses.

　　当前和今后一个时期，在全球气候变化背景下，极端天气气候事件发生的几率进一步增大，降水分布不均衡、气温异常变化等因素导致的洪涝、干旱、高温热浪、低温雨雪冰冻、森林草原火灾、农林病虫害等灾害可能增多，出现超强台风、强台风以及风暴潮等灾害的可能性加大，局部强降雨引发的山洪、滑坡和泥石流等地质灾害防范任务更加繁重。随着地壳运动的变化，地震灾害的风险有所增加。

Now and for a fairly long time to come, the risks of extreme weather phenomena are increasing along with global climate changes. Owing to imbalanced distribution of precipitation, unusual temperature changes and other factors, the occurrences of floods and droughts, hot weather and heat waves, low-temperature rain, snow and sleet, forest and grassland fires, plant diseases, insect and animal pests may grow in number. The probability of strong and extra-strong typhoons, tempests and other disasters is quite high. The tasks of guarding against and preventing such geological disasters as mountain torrents, landsides and mud-rock flows brought about by heavy rains remain weighty. In addition, as a result of the earth's crustal movements, the danger of earthquakes is increasing.

　　二、减灾战略目标和任务

II. Strategic Goals and Tasks for Disaster Reduction

　　近年来，中国政府在《国家综合减灾"十一五"规划》等文件中明确提出"十一五"期间（2006－2010年）及中长期国家综合减灾战略目标，即：建立比较完善的减灾工作管理体制和运行机制，灾害监测预警、防灾备灾、应急处置、灾害救助、恢复重建能力大幅提升，公民减灾意识和技能显著增强，人员伤亡和自然灾害造成的直接经济损失明显减少。

In the National 11th Five-year Plan on Comprehensive Disaster Reduction and other documents issued in recent years, the Chinese government has made clear its medium- and long-term strategic goals during the 11th Five-year Plan period (2006-2010) and the ensuing years: to build a relatively complete working system and operational mechanisms regarding disaster reduction; to greatly enhance the capabilities related to disaster monitoring and early warning, prevention and preparation, emergency handling, disaster relief, and rehabilitation and reconstruction; to notably raise public awareness of disaster reduction and emergency rescue skills; and to significantly reduce human casualties and direct economic losses caused by natural disasters.

　　中国减灾的主要任务是：

The main tasks are as follows:

　　--加强自然灾害风险隐患和信息管理能力建设。全面查明重点区域主要自然灾害风险隐患，基本摸清减灾能力底数，建立自然灾害风险隐患数据库，编制全国灾害高风险区及重点区域灾害风险图。建立自然灾害灾情统计体系，建成国家、省、市、县四级灾情上报系统，健全灾情信息快报、核报工作机制和灾害信息沟通、会商、通报制度，建设灾害信息共享及发布平台，加强对灾害信息的分析、评估和应用。

--To strengthen capability in management over hidden risks of natural disasters and relevant information. Based on a general survey of hidden risks of major natural disasters in key areas, and the overall prevention and reduction capabilities of the nation, China will build a database of the risks of natural disasters, and draw up a national diagram of the situations in high-risk and key areas. It will also build a system for collecting statistics about disasters and the damage inflicted, and a reporting system covering the national, provincial, municipal and county levels. It will improve the mechanisms of prompt news release, check on disaster damage, and the work on information exchange, consultation and announcement. A platform for the sharing and releasing of disaster information will be established, and the analysis, appraisal and application of disaster information be reinforced.

　　--加强自然灾害监测预警预报能力建设。在完善现有监测站网的基础上，适当增加监测密度，建设卫星遥感灾害监测系统，构建自然灾害立体监测体系。推进监测预警基础设施的综合运用与集成开发，完善灾害预警预报决策支持系统。注重加强频发易发灾害和极端天气气候事件的监测预警预报能力建设。建立健全灾害风险预警信息发布机制，充分利用各类传播方式，准确、及时发布灾害预警预报信息。

-- To strengthen capability in the monitoring, early warning and forecasting of natural disasters. While improving the existing monitoring network, China will increase the monitoring density and launch a satellite remote-sensing monitoring system, thus building a three-dimensional monitoring platform for natural disasters. It will promote the comprehensive utilization and integrated development of monitoring and early warning infrastructures, and improve the supporting systems in the field of disaster warning, forecasting and decision-making. Particular efforts will be made to strengthen the capability of monitoring, early warning and forecasting extreme weather and serious frequently-occurred disasters. A mechanism to issue disaster risk warnings will be put in place using various channels of communication to accurately and promptly release disaster information.

　　--加强自然灾害综合防范防御能力建设。全面落实各项减灾专项规划，建设好各类减灾骨干工程，提高大中型工业基地、交通干线、通信枢纽和生命线工程的防灾抗灾能力。按照土地利用总体规划要求和节约集约利用土地原则，统筹做好农业和农村减灾、工业和城市减灾以及重点地区的防灾减灾专项规划编制与减灾工程建设，全面提高灾害综合防御能力。

-- To strengthen overall capability to prevent and combat natural disasters. Efforts will be made to carry out various plans concerning disaster prevention and reduction, construct pillar projects, and raise the disaster combat capabilities of large and medium-sized industrial bases, transportation trunk lines, communication hubs and lifeline projects. In line with the national land utilization plan and principle of economical and intensive use of land, the government will make an overall plan in respect of disaster reduction concerning agriculture and rural areas, industry and urban areas, as well as specialized disaster prevention and reduction plans and construction of relevant projects in key areas, so as to enhance the country's overall disaster-prevention capacity in all aspects.

　　--加强国家自然灾害应急抢险救援能力建设。建立健全统一指挥、综合协调、分类管理、分级负责、属地管理为主的灾害应急管理体制，形成协调有序、运转高效的运行机制。基本形成纵向到底、横向到边的自然灾害救助应急预案体系。加强中央和地方抗灾救灾物资储备网络建设，提升救灾物资运输保障能力，加强各类骨干抢险救援队伍和专业救援队伍建设，改善减灾救灾装备。建立完善社会动员机制，充分发挥民间组织、基层自治组织和志愿者队伍在综合减灾工作中的作用。

-- To strengthen the state capacity for emergency rescue and relief work. A coordinated and efficient disaster emergency management system will be built, characterized by unified command, sound coordination, clear division of work, and level-by-level control with local authorities playing the main role. This will form, by and large, an emergency relief system covering all aspects. The construction of disaster combat and relief materials reserve network, at central and local levels, will be strengthened; the transportation capacity of relief materials will be raised; various backbone or professional rescue contingents will be consolidated; and disaster reduction and relief equipment will be improved. Social mobilization mechanisms are to be improved to give full play to the functions of non-governmental organizations and organizations at the grassroots level as well as volunteers in the sphere of disaster relief.

　　--加强流域防洪减灾体系建设。坚持全面规划、统筹兼顾、标本兼治、综合治理的原则，逐步建成以堤防为基础、干支流控制性水利枢纽、蓄滞洪区、河道整治相配合，结合干垸行洪、退田还湖、水土保持等工程措施及防汛抗旱指挥系统和防洪调度管理、洪水风险管理等非工程措施建设，构建较为完善的流域防洪减灾体系，保障流域防洪安全。

-- To strengthen capability in consolidating flood control in various river valleys. Adhering to the principles of overall planning, sound coordination and comprehensive solution of both root causes and symptoms, a complete flood control and disaster prevention system will be built to guarantee the safety of river valleys. The system will take embankment construction as the basis, backed up by key water control projects on mainstreams and tributaries, flood storage areas and dredged watercourses, as well as levees, lakeside lands returned from farming to water, and water and soil conservation efforts, in addition to non-project measures such as flood and drought control command systems, coordination measures and flood risk management.

　　--加强巨灾综合应对能力建设。加强对巨灾发生机理、活动规律及次生灾害相互关系研究，开展重大自然变异模拟和巨灾应急仿真实验。建立健全应对巨灾风险的体制、机制、政策措施和应对方案，开展应对巨灾的演练。推进农业、林业保险试点，探索建立适合中国国情的巨灾保险和再保险体系。加强巨灾防御工程建设。建立亚洲区域巨灾研究中心。

-- To strengthen capability in comprehensive response to disastrous calamities. By studying the mechanism of occurrence and law of activity of disastrous calamities, and their relations with secondary disasters, China will conduct simulation experiments of massive disaster variations and emergency responses to disastrous calamities. It will build and improve relevant systems and mechanisms, work out policies and emergency response plans against disastrous calamities, and conduct drills to combat them. It will also spread pilot insurance schemes in agriculture and forestry, and introduce, based on national conditions, insurance and re-insurance against devastating disasters. It will strengthen efforts in the construction of projects against huge disasters, and establish an Asian regional disaster research center.

　　--加强城乡社区减灾能力建设。完善城乡社区灾害应急预案，组织社区居民演练。完善城乡社区减灾基础设施，创建全国综合减灾示范社区。全面开展城乡民居减灾安居工程建设。在多灾易灾的城乡社区建设避难场所。建立灾害信息员队伍。加强城乡社区居民家庭防灾减灾准备，建立应急状态下社区弱势群体保护机制。

-- To strengthen urban and rural community capability in coping with disasters. China will improve the emergency response plans for urban and　rural communities, and train the residents against such dangers. Urban and rural emergency facilities will be improved, and model communities will be established throughout the country. Housing safety projects in both rural and urban areas will be built. Shelters will be built where disasters are prone to occur. Community disaster reporters will be nominated, urban and rural residents will be educated to prevent and deal with disasters, and a mechanism to protect disadvantaged community groups will be built.

　　--加强减灾科技支撑能力建设。加强减灾关键技术研发，研究制定国家综合减灾中长期科技发展战略。加快遥感、地理信息系统、全球定位系统和网络通讯技术的应用。加大综合减灾科技资金投入。加强减灾学科建设和人才培养，建设综合减灾的人才培养基地。建设综合减灾的技术标准体系，提高综合减灾的标准化水平。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- To strengthen the scientific and technological support capability in the fields of disaster prevention and reduction. China will fortify the research and development of key technologies, and study and work out national medium- and long-term strategies for scientific and technological development in coping with natural disasters. It will quicken the application of remote-sensing, geographical information system, global positioning system, and network communication technologies. It will invest more funds in scientific and technological development against disasters, support the construction of relevant disciplines and the fostering of skilled people, and build personnel training bases. It will also introduce relevant technological standards, and standardize disaster prevention and reduction operations.

　　--加强减灾科普宣传教育能力建设。强化地方各级人民政府的减灾责任意识。将减灾知识普及纳入学校教育内容，纳入文化、科技、卫生"三下乡"活动，开展减灾普及教育和专业教育，加强减灾科普教育基地建设。建设国家减灾科普教育支撑网络平台。编制减灾科普读物、挂图或音像制品，推广地方减灾经验、宣传成功减灾案例和减灾知识，提高公民防灾减灾意识和技能。

-- To strengthen capability in scientific publicity and education concerning disaster reduction. China will heighten the sense of duty of local governments at various levels in disaster reduction. Knowledge related to disaster reduction will be incorporated in school textbooks, and provided to rural residents through activities to bring cultural, scientific, medical services to the rural areas. General or specialized education concerning disaster reduction will be encouraged, and relevant education bases built. A national network platform spreading disaster reduction knowledge will be launched. Popular science books, wall charts and audio-visual products will be published and produced, local experiences in disaster prevention and reduction be publicized, and public awareness and skills raised.

　　三、减灾法制和体制机制建设

III. Construction of a Legal Framework, Institutional Setup and Working Mechanism Related to Disaster Reduction

　　中国注重减灾的法制建设，颁布实施一系列减灾法律、法规，逐步把减灾工作纳入法制化轨道。20世纪80年代以来，颁布了《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》、《中华人民共和国水土保持法》、《中华人民共和国防震减灾法》、《中华人民共和国水法》、《中华人民共和国防洪法》、《中华人民共和国防沙治沙法》、《中华人民共和国气象法》、《中华人民共和国森林法》、《中华人民共和国草原法》、《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》、《中华人民共和国环境噪声污染防治法》、《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》、《中华人民共和国海洋环境保护法》、《中华人民共和国消防法》和《中华人民共和国抗旱条例》、《中华人民共和国水文条例》、《中华人民共和国防汛条例》、《森林防火条例》、《草原防火条例》、《重大动物疫情应急条例》、《森林病虫害防治条例》、《地质灾害防治条例》、《破坏性地震应急条例》、《水库大坝安全管理条例》、《人工影响天气条例》等30多部防灾减灾或与防灾减灾密切相关的法律、法规。中国将根据减灾工作的实际需要，进一步加强减灾的法制建设。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China attaches great importance to legislation regarding disaster prevention and reduction and has enacted a number of laws and regulations in this regard, thus gradually institutionalizing disaster reduction efforts. Since the early 1980s, the state has promulgated more than 30 laws and regulations concerning disaster prevention and reduction, including the Emergency Response Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Water and Soil Conservation, Law of the People's Republic of China on Protection Against and Mitigation of Earthquake Disasters, Water Law of the People's Republic of China, Flood Control Law of the People's Re-public of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on Desertification Prevention and Transformation, Meteorology Law of the People's Republic of China, Forestry Law of the People's Republic of China, Grassland Law of the People's Republic of China, Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Pollution from Environmental Noise, Law of the People's Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution from Solid Waste, Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic of China, Fire Control Law of the People's Re-public of China, Drought Control Regulations of the People's Republic of China, Hydrology Regulations of the People's Republic of China, Flood Control Regulations of the People's Republic of China, Forest Fire Control Regulations of the People's Republic of China, Grassland Fire 　Control Regulations of the People's Republic of China, Regulations on Handling Major Animal Epidemic Emergencies, Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Forest Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Geological Disasters, Regulations on the Handling of Destructive Earthquake Emergencies, Regulations on the Administration of Security of Reservoirs and Dams, and Regulations on the Administration of Weather Modification. The state will continue its efforts in the field of legislation as concerns disaster prevention and reduction as the need arises.

　　多年来，中国政府坚持把减灾纳入国家和地方可持续发展战略。1994年3月，中国政府颁布《中国21世纪议程》，从国家层面明确减灾与生态环境保护的关系，把提高对自然灾害的管理水平、加强防灾减灾体系建设以及减少人为因素诱发和加重自然灾害作为议程的重要内容。1998年4月，国家颁布《中华人民共和国减灾规划（1998－2010年）》，第一次以专项规划的形式提出了国家减灾的指导方针、发展目标、主要任务和具体措施。2006年10月，中国政府颁布《国家"十一五"科学技术发展规划》，把建立国家公共安全应急技术体系、提升国家应对公共安全灾害事故与突发公共事件能力作为未来发展的重点任务之一。2007年8月，中国政府颁布《国家综合减灾"十一五"规划》，明确要求地方政府将减灾纳入当地经济社会发展规划。

The Chinese government has for years persisted in incorporating disaster reduction in the sustainable development strategies at the national and local levels. In "China's Agenda 21," issued in March 1994, the central government clearly defined the relations between disaster reduction and environmental protection at the national level, placing as major concerns the construction of a disaster prevention and reduction system and the reduction of human activities that trigger or worsen natural disasters on its agenda. In April 1998, the state released the Disaster Reduction Plan of the People's Republic of China (1998-2010). It put forward the guidelines, goals, tasks and methods of disaster reduction work, in the form of specialized plans, for the first time in China. In October 2006, the 11th Five-year Plan for the Development of Science and Technology was released, in which the Chinese government included as major tasks the technological development for a public security emergency response system and the enhancement of the nation's capabilities in handling public security disasters and unexpected public incidents. In August 2007, the Chinese government issued the 11th Five-year Plan on Comprehensive Disaster Reduction, requiring local governments to include disaster reduction in their social and economic development plans.

　　中国实行政府统一领导，部门分工负责，灾害分级管理，属地管理为主的减灾救灾领导体制。在国务院统一领导下，中央层面设立国家减灾委员会、国家防汛抗旱总指挥部、国务院抗震救灾指挥部、国家森林防火指挥部和全国抗灾救灾综合协调办公室等机构，负责减灾救灾的协调和组织工作。各级地方政府成立职能相近的减灾救灾协调机构。在减灾救灾过程中，注重发挥中国人民解放军、武警部队、民兵组织和公安民警的主力军和突击队作用，注重发挥人民团体、社会组织及志愿者的作用。

China has adopted a disaster reduction and relief system featuring central leadership, departmental responsibility and disaster administration at different levels with major responsibility on local authorities. Under the unified leadership of the State Council, the central organs coordinating and organizing disaster reduction and relief work are the National Disaster Reduction Committee, State Flood and Drought Control Headquarters, State Earthquake Control and Rescue Headquarters, State Forest Fire Control Headquarters and National Disaster Control and Relief Coordination Office. Local governments also have set up corresponding coordination offices to handle disaster reduction and relief work. During disaster reduction and relief work, the People's Liberation Army, the Armed Police, militiamen and reservists, as well as policemen play the major role, and often act as task forces. Social groups, non-governmental organizations and volunteers will also join the effort.

　　在长期的减灾救灾实践中，中国建立了符合国情、具有中国特色的减灾救灾工作机制。中央政府构建了灾害应急响应机制、灾害信息发布机制、救灾应急物资储备机制、灾情预警会商和信息共享机制、重大灾害抢险救灾联动协调机制和灾害应急社会动员机制。各级地方政府建立相应的减灾工作机制。

With years of experience in disaster reduction and relief work, the Chinese government has established a disaster reduction and relief mechanism geared to the nation's situation. It has established a series of disaster emergency mechanisms, including a disaster emergency response system, disaster information release mechanism, emergency relief materials reserve system, disaster early warning, consultation and information sharing system, major disaster rescue and relief joint coordination mechanism and emergency social mobilization mechanism. Local governments at various levels also have similar working mechanisms.

　　--灾害应急响应机制。中央政府应对突发性自然灾害预案体系分为三个层次，即：国家总体应急预案、国家专项应急预案和部门应急预案。政府各部门根据自然灾害专项应急预案和部门职责，制定更具操作性的预案实施办法和应急工作规程。重大自然灾害发生后，在国务院统一领导下，相关部门各司其职，密切配合，及时启动应急预案，按照预案做好各项抗灾救灾工作。灾区各级政府在第一时间启动应急响应，成立由当地政府负责人担任指挥、有关部门作为成员的灾害应急指挥机构，负责统一制定灾害应对策略和措施，组织开展现场应急处置工作，及时向上级政府和有关部门报告灾情和抗灾救灾工作情况。

-- Disaster emergency response system. The emergency response system of the central government for unexpected natural disasters is formed of three levels: state overall emergency response plan, state specialized emergency response plan, and departmental emergency response plans. Detailed measures and working regulations are worked out by the relevant government departments in line with the specialized plans and their respective responsibilities. In the wake of a major natural disaster, under the unified leadership of the State Council, the relevant departments with different focuses shall act in coordination and launch emergency response plans to guide disaster control and relief work. The governments of the affected areas shall immediately start emergency response measures and set up a local disaster emergency response command with the heads of the local governments serving as the chief commanders, and leaders of relevant departments as members, to jointly draw up emergency plans and measures, organize field emergency response work, and report disaster details and work progress to governments of higher levels and relevant departments.

　　--灾害信息发布机制。按照及时准确、公开透明的原则，中央和地方各级政府认真做好自然灾害等各类突发事件的应急管理信息发布工作，采取授权发布、发布新闻稿、组织记者采访、举办新闻发布会等多种方式，及时向公众发布灾害发生发展情况、应对处置工作进展和防灾避险知识等相关信息，保障公众知情权和监督权。

-- Disaster information release system. Following the principle of "being prompt and precise, open and transparent," the central and local governments are expected to work in earnest on the emergency information release work concerning natural disasters and other emergencies, offering through authorized releases, press releases, interviews and press conferences to the public prompt information on the disasters and their developments, progress of emergency response work, disaster prevention, and knowledge on disaster prevention and other information, thus ensuring the public's rights to know and supervise.

　　--救灾应急物资储备机制。已经建立以物资储备仓库为依托的救灾物资储备网络，国家应急物资储备体系逐步完善。目前，全国设立了10个中央级生活类救灾物资储备仓库，并不断建设完善中央级救灾物资、防汛物资、森林防火物资等物资储备库。部分省、市、县建立了地方救灾物资储备仓库，抗灾救灾物资储备体系初步形成。通过与生产厂家签订救灾物资紧急购销协议、建立救灾物资生产厂家名录等方式，进一步完善应急救灾物资保障机制。

-- Relief materials reserve system. China has built a relief materials reserve network based on special storehouses, which has seen year-on-year improvements. The country has now ten such storehouses for daily necessities at the central level, and storage centers for relief supply, flood and forest fire control supplies are continuously being built and improved. Coupled with the reserve relief supply centers established in some provinces, cities and counties, a preliminary disaster control and relief materials reserve system has taken shape. To guarantee the timely purchase of relief supplies, a list of commissioned relief supply manufacturers is established, and emergency purchase agreements signed with them for the supply of relief materials in case of emergency.

　　--灾情预警会商和信息共享机制。建立由民政、国土资源、水利、农业、林业、统计、地震、海洋、气象等主要涉灾部门参加的灾情预警会商和信息共享机制，开展灾害信息数据库建设，启动国家地理信息公共服务平台，建立灾情信息共享与发布系统，建设国家综合减灾和风险管理信息平台，及时为中央和地方各部门灾害应急决策提供有效支持。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Disaster early warning, consultation and information sharing mechanism. A disaster early warning, consultation and information sharing mechanism has been set up, involving such relevant departments as civil affairs, land and resources, water resources, agriculture, forestry, statistics, seismology, maritime affairs and meteorology. To offer timely and effective support for the decision-making of the central government and local departments in case of emergency, China has initiated the construction of a disaster information database and launched a public platform of national geographical information and a disaster information publishing and sharing system, as well as a platform for national disaster reduction and risk management information.

　　--重大灾害抢险救灾联动协调机制。重大灾害发生后，各有关部门发挥职能作用，及时向灾区派出由相关部委组成的工作组，了解灾情和指导抗灾救灾工作，并根据国务院要求，及时协调有关部门提出救灾意见，帮助灾区开展救助工作，防范次生、衍生灾害的发生。

-- Major disaster rescue and relief joint coordination mechanism. In the wake of a major disaster, relevant departments will play their functions and timely dispatch to disaster-hit areas working groups composed of personnel from these departments to gather first-hand information and guide disaster control and relief work on the spot. The groups are also required by the State Council to coordinate with the relevant departments to map out rescue plans, help with disaster relief work and prevent possible secondary disasters.

　　--灾害应急社会动员机制。国家已初步建立以抢险动员、搜救动员、救护动员、救助动员、救灾捐赠动员为主要内容的社会应急动员机制。注重发挥人民团体、红十字会等民间组织、基层自治组织和志愿者在灾害防御、紧急救援、救灾捐赠、医疗救助、卫生防疫、恢复重建、灾后心理支持等方面的作用。

-- Disaster emergency response public mobilization mechanism. A preliminary public mobilization system is now in place, focusing on efforts for rescue, search, first aid, relief, donation and other work. The government also gives full scope to non-government organizations, such as mass organizations, the Red Cross, self-governmental organizations at the grassroots level and individual volunteers in the fields of disaster prevention, emergency rescue, relief and donation work, medical, hygiene and quarantine work, post-disaster reconstruction, psychological support and other aspects.

　　四、减灾能力建设

IV. Enhancement of Disaster-reduction Capability

　　中国政府重视减灾的能力建设，在减灾工程、灾害预警、应急处置、科技支撑、人才培养和社区减灾等方面做了大量工作。

The Chinese government attaches great importance to the enhancement of disaster-reduction capability. It has made great efforts in undertaking disaster-reduction projects, improving disaster early warning and emergency response, enhancing sci-tech support, strengthening personnel training and disaster reduction work in communities.

　　（一）实施减灾工程，提高灾害综合防范防御能力

1. Carrying out Disaster-reduction Projects and Improving Capability in Comprehensive Prevention of Disasters

　　近年来，国家实施防汛抗旱、防震抗灾、防风防潮、防沙治沙、生态建设等一系列重大减灾工程。

In recent years, China has engaged in a series of important disaster-reduction projects, including those concerning flood control, drought combat, earthquake prevention and relief, cyclone control, red tide and other marine disaster prevention, desertification and sandstorm control, and ecological construction.

　　--大江大河治理工程。国家通过实施积极的财政政策、发行国债等，大幅增加江河治理投入，加快大江大河大湖治理步伐。目前，长江中下游干堤全部修完修好，黄河下游标准化堤防建设全面展开，治淮19项骨干工程基本建成，长江三峡、黄河小浪底、淮河临淮岗等枢纽工程全面发挥效益。中国大江大河防洪能力进一步提高，部分主要河段已基本具备防御100年一遇洪水能力。中小河流防洪能力不断提高，重点海堤设防标准提高到防御50年一遇洪水能力。

-- Flood control on major rivers. The government has greatly in-creased its input in harnessing major rivers by way of adopting proactive financial policies and issuance of bonds, which has accelerated the progress of the harnessing of major rivers and lakes. To date, the construction and renovation of the dykes on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have been completed; construction of standardized dykes on the lower reaches of the Yellow River is in full swing; 19 major flood control projects for the Huaihe River have been, by and large, completed; and pivotal water conservancy projects at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River, Xiaolangdi on the Yellow River and Linhuaigang on the Huaihe River are playing their full part. China's flood control ability on major rivers has been further improved. Construction work on some major sections of these rivers is now capable of defying the severest flood in 100 years. The flood control capability of small and medium-sized rivers has been continuously improved. The standard for key sea dykes has been raised to withstand the worst flood in 50 years.

　　--农村困难群众危房改造工程。国家注重提高农村居民住房抗灾能力建设。在灾后倒房重建工作中加强房屋选址设计、施工验收等环节的技术指导和质量监督，结合扶贫开发工作推进减灾安居工程建设。自2005年以来，全国各地共投入资金175.35亿元人民币，完成改造、新建农村困难群众住房580.16万间，使180.51万户、649.65万人受益。

-- Housing renovation for impoverished rural residents. China attaches great importance to disaster-proof residential construction in rural areas. During the reconstruction of disaster-stricken buildings, technical guidance is　given and quality control stressed on site selection, design, construction and acceptance inspection. Housing projects are pushed forward in combination with poverty alleviation efforts. Since 2005, a total of 17.535 billion yuan has been invested nationwide in the renovation and construction of 5.8016 million rural houses for 1.8051 million impoverished households totaling 6.4965 million people.

　　--中小学危房改造工程。从2001年开始，国家实施对全国中小学危房改造工程。截至2005年，中央财政安排专项资金90亿元人民币，全国纳入农村中小学危房改造规划的项目学校共4万多所。从2006年起，将全国农村义务教育阶段中小学校舍维修改造纳入农村义务教育经费保障机制。

-- Decrepit school building renovation. Since 2001, a school building renovation scheme has been implemented throughout the country. By the end of 2005, a special fund of 9 billion yuan from the state revenues has been allocated for renovating the decrepit buildings of over 40,000 schools. Since 2006, building renovation expenses of all primary and junior high schools in rural areas have been included in the financial support scheme for compulsory education in rural areas.

　　--中小学校舍安全工程。从2009年起，国家将用三年时间，在全国中小学开展抗震加固、提高综合防灾能力建设，使学校校舍达到重点设防类抗震设防标准，并符合对山体滑坡、岩崩、泥石流、热带气旋、火灾等灾害的防灾避险安全要求。

-- Safe school buildings. Starting from 2009, the state will reinforce school buildings nationwide in order to make them meet the earthquake withstanding standard applied for key projects within three years. They should also meet the requirements in preventing and avoiding disasters caused by mountainside landslide, rock collapse, mud-rock flow, tropical heat wave, fire, etc.

　　--病险水库除险加固工程。2008年3月，国家颁布《全国病险水库除险加固专项规划》，提出在三年内完成现有大中型和重点小型病险水库除险加固。2008年，全国即安排专项规划内病险水库除险加固工程项目4035个，占规划内全部6240座病险水库的65%。

-- Seepage prevention and reinforcement for unsafe reservoirs. In March 2008, the state issued the Special National Plan on Seepage Prevention and Reinforcement for Unsafe Reservoirs, requiring the completion of renovation of large and medium reservoirs as well as key small-sized ones threatened by floods within three years. In 2008, 4,035 seepage prevention and reservoir reinforcement projects were undertaken, accounting for 65 percent of the total 6,240 targeted reservoirs.

　　--农村饮水安全工程。 "十五"期间（2000－2005年），国家共投入资金223亿元人民币，解决了6700万人的饮水问题，基本结束了农村严重缺乏饮用水的历史。从2006年开始，农村饮水工作进入以保障饮水安全为中心的新阶段。从2006年到2008年，安排中央投资238亿元人民币，地方自筹配套资金226亿元人民币，累计解决1.09亿农村人口的饮水安全问题。

-- Drinking water safety in rural areas. During the Tenth Five-year Plan period (2000-2005), a total of 22.3 billion yuan was spent on solving the problem of drinking water for 67 million people in rural areas, thus basically ending the history of a serious shortage of drinking water in rural areas. Since 2006 priorities have been shifted to guaranteeing that all drinking water is safe. From 2006 to 2008, 23.8 billion yuan were invested by the state revenues and 22.6 billion yuan invested by local revenues for providing safe drinking water to an accumulated rural population of 109 million.

　　--水土流失重点防治工程。20世纪80年代，国家开始在黄河、长江等水土流失严重地区实施水土流失重点防治工程。进入"九五"（1996－2000年）末期，开始加大投入力度并扩大治理规模，水土流失重点防治工程覆盖了全国七大江河（长江、黄河、淮河、海河、松辽、珠江、太湖）的上中游地区。截至2008年，重点防治工程共治理水土流失面积26万平方公里，已实施重点区域治理的水土流失治理程度达到70%，减沙率达40%以上。长江上游嘉陵江流域土壤侵蚀量减少三分之一，黄河流域每年减少入黄河泥沙3亿吨左右。

-- Water and soil erosion control. In the 1980s, key water and soil erosion control projects were launched in areas suffering from serious water and soil erosion, such as those along the Yellow and the Yangtze rivers. During the later period of the Ninth Five-year Plan (1996-2000), efforts were extended to the upper and middle reaches of the seven major rivers (Yangtze, Yellow, Huaihe, Haihe, Songhua, Liaohe, Pearl) and the Taihu Lake. By 2008, key water and soil erosion control projects had covered a total area of 260,000 sq km, with 70 percent of such areas put under control and a silt reduction rate of 40% or more. Soil erosion in the Jialing River area, on the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, has been reduced by one third, while the sediment flow into the Yellow River has been reduced by about 300 million tons per annum.

　　--农田灌排工程。自"九五"以来，国家加大投入，开展以大型灌区续建配套与节水改造为重点的农田灌排工程设施建设，农田灌排能力明显提高，抗御干旱、洪涝灾害能力得到加强。

-- Farmland irrigation and drainage. Since the beginning of the Ninth Five-year Plan, China has increased financial input in farmland irrigation and drainage facility construction, focusing on construction of support facilities and water-saving facilities in major irrigation areas. As a result, farmland irrigation and drainage as well as flood and drought resistance abilities have been improved.

　　--生态建设和环境治理工程。21世纪初，国家开始实施天然林资源保护、退耕还林、三北（东北、华北、西北）防护林建设、长江中下游重点防护林建设、京津风沙源治理、岩溶地区石漠化综合治理、野生动植物保护以及自然保护区建设、沿海防护林建设、退牧还草等重点生态建设工程，抑制荒漠化扩张速度，缓解极端气候的危害程度。开展生态补偿试点工作，确定山西省煤炭资源开发等6个生态环境补偿试点。组织开展生态省、市、县和环境优美乡镇、生态村建设，推进建设103个重点生态环境工程示范县。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Ecological construction and environmental improvement. Since the beginning of the 21st century, key ecological construction projects have been carried out, including those concerning natural forest resources protection, reverting farmland to forest, shelter forest construction in the northeast, north and northwest of China, key shelter forest construction on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, sand-storm sources control in the Beijing and Tianjin areas, desertification control in karst landform areas, wildlife protection and nature reserve construction, coastal shelter forest construction and the restoration of pasturage to natural grassland. All these projects are aimed at checking the rapid expansion of desertification and reduce the damages caused by extreme climatic conditions. Pilot ecological compensation work has been carried out and experimented with six ecological compensation projects, including rational coal resources development in Shanxi Province. Efforts have also been made in the field of ecological construction at the provincial, municipal and county levels, and in building ecological towns and villages with excellent surroundings, especially pushing ahead the construction of 103 key demonstration counties.

　　--建筑和工程设施的设防工程。国家出台《市政公用设施抗灾设防管理规定》，发布《城市抗震防灾规划标准》、《镇（乡）、村建筑抗震设计规程》。发布国家标准《中国地震动参数区划图》，完善重大建设工程地震安全性评价管理制度，推进全国农村民居地震安全工程的实施，完成约245万户抗震安居房的建设和改造加固。四川汶川特大地震后，修订《建筑工程抗震设防分类标准》、《建筑抗震设计规范》。

-- Construction of earthquake-proof buildings and facilities. China has promulgated the Regulations on the Administration of Disaster Prevention of Urban Public Utilities, the Urban Earthquake and Disaster Prevention Planning Standards and the Design Specifications for Earthquake-proof Buildings in Towns (Townships) and Villages. China has published the Zoning Map of China with Seismological Parameters, improved its earthquake-proof evaluation management system for key construction projects, and promoted the implementation of safety guarantees for earthquake-proof houses in rural areas. Construction and reinforcement of 2.45 million such houses have been completed. After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, the Earth-quake-proof Classification Standards for Construction Projects and the Earthquake-proof Construction Design Specifications have been revised.

　　--公路灾害防治工程。从2006年起，结合公路水毁震毁等灾害发生情况，国家开始实施公路灾害防治工程。截至2008年，全国各地共投入资金15.4亿元人民币，以增设和完善山岭重丘区公路的灾害防护设施为重点，对公路边坡、路基、桥梁构造物和排（防）水设施进行综合处治，普通公路防灾能力全面提高。

-- Highway disaster prevention. Since 2006, in view of highways being destroyed by flood or earthquake, the state has implemented highway disaster prevention projects. By 2008, a total of 1.54 billion yuan had been invested to renovate road embankments, roadbeds, bridge structures and flood-proof and drainage facilities with focus on disaster prevention facilities in mountainous and hilly areas. The disaster-prevention capability of China’s ordinary highways has also been improved in an all-round way.

　　（二）构建立体监测体系，提高监测预警预报能力

2. Building up a Three-dimensional Monitoring System and Enhancing Disaster Monitoring, Early Warning and Forecasting Capability

　　建立包括地面监测、海洋海底观测和天－空－地观测在内的自然灾害立体监测体系，灾害监测预警预报体系初步形成。

China is building a three-dimensional natural disaster monitoring system, including land monitoring, ocean and ocean-bed observation, and space-air-ground observation. A disaster monitoring, early warning and forecasting system has taken initial shape.

　　--灾害遥感监测业务体系。成功发射环境减灾小卫星星座A、B星，卫星减灾应用业务系统初具规模，为灾害遥感监测、评估和决策提供先进技术支持。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

— Disaster remote-sensing monitoring system. Small satellites named Constellation A and Constellation B for environmental disaster-reduction monitoring have been launched. A business application system by using the disaster-reduction satellite has taken shape, providing advanced technological support to remote-sensing monitoring, evaluation of and decision-making for disaster reduction.

　　--气象预警预报体系。成功发射"风云"系列气象卫星，建成146部新一代天气雷达、91个高空气象探测站L波段探空系统，建设25420个区域气象观测站。初步建立全国大气成分、酸雨、沙尘暴、雷电、农业气象、交通气象等专业气象观测网。基本建成比较完整的数值预报预测业务系统，开展灾害性天气短时临近预警业务，建成包括广播、电视、报纸、手机、网络等覆盖城乡社区的气象预警信息发布平台。

— Meteorological early warning and forecasting system. Meteorological satellites FY-1, FY-2 and FY-3 have been put into orbit. A new generation of weather radar installations, totaling 146, has been developed. Ninety-one high-altitude meteorological stations equipped with L-band upper-air meteorological sounding system have been established, and 25,420 regional meteorological observation stations are in operation. Special meteorological observation networks have been preliminarily built for studies of atmospheric elements, acid rain, sandstorm, thunder and lightning and agricultural and transportation meteorology. A comparatively complete data forecasting system has been built for early warning of imminent disastrous weather. A meteorological early warning information release platform covering both urban and rural communities has been established, releasing relevant information through radio, television, newspaper, cell-phone and the Internet.

　　--水文和洪水监测预警预报体系。建成由3171个水文站、1244个水位站、14602个雨量站、61个水文实验站和12683眼地下水测井组成的水文监测网。构建洪水预警预报系统、地下水监测系统、水资源管理系统和水文水资源数据系统。

— Hydrological monitoring and flood early warning and forecasting system. A hydrological monitoring network composed of 3,171 hydrological stations, 1,244 gauging stations, 14,602 precipitation stations, 61 hydrological experiment stations and 12,683 groundwater observation wells has been completed. A flood early warning and forecasting system, ground water monitoring system, water resources management system and hydrological data system have been established.

　　--地震监测预报体系。建成固定测震台站937个，流动台1000多个，实现了中国三级以上地震的准实时监测。建立地震前兆观测固定台点1300个，各类前兆流动观测网4000余测点。初步建成国家和省级地震预测预报分析会商平台，建成由700个信息节点构成的高速地震数据信息网，开通地震速报信息手机短信服务平台。

— Earthquake monitoring and forecasting system. China has built 937 fixed seismic stations and over 1,000 mobile seismic stations, enabling China to be capable of quasi-real-time monitoring of earthquakes above 3 on the Richter scale. In addition, 1,300 earthquake precursor observation stations have been established, as well as a mobile observation network composed of over 4,000 mobile observation stations. Seismological forecasting and monitoring systems at both national and provincial levels have taken initial shape. A high-speed seismic data network composed of 700 information nodes has been built. A cell-phone message service to provide timely earthquake reporting has been launched.

　　--地质灾害监测系统。从2003年起，开展地质灾害气象预警预报工作，已建立群测群防制度的地质灾害隐患点12万多处。三峡库区滑坡崩塌专业监测网和上海、北京、天津等市地面沉降专业监测网络基本建成。

— Geological disaster monitoring system. Since 2003, meteorological early warning of geological disasters has been in place. Over 120,000 places with potential geological hazards are now covered by this system. Also practiced in those places is that masses are involved in disaster monitoring and prevention. A special landslide monitoring network at the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and land subsidence monitoring networks in Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin have been largely completed.

　　--环境监测预警体系。组织开展环境质量监测、污染物监测、环境预警监测、突发环境事件应急监测等，客观反映全国地表水、地下水、海洋、空气、噪声、固体废物、辐射等环境质量状况。新建成环境一号A、B星，大范围、快速和动态地开展生态环境宏观监测及评价，初步形成环境监测天地一体化格局。目前，全国共有2399个环境监测站、49335名环境监测技术人员。

-- Environment monitoring and early warning system. Work on environment quality monitoring, pollutant monitoring, environment early warning and forecasting and unexpected environmental accidents monitoring has been carried out for objective observation of the pollution of surface, ground and ocean water, as well as air, noise, solid waste and radiation pollution. The newly launched HJ-1 environmental satellites A and B carry out efficient, macroscopic and real-time ecological monitoring and evaluation. A preliminary air-ground environment monitoring structure has been built. To date, there are altogether 2,399 environment monitoring stations with 49,335 technicians in China.

　　--野生动物疫源疫病监测预警系统。建立全国野生动物疫源疫病监测总站，已在候鸟等野生动物重要聚集分布区设立350处国家级监测站、768处省级监测站、1400多处地县级监测站，初步形成国家、省、地县三级野生动物疫源疫病监测预警网络。

-- Wild animal epidemic sources and disease monitoring and early warning system. A national wild animal epidemic sources and disease monitoring network has been established, with 350 observation stations at the national level, 768 at the provincial level and over 1,400 at the county level in major natural habitats of migratory birds and other wildlife. Thus, a wild animal epidemic sources and disease monitoring and early warning system has been founded, comprising national, provincial and county levels.

　　--病虫害监测预报系统。建立由3000多个站组成的农作物和病虫害测报网，240多个台（点）组成的草原虫鼠害监测预报网。全国性系统监测预报的农作物有害生物种类由上世纪90年代初的15种增加到目前的26种，重大病虫害由旬报制缩短为周报制。建立国家、县、乡（镇）三级2500多个站点组成的森林病虫害监测预报网络，主测对象35个种（类），涵盖最具危险性的和常发的森林病虫害种（类）。

-- Plant disease and insect pest monitoring and reporting system. A crop pests and disease monitoring and reporting network composed of over 3,000 observation stations and a grassland rodent and insect pest monitoring and reporting network composed of more than 240 observation stations have been established. The categories of crop pests covered by the national monitoring and reporting system have increased from 15 in the early 1990s to 26 at present. The interval of reporting on major plant diseases and insect pests has been reduced from ten days to one week. Also established is a forest pest monitoring and reporting network composed of over 2,500 observation stations at the national, county and township (town) levels. It now covers the most dangerous and frequently occurring forest pests in 35 categories.

　　--海洋灾害预报系统。对原有海洋观测仪器、设备和设施进行更新改造，大力发展离岸观测能力，海上浮标观测能力和断面调查能力进入整体提升阶段。新建改造一批海洋观测站点，对一些中心站进行实时通讯系统改造。建设海气相互作用－海洋气候变化观测及评价业务化体系，积极开展对海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、咸潮等与气候变化密切相关的海洋灾害的业务化监测。

-- Marine disaster forecasting system. Oceanographic observation instruments, equipment and facilities have been renovated. Offshore observation capacity has been enhanced greatly. Buoy observation and cross-sectional survey abilities have been improved as a whole. A batch of marine observation stations has been constructed or renovated. Upgrading of real-time communication system has been completed at some key observation stations. An observation and evaluation system for sea-air interaction and ocean climate changes has been developed for ocean disaster monitoring closely related to climate changes such as sea level rise, coastal erosion, seawater intrusion and saline tide.

　　--森林和草原火灾预警监测系统。完善卫星遥感、飞机巡护、视频监控、瞭望观察和地面巡视的立体式监测森林和草原火灾体系，初步建立森林火险分级预警响应和森林火灾风险评估技术体系。

-- Forest and grassland fire early warning and monitoring system. The country's three-dimensional monitoring system for forest and grassland fires, including monitoring by satellite remote sensing, air-plane cruise flight, video monitoring, watching on duty and ground detection, has been improved. A graded forest fire early warning and response system and a fire risk evaluation system have been primarily established.

　　--沙尘暴灾害监测与评估体系。建立沙尘暴卫星遥感监测评估系统和手机短信平台，在北方重点区域布设沙尘暴灾害地面监测站，组成国家、省、市、县四级队伍，初步形成覆盖中国北方区域的沙尘暴灾害监测网络。

-- Sandstorm monitoring and evaluation system. Efforts have been put into building a satellite remote sensing system for sandstorm monitoring and evaluation, as well as a cell-phone message network. Ground observation points have been set up in major sandstorm-stricken areas of north China at the national, provincial, municipal and county levels so as to form a sandstorm monitoring network covering the whole of north China.

　　（三）建立抢险救灾应急体系，提高应急处置能力

3. Establishing an Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief Response System, and Improving Emergency Handling Capabilities

　　以应急救援队伍、应急响应机制和应急资金拨付机制为主要内容的救灾应急体系初步建立，应急救援、运输保障、生活救助、卫生防疫等应急处置能力大大增强。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

A disaster relief emergency response system has taken initial shape, with emergency rescue team system, emergency response mechanism and emergency fund appropriation mechanism as its main items. Emergency handling capabilities such as emergency rescue, transportation support, help with daily life, sanitation and epidemic prevention have been greatly enhanced.

　　--应急救援队伍体系。以公安、武警、军队为骨干和突击力量，以抗洪抢险、抗震救灾、森林消防、海上搜救、矿山救护、医疗救护等专业队伍为基本力量，以企事业单位专兼职队伍和应急志愿者队伍为辅助力量的应急救援队伍体系初步建立。国家陆地、空中搜寻与救护基地建设加快推进。应急救援装备得到进一步改善。

-- Emergency rescue team system. An emergency rescue team system has taken initial shape, with the public security forces, armed police and armed　forces as the main and task force, with special teams such as flood fighting and emergency rescue, earthquake relief, forest fire, maritime search and rescue, mine rescue, and medical care teams as the basic force, with full-time and part-time teams attached to enterprises and public institutions and emergency volunteers as the backup force. The state's land, air search and rescue base construction has been accelerated, and emergency rescue equipment has been further improved.

　　--应急救助响应机制。根据灾情大小，将中央应对突发自然灾害划分为四个响应等级，明确各级响应的具体工作措施，将救灾工作纳入规范的管理工作流程。灾害应急救助响应机制的建立，基本保障了受灾群众在灾后24小时内能够得到救助，基本实现"有饭吃、有衣穿、有干净水喝、有临时住所、有病能医、学生有学上"的"六有"目标。

-- Emergency rescue response mechanism. The central government-stipulated responses to unexpected natural disasters are divided into four levels, which are determined by the degree of damage done. The concrete response measures at different levels have been expressly defined, and disaster relief work has been incorporated into a standard management process. The establishment of a disaster rescue emergency response mechanism basically guarantees that people affected by a disaster can receive aid within 24 hours. They are supplied with "food, clothing, clean water, temporary housing, medical treatment and schooling."

　　--救灾应急资金拨付机制。包括自然灾害生活救助资金、特大防汛抗旱补助资金、水毁公路补助资金、内河航道应急抢通资金、卫生救灾补助资金、文教行政救灾补助资金、农业救灾资金、林业救灾资金在内的中央抗灾救灾补助资金拨付机制已经建立。积极推进救灾分级管理、救灾资金分级负担的救灾工作管理体制，保障地方救灾投入，有效保障受灾群众的基本生活。

-- Disaster relief emergency fund appropriation mechanism. A disaster relief fund appropriation mechanism of the central government has been established, including funds for daily life of those affected by natural disasters, funds for severe flood control and drought combat, funds for roads damaged by flood, funds for inland waterway channel rush-repair, funds for medical rescue, funds for culture, education and administration endeavors, and funds for disaster relief in agriculture and forestry. The disaster relief management system characterized by management of disaster relief by levels and funds shared by different levels is being actively promoted. Disaster relief input by local governments must be guaranteed so as to ensure the basic livelihood of people affected by disasters.

　　（四）建立减灾科技支撑体系，提高减灾科技水平

4. Establishing a Disaster Reduction Science and Technology Support System, and Enhancing the Scientific and Technological Level of Disaster Reduction

　　注重科技在防灾减灾中的重要作用，通过制定专门的防灾减灾科技发展规划、建立科技应急机制、实施科技项目等措施，不断提高防灾减灾的科技水平。

Great importance is attached to the role of science and technology in disaster prevention and reduction and efforts have been made to continuously enhance the scientific and technological level of disaster prevention and reduction by such measures as formulating a special disaster prevention and reduction science and technology development plan, establishing a scientific and technological emergency response mechanism, and undertaking science and technology projects.

　　--组织制定《国家防灾减灾科技发展规划》。针对自然灾害预警预报、应急响应、恢复重建、减灾救灾、信息平台等各个环节存在的问题，加强顶层设计，统筹布局，强化薄弱环节，逐步建立和完善防灾减灾国家科技支撑体系。

-- Formulating the National Science and Technology Development Plan for Disaster Prevention and Reduction. In view of the existing problems in natural disaster early warning and forecasting, emergency response, reconstruction, disaster reduction and relief, and information platform, efforts will be made to strengthen top-level design, make overall arrangements, fix weak links, and gradually establish and improve a national science and technology support system for disaster prevention and reduction.

　　--加强科技应急机制建设。建立国家突发公共事件科技应急机制，明确科技应急体系的建设、科技支撑能力建设、应急技术应用与示范等环节的工作机制和部署安排。

-- Strengthening the building of a science and technology emergency response mechanism. The state will set up a national science and technology emergency response mechanism for unexpected public incidents, define the working mechanisms and make arrangements for various links, including the building of a science and technology emergency response system, the enhancement of science and technology support capability, and the application　and demonstration of emergency response technology.

　　--启动一批防灾减灾科技项目。在国家科技项目、863计划和国家自然科学基金重大项目中安排实施一批气象、地震、地质、海洋、水利、农林、雷电等方面的科技项目。资助一批关于防灾减灾的基础研究项目，深入揭示各类自然灾害的形成机理和演变规律，以及综合风险防范的模式等。开展亚洲巨灾综合风险评估技术及应用研究、中国巨灾应急救援信息集成系统与示范、中国重大自然灾害风险等级综合评估技术研究，以及"汶川地震断裂带科学钻探"（WFSD）等项目。

-- Initiating a batch of disaster prevention and reduction projects. A number of scientific and technological projects, including those concerning meteorology, seismology, geology, oceanography, water conservancy, and agriculture and forestry, has been listed in the National Science and Technology Program, National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) and key projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Financial support will be provided to the basic research programs on disaster prevention and reduction to thoroughly reveal the formation and changing patterns of various types of natural disasters, and the comprehensive risk prevention modes. Research will be carried out in the fields of Asia disastrous calamities overall risk evaluation technology and its applications, disastrous calamity emergency rescue information integration system and demonstrations in China, major natural disaster risk comprehensive rating and evaluation technology in China and the Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling Program (WFSD).

　　--加强科研技术机构建设。分别于2003年、2007年、2009年成立民政部国家减灾中心、国际减轻旱灾风险中心和民政部卫星减灾应用中心，2006年成立民政部和教育部减灾与应急管理研究院。

-- Strengthening the building of scientific and technological research institutes. The National Disaster Reduction Center of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the International Drought Risk Relief Center and the Satellite Disaster Reduction Application Center of the Ministry of Civil Affairs were established in 2003, 2007 and 2009, respectively. In 2006, the Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management was jointly established by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Education.

　　（五）建立人才培养体系，提高减灾工作人员素质

5. Establishing a Personnel Training System and Improving the Quality of Disaster Relief Personnel

　　将防灾减灾人才队伍建设纳入国家人才队伍建设发展规划，减灾的国民教育体系和减灾的培训平台逐步建立。

Education of disaster prevention and reduction personnel is incorporated into the national talent development program. A national education system and a training platform for disaster reduction have been gradually established.

　　--把减灾纳入国民教育体系。加强人才培养教育，充分利用高校的减灾研究与学科优势培养多层次防灾减灾人才。加强防灾减灾学科体系建设，按照现有的财政管理体制支持防灾减灾技术类本专科院校，以及开设防灾减灾管理和技术专业的院校，提高人才培养质量。

-- Incorporating disaster reduction into the national education system. Efforts have been made to strengthen personnel training and education, train multi-tiered disaster prevention and reduction personnel by making use of disaster reduction research and the academic advantages of institutions of higher learning; strengthen academic system building for disaster prevention and reduction. Within the framework of the current financial management system, financial support is given to universities and technical colleges that run courses in disaster prevention and reduction, or have established majors in disaster prevention and reduction management and technology, in order to improve the quality of relevant personnel.

　　--把防灾减灾纳入干部培训规划。全国各级行政学院、干部学院根据人才队伍建设的需要，开设防灾减灾和应急管理的专门培训课程。筹建国家应急管理人员培训基地，对政府中高级公务员、各类企事业单位高层管理人员、高层次理论研究人员开展防灾减灾和应急管理培训。国家地震灾害紧急救援培训基地已经建立并投入使用。

-- Incorporating disaster prevention and reduction into the training programs for officials. In line of the needs of personnel training, colleges of administration and schools for officials at various levels in China have opened training courses on disaster prevention and reduction, and emergency management. National emergency management personnel training bases are under construction, which will provide disaster prevention and reduction as well as emergency management training to senior civil servants, senior executives of enterprises and public institutions, and senior theoretical workers. A national earthquake emergency rescue training base has been established and put in operation.

　　--开展领导干部灾害应急管理专题培训。举办"省级干部灾害应急管理专题研究班"和"省部级干部突发事件应急管理研讨班"，各省（自治区、直辖市）和国务院有关部门分管防灾减灾及应急管理工作的负责人参加了专题研讨。2005年以来，积极开展公务员灾害应急管理专题培训活动，有效提高各级灾害应急管理人员防范处置自然灾害及各类突发事件的综合素质和能力。2005－2006年，连续举办四期地市级干部灾害应急管理专题培训班，自2006年起连续举办四期地市级防汛抗旱行政首长培训班。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

-- Offering special training courses on disaster emergency management for leading officials. Classes on disaster emergency management for leading officials at the provincial level and classes on unexpected incidents emergency management for officials at the provincial and ministerial level have been held. The participants were leading officials of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government) and relevant departments of the State Council who were responsible for disaster prevention and reduction, and emergency management work. Since 2005, special training in disaster emergency management for civil servants has been actively carried out, which has effectively helped to improve the overall quality and ability of disaster emergency management personnel at various levels in preventing and dealing with natural disasters and other unexpected incidents. In 2005 and 2006, four　special training courses on disaster emergency management for city- and prefecture-level officials were held. Since 2006, four training courses have been held on flood control and drought combat for city- and prefecture-level administrative officials in charge of flood control and drought combat.

　　--对各类企业和应急救援队伍开展应急救援能力培训。各级政府会同有关部门采取集中培训和自主培训相结合的办法，组织开展对企业负责人、管理人员和各类应急救援队伍的防灾减灾和应急管理培训工作，提高他们在灾害突发情况下实施救援、自身防护和协同处置的能力。

-- Carrying out emergency rescue training for enterprises and emergency rescue teams. Governments at all levels, in cooperation with related departments, have adopted the method of combining concentrated training with training on their own, to carry out training in disaster prevention and reduction, emergency management for heads of enterprises, management personnel and emergency rescue team members, in order to improve their capability in carrying out rescue efforts, self-protection and coordination in the event of disasters.

　　（六）开展社区减灾工作，提高社区防灾减灾能力

6. Carrying out Disaster Reduction Work and Improving Disaster Prevention and Reduction Capability in Communities

　　社区减灾能力建设工作全面展开，基层社区抵御灾害风险的能力和水平逐步提高。

Disaster reduction capability building in communities is being carried out in an all-round way. The ability of primary-level communities to fend off disaster risks has been gradually improved.

　　--推动社区建立减灾工作机制。在各级政府的推动下，全国社区逐步建立健全负责社区减灾工作的组织，制定规范的减灾工作制度，组织减灾志愿者队伍，制定突发灾害发生时保护儿童、老年人、病患者、残疾人等弱势群体的对策，建立起有效的减灾工作机制。

-- Encouraging communities to establish disaster reduction work mechanisms. Promoted by governments at all levels, organizations responsible for disaster reduction work in communities have been gradually established throughout the country, standard disaster reduction rules have been formulated, disaster relief volunteer teams have been organized, and measures for the protection of vulnerable groups including children, senior citizens, the sick and the disabled have been formulated. An effective disaster reduction work mechanism has thereby been established.

　　--指导社区制定灾害应急救助预案并定期演练。基层政府根据《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》、《国家自然灾害救助应急预案》以及地方政府制定的应急预案，结合社区所在区域环境、灾害发生规律和社区居民特点，指导社区制定社区灾害应急救助预案，明确应急工作程序、管理职责和协调联动机制。社区在政府有关部门的支持、配合下，经常组织社区居民开展形式多样的预案演练活动。

-- Guiding communities in drawing up plans for emergency response to disasters and carrying out related exercises on a regular basis. According to the General State Emergency Response Plan for Unexpected Public Emergencies, the State Emergency Relief Plan for Natural Disasters and other emergency response plans of local governments, the primary-level governments shall guide communities in formulating communities' emergency relief plans, defining emergency response working procedures, management responsibilities and joint coordination mechanisms in view of the local environment, the pattern of disaster occurrence and characteristics of community residents. With the support and help of related departments of the government, communities frequently organize residents to carry out emergency response exercises in various forms.

　　--加强社区减灾公共设施和器材装备建设。通过政府财政支持和社会积极参与，社区利用公园、绿地、广场、体育场、停车场、学校操场或其他空地建立应急避难场所，设置明显的安全应急标识或指示牌，建立减灾宣传教育场所（社区减灾教室、社区图书室、老年人活动室）及设施（宣传栏、宣传橱窗等），配备必需的消防、安全和应对灾害的器材或救生设施工具，使减灾公共设施和装备得到健全和完善。

-- Improving public facilities and equipment for disaster reduction in communities. With government financial support and active public participation, communities may use parks, green land, public squares, sports venues, parking lots, school playgrounds and other open spaces to establish emergency shelters, put up clear emergency safety signs and instruction boards, establish public education places (community disaster reduction classrooms, community libraries, leisure rooms for senior citizens, etc.) and facilities (boards, bulletins, etc.) for disaster reduction, and install necessary fire control and safety facilities for disasters as well as lifesaving appliances, in order to improve public disaster-reduction facilities and equipment.

　　--组织社区开展减灾宣传教育活动。社区结合人文、地域等特点，定期开展形式多样的社区居民减灾教育活动，在社区宣传教育场所经常张贴减灾宣传材料，制订结合社区实际情况的减灾教育计划，社区居民的防灾减灾意识和社区综合减灾能力得到提高。

-- Organizing communities to carry out disaster-reduction publicity and education. Proceeding from their respective cultural and regional characteristics, communities may carry out disaster-reduction education in various forms at regular intervals, frequently post disaster-reduction publicity materials in community education venues, and formulate disaster-reduction educational plans based on their specific conditions, so as to enhance the residents' awareness of disaster prevention and reduction and comprehensive disaster-reduction capability.

　　--开展减灾示范社区创建活动。2007年，国家开展了减灾示范社区创建活动。截至2008年，国家共授予284个社区为"全国综合减灾示范社区"称号。

-- Setting up disaster-reduction demonstration communities. In 2007, the state began to establish disaster-reduction demonstration communities. By 2008, 284 communities had been awarded the title of "National Comprehensive Disaster-reduction Demonstration Community" by the state.

　　五、减灾的社会参与

V. Public Participation in Disaster Reduction

　　中国重视社会力量在防灾减灾工作中的地位和作用，积极支持和推动社会力量参与减灾事业，提高全社会防灾减灾的意识和能力。中国政府及时发布灾情和灾区需求信息，加强引导，规范管理，提供保障服务，不断完善社会动员机制，统筹安排政府资源和社会力量，形成优势互补、协同配合的抗灾救灾格局。每遇大灾，社会各界积极参与抗灾救灾，香港同胞、澳门同胞、台湾同胞以及海外华侨华人踊跃为灾区提供援助。四川汶川特大地震中，中国接收境内外各类救灾捐赠款物近760亿元人民币。社会力量还开展有效的心理抚慰等个性化服务，帮助灾区群众树立战胜灾害的信心。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The Chinese government regards it important to give full play to the role of the public in disaster prevention and reduction, and supports and promotes wide public participation in such work by making people more aware and capable of disaster prevention and reduction. The Chinese government timely releases information on disaster situations and demands from disaster-hit areas. It has strengthened its guidance, standardized management and provided guarantee services. Meanwhile, it is making continuous efforts to improve its social mobilization mechanism, and integrate resources from both government and society to form a disaster relief pattern in which they will complement each other with their respective strengths. People of all walks of life are actively involved in disaster relief efforts whenever there is a big natural disaster. Compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as overseas Chinese and foreigners of Chinese origin all provide aid and donations to disaster-hit areas in China. During the devastating Wenchuan earthquake of 2008, China received nearly 76 billion yuan-worth of donations and relief materials from both in and outside China. Personalized services such as psychological help from the public have also been effective in building the confidence of people in disaster-stricken areas.

　　慈善事业在减灾中发挥重要作用，国家采取措施支持慈善事业发展。在鼓励捐赠的税收优惠制度上，2008年1月起施行的《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》，将企业公益性捐赠的税前扣除标准由年度应纳税所得额3%以内统一规定为企业年度利润总额12%以内。四川汶川特大地震发生后，国家规定企业、个人通过公益性社会团体、县级以上人民政府及其部门向受灾地区的捐赠，允许在当年企业所得税前和当年个人所得税前全额扣除。2008年12月，政府有关部门发布通知，明确公益捐赠事业范围、公益性社会团体捐赠税前扣除资格以及捐赠税前扣除资格的认定权限和程序等问题。国家鼓励基金会的正常发展，截至2008年，中国共有各类基金会1531家，比上年增加162家。近年来，国家推进慈善组织社会公信力建设，推广基金会年度检查办法和评级制度。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Charities play a key role in disaster relief, and the government has adopted measures to support their development. In terms of the preferential taxation system that encourages public donations, the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People's Republic of China, which became effective in January 2008, stipulates that the portion of expenses for charitable donations by enterprises is unified to within 12 percent of the total annual profit and it is to be deducted from the taxable income, instead of the 3 percent as was the practice before. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the government stipulated that donations from enterprises and individuals made through public welfare organizations, people's governments and their departments at or above the county level to disaster-hit areas can be totally deducted from the enterprises' and individuals' taxable income for the year. In December 2008, the government department concerned issued a notice detailing the scope of public welfare undertakings managing public welfare donations, the qualification of tax-free donations from public welfare organizations, and the authorization and procedures for certifying such qualifications. The state encourages the normal development of foundations. By the end of 2008, there were 1,531 foundations of various kinds in China, 162 more than in the previous year. In recent years, the government has been helping charity organizations to enhance their reputation, and promoting annual checkups and evaluations of such foundations.

　　国家积极推动捐助活动日常化和社会化，鼓励并引导志愿者参与减灾行动。近年来，以捐助活动经常化、募集主体民间化、参与捐助自愿化为特点的经常性社会捐助活动在中国全面展开。截至2008年，在大中城市和有条件的小城市设立接收社会捐助站点和慈善超市3.4万个，初步形成全国经常性社会捐助服务网络。随着国家现代化建设不断取得新成就和人民生活水平的日益提高，减灾志愿者队伍快速发展。截至2008年，中国社区志愿者组织数达到43万个，志愿者队伍规模近亿人，其中仅共青团、民政、红十字会三大系统就比上年增加志愿者1472万人，年增长率达31.8%。四川汶川特大地震发生后，中国公众、企业和社会组织参与紧急救援，深入灾区的国内外志愿者队伍达300万人以上，在后方参与抗震救灾的志愿者人数达1000万以上。

The Chinese government is very supportive of making public donations a part of daily and social life, encouraging and guiding volunteers to take part in disaster prevention and reduction work. In recent years, public donations on a voluntary basis have become more regular and popular among general public across China. By the end of 2008, 34,000 public donation stations and charity venues in supermarkets had been established in China’s large and medium-sized cities as well as in small cities with adequate conditions, preliminarily forming a regular national donation service network. The number of disaster reduction volunteers has increased rapidly with the continued progress in China’s modernization and the improvement of people’s living standard. By the end of last year, there were 430,000 community volunteer organizations, comprising nearly 100 million volunteers, among whom those belonging to the three major organizations － the Communist Youth League, Red Cross and civil administration － registered an increase of 14.72 million over 2007, an increase of 31.8 percent. After the Wenchuan earthquake, Chinese people, enterprises and social organizations were actively involved in related emergency relief work, with over three million volunteers from both in and outside China working in the quake-hit areas and more than 10 million volunteers participating in relief work in the rest of the country.

　　中国政府重视防灾减灾的宣传教育。在每年10月的"国际减灾日"，国家举办内容丰富的减灾宣传教育活动。有关部门和地方政府在公共场所设置减灾宣传专栏，在报纸、杂志、电台、电视台、互联网门户网站等开设减灾知识宣传栏目，制作公益广告，向公众宣传灾害预防避险的实用技能。在中小学开设防灾减灾课程，开展多种演练活动。开发一系列减灾宣传教育产品，编制系列减灾科普读物、挂图、音像制品和宣传案例教材。红十字会等社会团体积极开展急救培训，普及急救知识和技术，在提高全社会防灾减灾意识和能力方面发挥重要作用。

The Chinese government has made a point of conducting publicity and educational work for disaster prevention and reduction, organizing a rich variety of related activities on International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction each October. Government departments concerned and local governments have set up special bulletin boards focusing on disaster reduction in public venues. They also run special programs and columns for this purpose in newspapers and magazines, and on radio and TV, and in portal websites of the Internet, make advertisements to teach people the practical skills to avoid and cope with disasters. Disaster prevention and reduction classes are offered in elementary and secondary schools, and many kinds of emergency response exercises are held. A series of related publicity and educational products have also been developed, including popular science readings, wall posters, audio-visual publications and case-study teaching materials. The Red Cross and other non-governmental organizations are playing a key role in raising the public’s awareness and capability for disaster prevention and reduction by taking vigorous measures to conduct emergency aid training and to popularize related knowledge and skills.

　　国家重视对灾害保险业防灾减灾作用的政策研究和试点工作。不断总结并完善农业、林业自然灾害保险与财政补贴相结合的农业、林业风险防范与救助机制，统筹考虑农业、林业巨灾风险分散机制，逐步加大保险对灾害损失的经济补偿和转移分担功能。

The state pays special attention to policy studies and pilot work concerning the insurance industry’s role in disaster prevention and reduction. Efforts are made continuously to sum up the experience of and improve the risk prevention and relief mechanism for agriculture and forestry, which combine natural-disaster insurance and state financial subsidies. Efforts are also being made to set up an overall mechanism to disperse the risks of disasters in the areas of agriculture and forestry, and to gradually enhance the ability of the insurance industry to effectively cover the economic loss and damage inflicted by natural disasters.

　　六、减灾的国际合作

VI. International Cooperation in Disaster Prevention and Reduction

　　中国本着开放合作的态度，积极参与减灾领域的国际合作，建立和完善国际减灾合作机制，加强国际减灾能力建设，在重大灾害中相互援助。

Adopting an open and cooperative attitude, China takes an active part in international efforts in the area of disaster reduction, in the construction and improvement of an international cooperative disaster-reduction mechanism, in building up a worldwide capacity in this regard, and in providing mutual aid with other countries in major natural disasters.

　　中国在减灾领域与联合国开发计划署、联合国国际减灾战略、联合国人道主义援助事务协调办公室、联合国亚太经社理事会、联合国世界粮食计划署、联合国粮农组织和联合国外空委等机构建立紧密型合作伙伴关系，积极参与联合国框架下的减灾合作。2006年3月，向联合国成立的"中央紧急应对基金"认捐100万美元。2006年11月，与联合国驻华机构共同举办印度洋海啸紧急援助回顾研讨会，回顾中国多边援助使用情况。与联合国国际减灾战略共建国际减轻旱灾风险中心，参与联合国灾害管理与应急反应天基信息平台（UN-SPIDER），积极筹建北京办公室。派遣专家参与联合国灾害评估队，多次执行灾害评估任务，积极参与联合国搜索与救援咨询国活动，积极推进全球灾害应急救援领域的合作，举办2006年联合国亚太地区地震应急演练。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

China has actively taken part in disaster-reduction cooperation within the framework of the United Nations, and has built up close partnership relations with many UN organizations, including the UN Development Program, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UN World Food Program, UN Food and Agricultural Organization and the UN Committee for the Peaceful Use of Outer Space. In March 2006, China donated US$1 million to the UN Central Emergency Response Fund. In November of the same year, the Chinese government and UN organizations in China jointly held a symposium on emergency aid in retrospective of the Indian Ocean tsunami, reviewing the use of China’s multilateral emergency aid. China has worked with the International Strategy Committee for Disaster Reduction in establishing the International Centre for Drought Risk Reduction, and has involved in the work of the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN-SPIDER) and has been proactive in setting up its Beijing Office. Experts sent from China have joined the UN disaster evaluation team, repeatedly undertaking UN tasks. Actively involved with the advisory country connected with UN international search and rescue activities, China has been vigorously promoting global cooperation in the aspect of disaster emergency relief, and hosted the UN’s Asian-Pacific area earthquake emergency response practice in 2006.

　　中国积极推动建立亚洲国家间的减灾对话与交流平台。2005年9月，中国政府在北京主办第一届亚洲部长级减灾大会，会议通过了《亚洲减少灾害风险北京行动计划》，为亚洲各国进一步加强减灾合作奠定基础。中国政府积极参与第二届、第三届亚洲部长级会议，共同推动《2007亚洲减少灾害风险德里宣言》、《2008亚洲减少灾害风险吉隆坡宣言》的形成。2008年12月举办了加强亚洲国家应对巨灾能力建设研讨会。

China has played an active role in building up a dialogue and exchange platform for disaster reduction between Asian countries. In September 2005, the Chinese government hosted the first Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Beijing, which adopted the Beijing Action Plan for Reducing Disaster Risks in Asia and laid the basis for further cooperation between Asian countries in this regard. An active participant in the second and third Asian ministerial conferences, China, together with its Asian neighbors, was constructive in formulating the Delhi Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction in Asia 2007, and the Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction 2008. In December 2008, China held a symposium on strengthening Asian countries’ capability for coping with calamitous disasters.

　　中国重视与东盟和南亚国家讨论签署双边或多边减灾救灾协定，注重开展减灾人力资源开发合作。2005年5月，中国为印度洋地震海啸受灾国举办了防灾减灾人力资源培训班，2006年5月在北京召开了中国－东盟框架下的防灾减灾研讨会。2007年先后举办了东盟和亚洲国家应急和救助研讨会、灾害风险管理研修班和灾后恢复重建管理研修班。中国积极参与东盟灾害管理各项活动，出席东盟举办的各类研讨会，观摩灾害应急演练，积极探讨中国－东盟合作协议和行动计划。

China sets great store by discussing the signing of bilateral and multilateral agreements on disaster prevention and reduction with member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and countries in south Asia, and by human resources development and cooperation in this regard. In May 2005, China held a human resources training class on disaster prevention and reduction for countries suffering from the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. In May 2006, China hosted a China-ASEAN seminar on disaster prevention and reduction in Beijing. In 2007, China hosted a symposium on emergency response and disaster relief of ASEAN and Asian countries, a seminar on disaster risk management and a seminar on post-disaster reconstruction. China is actively involved in ASEAN’s activities for disaster management, attending various kinds of symposiums sponsored by ASEAN, observing emergency response exercises, and discussing proactively the formation of a China-ASEAN cooperative agreement and action plan.

　　中国努力推动上海合作组织成员国政府间救灾协作。2002年4月，上海合作组织成员国紧急救灾部门领导人在俄罗斯圣彼得堡举行首次会晤。2003年4月，上海合作组织在北京举行救灾部门专家级会议，对《上海合作组织成员国政府间救灾互助协定》进行磋商。2005年10月，《上海合作组织成员国政府间救灾互助协定》在莫斯科签署。2006年11月，第二次上海合作组织成员国紧急救灾部门领导人会议在北京召开，通过《上海合作组织成员国2007－2008年救灾合作行动方案》，为上海合作组织成员国在救灾联络、信息交流、边境区域救灾、人员研修和技术交流等方面开展活动奠定行动框架。2007年9月，成员国紧急救灾部门领导人第三次会议在比什凯克举行，研究落实救灾合作协定，深化救灾领域合作等问题。成员国商定将建立上海合作组织救灾中心。2008年9月下旬，中方在乌鲁木齐主办了上海合作组织成员国边境地区领导人首次会议。会议就开展成员国边境地区救灾合作，推动建立边境地区联合救灾行动机制，以及开展有关信息交流、人员培训等问题达成共识。

China has promoted inter-governmental cooperation in disaster relief among the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) member states. In April 2002, leaders of emergency relief departments of the SCO member states held their first meeting in Russia's St. Petersburg. In April 2003, an expert conference was held in Beijing to discuss the Inter-Governmental Mutual Aid Agreement among SCO Member States. In October 2005, this Agreement was signed in Moscow. In November 2006, the second such meeting was held in Beijing, and adopted the 2007-2008 Action Plan for Mutual Aid in Disaster Relief among SCO Member States, which laid the framework for carrying out activities in disaster relief communications, information exchange, disaster relief in border areas, personnel training and technological exchanges. In September 2007, leaders of emergency relief departments of SCO member states held their third meeting in Bishkek, discussing the implementation of the agreement on disaster relief cooperation and furthering such cooperation. The SCO member states also decided to set up the SCO Natural and Man-made Disaster Relief Center. In late September 2008, China hosted the first meeting of the heads of border areas among SCO member states in Urumqi, capital of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The meeting reached a consensus on issues concerning disaster relief cooperation in the border areas of SCO member states, expediting the establishment of a joint disaster-relief action mechanism in border areas, and information exchanges and personnel training.

　　在应对重大自然灾害中，中国和国际社会相互支持，相互援助。2004年12月印度洋海啸发生后，中国向各有关受灾国政府及联合国有关机构提供了中国有史以来最大规模的紧急救援，救灾援助总额达68763万元人民币，并在第一时间派出中国国际救援队和医疗救援队赴印尼开展紧急救援。2005年8月29日，美国南部地区遭受"卡特里娜"飓风袭击，中国政府向美国提供500万美元救灾援款，并另提供一批救灾急需物资。2005年10月8日巴基斯坦发生7.8级大地震后，中国政府先后四次向巴提供总价值2673万美元的紧急人道主义援助，自10月9日至11月29日，共向巴空运26批次救灾物资，并派出中国国际救援队、医疗救援队，深入灾区一线，帮助巴方开展救灾行动。2008年，缅甸发生"纳吉斯"热带风暴，中国政府先后提供价值100万美元的紧急援助物资、3000万元人民币援助款和1000万美元援助，并派出医疗救援队救治伤员。

In coping with major natural disasters, China has engaged in mutual support and aid with the international community. After the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004, China provided the largest emergency aid in its history, totaling 687.63 million yuan, to the affected countries and related UN agencies. It also promptly dispatched an international rescue team and a medical team to Indonesia. On August 29, 2005, hurricane “Katrina” hit the southern part of the United States. The Chinese government provided a relief fund of US$5 million to the United States, together with a batch of emergency aid materials. After an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the Richter scale rocked Pakistan on October 8, 2005, the Chinese government sent emergency humanitarian aid worth US$26.73 million to that country. From October 9 to November 29, Chinese airplanes carried disaster relief materials on 26 flights to Pakistan, and Chinese international emergency rescue teams and medical teams were dispatched to the quake-hit areas. In 2008, after the strong tropical storm "Nargis" hit Myanmar, the Chinese government sent emergency aid materials worth US$1 million to Myanmar, which was followed by relief funds of 30 million yuan and US$10 million, as well as a medical team.

　　2008年5月四川汶川特大地震发生后，中国得到国际社会的大力援助。先后有170多个国家和地区、20多个国际组织向中国提供了资金或物资援助。国际社会向中国地震灾区提供了现金援助44亿多元人民币以及大批救灾物资。俄罗斯、日本、韩国、新加坡还派出专业救援队伍，参与地震灾区的紧急救援工作。来自英国、日本、俄罗斯、意大利、法国、古巴、印度尼西亚、巴基斯坦政府和德国红十字会的九支医疗队共223名医疗技术人员参与四川和甘肃两省地震灾区的伤员救治工作。在重灾区之一的四川省北川县，美国、英国和墨西哥等国家的16名志愿者立即投入救援行动。10名英国搜救小组的志愿者到震区开展救灾活动。来自日本ALOS、意大利COSMO－SkyMed、美国LandSat等多颗卫星向中国提供了灾区遥感影像。中国政府和中国人民对此深怀感激，深表感谢。

After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China received much support from the international community. Over 170 countries and regions, as well as more than 20 international organizations, provided funds totaling over 4.4 billion yuan and large batches of relief materials to China. Professional rescue and medical teams came from Russia, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Singapore to help with the emergency relief efforts in the affected areas. Nine medical teams with a total of 223 medical and technical workers were sent by the governments of the United Kingdom, Japan, Russia, Italy, France, Cuba, Indonesia, Pakistan and the Red Cross of Germany to participate in medical aid in the disaster-stricken areas of Sichuan and Gansu provinces. In Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, one of the worst-hit areas, 16 volunteers from countries including the United States, United Kingdom and Mexico started their rescue work immediately after their arrival. A UK rescue group of ten volunteers also came to search for victims and the missing in the same areas. Many satellites, such as ALOS of Japan, COSMO-SkyMed of Italy and LandSat of the United States, offered remote-sensing images of the quake-hit areas. The Chinese government and people are deeply grateful for all this help.

　　结 束 语

Concluding Remarks

　　中国正处于全面建设小康社会的重要历史时期，经济社会发展的任务繁重而艰巨。面对日益严峻的自然灾害风险，中国的减灾工作任重道远。

China is at an important stage of building an overall moderately prosperous society, and has a heavy and arduous task in its socio-economic development. Confronted with the increasingly serious threats of natural disasters, China has a long way to go in disaster prevention and reduction.

　　中国政府为减灾事业付出了巨大努力，但也清醒地认识到，中国的减灾工作还存在一些亟待加强的薄弱环节：减灾综合协调机制尚不健全、减灾综合性法律法规和相关配套政策不够完善、灾害监测体系还有待健全、防灾减灾基础设施建设亟待加强、社会公众减灾意识仍需提高。中国政府将始终坚持以人为本的理念，以提高全社会的综合减灾能力为核心，以提升城乡基层社区的综合减灾能力为重点，以提高全社会民众的防灾减灾意识和避灾自救水平为基础，全面提高综合防范防御自然灾害的能力和水平。

Although the Chinese government has made great efforts to reduce the risks and consequences of natural disasters, it is clearly aware that there exist inadequacies in the related work that need to be addressed immediately: The mechanism for coordinating and integrating relief efforts is not yet sufficient; the laws and regulations concerning disaster reduction as well as related policies need to be improved; a sound disaster monitoring system is yet to be set up; infrastructure construction for disaster prevention and reduction needs greater support; and the public awareness in this regard needs to be enhanced. With the aim of raising China's overall capacity for and level of natural disaster prevention and reduction, the Chinese government will continue to put people first and make it a core task to raise the comprehensive disaster reduction capacity of the whole society, that of the grassroots communities in urban and rural areas in particular, on the basis of improving public awareness of disaster prevention and reduction as well as disaster relief and self-rescue skills.

　　自然灾害是人类面临的共同挑战，减灾是全球的共同行动。中国愿与世界各国一道，为减轻灾害风险和灾害损失，为促进人类社会的发展进步作出不懈努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

As natural disasters pose a common challenge to mankind, disaster reduction is a global effort. China will continue to work unremittingly to reduce the risks and damage posed by natural disasters together with the rest of the world for the development and progress of human society.