中国的就业状况和政策
China's Employment Situation and Policies

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
2004年4月·北京
April 2004, Beijing

目　　录
Contents
前　　言
Foreword　　
一、就业基本状况
I. Basic Employment Situation　　
二、积极的就业政策
II. Proactive Employment Policy　　
三、提高劳动者素质
III. Improving the Quality of the Workforce　　
四、农村劳动力就业
IV. Employment of Rural Workforce　　
五、妇女、青年和残疾人就业
V. Employment of Women, Youth and Disabled People
六、二十一世纪前期就业展望
VI. Employment Prospects for the Early Part of the 21st Century

前  言　　
　　Foreword
　　就业是民生之本，是人民改善生活的基本前提和基本途径。
　　Employment has a vital bearing on the people's livelihood. It is the fundamental prerequisite and basic approach for people to improve their lives.
　　中国有近13亿人口，是世界上人口最多的国家。在中国，解决就业问题任务繁重、艰巨、紧迫。
　　China has a population of nearly 1.3 billion, and is the most populous country in the world. To solve the employment issue in China is a strenuous, arduous and pressing task.
　　中国政府从亿万人民的根本利益出发，高度重视就业问题。中国政府依据《中华人民共和国宪法》，以及《中华人民共和国劳动法》等法律法规，保障劳动者的就业权利，采取各种政策措施积极促进就业，不断满足劳动者的就业需求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　In view of the fundamental interests of its people, the Chinese Government attaches great importance to the issue of employment. Based on the "Constitution of the People's Republic of China," the "Labor Law of the People's Republic of China," and other laws and regulations, the Chinese Government has protected the laborers' right to employment, and adopted various policies and measures to actively promote employment and steadily meet their needs for employment.
　　中国政府从国情出发，通过实践探索并借鉴国际经验，制定和实施了一系列积极的就业政策。目前，中国已建立起市场导向的就业机制，计划经济时期形成的企业富余人员问题基本得到解决，在经济发展和经济结构调整中就业规模持续扩大，就业结构逐步优化，就业渠道不断拓宽，就业形式更加灵活，总体上保持了就业形势的基本稳定。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Proceeding from the national conditions, the Chinese Government has explored and drawn on international experiences in its practice, and formulated and implemented a number of proactive employment policies. Currently, China has established a market-oriented employment mechanism; solved, by and large, the problem of surplus enterprise personnel arising over the years under the planned economy; and, in the course of economic development and economic restructuring, expanded the employment scope continuously. As a result, the employment structure has gradually been optimized; the avenues for employment have been steadily broadened; the forms of employment have become more flexible; and the employment situation has been maintained basically stable.
　　按照相互尊重、平等互利的原则，中国政府积极参加国际劳工事务。中国批准了《准予就业最低年龄公约》、《禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动公约》、《对男女工人同等价值的工作赋予同等报酬公约》、《就业政策公约》等国际劳工公约。在劳动就业领域，中国与国际劳工组织、联合国开发计划署、世界银行、亚洲开发银行等众多国际机构以及许多国家进行了卓有成效的交流与合作。
　　On the principles of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, the Chinese Government has actively participated in international labor-related affairs. China has ratified the "Convention on the Minimum Age for Admission to Employment," the "Convention on Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor," the "Convention Concerning Equal Remuneration for Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value," the "Employment Policy Convention," and other international labor-related conventions. In the field of labor and employment, China has carried out remarkably effective exchanges and cooperation with the International Labor Organization, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and a number of other international organizations and many countries.

一、就业基本状况　　
　　I. Basic Employment Situation
　　中国劳动年龄人口众多，国民教育水平较低，就业矛盾十分突出。主要表现在:劳动力供求总量矛盾和就业结构性矛盾同时并存，城镇就业压力加大和农村富余劳动力向非农领域转移速度加快同时出现，新成长劳动力就业和失业人员再就业问题相互交织。
　　In China, there is a large working-age population, while the average educational level of the people is relatively low, resulting in a very prominent problem of unemployment. This is primarily manifested in the co-existence of the contradiction of the total volume of workforce supply and demand and the contradiction of employment structure, in the simultaneous appearance of increasing pressure on urban employment and acceleration of the shift of surplus rural laborers to non-agricultural sectors, and in the intertwining of the employment problem for new entrants to the workforce and that of the reemployment for laid-off workers.
　　人口与劳动力
　　Population and Workforce
　　2003年，中国总人口达到12.92亿（不包括香港特别行政区、澳门特别行政区和台湾省）。全国16岁以上人口为99889万人，其中城镇42375万人，农村57514万人；经济活动人口76075万人，劳动力参与率为76.2%。16岁以上人口中，初中以上文化程度占61.7%，大专以上文化程度占6.6%;技术工人中，初级占61.5%，中级占35%，高级占3.5微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

In 2003, the total population of China reached 1.292 billion (excluding Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region and Taiwan Province). The population over the age of 16 was 998.89 million, of which the urban population was 423.75 million and the rural population 575.14 million; the economically active population was 760.75 million and the workforce participation rate was 76.2 percent. Among the population over the age of 16, the population with junior middle school education level and above took up 61.7 percent, and that with junior college education level and above, 6.6 percent. Among the population of technical workers, those of the elementary grade took up 61.5 percent, those of the intermediate grade, 35 percent, and those of the advanced grade, 3.5 percent.
　　就业总量
　　Total Employment
　　2003年，中国城乡从业人员达到74432万人（见图1），其中城镇25639万人，占34.4%（见图2），乡村48793万人，占65.6%。1990-2003年，共增加从业人员9683万人，平均每年新增745万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　In 2003, the total urban and rural employed population reached 744.32 million (see Chart 1), of which the urban employed population was 256.39 million, accounting for 34.4 percent (see Chart 2), and the rural employed population was 487.93 million, accounting for 65.6 percent. From 1990 to 2003, the employed population increased by 96.83 million, an average increase of 7.45 million per annum.

　　就业结构
　　Employment Structure
　　从三次产业就业结构看，1990-2003年，第三产业从业人员所占比重稳步增长，由18.5%提高到29.3%，从业人员达到21809万人；第二产业从业人员所占比重稳定在21.6%，从业人员达到16077万人；第一产业从业人员所占比重有所下降，由60.1%下降到49.1%，从业人员为36546万人（见图3）。从城乡就业结构看，1990-2003年，乡村从业人员所占比例由73.7%下降到65.6%。从不同经济成分就业结构看， 1990-2003年，国有单位从业人员减少3470万人，为6876万人;城镇个体私营经济组织的从业人员增加3596万人，为4267万人，占同期城镇新增就业人数的46.5%；各种外商投资和多种形式经济，非全日制、临时性、季节性、钟点工、弹性工作等各种就业形式迅速兴起，成为扩大就业的重要渠道。
　　As far as the employment structure is concerned, from 1990 to 2003 the proportion of those employed in tertiary industry rose steadily from 18.5 percent to 29.3 percent, with the number of employees reaching 218.09 million; the proportion of those employed in secondary industry remained at around 21.6 percent, with the number of employees reaching 160.77 million; and the proportion of those employed in primary industry dropped from 60.1 percent to 49.1 percent, with the employees numbering 365.46 million (see Chart 3). In terms of employment structure by urban and rural areas, from 1990 to 2003, the ratio of the employed in rural areas dropped from 73.7 percent to 65.6 percent. In terms of employment structure by different economic sectors, from 1990 to 2003, the number of employees in state-owned entities decreased by 34.7 million, down to 68.76 million; the number of those employed by urban individual and private economic entities increased by 35.96 million, to reach 42.67 million, representing 46.5 percent of the newly employed in the urban areas in the same period. New forms of employment mushroomed, such as jobs in foreign-invested firms and economic entities of diverse forms, part-time jobs, temporary jobs, seasonal jobs, work on an hourly basis and jobs with flexible working hours, and became important avenues for the expansion of employment.

失业率
　　Unemployment Rate
　　近年来，在就业压力持续加大的情况下，中国政府采取多种措施控制城镇失业率的急剧上升。2003年底，城镇登记失业率为4.3%，城镇登记失业人数为800万人（见图4）。
　　In recent years, as the employment pressure has been continuously increasing, the Chinese Government has adopted many measures to curb the sharp rise of urban unemployment. By the end of 2003, the registered unemployment rate in the urban areas was 4.3 percent, and the number of registered jobless urbanites was eight million (see Chart 4).

　　2004年，中国政府确定就业再就业工作目标为新增就业900万人，下岗失业人员再就业500万人，其中困难人员再就业100万人，城镇登记失业率控制在4.7%左右。
　　In 2004, the Chinese Government has plans to find employment or reemployment for nine million people, and reemployment for five million laid-off persons, of whom the number of those who have difficulties finding a new job is one million. The registered unemployment rate in the urban areas is planned to be controlled at around 4.7 percent.
　　城乡居民收入
　　Income of Urban and Rural Residents
　　随着经济的发展和就业机会的增多，居民收入不断增长。1990-2003年，城镇居民人均可支配收入由1510元增长到8472元，增长4.6倍，实际增长1.6倍；农村居民人均纯收入由686元增长到2622元，增长2.8倍，实际增长77%（见图5）。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
As the economy develops and job opportunities increase, the income of urban and rural residents keeps rising. From 1990 to 2003, the disposable income per capita of urban residents rose from 1,510 yuan to 8,472 yuan, an increase of 460 percent or a rise of 160 percent in real terms; and the net income per capita of rural residents increased from 686 yuan to 2,622 yuan, an increase of 280 percent, or a rise of 77 percent in real terms (see Chart 5).

二、积极的就业政策　　
　　II. Proactive Employment Policy
　　中国实行积极的就业政策，确立了"劳动者自主就业，市场调节就业，政府促进就业"的就业方针。中国政府坚持通过发展经济、调整经济结构、深化改革、协调发展城乡经济以及完善社会保障体系促进就业，并采取各种有效措施，千方百计增加就业，扩大就业规模，努力把失业率控制在社会可承受的限度内。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　China exercises a proactive employment policy, and has established the employment principle of "workers finding their own jobs, employment through market regulation and employment promoted by the government." The Chinese Government has persisted in promoting employment by way of developing the economy, adjusting the economic structure, deepening reform, coordinating urban and rural economic development, and improving the social security system. It has adopted various effective measures and done everything possible to increase job opportunities, expand the scope of employment, and keep the unemployment rate within a socially tolerable range.
　　发展经济，调整结构，积极创造就业岗位
　　Developing the Economy, Adjusting the Structure and Actively Creating Job Opportunities
　　——通过发展经济扩大就业。中国政府始终将促进就业作为国民经济和社会发展的战略任务，将控制失业率和增加就业岗位作为宏观调控的主要目标，纳入国民经济和社会发展计划，坚持实行扩大内需的方针，实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，保持国民经济平稳较快的发展，并积极调整经济结构，提高经济增长对就业的拉动能力。
　　- Expanding employment through developing the economy. The Chinese Government has always regarded promoting employment as a strategic task for socio-economic development. It takes controlling unemployment rate and increasing job opportunities one of its principal macro control targets and incorporates it in its plan for economic and social development. It adheres to the principle of expanding domestic demand, exercises a proactive fiscal policy and a stable monetary policy, maintains a steady and fairly rapid development of the national economy, actively adjusts the economic structure and enhances the motive power of economic growth in driving employment.
　　——发展第三产业，扩大就业容量。中国政府坚持把发展服务业作为扩大就业的主要方向，鼓励发展社区服务、餐饮、商贸流通、旅游等行业，更多地增加这些行业的就业岗位。2002年，中国政府制定了大力发展第三产业、拓展传统服务业领域的就业渠道、努力发展旅游业等增加就业岗位的扶持政策，重点是开发社区公益性就业岗位，帮助和促进下岗失业人员和其他就业困难群体再就业。
　　- Expanding the capacity of employment by developing tertiary industry. The Chinese Government takes persistently the development of the service industry as a major orientation for the expansion of employment and encourages the development of community services, catering, commercial and trade circulation, tourism, etc., for the purpose of creating more job opportunities in these industries. In 2002, the Chinese Government enacted the policy to support the increase of job opportunities by vigorously developing tertiary industry, broadening employment avenues in the traditional service sector and striving to develop tourism, with the emphasis on creating posts for the public good in neighborhoods and communities and assisting the reemployment or employment of laid-off and unemployed persons and those who have difficulties finding jobs.
　　——鼓励发展多种所有制经济，拓宽就业渠道。中国政府注重发挥劳动力资源优势，积极发展具有比较优势和市场需求的劳动密集型产业和企业，特别是就业容量大的私营、个体经济和中小企业，吸纳的劳动力占城镇就业增量的80%左右。2002年8月，中国颁布了《中小企业促进法》，进一步规范和推动了中小企业的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
- Encouraging the development of an economy with diverse forms of ownership, and broadening avenues for employment. The Chinese Government has paid great attention to exploiting its advantage in labor resources, and actively developed labor-intensive industries and enterprises that have relative advantages and whose products enjoy market demands, particularly private and self-employed businesses and medium and small enterprises with big employment capacity. These industries, businesses and enterprises have accounted for about 80 percent of the new employment in urban areas. In August 2002, China promulgated the "Medium and Small Enterprises Promotion Law," which has further standardized and pushed forward the development of medium and small enterprises.
　　——发展灵活多样的就业形式，增加就业途径。中国政府鼓励劳动者通过灵活多样的方式实现就业，积极发展劳务派遣组织和就业基地，为灵活就业提供服务和帮助。政府制定了非全日制用工、临时就业人员医疗保险等政策，在劳动关系、工资支付、社会保险等方面建立制度，促进和保障灵活就业人员的合法权益。
　　- Developing flexible and diverse forms and increasing avenues of employment. The Chinese Government encourages laborers to seek employment through flexible and diverse forms, and actively develops labor-dispatch organizations and employment bases to provide services and assistance for flexible employment. The government has put in place a medical insurance policy for part-time employees and temporary workers and enacted regulations in respect of labor relations, wage payment, social insurance, etc., to promote and protect the legitimate rights and interests of those who obtained jobs in a flexible manner.

完善公共就业服务体系，培育发展劳动力市场
　　Improving the Public Employment Service System, and Fostering and Developing the Labor Market
　　——建立市场导向的就业机制。中国政府积极培育和发展劳动力市场，逐步确立企业作为劳动力市场的用人主体、劳动者作为供给主体的地位。同时，协调推进社会保障制度、住房制度、户籍制度等项改革，劳动力市场发育的客观环境明显改善，市场机制已经在劳动力资源配置中发挥基础性作用。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Establishing a market-oriented employment mechanism. The Chinese Government actively fosters and develops the labor market and has gradually established the enterprises' status as the major employers and the laborers' status as the major labor suppliers. Simultaneously, it has coordinated and propelled reform in the social security system, the residential housing system and the household registration system. The environment for labor market development has been noticeably improved, and the market mechanism is now playing the fundamental role in the allocation of labor resources.
　　——发展完善公共就业服务体系。二十世纪九十年代后期以来，中国政府大力加强劳动力市场科学化、规范化、现代化建设，建立公共就业服务制度。目前在大中城市和部分有条件的小城市，市、区两级普遍建立了以公共职业介绍机构为窗口的综合性服务场所，地级以上城市基本建立了街道社区劳动保障工作平台，完善了基层就业服务组织网络。在全国近100个大中城市建立了劳动力市场信息网，实现了市、区就业服务机构的信息计算机联网，部分城市已经将信息网络连接到街道、社区。全国已有89个大中城市按季向社会发布劳动力市场职业供求分析信息，对促进劳动力资源合理配置和职业培训事业的发展起到了引导作用。政府还鼓励和规范民办职业介绍机构的发展。2003年底，全国共有各类职业介绍机构2.6万个，其中各级劳动和社会保障部门举办的公共职业介绍机构1.8万个。公共职业介绍机构每年为近2000万人次提供就业服务，成功介绍1000万人次实现就业。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Developing and improving the public employment service system. Since the late 1990s, the Chinese Government has made great efforts for scientific, standardized and modernized building of the labor market, and established a public employment service system. Currently, at both city and district levels in large and medium cities and some small cities that have the necessary conditions, comprehensive service premises with public job agencies as their key service have been widely established. Cities at the prefectural level and above have, by and large, set up organizations to provide labor security work in local communities, and improved the network of employment service organizations at the grass-roots level. Almost a hundred large and medium cities in the country have launched websites providing information on the labor market, and ensured inter-connection between computers of the city and district employment service organizations. In some cities, the information websites can be accessed in local neighborhoods and communities. There are 89 large and medium cities that provide to the public, on a seasonal basis, analyses of information concerning supply and demand of the labor market by different categories of jobs. This service plays a guiding role in the promotion of the rational allocation of labor resources and the development of occupational training. The government also encourages and has standardized the development of job agencies run by non-governmental entities. By the end of 2003, there were, all told, 26,000 job agencies of various types, of which 18,000 were public job agencies founded by government institutions in charge of labor and social security at various levels. The public job agencies provide employment services to some 20 million people each year, and have found jobs for 10 million people successfully.
　　——完善失业保险制度。二十世纪八十年代中期，中国建立了失业保险制度，为失业人员提供失业救济和失业医疗补助，开展失业人员管理和服务，并充分发挥失业保险促进就业和再就业的作用。1999年1月，中国政府发布《失业保险条例》，进一步完善了失业保险制度。据劳动和社会保障部统计，2003年全国失业保险基金收入249亿元，支出200亿元，滚存结余304亿元。2003年底，全国参加失业保险人数10373万人，年末领取失业保险金人数为415万人。
　　- Improving the unemployment insurance system. In the mid-1980s, an unemployment insurance system was established in China to provide unemployment relief and medicare subsidies to the unemployed, facilitate the administration of and services for the unemployed, and give full scope to the role of unemployment insurance in promoting employment and reemployment. In January 1999, the Chinese Government promulgated the "Unemployment Insurance Regulations," which further improved the unemployment insurance system. According to statistics from the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, in 2003 the income of the national unemployment insurance fund was 24.9 billion yuan, while the expenditure was 20 billion yuan, with an accumulative balance of 30.4 billion yuan. By the end of 2003, 103.73 million people throughout the country had underwritten unemployment insurance policies and 4.15 million people received unemployment insurance pay by the year.
　　促进下岗失业人员再就业
　　Getting Laid-off Persons Back into the Workforce
　　在中国长期处于劳动力供大于求的背景下，随着经济结构的不断调整，从传统产业分流了一大批下岗失业人员。
　　Against the background that the supply of labor in China has for a long time exceeded the demand and due to continued adjustment of the economic structure, a large number of workers have been laid off from traditional industries.
　　
　　1998-2003年，国有企业累计下岗2818万人。近年来，中国政府提出了一整套促进下岗失业人员再就业的政策:大力开发就业岗位，搞好再就业服务，增加再就业资金投入，强化再就业技能培训，积极引导下岗失业人员转变就业观念。
　　From 1998 to 2003, the accumulative total number of persons laid off from state-owned enterprises was 28.18 million. In recent years, the Chinese Government again has formulated a set of policies for promoting the reemployment of laid-off persons: vigorously creating job opportunities, improving reemployment services, increasing financial input for reemployment, strengthening skill training for reemployment, and actively guiding laid-off and unemployed persons to change their attitudes toward employment.
　　1998-2003年，中央财政共安排国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障和再就业资金731亿元。2003年，经过全国各级政府的共同努力，共有440万下岗失业人员实现了再就业，其中有120万为男50周岁、女40周岁以上的困难人员。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　From 1998 to 2003, the central budget put aside a total of 73.1 billion yuan for basic subsistence and reemployment of laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises. In 2003, with the concerted efforts of governments at all levels throughout the country, jobs were found for 4.4 million laid-off persons, of whom 1.2 million were men over 50 years of age and women over 40 years of age, who had been considered as having difficulties finding reemployment.
　　——建立再就业服务中心。中国政府组织各方力量在有下岗职工的国有企业普遍建立再就业服务中心，为下岗职工提供基本生活保障，代缴养老、医疗等社会保险费，并为他们提供一次职业指导、三次就业信息服务和一次免费的职业培训机会。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　
　　- Establishing reemployment service centers. The Chinese Government has mobilized the resources of all circles to establish reemployment service centers in state-owned enterprises that have laid-off workers to provide basic subsistence allowances and pay old-age and medicare insurance premiums on their behalf, and to provide them with one job consultancy, three employment information service offers and one vocational training opportunity free of charge.
　　——实行税费减免和小额担保贷款扶持政策。对下岗失业人员自谋职业，从事个体经营的，三年内免征有关税费；对下岗失业人员自谋职业和自主创业提供小额担保贷款，由政府建立担保基金，并提供财政贴息。
　　- Instituting the supportive policies of reducing and exempting taxes and administrative charges, and extending small security-backed loans. For laid-off persons who set up their own businesses, small security-backed loans are available, and the relevant taxes and administrative charges are exempted for three years over these businesses. The government has established a security fund for such loans, and provides loans at discount interest.
　　——实行社会保险补贴和减免税收政策。对各类服务型企业和商贸企业新增岗位招用国有企业下岗失业人员，由政府提供社会保险补贴。为鼓励企业多吸纳下岗失业人员，对服务型企业、商贸企业、劳动就业服务企业中的加工型小企业，以及街道社区具有加工性质的小企业实体，在当年新增岗位中招用下岗失业人员达到30%以上的，三年内减免有关税收。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Implementing the policies of social insurance subsidies, and tax reduction and exemption. Various service enterprises and commercial and trading enterprises shall be provided with social insurance subsidies by the government if they employ laid-offs from state-owned enterprises for newly created posts. To encourage them to recruit more of the laid-off persons, small processing-type enterprises in service, commercial and trading enterprises and labor employment service enterprises as well as small enterprise entities of a processing nature in neighborhoods and communities shall enjoy relevant tax reductions and exemptions for three years if formerly laid-off people make up 30 percent or more of their new recruits of the year.

——通过再就业援助帮助就业困难对象。对有就业能力和就业愿望的男50周岁、女40周岁以上就业困难的下岗失业人员，作为就业援助的主要对象，提供即时岗位援助等多种帮助。政府投资开发的公益性岗位优先安排大龄就业困难对象。在社区开发公益性岗位安排原国有企业的大龄就业困难职工就业，政府给予社会保险补贴和岗位补贴。
　　- Helping those who have difficulties finding jobs through reemployment assistance. Laid-off men over 50 years of age and women over 40 years of age, who have difficulties finding new jobs but have working ability and a wish to be employed, should be regarded as major targets for employment assistance and promptly provided with offers of posts and other kinds of help. For posts for the public good developed with government investment, priority shall be given to those having difficulties finding new jobs because of their disadvantaged age. Regarding posts for the public good developed by neighborhoods and communities for former laid-offs from state-owned enterprises who have difficulties finding new jobs because of their disadvantaged age, the government will extend social insurance subsidies and post subsidies.
　　——鼓励国有大中型企业分流安置富余人员。鼓励国有大中型企业通过主辅分离、辅业改制，分流安置本企业富余人员。对改制企业以及兴办的经济实体安置富余人员达到一定比例的，三年内可免征企业所得税。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Encouraging large and medium state-owned enterprises to make flexible arrangements for their surplus workers. Large and medium state-owned enterprises are encouraged to make arrangements in various ways for their surplus workers by way of separating the principal production from the side occupations and through restructuring the side occupations. An enterprise that has completed restructuring and set up economic entities to absorb its surplus workers at a certain ratio can be exempted from enterprise income tax for three years.
　　——加强对下岗失业人员的就业服务。在各级公共职业介绍机构中，对下岗失业人员实行求职登记、职业指导、职业介绍、社会保险关系接续"一站式"就业服务，并开展免费职业介绍和职业培训。运用现代化的信息网，为下岗失业人员及时准确地提供就业信息。对下岗失业人员自谋职业和自主创业，在有条件的地方设立专门窗口，实行工商登记、税务办理、劳动保障事务代理等"一条龙"服务。组织开展多层次、多形式的再就业培训，提高下岗失业人员的就业能力。对有开业条件的人员开展创业培训和开业指导，提供项目咨询、跟踪扶持等服务，通过培养创业带头人带动更多人就业。
　　- Improving employment services for laid-off and unemployed persons. Public job centers at all levels should provide a "one-stop" service ranging from registration of laid-off and unemployed persons looking for jobs, to giving job consultancy, offering jobs, and social insurance coverage, and provide gratis job briefings and skill training. Modern information networks should be employed to provide timely and accurate employment information to laid-off and unemployed persons. Wherever the conditions are right, a special office should be set up to provide a "coordinated process" service covering industrial and commercial registration, taxation procedures and labor protection matters, to laid-off and unemployed persons who have set up their own businesses. Training for reemployment should be organized and conducted at various levels and in diverse forms, in order to enhance the employment qualifications of laid-off and unemployed persons. Those who are able to set up their own businesses should be offered the relevant training and guidance, and provided with consultancy, follow-up assistance and other services. Through training these people as pioneers in starting businesses, more people should be encouraged to seek employment on their own initiative.
　　完善社会保障体系，维护劳动关系的和谐稳定
　　Improving the Social Security System, and Maintaining Harmonious and Stable Labor Relations
　　——建立"三条保障线"制度。1998年以来，中国政府建立了以国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障、失业保险和城市居民最低生活保障为内容的“三条保障线”制度。在有下岗职工的国有企业普遍建立再就业服务中心，下岗职工在中心期间可领取最长为三年的基本生活费。三年期满出中心后没有实现再就业的下岗职工和其他失业人员，已参加失业保险并足额缴费的，可按规定领取最长期限两年的失业保险金（见图6）。城市居民家庭人均收入低于当地最低生活保障标准的下岗失业人员，可按规定享受城市居民最低生活保障标准。通过建立“三条保障线”，将下岗失业人员的生活保障、社会保障和再就业紧密联系起来。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Establishing the "three guarantees" system. In 1998, the Chinese Government established the system of "three guarantees," namely, guarantee of basic subsistence allowance for laid-offs from state-owned enterprises, guarantee of unemployment insurance, and guarantee of minimum subsistence allowance for urban residents. Reemployment service centers have been widely established in state-owned enterprises that have laid-off workers. Laid-off workers may obtain funds for basic daily necessities for a maximum of three years from such centers. After the three-year term expires, laid-off workers and other unemployed people who have not been reemployed or employed and who have unemployment insurance coverage and paid the premiums in full are entitled to unemployment insurance pay for a maximum of two years (see Chart 6). If the average income per head in an urban residential household of a laid-off or unemployed person is lower than the local minimum subsistence standard, that person is entitled to the minimum subsistence allowance for urban residents. Due to the "three guarantees" system, the subsistence allowance, social security and reemployment for laid-off persons are now closely connected.

　　——加强社会保障服务。中国政府采取各种措施，积极探索建立独立于企业事业单位之外、资金来源多元化、保障制度规范化、管理服务社会化的社会保障体系。1998年以来，建立了下岗失业人员的社会保险关系接续制度，促进下岗失业人员再就业。下岗失业人员离开企业时，其过去的社会保险缴费年限和个人账户继续保留，再就业后继续参加养老保险并按规定缴费的，其前后缴费年限合并计算。对下岗失业人员以非全日制、临时性、弹性工作等灵活形式就业的，初步制定了适应其就业特点的社会保险办法和劳动用工管理制度。
　　- Strengthening social security services. The Chinese Government has taken various measures and actively explored the possibilities for the establishment of a social security system independent of enterprises and public institutions, and has diversified fund sources, a standardized security system, and socialized management and service. Since 1998, a system of continuation of social insurance relations for laid-off and unemployed persons has been in place, which helps promote the reemployment of laid-off persons and the employment of unemployed persons. When a laid-off person leaves his or her enterprise, the payment of his or her social insurance premiums and personal insurance account will remain valid. When reemployed, the worker will continue to pay the insurance premiums as required, and the former and current terms of premium payment should be added together. For laid-off persons who get reemployed in a flexible form, such as a part-time job, temporary job and flexible working-hour job, a preliminary social insurance and labor management system suited to their job characteristics has been established.
　　——建立新型劳动关系调整机制。中国政府积极推动建立"双方自主协商、政府依法调整"的劳动关系协调机制，推动建立通过劳动合同确立劳动关系的制度。劳动合同制度已在城镇各类企业中广泛实施。政府鼓励企业不断加强职工代表大会和工会的职能，完善职工民主参与制度，积极探索和推行通过平等协商签订集体合同的制度。到2003年底，全国签订集体合同67.2万份，覆盖企业123万家，覆盖职工1.75亿人。其中签订工资专项集体合同的企业29.3万家，覆盖职工3579万人。中国全面启动建立符合本国国情的政府、工会和企业三方协商机制，对涉及劳动关系的重大问题进行沟通和协商。目前，全国已有30个省、自治区、直辖市先后建立起省级三方劳动关系协调会议制度，已建立各级三方协商机制5062个。与此同时，中国还建立了劳动争议调解、仲裁和法律诉讼制度，将劳动争议纳入依法处理的轨道。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Establishing a new labor relations regulatory mechanism. The Chinese Government has actively promoted the establishment of a labor relations regulatory mechanism characterized by "autonomous consultation by both parties and regulated by the government according to law," and promoted the introduction of the system of establishing labor relations through labor contracts. The labor contract system has been implemented extensively in various types of urban enterprises. The government encourages enterprises to continuously strengthen the functions of the employees' representative conference and the trade union, improve the system of democratic participation by the employees, and actively explore and popularize the system of conclusion of collective contracts through consultation on an equal footing. By the end of 2003, 635,000 collective contracts had been concluded throughout the country, covering 1.27 million enterprises and more than 80 million employees, of which the number of enterprises that signed specific collective contracts concerning salaries and wages totaled 293,000, covering 35.79 million employees. A consultation mechanism between three parties, namely, the government, the trade union and the enterprise, suited to the actual conditions of China has been launched in an all-round way for the purpose of communication and consultation on major issues involving labor relations. At present, 30 provinces, autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities have successively established the system of holding three-party labor coordination meetings at the provincial level, as well as 5,062 three-party consultation mechanisms at various other levels. At the same time, China has also established a labor dispute mediation, arbitration and litigation system, whereby to handle labor disputes in accordance with the law.
　　——保障劳动者就业权利。中国法律规定，劳动者就业，不因民族、种族、性别、宗教信仰不同而受歧视。中国法律严禁用人单位招用未满16周岁的未成年人，国家严厉查处非法使用童工和介绍童工就业的行为。中国政府通过加大执法监督力度，督促企业认真落实法律法规中有关平等就业的规定，纠正劳动力市场上的各种歧视行为，禁止在媒体上刊登或播出有歧视性的招聘广告。同时，提高劳动者的维权意识和能力，营造良好的舆论氛围，支持和鼓励劳动者运用法律武器保护自身劳动就业权益。中国政府不断完善职业安全与卫生的国家标准、行业标准和地方标准，于1999年颁布了职业安全卫生管理体系标准，并全面开展了认证工作。2003年，国务院颁布了《工伤保险条例》，并于2004年1月1日起施行。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Protecting laborers' right to employment. Chinese law stipulates that workers must not be discriminated against in the matter of employment because of ethnic identity, race, sex or religious belief. Chinese law strictly prohibits the employment of people under the age of 16. The state strictly investigates and deals with the illegal use of child laborers and the recommendation of children for work. The Chinese Government has, by intensifying law enforcement and supervision, urged enterprises to earnestly implement the stipulations specified in laws and regulations concerning equal employment, rectified all acts of discrimination in the labor market, and banned all employment advertisements containing discriminating content in the media. Simultaneously, the Chinese Government strives to enhance the laborers' awareness and ability of protecting their own rights and to create a sound public opinion environment, supports and encourages laborers to use the law to protect their own employment rights and interests. The Chinese Government has continuously improved the state, industrial and local standards in respect of job safety and hygiene. It promulgated the standards for the job safety and hygiene administrative system in 1999, and carried out certification work in an all-round manner. In 2003, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations Concerning Insurance for Work-related Injuries," which became effective as of January 1, 2004.

三、提高劳动者素质　　
　　III. Improving the Quality of the Workforce
　　中国政府通过多种途径，积极发展各类教育与培训事业，实行学历证书和职业资格证书并重的制度，全面提高劳动者的就业能力、创业能力和适应职业变化的能力。
　　The Chinese Government has introduced the system of paying attention both to school diplomas and professional qualification certificates, trying many ways to promote various kinds of educational and training programs to improve the comprehensive capacity of people of working age to obtain employment, to start a business or to adapt to occupational changes.
　　发展各类教育事业
　　Promoting Various Kinds of Educational Programs
　　——普及中小学教育。2003年，全国小学学龄儿童入学率达98.6%，初中毛入学率达92.7%;高中阶段教育（包括普通高中、职业高中、成人高中、普通中专、成人中专和技工学校）共有学校31900所，在校生3241万人，高中阶段毛入学率达43.8%。其中，中等职业教育（包括职业高中、普通中专、成人中专和技工学校）共有学校14800所，在校生1254万人。
　　- Making primary and middle school education available to all children. In 2003, the attendance rate of school-age children in primary schools was 98.6 percent, and the gross enrolment rate of junior middle schools was 92.7 percent. There were altogether 31,900 senior middle schools and their equivalents (including ordinary senior middle schools, vocational senior middle schools, senior middle schools for adults, ordinary polytechnic schools, polytechnic schools for adults, and technical schools), with an enrolment of 32.41 million students and a gross enrolment rate of 43.8 percent. Among these, there were 14,800 schools of secondary vocational education (including vocational senior middle schools, ordinary polytechnic schools, polytechnic schools for adults, and technical schools), with 12.54 million students altogether.
　　——发展高等教育和成人教育。2003年,高等教育总规模达1900万人，高等教育毛入学率17%。2003年，全国各类学校举办的各种形式的成人非学历教育结业人数达7436万人次，目前有5844万人正在接受各类培训，其中职业技术培训学校全年共培训7242万人次。2003年，各级各类民办学校共有70000所，在校生总规模达1416万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Developing higher education and adult education. In 2003, there were 19 million students in institutions of higher learning, with the gross enrolment rate reaching 17 percent, and the number of people having finished studies at various kinds of non-degree adult courses offered by schools of different types throughout the country totaled 74.36 million. At present, 58.44 million people are attending training classes of every description. Of these, the vocational technical schools trained 72.42 million people throughout the year. In 2003, there were 70,000 non-governmental schools of different types and at various levels, with the total number of students reaching 14.16 million.
　　建立职业培训体系
　
　　Establishing a Vocational Training System
　　中国的职业培训包括就业前培训、转业培训、学徒培训和在职培训，涵盖了初级、中级、高级技师职业资格培训和其他适应性培训等层次。国家通过发展高等职业院校、高级技工学校、中等专业技术学校、技工学校、就业训练中心、民办职业培训机构、企业职工培训中心等职业培训机构，努力形成全方位、多层次的职业教育和培训体系，加强对城镇新生劳动力、下岗失业人员、农村转移劳动力和在岗职工的培训。技工学校是以培养技术工人为主，同时开展各类长短期培训的综合性职业培训基地;就业训练中心是培训新生劳动力和失业人员的基地，以实用技术和适应性培训为主。截至2003年底，全国共有技工学校3167所（其中包括高级技工学校274所），在校学生191万人，面向社会开展各类培训220万人次;就业训练中心3465所，社会培训机构17350所，全年开展培训1071万人次。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　Vocational training in China includes pre-employment training, training for people transferred to new occupations, apprentice training and on-the-job training, covering elementary, intermediary, and advanced vocational qualification training for technicians and other types of training to help people adapt to different job requirements. By developing higher vocational institutions, advanced technical schools, secondary polytechnic schools, technical schools, employment training centers, non-governmental vocational training institutions and enterprises employees' training centers, the state endeavors to develop an all-round and multi-level national system of vocational education and training and strengthen training for the new urban workforce, laid-off workers, rural migrant workers and on-the-job employees. Technical schools are comprehensive vocational training bases mainly engaged in training skilled workers, while offering different types of long- or short-term training programs. Employment training centers are bases for training new workforce and laid-off people, mainly offering teaching in practical skills and helping the trainees to adapt to different job requirements. By the end of 2003, there were altogether 3,167 technical schools in China (including 274 on the advanced level), with a total of 1.91 million students at school, and these schools also offered different types of training to 2.2 million people from various social sectors. There were 3,465 governmental employment training centers and 17,350 non-governmental training institutions throughout the country in 2003, offering training to 10.71 million people throughout the year.
　　——加强就业前培训。中国全面实施劳动预备制度，普遍建立和实行新生劳动力的就业前培训制度，形成了覆盖城乡的职业培训网络，使城镇绝大多数新生劳动力能够接受劳动预备制培训，并逐步将农村新生劳动力特别是从事非农产业和向城镇转移的农村劳动力纳入劳动预备制培训范畴。2003年，有126万城镇未能继续升学的初高中毕业生参加了劳动预备制培训。
　　- Strengthening pre-employment training. China has fully adopted the workforce preparation system, and widely established and implemented the system of training for new workforce before employment. Thus, a vocational training network covering both urban and rural areas has been put in place, making it possible for most of the new urban workers to receive work preparation training, and for new rural laborers, especially non-agricultural laborers and rural migrant workers in towns and cities gradually to be included in the work preparation training program. In 2003, some 1.26 million urban junior and senior middle school graduates who were unable to enter schools for further studies received such training.

——加强劳动者技能培训。从2002年开始，国家实施《加强职业培训提高就业能力计划》和《国家高技能人才培训工程》，并启动了“三年五十万新技师培训计划”，在全社会广泛开展技能振兴行动，加快培养一大批技术技能劳动者特别是高级技能人才，提高全体劳动者的就业能力、工作能力和职业转换能力。着重开展新技术、新材料、新工艺、新设备的培训，培养一批企业急需技术技能型、复合技能型人才，以及高新技术发展需要的知识技能型人才。2003年，全国的企业在职职工中，当年接受各种岗位技能培训的达3400万人次。
　　- Strengthening labor skill training. In 2002, the state carried out a widespread skill-enhancement action by implementing a "Plan for Strengthening Vocational Training to Improve Employment Qualifications" and a "National Project for Training Highly Skilled Personnel." Meanwhile, a program for training 500,000 new technicians in three years was also launched. All these were aimed at cultivating rapidly a large number of skilled workers, especially workers with advanced skills, so as to improve the employment qualifications, work competence and job-switching capacity of the workforce as a whole. In this process, emphasis was laid on training in new techniques, materials, technology and equipment to meet the urgent needs of enterprises for people with specialized skills and techniques, multi-skilled talents, and people with both the needed knowledge and skills for the development of new and high technology. Of all the enterprise employees in China, 34 million received job-related skill training in 2003.
　　——加强再就业培训。中国政府把再就业培训作为促进下岗失业人员再就业的常规性制度确立下来。1998-2000年，政府组织实施了“三年千万再就业培训计划”。三年间，累计培训下岗职工1300万人 ，其中65%的人实现了再就业。在总结经验的基础上，又组织实施了第二期"三年千万再就业培训计划"。2001-2003年，通过灵活多样的培训形式，共组织1530万下岗失业人员参加再就业培训。1998年以来，在全国30个城市开展创业培训工作。通过组织开展培训指导、政策咨询和跟踪服务，切实提高下岗失业人员从事个体、私营经济或创办小企业的能力。全国各级工会开办的职业培训机构，累计培训了下岗失业人员360万人次。2003年，全国共有近28万人参加了创业培训，其中有近14万人成功创业或自谋职业微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　- Strengthening reemployment training. The Chinese Government has made reemployment training a regular system to help laid-off workers to find new jobs. From 1998 to 2000, the government carried out the "Three-Year Plan for Training 10 Million Laid-off Workers for Reemployment." In these three years, 13 million laid-offs received training, of whom 65 percent found new jobs. On the basis of summarizing the experience gained in the first phase, the second phase of the plan was then implemented. From 2001 to 2003, some 15.3 million laid-off workers attended reemployment training programs offered in various flexible ways. Since 1998, training in starting up businesses has been launched in 30 cities throughout the country. This is aimed at substantially enhancing the ability of laid-off workers to engage in individual and private sectors of the economy or start small businesses by means of training and guidance, policy consultation and follow-up service. Vocational training institutions run by the trade union organizations at different levels have run training courses for 3.6 million laid-off workers. In 2003, some 280,000 people received training in starting their own businesses, about 140,000 of whom have successfully started their own businesses or become self-employed.
　　——发展远程培训。中国政府利用信息网络技术和卫星数据传输技术，大力发展远程培训。国家加快远程职业培训总体规划的制定和实施，逐步形成社会化、开放式的培训网络。
　　- Developing long-distance training. The Chinese Government is vigorously promoting long-distance training programs by means of information network and satellite data transmission technology. The government has expedited the formulation and implementation of an overall plan for long-distance vocational training, with a view to steadily bringing into shape a socialized and open training network.
　　全面推行职业资格证书制度
　　Implementing the Vocational Qualification Certificate System in an All-round Way
　　中国自1994年实行职业资格证书制度以来，已初步建立起职业资格证书制度的法律法规和工作体系。1999年，中国政府要求在全社会实行学历证书、职业资格证书并重的制度。2000年，初步建立起就业准入制度框架。目前，中国已基本建立起与国家职业资格相对应，从初级、中级、高级技工直至技师、高级技师的五级职业资格培训体系，并使之成为劳动者终身学习体系的重要组成部分。目前，全国有职业技能鉴定机构8万多个，职业技能鉴定考评人员18万人，职业技能鉴定平均通过率为84%，共有4500万人（次）获得职业资格证书。
　　Since China adopted the vocational qualification certificate system in 1994, relevant laws and regulations as well as a work system have been established initially for its application. In 1999, the Chinese Government called upon all social sectors to adopt the system of paying attention both to school diplomas and vocational qualification certificates. In 2000, the framework of the employment permission system was preliminarily set up. At present, China has basically set up a vocational qualification training system of five levels - from elementary-, intermediate- and advanced-grade skilled workers to technicians and senior technicians - that corresponds to the state vocational qualification standards and forms an important part of a life-long learning system for workers. Now, there are some 80,000 vocational skill evaluation institutions and 180,000 people engaged in vocational skill evaluation and examination in China. The average pass rate of vocational skill examinations is 84 percent, and 45 million vocational qualification certificates have been issued.
　　开展技能竞赛和技术能手表彰活动
　　Launching Skill Competitions and Activities Honoring Technical Experts
　　中国的职业技能竞赛分为国家、省和市三级竞赛。国家级技能竞赛一般每两年举办一次。同时，政府、工会、企业三方密切合作，开展行业性的和企业一级的职业技能竞赛，提高职工的职业技能水平。2003年，全国参加技术练兵、技术比武活动的职工达1800余万人。从1995年开始，国家每年评选表彰10名“中华技能大奖”和100名“全国技术能手”。
　　Skill competitions in China are held at the national, provincial and city levels. The national-level competition is held every other year. Meanwhile, the government, trade unions and enterprises work in close cooperation to hold vocational skill competitions within particular trades or enterprises to enhance the vocational skills of workers and staff members. In 2003, some 18 million workers and staff members took part in technical training and skill competitions throughout the country. Since 1995, 10 winners of the "China Grand Skill Award" and 100 "National Technical Experts" have been selected and commended by the state each year.

四、农村劳动力就业　　
　　IV. Employment of Rural Workforce
　　农村人口占中国人口的大多数，中国政府高度重视农村的就业问题。中国政府坚持走大中小城市和小城镇协调发展的中国特色城市化道路，统筹城乡经济社会发展，调整农业和农村经济结构，扩大农村就业容量，采取多种措施推动农村富余劳动力向非农产业转移，并逐步消除不利于城市化发展的体制和政策障碍，引导农村劳动力合理有序流动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　As people in the rural areas make up the majority of China's population, the Chinese Government has paid great attention to employment of the rural workforce. By sticking to the road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics that enables the big, medium and small cities as well as small townships to develop in a coordinated way, the government has made overall plans for the social and economic development of both urban and rural areas, adjusted the structure of agriculture and rural economy, expanded the rural employment capacity, adopted many measures to help the surplus rural workforce to transfer to the non-agricultural fields, and gradually removed the institutional and policy obstacles to urbanization to guide the rational and orderly flow of the rural workforce.
　　调整农业和农村经济结构
　　Adjusting the Structure of Agriculture and Rural Economy
　　中国政府积极调整农业和农村经济结构，大力发展传统种植业以外的农业产业，扩大农业综合开发，提高农业综合效益。国家大力推进农业产业化经营，发展农产品加工、销售、储运、保鲜等产业，延长农业产业链。采取财政、税收、信贷等方面的优惠政策，扶持一批重点龙头企业加快发展。鼓励农业服务组织创新，培育经纪人队伍，全面发展农业社会化服务。中国政府将发展乡镇企业作为解决农村富余劳动力就业的一条重要出路。20多年来，通过体制创新、技术改造、布局优化和产业升级，不断提高乡镇企业的市场竞争力。目前，乡镇企业已经具有相当的规模和经济总量，成为繁荣农村经济、增加农民收入的重要力量和安排农村富余劳动力就业的主渠道。2003年，全国乡镇企业实现增加值36686亿元，占国内生产总值的31.4%，已经成为国民经济的重要支柱;吸纳农村富余劳动力1.36亿人，占农村劳动力的27.8%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　The Chinese Government has actively adjusted the structure of agriculture and rural economy, made great efforts to develop agro-industries other than traditional crop cultivation, and expanded comprehensive agricultural development to raise the overall returns of agriculture. The state has vigorously promoted the industrialized management of agriculture and developed farm produce processing, sales, storage, transportation and preservation to extend the farm produce-related industrial chain. It has adopted preferential policies in the areas of finance, taxation and credit to support the rapid growth of a group of key and leading enterprises. The state encourages innovation in organizations serving agriculture and the cultivation of middlemen so as to develop socialized agricultural services in an all-round way. The Chinese Government has taken the development of township enterprises as an important way to employ the surplus rural workforce. After some 20 years of reform characterized by institutional innovation, technological transformation, optimized arrangement and industrial upgrading, the market competitiveness of these township enterprises has been continuously improved. Today, China's township enterprises have attained a considerable size and a considerable economic aggregate, to become an important force for invigorating rural economy and increasing farmers' incomes, as well as a major venue for the placement of the surplus rural workforce. In 2003, the actual increase in value of China's township enterprises reached 3,668.6 billion yuan, accounting for 31.4 percent of the country's GDP. Having become a key prop of the national economy, the township enterprises have provided jobs to 136 million surplus rural laborers, or 27.8 percent of the rural workforce.
　　引导农村劳动力合理有序流动就业
　　Guiding Rural Workforce to Flow in a Rational and Orderly Way
　　2003年，中国农村劳动力到乡以外地方流动就业的人数已超过9800万人，是1990年1500万人的6倍以上。二十世纪九十年代后，农民离乡外出就业平均每年以500万人左右的规模迅速增加，成为农村劳动力转移的主要渠道。九十年代以来，中国政府对农民工进城实行"公平对待、合理引导、完善管理、搞好服务"的方针，对农民进城就业加强引导和服务，建立了劳务协作制度、就业服务制度、重点监控制度等有效的管理服务制度，充分发挥政府在信息导向、管理服务方面的职能作用。在此基础上，大力加强公共就业服务机构建设，建立健全劳务用工信息网络，开展用工信息调查并及时分析发布企业用工需求信息。加强农村劳动力职业培训，制定《2003-2010年全国农民工培训规划》，将在七年内对拟转移的6000万农村劳动力开展引导性培训和职业技能培训，提高农民工整体素质和就业能力。中国政府从国民经济和社会发展的全局出发，积极采取措施，引导农民进城按需有序流动就业。
　　In 2003, more than 98 million rural laborers took up jobs outside their townships, over six times the figure of 15 million in 1990. Throughout the 1990s, the number of farmers working away from their native homes increased rapidly at an annual average of five million. To find jobs in places other than their native homes became a major channel for the transfer of the rural workforce. Since the early 1990s, the Chinese Government has adopted the policy of "treating fairly, guiding rationally, and improving administration and service" for farmers working in cities and strengthened guidance and service work in this regard. The government has established effective administrative service systems, such as the labor service cooperation system, employment service system and key monitoring system, aimed at bringing into full play the government's functions in information provision and administrative service. On this basis, great efforts have been made to strengthen the building of public employment service organizations, to set up and improve the labor recruitment information network, to carry out recruitment information surveys and to issue timely analysis and announcement of the recruitment needs of enterprises. The government has worked out the "National Plan for Training Rural Migrant Workers, 2003-2010" to improve vocational training for rural workforce, and planned to provide guiding training and vocational skill training to the 60 million prospective rural migrant laborers in the coming seven years, so as to enhance the overall quality of the rural migrant workers and their employment qualifications. Proceeding from the overall situation of the national economic and social development, the Chinese Government has taken active measures to guide the flow of surplus rural labor for work in cities in line with demand and in an orderly way.

维护农民工合法权益
　　Safeguarding the Legal Rights and Interests of Rural Migrant Workers
　　中国政府逐步健全对进城务工农民的劳动合同管理，用人单位招用农民工，必须依法签订劳动合同，明确单位和农民工的权利和义务。加强劳动力市场清理整顿，加强对用工单位、中介机构的监督检查力度，加强对工资支付、劳动条件等方面的管理，集中开展农民工权益保障专项执法检查，严肃查处非法职业介绍和编造虚假用工信息坑害农民工的行为，有效维护了农民工合法权益和劳动力市场秩序。积极探索发展农民工社会保险的途径，广东、福建、北京等主要劳务输入地区已经将社会保险的覆盖范围向农民工延伸，制定了相应的政策法规，积极开展农民工工伤、医疗、养老等社会保险工作。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　The Chinese Government has gradually improved the administration of labor contracts for rural migrant workers in cities. Any work unit that employs rural workers must sign labor contracts with them according to law to clarify the rights and obligations of the respective parties. The government has reorganized the labor market, strengthened supervision over and inspection of the employing units and intermediaries, enhanced management in such areas as wage payment and labor conditions, carried out a special inspection of law enforcement regarding the protection of rural migrant workers' rights and interests, and severely dealt with illegal job agencies and fabrication of false employment information to deceive rural migrant workers, thus effectively safeguarding the rural migrant workers' legitimate rights and interests and the order of the labor market. Active efforts have been made to develop ways to extend social insurance to rural migrant workers, and in the major localities that bring in rural migrant workforce, such as Guangdong, Fujian and Beijing, the coverage of social insurance has been extended to include rural migrant workers, relevant policies and regulations have been worked out and active efforts have been made to provide social insurance to rural migrant workers in work-related injury, medicare and old-age pension.
　　实施农村劳动力开发就业试点
　　Making Experiments in Development and Employment of Rural Workforce
　　1991年以来，中国政府在一些地区实施农村劳动力开发就业试点项目，探索不同自然、经济和社会条件下农村劳动力开发就业的具体途径、实现方式和政策措施，建立与各种就业方式相配套的社会化服务体系和组织管理形式，研究政府统筹管理城乡就业的政策、法规和宏观调控办法，促进农村劳动力就业。目前，以城乡就业统筹、返乡创业、农村劳动力转移培训和推进西部开发就业为主要内容的试点工作，正在全国26个省市的98个县市深入开展。
　　Since 1991, the Chinese Government has made experiments in some areas on the development and employment of rural workforce to explore for specific approaches, means of implementation and policies and measures for the development and employment of the rural workforce in view of different natural and socio-economic conditions. Meanwhile, efforts have been made to set up a relevant socialized service system, and organizational and administrative forms corresponding to various modes of employment, and studies have been carried out on policies, laws and regulations, as well as macro control measures for the government to manage urban and rural employment in a unified way and to promote the employment of rural workforce. At present, such experimental work, which is characterized by unified planning for employment in both urban and rural areas, rural migrant workers returning home to start their own businesses, training of the rural migrant workforce, and the promotion of western development, is being carried out in 98 counties and cities in 26 provinces and centrally administered municipalities nationwide.

五、妇女、青年和残疾人就业　　
　　V. Employment of Women, Youth and Disabled People
　　中国政府一贯十分关注和高度重视妇女、青年和残疾人就业问题，对男女平等就业赋予了法律保障，积极采取优惠政策保护残疾人就业。
　　The Chinese Government has always been highly concerned about and placed great importance on the employment of women, youth and disabled people, providing legal guarantees for equal employment for men and women, and actively adopting preferential policies for protecting employment of the disabled.
　　保障妇女平等就业权利
　　Guaranteeing Women's Right to Equal Employment
　　《中华人民共和国宪法》、《中华人民共和国劳动法》、《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》对保障妇女就业权利均有专门规定。国家保护妇女享有与男子平等的劳动权利，消除就业性别歧视，实行男女同工同酬，保障女职工在经期、孕期、产期和哺乳期以及在工作场所受到特殊劳动保护。2001年5月，中国政府颁布《中国妇女发展纲要（2001-2010年）》，确定了促进妇女就业的发展目标。随着经济的持续快速增长，以及适合女性就业的产业和行业的发展，妇女就业人数不断增长，就业领域不断拓宽。中国城乡妇女就业人数从1990年的2.91亿增加到2003年的3.37亿。目前，城镇单位女性从业人员为4156万人，占城镇单位从业人员总数的38%。在中国政府推进经济体制改革和经济结构调整过程中，出现了一批女性下岗失业人员。为扶持女性特别是大龄女性下岗失业人员再就业，各级政府积极开发和拓展适合女性就业的行业和领域，实行更加灵活的就业形式，为不同就业需求的女性提供就业机会;政府公共职业介绍机构免费为下岗失业女性提供政策咨询、岗位信息、职业指导和职业介绍等服务，积极开展对女性的职业技能培训。1998-2003年，在累计1336万女性下岗失业人员中，共有972万人实现了创业和再就业。政府支持妇联组织积极开展妇女创业和再就业工作，1998-2003年，各级妇联共培训下岗失业妇女580万人次，直接帮助250万名妇女实现再就业。政府建立了生育保险制度，规定生育保险费由企业缴纳，职工个人不缴费，为妇女平等参与就业竞争营造了良好环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　The "Constitution of the PRC," the "Labor Law of the PRC," and the "Law of the PRC on Safeguarding Women's Rights and Interests" all contain special provisions for safeguarding women's right to employment. The state protects women's equal right with men to work, eliminates sexual discrimination in employment, adopts the principle of equal pay for equal work for both sexes, and guarantees special labor protection for women employees during menstruation, pregnancy, confinement and nursing. In May 2001, the Chinese Government promulgated "The Program for the Development of Chinese Women (2001-2010)," which set the goal of promoting women's employment. With the country's sustained, rapid economic growth, and the development of industries and trades suitable for women's employment, the female population in employment has continuously grown, and the fields of employment for them have kept expanding. The female population in employment in China's urban and rural areas increased from 291 million in 1990 to 337 million in 2003. Today, there are 41.56 million women employees in urban units, accounting for 38 percent of the total employees in urban units. As the Chinese Government pushes ahead with the reform of the economic system and the readjustment of the economic structure, a number of women workers have been laid off. To support the reemployment of laid-off women, especially older women, governments at all levels have actively developed and expanded trades and fields suitable for women to work in, and have adopted more flexible forms of employment to provide them with job opportunities according to their needs. Government-run public job agencies provide laid-off and unemployed women gratis with consultancy on policy matters, job vacancy information, vocational guidance and job referral services, and actively carry out vocational skill training for them. From 1998 to 2003, of a total of 13.36 million laid-off and unemployed women, 9.72 million started their own businesses or found new jobs. The government supports women's federations in their work of helping women to start their own businesses or get reemployed. From 1998 to 2003, women's federations at various levels held training sessions for 5.8 million laid-off or unemployed women, and directly helped 2.5 million women to find new jobs. The government has established a maternity insurance scheme, with the premiums paid for by enterprises, instead of individual employees. This has created a favorable environment for women to participate equally in competition for employment.
　　促进青年就业
　　Promoting the Employment of Young People
　　中国青年人口规模大，每年新成长劳动力数以千万计，青年就业问题日益突出。城镇登记失业人员中，35岁以下的占70%左右。为缓解全社会的就业压力，提高青年劳动者的技能素质，中国政府对未能升学的初高中毕业生全面实行一至三年的劳动预备制培训。在各类中等职业学校开设了职业指导的必修课程。同时，以促进学生充分就业为目标，大力加强职业指导工作，加强就业服务和创业教育工作。为解决大学毕业生就业问题，中国政府实施了促进高校毕业生就业的若干措施，主要有:坚持市场导向、政府调控、学校推荐、学生与用人单位双向选择的改革方向，鼓励高校毕业生到基层和艰苦地区工作，充实城市社区和农村乡镇单位；鼓励各类企事业单位特别是中小企业和民营企事业单位聘用高校毕业生；鼓励高校毕业生自主创业和灵活就业，为他们提供税收优惠、小额贷款和创业培训；建立健全高校毕业生就业服务信息网络，做好就业指导和就业服务工作。同时，引导高校适应市场要求调整专业结构和人才培养结构。2003年，政府实施高等职业院校毕业生职业资格培训工程，集中职业技能培训优质资源，对高等职业院校中没有落实工作的毕业生提供培训和服务，为高等职业院校毕业生自主就业创造条件。上海等地实施了青年见习计划，按照政府补偿、社会援助、企业自愿的原则，在有条件的企业建立高等院校毕业生就业实习基地，组织暂时未就业的毕业生进行实际锻炼，增强上岗适应性。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　China has a large young population. Every year, a million-strong new workforce arises, making young people's employment an increasingly striking problem. Of the registered unemployed people in urban areas, around 70 percent are under the age of 35. To reduce the employment pressure on society, and improve young workers' skills and overall quality, the Chinese Government provides one to three years of work preparation for all junior and senior middle school graduates who have failed to enter schools at higher levels. Vocational guidance is offered in various secondary vocational schools as a required course. At the same time, with a view to promoting full employment for graduates, much has been done to provide them with vocational guidance, employment services and education in starting businesses. To solve the employment problem of graduates from institutions of higher learning, the Chinese Government has adopted measures to promote their employment. These mainly include: in pursuance of the reform oriented toward market guidance, government regulation, school recommendation, and the two-way choice of students and employers, to encourage graduates from institutions of higher learning to go and work at grassroots levels and in areas with tough conditions to strengthen urban communities and rural townships; to urge enterprises and institutions, especially small and medium enterprises and private enterprises and institutions, to hire graduates from institutions of higher learning; to encourage graduates from institutions of higher learning to start their own businesses or to get employment in a flexible way, while offering them tax breaks, small loans and training in starting businesses; to establish and improve employment information networks for graduates from institutions of higher learning and to do a better job in employment guidance and services. Meanwhile, guidance is given to institutions of higher learning to readjust their structure of specialties and structure of talent training according to market demand. In 2003, the government launched the project of vocational qualification training for graduates from higher vocational institutions, and pooled quality resources of vocational skill training to provide training and services for graduates from such institutions who have not yet found jobs, thus creating the conditions for the graduates to find employment by themselves. In Shanghai and some other places, a youth probation program has been implemented, and in line with the principle of "government compensation, public assistance and voluntary participation by enterprises," probation bases for graduates from institutions of higher learning are established in enterprises with the necessary conditions, and graduates who have not found jobs are organized to improve their abilities in practice and enhance their adaptability to their future jobs.

帮助残疾人就业
　　Helping Disabled People to Find Employment
　　中国目前有残疾人6000万人，约占全国人口总数的5%。其中处于劳动年龄段的有2400万人。改革开放以来，中国在促进残疾人就业方面，积极发挥政府和社会的主导作用，努力创造残疾人平等参与社会生活的良好环境。中国法律规定，国家保障残疾人劳动的权利，政府对残疾人劳动就业统筹规划，为残疾人创造劳动就业条件。为保障残疾人就业的合法权益，政府加强监察执法，及时发现和纠正用人单位违反法律法规侵害残疾人合法权益的行为。中国实行集中就业与分散就业相结合的方针，采取优惠政策和扶持保护措施，通过多渠道、多层次、多种形式促进残疾人就业。集中就业是指国家和社会举办残疾人福利企业、工疗机构、按摩医疗机构和其他福利性企业事业组织集中安排残疾人就业。政府通过给予税收减免等优惠政策，鼓励发展福利企业，以吸纳更多的残疾人就业。分散就业是指用人单位按比例安排残疾人就业，并为其选择适当的工种和岗位，达不到规定比例要求的，单位要缴纳残疾人就业保障金。国家还采取各种优惠政策和扶持措施鼓励城乡残疾人个体劳动者就业，并通过扶贫贴息贷款方式帮助具有一定劳动能力的贫困残疾人进行自主创业和发展一些能够增加收入的项目。同时，政府和社会组织积极开展对残疾人的就业服务，为残疾人免费提供职业指导、职业介绍和职业培训。截至2003年底，全国城镇残疾人已就业人数为403.1万人，其中集中就业109.1万人，分散就业123.6万人，个体就业170.4万人。农村残疾人已就业人数为1685.2万人。残疾人就业率为83.9%。
　　There are 60 million disabled people in China, accounting for about 5 percent of its total population. Among them 24 million are of working age. Since the reform and opening-up started over 20 years ago, China has brought into full play the guiding role of the government and general public in promoting the employment of disabled people, and made great efforts to create a favorable environment for disabled people to equally participate in social life. According to China's laws, the state guarantees disabled people's right to work. The government makes overall plans for the employment of the disabled and creates conditions for this purpose. To guarantee disabled people's legitimate right to employment, the government has strengthened supervision and law enforcement, so as to find out and correct in time any employers' infringement of the disabled people's legitimate rights and interests in violation of the law and relevant regulations. In line with the principle of combining group and individual employment, China adopts preferential policies as well as supportive and protective measures to promote the employment of disabled people through various channels, at various levels and in various forms. By group employment, it means that the state and the public arrange for the employment of groups of disabled people by running welfare enterprises, recuperation-through-work organizations, massage cure services, and other welfare undertakings. The government encourages the development of welfare enterprises with preferential policies, such as tax reduction and exemption, to enable more disabled people to find employment. By individual employment, it means that employing units hire a certain number of disabled people for suitable posts in proportion to their size of staff. Units with disabled employees fewer than the required proportion must pay into an insurance fund for the employment of disabled people. The state has also adopted various preferential policies and supporting measures to encourage self-employment by disabled people in both urban and rural areas and, by way of granting discount-interest, poverty-alleviation loans, helped impoverished disabled people with the ability to work to set up their own businesses or start projects that can increase their incomes. Meanwhile, the government and social organizations actively offer employment services to disabled people, providing them with free vocational guidance, job referral and vocational training. By the end of 2003, 4.031 million disabled people in urban areas throughout China had found employment, among whom 1.091 million are employed in groups, 1.236 million are employed individually and 1.704 million are self-employed. In rural areas, 16.852 million disabled people are in employment. The employment rate of the disabled overall is 83.9 percent.

六、二十一世纪前期就业展望　
　　VI. Employment Prospects for the Early Part of the 21st Century　
　　二十一世纪前20年，中国进入全面建设小康社会的新时期。中国政府清醒地认识到，由于受人口基数、人口年龄结构、人口迁移以及社会经济发展进程等诸多因素的影响，二十一世纪前20年中国仍然面临较大的就业压力。未来20年，中国16岁以上人口将以年均550万人的规模增长，到2020年劳动年龄人口总规模将达到9.4亿人。“十五”时期（2001-2005年）劳动年龄人口增长最为迅速，年均增长1360万人。在劳动年龄人口持续增长的同时，目前尚有1.5亿农村富余劳动力需要转移，有1100万以上的下岗失业人员需要再就业。在劳动力供求总量矛盾尖锐的同时，劳动力素质与岗位需求不相适应的结构性失业问题日益凸显。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　China will enter a new era of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way in the first two decades of the 21st century. The Chinese Government is clearly aware that in this period the country will still face severe employment pressure due to various factors, such as the huge population base, age structure of the population, population migration, and the process of social and economic development. In the coming 20 years, China's population above the age of 16 will grow by 5.5 million annually on average. By the year 2020 the total population of working age will reach 940 million. In the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan (2001-2005), the population of working age is growing at the fastest rate, increasing by 13.6 million annually on average. While the population of working age keeps increasing, there are now 150 million rural surplus laborers who need to be transferred, and over 11 million unemployed and laid-off persons who need to be employed or reemployed. The contradiction between overall supply of and demand for labor is thus sharp, and the problem of structural unemployment, characterized by a mismatch between the quality of the Chinese labor force and job requirements, is becoming more and more conspicuous.
　　还应该看到，在二十一世纪前期，解决中国的就业问题也存在诸多有利条件:中国政府高度重视就业问题，坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观，促进经济社会和人的全面发展，为进一步解决好就业问题提供了思想认识基础;经过多年的探索和实践，解决就业问题的大政方针已定，方向明确，措施配套，以市场为导向的就业机制初步形成，为解决好就业问题提供了政策和机制保障；经济保持持续、快速、协调和健康发展，财政收入增长较快，经济结构调整顺利推进，企业经济收益明显好转，第三产业发展加快，必将对就业形成强有力的拉动；坚持推进西部大开发、振兴东北地区等老工业基地、促进中部地区崛起、鼓励东部地区加快发展的促进地区协调发展战略的实施，以及城镇化步伐的加快，将为解决就业问题带来新的机遇；随着各项促进就业政策的深入落实和完善，政策效应将进一步释放，就业和创业环境将进一步改善；加入世界贸易组织，对外贸易的不断增长，中国经济与世界经济联系的更加紧密，将为解决就业问题提供良好的外部环境。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　It should be noted, however, that in the early years of the 21st century there are many favorable conditions for solving China's employment problem: The Chinese Government pays close attention to the problem of employment, adheres to the principle of putting people first, keeps to the concept of overall, coordinated, sustainable development and promotes the all-round development of society and man, thus laying an ideological basis for further solving the problem of employment. After many years of exploration and practice, the general policy for solving the employment problem has been settled, with a clear direction and matching measures, and a market-oriented employment mechanism has taken shape, thus providing guarantees in policy and mechanism for solving the problem of employment. The economy keeps developing in a sustained, rapid, coordinated and healthy way, revenue is growing rapidly, the readjustment of the economic structure is progressing smoothly, enterprises are gaining better economic returns and tertiary industry is developing at a faster rate - all these will certainly contribute to increasing job opportunities. The implementation of the strategies for promoting the coordinated development of different areas, such as developing the western region, revitalizing old industrial bases in the northeast and other regions, promoting the rise of the central area, and encouraging faster development of the eastern area, as well as accelerated urbanization, will bring new opportunities for solving the problem of employment. With the in-depth implementation and improvement of various policies for increasing employment, the policy effects will be further released and the environment for employment and starting businesses will be further improved. China's accession to the WTO, the continuous growth of foreign trade, and closer ties between the Chinese economy and the global economy will provide a favorable external environment for solving the problem of employment.
　　总体目标
　　The General Goal
　　二十一世纪前期，中国解决就业问题的总体目标是:按照全面建设小康社会的总体要求，树立和落实科学的发展观，适应经济社会发展对人力资源的开发利用的需求，满足广大劳动者参与劳动和提高收入水平的愿望，努力实现社会就业比较充分，将失业率控制在社会能够承受的范围内。通过发展经济、改善结构带动大量就业岗位的开发，通过加强教育培训带动劳动者就业能力的开发，使中国丰富的劳动力资源得到比较充分的开发和合理利用；创造更加良好的劳动者自主择业、自由流动、自主创业的环境，形成稳定的促进就业政策和制度，健全城乡统一、内外开放、平等竞争、规范有序的劳动力市场，保持就业渠道通畅；将社会失业率和平均失业周期控制在社会可承受的范围内，使有劳动能力和就业愿望的劳动者都能够得到平等就业机会或处于积极准备就业的状态。到2020年，就业总量达到8.4亿，失业率控制在社会可承受的水平;大部分人有机会就业，少量失业者基本生活有保障并为就业做准备，社会总体上处于比较充分的就业状态。
　　China's general goal in solving the employment problem in the early years of the 21st century is: according to the general requirements for building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, to foster and carry out a scientific concept of development, to meet the demand of economic and social development for human resources development and utilization, to satisfy the desire of the broad masses of laborers to work and to raise their income levels, to endeavor to realize relatively full employment, and to control the unemployment rate within limits endurable to society. It is necessary to increase the posts of employment in large numbers through developing the economy and improving its structure, and enhance laborers' ability to find employment through strengthening education and training, so as to ensure relatively full development and reasonable utilization of China's abundant labor resources. It is necessary to create a better environment for workers to choose jobs on their own, migrate freely and set up their own businesses, form stable policies and systems for promoting employment, improve a labor market characterized by unity of the urban and rural areas, opening up internally and externally, fair competition, and standardization and orderliness, so as to ensure the smoothness of the employment channels. It is necessary to control the unemployment rate and average unemployment cycle within limits the society is able to bear, and enable all people having the ability and intention to work to enjoy equal opportunities for employment or to be ready for employment. In the year 2020, the total employed population is expected to reach 840 million, and the unemployment rate is expected to be controlled at a level endurable to society. By then, the majority of people will have employment opportunities; the small number of unemployed will be guaranteed basic subsistence and prepared for employment; and the society as a whole will be in a situation where there is relatively full employment.

主要措施
　　Major Measures
　　——继续保持经济较快增长，把就业和再就业工作放在更加突出的位置。坚持扩大内需的方针，保持国民经济持续快速健康发展，为扩大就业提供强大动力。制定经济增长和产业调整政策时，突出创造就业岗位和扩大就业的战略目标，把创造更多的就业机会作为重要发展目标，并积极体现到制定国民经济和社会发展计划、产业政策、财税政策、投资政策、金融货币政策等宏观经济政策上来，实现国民经济快速健康发展和促进充分就业的双重目标。
　　- Maintaining the relatively rapid growth of the economy, and putting the work of employment and reemployment in a more salient position. China will adhere to the policy of expanding domestic demand and maintain a sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy, so as to provide a strong drive for expanding employment. When making policies for economic growth and industrial readjustment, it is necessary to give priority to the strategic goal of creating job opportunities and expanding employment, to make creating more job opportunities an important goal of development and to ensure that it is expressed positively in the making of macro-economic policies, such as in the drafting of plans for national economic and social development, industrial policies, financial and taxation policies, investment policies, and banking and currency policies, so as to attain the dual goal of achieving a rapid and healthy economic growth and promoting full employment.
　　——经济结构调整与就业结构改善协调推进，扩大就业容量。加大产业结构、所有制结构和企业结构的调整力度。注重发展劳动密集型产业，更充分地发挥其在吸纳劳动力就业方面的重要作用。将第三产业作为今后扩大就业的主攻方向，特别是利用服务业的社会需求大和发展前景广阔的优势，进一步发挥其扩大就业的作用。继续支持和引导非公有制经济发展，进一步贯彻落实鼓励中小企业和多种所有制经济发展的各项政策措施，在投融资、税收、技术服务、市场开发、信息咨询和人员培训等方面加大扶持力度，支持它们在促进就业和再就业方面发挥更大作用。在继续深化国有企业改革中，通过实行主辅分离、辅业改制，分流安置富余人员，实现国有企业改革、经济结构调整与就业结构调整的协调推进。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Promoting the readjustment of economic structure and the improvement of employment structure in coordination, and expanding the capacity of employment. It is necessary to strengthen readjustment of the industrial structure, ownership structure and enterprise structure. Greater attention will be paid to the development of labor-intensive industries to bring into fuller play their important role in absorbing the labor force. It is necessary to direct the major part of future efforts for expanded employment to tertiary industry, and, especially, to utilize the large social demand and broad development prospects of the service industry to give further play to its role in expanding employment. Efforts will be made to continuously support and guide the development of the non-public sector of the economy, further carry out various policies and measures to encourage the development of small and medium enterprises and the economy with diverse forms of ownership, strengthen support to them in such areas as investment and financing, taxation, technological service, market development, information and consultation, and personnel training, and encourage them to play a greater role in promoting employment and reemployment. While continuing to deepen the reform of state-owned enterprises, it is necessary, through the separation of major and subsidiary sectors and reform of the subsidiary sector, to properly place surplus workers, and bring about a coordinated progress of the reform of state-owned enterprises, the readjustment of economic structure and the readjustment of employment structure.
　　——坚持城乡经济社会协调发展，统筹城乡就业。坚持大中小城市和小城镇协调发展、走中国特色的城镇化道路，消除不利于城镇化发展的体制和政策障碍，为农民创造更多的就业机会。取消对农民进城就业的限制性规定，逐步统一城乡劳动力市场，加强引导和管理，形成城乡劳动者平等就业的制度。依法维护进城农民工的合法权益，引导农村富余劳动力平稳有序转移。推进乡镇企业改革和调整，大力发展县域经济，积极拓展农村就业空间。
　　- Adhering to coordinated economic and social development of urban and rural areas, and making overall plans for urban and rural employment. It is necessary to coordinate the development of large, medium and small cities on the one hand and small townships on the other, take the road of urbanization with Chinese characteristics, and remove the institutional and policy obstacles to the development of urbanization, so as to create more job opportunities for farmers. Efforts will be made to cancel restrictive regulations for farmers to find jobs in cities, gradually unify the urban and rural labor market, and strengthen guidance and management in this respect, so as to put in place a system enabling urban and rural laborers to enjoy equal employment opportunities. It is necessary to protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers from rural areas according to law, and give guidance to the stable and orderly transfer of rural surplus labor. It is also necessary to promote the reform and readjustment of township enterprises, make efforts in developing county economy, and actively expand the space for employment in rural areas.
　　——建立和完善以劳动者自主就业为主导、以政府法律制度为基础的市场就业机制。更充分地发挥市场机制在劳动力资源配置中的基础性作用，特别是要形成以劳动者自主就业为主导的新格局。顺应用工需求多样化的趋势，因势利导地推行灵活多样的就业形式;改善创业环境，鼓励个人创业，以创业带动就业；全面加强政府公共就业服务机构建设，加强职业介绍、职业指导、职业培训，提供优质就业服务。加强法制建设，明确政府促进就业的责任，规范企业用人行为和劳动力市场秩序，保障劳动者平等就业权利的实现。加快培育和发展劳动力市场，建立起以劳动者自主就业为主导、以市场调节就业为基础、以政府促进就业为动力的就业机制。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　- Establishing and improving a market-oriented employment mechanism with free choice of jobs by laborers as the salient feature and the legal system of the government as the foundation. It is necessary to give more play to the fundamental role of market mechanism in the allocation of labor resources, and form, in particular, a new employment pattern characterized by free choice of jobs by laborers. In view of the trend of diversification of employment demands, it is necessary to introduce flexible and different forms of employment according to circumstances; to improve the environment for starting businesses, and to encourage individuals to start their own businesses, so as to promote employment; to strengthen in an all-round way the building of government-sponsored public employment service organizations, improve job referral, vocational guidance and training, and provide quality employment services. Efforts will be made to improve the legal system, clarify the government's responsibilities in promoting employment, and standardize the behavior of enterprises in hiring people and the order of the labor market, so as to guarantee laborers' equal right to employment. In addition, efforts will be made to speed up development of the labor market and to establish an employment mechanism with laborers' free choice of jobs as the salient feature, market regulation as the foundation, and government promotion as the driving force.

——提高教育水平，加强职业培训，使人力资源能力建设水平与经济发展的要求相适应。充分发挥各种教育资源的作用，加强人力资源能力建设，着力推进素质教育，重视培养实践能力，努力提高教育质量，为社会主义现代化建设造就数以亿计的高素质劳动者、数以万计的专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才。适应市场需要和劳动者素质提高的要求，加强基础教育，积极发展高等教育，大力发展职业教育、成人教育和其他继续教育，逐步形成社会化的终身培训、终身教育体系。适应经济发展和科技进步对劳动者的知识水平和劳动技能提出的越来越高的要求，进一步调整职业教育结构，增加投入，建设现代职业教育体系，大力加强技术工人尤其是高级技术工人和技师的培养。适应农村经济结构调整和农村富余劳动力转移的要求，重视农民的基础教育和各类专业技能培训。全面推行劳动预备制度和就业准入制度，实现提高青年劳动者就业能力和调节劳动力供给双重目标。建立和完善职业资格证书制度，大力推行学历证书与职业资格证书并重制度，在全社会所有技术性职业工种全部推行职业资格证书制度，实现从学校教育到社会就业的紧密衔接。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Raising the level of education, strengthening vocational training, and tailoring the level of human resources quality improvement to the needs of economic development. It is necessary to fully utilize various education resources, strengthen the improvement of human resources quality, direct major efforts to the promotion of quality-oriented education, stress cultivation of practical abilities, and make efforts in improving education quality, so as to train millions of high-caliber workers, thousands of special talents and a large number of outstanding innovative talents for the socialist modernization drive. In line with market demand and the demand for enhancing laborers' quality, it is necessary to strengthen elementary education, actively develop higher education, vigorously promote vocational education, adult education and other forms of continuing education, so as to gradually establish a socialized life-long training and education system. In line with the higher and higher requirements of economic development and sci-tech progress for laborers' knowledge level and work skills, it is necessary to further readjust the structure of vocational education, increase input, construct a modern vocational education system, and vigorously strengthen training of skilled workers, especially high-level skilled workers and technicians. In view of the demand for the readjustment of rural economic structure and the transfer of rural surplus labor, attention will be paid to elementary education and skill training for farmers. It is necessary to introduce in an all-round way the work preparation system and employment accession system, and achieve the dual goal of improving young laborers' ability for employment and regulating the supply of labor force. Moreover, it is necessary to establish and improve the vocational qualification certificate system, vigorously introduce the system of paying attention both to diplomas and vocational qualification certificates, introduce the vocational qualification certificate system in all technological professions and jobs throughout the society, and establish a close link between school education and social employment.
　　——合理安排社会保障与就业，对困难群体实行基本生活保障和就业援助。通过不断完善失业保险制度和城市居民最低生活保障制度，切实保障困难群体的基本生活。继续大力实施就业援助，开发适合困难群体特点的就业岗位特别是公益性就业岗位，通过优惠政策鼓励企业招用、免费就业服务等政策措施，促进困难群体实现再就业。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

　　- Making rational arrangement in social security and employment, and providing basic subsistence guarantee and employment assistance for the underprivileged group. It is necessary to guarantee the basic subsistence of the underprivileged by continuously improving the unemployment insurance system and urban residents' minimum subsistence guarantee system. Continued efforts will be made to provide employment aid, develop jobs suitable for the underprivileged group, especially welfare jobs, and help them to get reemployment through preferential policies to encourage enterprises to hire underprivileged persons and provide them with free employment services.
　　——提高对外开放水平，发挥中国劳动力资源优势。大力组织具有优势的劳动密集型农产品的生产和加工。在不断增加高技术含量和高附加值工业品出口的同时，努力提高劳动密集型产品的出口竞争力和市场占有率，以保持和增加国内就业岗位。合理引导外商向劳动密集型产品或劳动密集型和资本密集型相结合的产业投资，尽可能多地增加就业岗位。积极实施“走出去”战略，努力开拓国际劳务市场。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
　　- Raising the level of opening-up, and giving play to China's advantage in labor resources. It is necessary to vigorously organize labor-intensive production and processing of superior agricultural products. While steadily increasing export of industrial products with high technological content and high added value, efforts will be made to improve the export competitiveness of labor-intensive products and increase their market share, so as to maintain and increase domestic employment. It is necessary to rationally guide foreign businesses to invest into labor-intensive products or industries at once labor intensive and capital intensive, so as to increase as many jobs as possible. It is also necessary to actively implement the strategy of "going global" and open up the international labor mark.