中国的粮食问题
The Grain Issue in China
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
Information Office of the State Council Of the People's Republic of China
一九九六年十月·北京
October 1996, Beijing
目 录
Contents
一、新中国解决了人民的吃饭问题
I. New China Has Solved the Problem of Feeding Its People
二、未来中国的粮食消费需求
II. Prospects for China's Consumption Demand for Grain
三、中国能够依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给
III. China Can Basically Achieve Self-Sufficiency in Grain Through Self-Reliance
四、努力改善生产条件，千方百计提高粮食综合生产能力
IV. Striving to Improve Production Conditionsto Increase the Comprehensive Grain Production Ability
五、推进科教兴农，转变粮食增长方式
V. Developing Agriculture by Relying on Science, Technology and Education and Changing the Grain Increase Method
六、综合开发利用和保护国土资源，实现农业可持续发展
VI. Comprehensively Developing, Utilizing and Protecting Land Resources for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture
七、深化体制改革，创造粮食生产、流通的良好政策环境
VII. Deepening Structural Reform and Creating a Favorable Policy Environment for Grain Production and Circulation
中国政府一向十分重视粮食问题。中国有12亿多人口，是粮食生产与消费大国。中国的粮食状况如何？中国的粮食生产潜力有多大？中国人民能不能养活自己？中国将如何发展粮食生产？是人们普遍关心的问题。中国政府经过科学论证，现就这些问题作出实事求是的回答。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Chinese government has always attached great importance to the grain issue. With a population of more than 1.2 billion, China is a major grain producer as well as a major grain consumer. What is the food situation in China? What is the country's grain production potential? Can the Chinese people feed themselves? And how will China improve its grain production? Through scientific analysis the Chinese government, in the manner of seeking truth from facts, now addresses these questions of universal concern as follows:
一、新中国解决了人民的吃饭问题
I. New China Has Solved the Problem of Feeding Its People
饥饿始终是半殖民地、半封建的旧中国的一大难题。旧中国的农业发展水平极为低下，有80%的人口长期处于饥饿半饥饿状态，遇有自然灾害，更是饿殍遍地。１９４９年新中国成立时，全国每公顷粮食产量只有１０３５公斤，人均粮食占有量仅为２１０公斤。
The semi-colonial and semi-feudal old China before Liberation in 1949 was perennially haunted by the specter of starvation. For long periods of time in the old days 80 percent of the population suffered from starvation or semi-starvation because of the extreme backwardness of agricultural production. Natural disasters nearly always resulted in wide"ispread deaths from starvation. In 1949 when the People's Republic of China was founded, the national grain yield per hectare was only 1,035 kg, and the per capita share of grain was only 210 kg a year.
中华人民共和国建立后，政府废除了封建土地所有制，带领人民自力更生，奋发图强，大力发展粮食生产，用占世界７％左右的耕地，养活了占世界２２％的人口。１９９５年与１９４９年相比，粮食总产量增长了３倍多，年均递增３．１％。目前，中国粮食总产量位居世界第一，人均３８０公斤左右（含豆类、薯类），达到世界平均水平。人均肉类产量４１公斤、水产品２１公斤、禽蛋１４公斤、水果３５公斤、蔬菜１９８公斤，均超过世界平均水平。据联合国粮农组织统计，在八十年代世界增产的谷物中，中国占３１％的份额。中国发展粮食生产所取得的巨大成就，不仅使人民的温饱问题基本解决，生活水平逐步提高，而且为在全球范围内消除饥饿与贫困作出了重大贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
After the founding of the People's Republic, the feudal ownership of land was abolished. Under the leadership of their government, the Chinese people devoted themselves to developing grain production through self-reliance and hard work. As a result, China is now able to feed 22 percent of the world's population on about seven percent of the world's cultivated land. Total grain output in 1995 more than quadrupled the 1949 figure, or an average increase of 3.1 percent a year. At present, China ranks first in total grain output in the world, with the per capita share of grain reaching approximately 380 kg (including legume and tuber crops), which is the global average. The per capita production of meat, aquatic products, eggs, fruit and vegetables has reached 41 kg, 21 kg, 14 kg, 35 kg and 198 kg, respectively, which are all higher than the world's average. Statistics from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization show that China contributed 31 percent of the world's increased grain output in the 1980s. China's significant achievements in developing grain production have not only basically eradicated the problem of people not having enough to eat and wear and gradually raised the living standards of the Chinese people, but also made great contributions to the worldwide efforts to eliminate starvation and poverty.
纵观新中国建立以来粮食生产的发展，大致分为三个阶段：
The development of grain production since the founding of New China can be divided roughly into three phases:
第一阶段为１９５０—１９７８年。１９４９年，中国粮食总产量只有１．１３２亿吨，１９７８年达到３．０４８亿吨，２９年间年均递增３．５％。这一时期，中国通过改革土地所有制关系，引导农民走互助合作道路，解放了生产力，同时在改善农业基础设施、提高农业物质装备水平、加快农业科技进步等方面取得了显著成效，为粮食生产的持续发展奠定了基础。
The first phase (1950-1978): China's total grain output increased from 113.2 million tons in 1949 to 304.8 million tons in 1978, an average annual growth of 3.5 percent. During this 29-year period land ownership was first reformed and the peasants were led on to the road of mutual-aid and cooperation to liberate the productive forces, and remarkable success was achieved in improving agricultural infrastructure and the quantity and quality of farming equipment, and in promoting progress in agricultural science and technology. Therefore, a solid foundation was laid for the continued development of grain production.
第二阶段为１９７９—１９８４年。１９８４年，中国粮食总产量达到４．０７３亿吨，６年间年均递增４．９％，是新中国建立以来粮食增长最快的时期。这一时期粮食生产的快速增长，主要得益于中国政府在农村实施的一系列改革措施，特别是通过实行以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制，以及较大幅度提高粮食收购价格等重大政策措施，极大地调动了广大农民的生产积极性，使过去在农业基础设施、科技、投入等方面积累的能量得以集中释放，扭转了中国粮食长期严重短缺的局面。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The second phase (1979-1984): In 1984 China's total grain output rose to 407.3 million tons, increasing by an average of 4.9 percent a year during the six years from 1979 to 1984. This second phase saw the highest increase rate in the country's grain production, which was made possible mainly by a series of reform policies and measures initiated in the rural areas by the Chinese government, including, among others, the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output, the two-layer management system featuring the integration of centralization and decentralization, and raising, by a fairly large margin, of the prices of grain purchased by the state. These important policies and measures greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of the farmers, brought into full play the potential for agricultural production accumulated through years of efforts to improve agricultural infrastructure, the level of science and technology and the amount of investment. In this way an end was put to the situation of China's chronic grain shortages.
第三阶段为１９８５年至今。１９９５年，中国粮食总产量达到４．６６６亿吨，１１年间年均递增１．２％。这一时期，中国政府在继续发展粮食生产的同时，积极主动地进行农业生产结构调整，发展多种经营，食物多样化发展较快。猪牛羊肉、水产品、禽蛋、牛奶和水果产量分别达到４２５４万吨、２５１７万吨、１６７６万吨、５６２万吨和４２１１万吨，比１９８４年分别增长１．８倍、３．１倍、２．９倍、１．６倍和３．３倍。虽然这一时期粮食增长速度减缓，但由于非粮食食物增加，人民的生活质量明显提高。
The third phase (1985-present): In 1995 the country's grain output totaled 466.6 million tons, increasing by an average of 1.2 percent a year over the previous 11 years. While continuing to develop grain production in this period, the Chinese government has initiated measures to readjust the structure of agricultural production and develop a diversified agricultural economy. At the same time rapid progress was achieved in the production of various other kinds of foodstuffs, with the output of meat (pork, beef and mutton), aquatic products, eggs, milk and fruit reaching 42.54 million tons, 25.17 million tons, 16.76 million tons, 5.62 million tons and 42.11 million tons respectively, or 2.8, 4.1, 3.9, 2.6 and 4.3 times the 1984 figures, respectively. Despite a lowered increase rate of grain production, the quality of people's life was greatly improved because of increased non-grain food supply during this period.
新中国之所以成功地解决了人民的吃饭问题，主要经验是：始终坚持以农业为基础，把农业放在发展国民经济的首位，把发展粮食生产作为农村经济工作的重点，千方百计争取粮食总量稳定增长；改革农村生产关系，实行以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制，扩大粮食的市场调节范围，合理调整粮食价格，调动农民发展粮食生产的积极性；不断改善农业生产基础条件，加快农业科技进步，提高农业装备水平，增加农业投入，保护生态环境；在决不放松粮食生产的前提下，综合开发利用国土资源，积极发展多种经营，增加农民收入。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The successful experiences of the People's Republic of China in solving the problem of feeding the whole population can be summarized as follows: It has always stuck to the principle that agriculture is the basis of the national economy, giving top priority to agriculture in national economic development. It has made the increase of grain production the key point in rural economic work, making all possible efforts to ensure a steady increase in total grain output. It has carried out the reform of rural relations of production, including implementation of the policy of the household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output and the two-layer management system featuring the integration of centralization and decentralization. In addition, the scope of market readjustment for grain has been expanded and the price of grain adjusted rationally so as to mobilize the enthusiasm of the farmers for grain production. The basic conditions for agricultural production have been continuously improved by expediting scientific and technological advances in agriculture, improving the quality and quantity of farming equipment, increasing agricultural input and protecting the ecological environment. Given the precondition that grain production is never to be compromised, land resources have been developed and made full use of in a comprehensive way while a diversified economy has been vigorously developed to raise farmers' income.
现在，中国城乡居民的温饱问题已经基本解决，中国政府今后的任务是在进一步增加粮食总量的同时，努力发展食物多样化生产，调整食物结构，继续提高人民的生活质量，向小康和比较富裕的目标迈进。当然，中国政府也清醒地看到，目前中国粮食供需平衡的水平还有待进一步提高，供需偏紧的状况还将长期存在。由于一些地区自然环境恶劣，耕地和水资源短缺，到１９９５年底，全国还有６５００万人没有解决温饱问题（约占总人口的５％）。中国政府正在实施的“扶贫攻坚计划”，就是要力争到本世纪末基本解决这部分人的温饱问题。
At present, the great majority of both urban and rural residents in China have adequate food and clothing. The tasks ahead for the Chinese government are, while ensuring a continued increase in grain output, to vigorously promote diversified food production, readjust the food structure, and continue to raise the people's quality of life from the stage of simply having enough food and clothing to leading a relatively well-off and comfortable life. However, the Chinese government is aware that the level of balance between the supply of and demand for grain in the country will have to be further enhanced, and the tense situation between supply and demand will continue to exist for a long time to come. Meanwhile, because of adverse natural conditions and shortage of cultivated land and water resources in some places, there were, by the end of 1995, 65 million people (about five percent of the whole population) who still did not have adequate food and clothing. To tackle this problem the Chinese government has initiated the ``poverty-alleviating program'' to lift those people above the poverty level by the end of this century.
二、未来中国的粮食消费需求
II. Prospects for China's Consumption Demand for Grain
未来中国城乡居民食物消费要走与国民经济增长相适应、与农业资源状况相适应的路子，建立科学、适度的消费模式。中国政府将通过引导消费，既挖掘粮食生产潜力，又挖掘非粮食食物生产潜力，避免粮食需求超过供给能力过快增长。
In the years to come a scientific and moderate food consumption pattern which keeps pace with the national economic growth and conforms to the situation of the nation's agricultural resources should be brought into being among both the urban and rural residents. The Chinese government will strive to avoid a rapid increase in grain demand beyond the supply capacity through guided grain consumption and tapping the grain-producing potential as well as the potential of non-grain food production.
1984年以来，中国人均占有粮食相对稳定，但由于动物性食品增加较多，人民的营养水平明显改善，平均每人每天供给的热量达到2727大卡，蛋白质和脂肪分别达到70克和52克，高于同等人均国民生产总值的国家，基本达到世界平均水平。
Since 1984, though the per capita share of grain has been relatively stable, the nutritional status of the Chinese people has markedly improved because of the increased supply of food of animal origin. Food supply per person per day in terms of calories reaches 2,727 kilocalories, including those from 70 grams of protein and 52 grams of fat. This figure is higher than the figures for those other countries with per capita GNP comparable to China's. Therefore, it can be said that the food supply in China has basically reached the average world level.
按照《九十年代中国食物结构改革与发展纲要》和城乡居民的饮食习惯，今后中国人民的食物构成将是中热量、高蛋白、低脂肪的模式，在保留传统膳食结构的基础上，适当增加动物性食品数量，提高食物质量。由于食物构成的变化，直接食用的口粮将继续减少，饲料粮将逐渐增加。这样，通过坚持不懈地发展粮食生产，到2030年中国人口出现高峰值时，人均占有粮食400公斤左右，其中口粮200多公斤，其余转化为动物性食品，就可以满足人民生活水平提高和营养改善的要求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In accordance with the "China Dietary Pattern Reform and Development Program in the 1990s'' and the dietary habits of the Chinese people, a food consumption pattern featuring medium calories, high protein and low fat will be gradually brought into being among both urban and rural residents. On the basis of retaining the traditional food structure, food of animal origin will be added to a proper extent to improve the food quality. This gradual change in the food consumption pattern will cause the staple food consumption to decrease while the supply of grain used for feed will gradually increase. Based on this assumption and by making unswerving efforts in grain production, China's per capita share of grain is estimated to reach approximately 400 kg by 2030, despite the fact that the population will reach a new peak. Over half of the 400 kg will be used for staple foodstuffs, while the rest will be used for producing food of animal origin so as to satisfy the need to improve the living standard and the nutritional level of the people.
中国政府相信，实现上述消费模式是有可能的。这是因为：第一，虽然中国人均占有粮食不可能增加很多，但发展食物多样化生产的前景广阔,随着肉类、禽蛋、水产品、水果、蔬菜等供给量的继续增加，对口粮消费的替代作用将进一步增大。第二，通过推进养殖业科技进步，提高饲料报酬率，提高食草型畜禽和水产品等节粮产品的比重，可以减缓对商品饲料粮的过快需求。第三，中国目前处在一个食物消费低增长时期。从世界上许多国家的经验看，食物消费达到一定水平后将趋于稳定。中国作为低收入国家，达到目前城市的食物消费水平已具有超前性，这是由于家庭投资渠道单一，购买力相对集中在食物消费领域所致。今后随着医疗、住房等社会保障制度的改革，人民增加的收入将较多地用在住和行等方面，食物支出占消费支出的比重将逐步下降，食物消费的增长将会低于收入的增长。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Chinese government believes that the above-mentioned food consumption pattern is likely to be realized. First, China has great potential for developing diversified food production, though the per capita grain share will not be increased by a big margin. Non-staple food will play an increasingly greater role in substituting for staple food as the supply of meat, eggs, aquatic products, fruit and vegetables increases. Second, the rapidly increasing demand for commercial grain used for feed can be slowed down through promoting scientific and technological advances in aquatic farming, enhancing the feed efficiency and increasing the proportion of grain-saving products like herbivorous livestock and poultry and aquatic products. Third, China today is at a period of low increase in food consumption. The experiences of many other countries prove that food consumption tends to be constant after having reached a certain level. The present-day urban food consumption level in China as a low-income country has gone beyond the practical limit. This was caused by lack of domestic investment channels and the fact that people spend a greater proportion of their incomes on food. In the future the proportion of their increased incomes spent on housing and transportation will increase along with the implementation of medical, housing and other social security reforms. At the same time, the proportion of food expenses in the total consumption expenses of the people will decrease gradually and the increase of food consumption will be behind the income increase.
根据上述消费模式的发展趋势以及人口增长规模，未来几十年中国粮食需求量为：2000年人口接近13亿，按人均占有385公斤计算，总需求量达到5亿吨；2010年人口接近14亿，按人均占有390公斤计算，总需求量达到5.5亿吨；2030年人口达到16亿峰值，按人均占有400公斤计算，总需求量达到6.4亿吨左右。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In the light of the above trend of change in consumption pattern and the estimated population growth, China's demand for grain in the next few decades is projected as follows: By 2000 the population will reach 1.3 billion and the total demand for grain will be 500 million tons, based on 385 kg per person; by 2010 the population will approach 1.4 billion and the total demand for grain will be 550 million tons, based on 390 kg per person; and by 2030 the population will peak at 1.6 billion and the total demand for grain will be approximately 640 million tons, based on 400 kg per person.
三?中国能够依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给
III. China Can Basically Achieve Self-Sufficiency in Grain Through Self-Reliance
立足国内资源，实现粮食基本自给，是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针。中国将努力促进国内粮食增产，在正常情况下，粮食自给率不低于95%，净进口量不超过国内消费量的5%。
The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to rely on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain. China endeavors to increase its grain production so that its self-sufficiency rate of grain under normal conditions will be above 95 percent and the net import rate five percent, or even less, of the total consumption quantity.
现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给,在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素。根据中国农业自然资源、生产条件、技术水平和其他发展条件，粮食增产潜力很大。
China has basically achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the present stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development: Natural agricultural resources, production conditions, technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.
——提高现有耕地单位面积产量有潜力。目前，中国同一类型地区粮食单产水平悬殊，高的每公顷7500—15000公斤，低的只有3000—5000公斤。在播种面积相对稳定的前提下，只要1996—2010年粮食单产年均递增1%，2011—2030年年均递增0.7%，就可以达到预期的粮食总产量目标。这样的速度与过去46年年均递增3.1%相比，是比较低的。即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素，也是有条件实现的。目前。中国的粮食单产水平与世界粮食高产国家相比也是比较低的。中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大。但经过努力是完全可以缩小差距的。通过改造中低产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生物措施，可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- There is potential for increasing the yield per unit area on the existing cultivated land. At present, the per unit area yield of grain varies widely in the same districts, the highest yield being 7,500 kg to 15,000 kg per hectare, and the lowest 3,000 kg to 5,000 kg. Given a relatively stable sown area, China can achieve its desired total grain output target if the annual average increase rate of per unit area yield is one percent from 1996 to 2010 and 0.7 percent from 2011 to 2030. Compared to the annual average increase rate of 3.1 percent of the per unit area yield in the past 46 years, it is clear that one percent and 0.7 percent are fairly low. So to achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered. At present, China's per unit area yield of grain is low compared with the countries with high grain yields. It will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain production in a short period of time, but the gap can certainly be narrowed through earnest efforts. The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500 kg through the upgrading of medium- and low-yield land, beefing up water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and spreading the use of advanced agrotechnology.
——开发后备耕地资源有潜力。中国现有宜农荒地3500万公顷，其中可开垦为耕地的约有1470万公顷。中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时，加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦，未来几十年计划每年开发复垦30万公顷以上，以弥补同期耕地占用，保持耕地面积长期稳定。通过提高复种指数，使粮食作物播种面积稳定在1.1亿公顷左右。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- There is also potential for exploiting untouched arable land resources. China now has 35 million ha of wasteland which is suitable for farming. Of this, about 14.7 million ha can be reclaimed. The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines, while measures will be adopted to protect the existing cultivated land. In the next few decades China plans to reclaim more than 300,000 ha each year to make up for the loss of cultivated land appropriated for non-farming uses and to keep the area of cultivated land constant for a long period of time. The grain-sown area will be stabilized at about 110 million ha through the increase of the multiple crop index.
——依靠科技进步有潜力。目前，农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%，世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。中国政府已确定并正在努力实施科教兴农战略，力争逐步缩小中国与世界发达国家在农业科技领域的差距，到2000年使科技进步对农业的贡献率提高到50%，到2030年接近世界发达国家水平。这是中国粮食生产再上新台阶的巨大动力。
-- There is scope for scientific and technological improvement. At present, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the agriculturally advanced countries. The Chinese government has drawn up a strategy for agricultural development by relying on science, technology and education and is striving to put it into practice so as to narrow this gap: By 2000 the contribution rate of science and technology to agriculture will be increased to 50 percent, and by 2030 it will be close to that of the advanced countries. This will enable China to go a step further in grain production.
——利用非粮食食物资源有潜力。中国水域、草原、山地资源丰富，开发潜力巨大。据统计，全国1747万公顷内陆水域中，可供养殖的水面675万公顷，目前利用率仅为69%；可供养鱼的稻田670万公顷，利用率仅为15%；海水可养殖面积260万公顷，利用率仅为28%。中国将努力提高现有水域的生产能力，保持水产品继续快速增长。中国现有草地面积3.9亿公顷，其中可利用面积3.2亿公顷，居世界第三位，若将其中的大部分建设成人工草场，提高草原畜牧业集约化水平，就能增加大量的畜产品。中国山区面积占国土总面积的70%，具有发展木本食物的良好条件，增加木本食物的前景也十分广阔。
-- Non-grain food resources can be exploited also. China has rich water, grassland and sloping land resources which have great potential for exploitation. According to statistics, among the 17.47 million ha of inland waters, 6.75 million ha can be used for aquaculture. At present, only 69 percent of the water area is used. About 6.70 million ha of rice fields can be used for fish breeding, but the utilization rate at present is only 15 percent. And China has an offshore water area of 2.60 million ha suitable for aquaculture, but the utilization rate is only 28 percent. China will actively increase the productivity of its waters so as to keep a continuous rapid increase of aquatic products. China has a grassland area of 390 million ha, of which about 320 million ha can be used, which places China third in the world in the area of usable grassland. If the intensification level of livestock farming in grasslands is improved through the development of artificial grassland, animal by-products will increase greatly. Moreover, mountainous areas account for 70 percent of China's total territory, and this favorable condition for the development of arbor foodstuffs will offer China wide prospects for increasing the supply of such stuffs.
——节约粮食有潜力。据专家测算，中国粮食在种、收、运、储、销和加工、消费等环节的损失率至少为10%，总损失量在4500万吨以上。如果将各环节的损失降至合理范围，每年至少可节约粮食2000万吨。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Grain losses can be curtailed. According to estimates by experts, the loss rate of grain is at least 10 percent in the course of planting, harvesting, transportation, storage, selling, processing and consumption -- a total of well over 45 million tons. So it will be possible to save at least 20 million tons of grain every year if such losses are reduced to within the rational limits.
中国政府通过增加国内粮食生产，保持粮食供需平衡的决心是坚定的，有信心领导全国人民实现这一目标。同时，中国政府也清醒地认识到实现这个目标的艰巨性：第一，中国农业资源人均占有量在世界上属于低水平，耕地和水资源不足是农业发展的最大制约因素。在这样的资源条件下，要创造出远高于世界平均水平的农业生产力，必须花大力气。第二，中国农业基础设施薄弱，生产手段落后，抗灾能力差，需要坚持不懈地改善生产条件，提高抗灾能力。第三，中国农户生产规模小，经营分散，在向社会主义市场经济体制转变的过程中，容易造成粮食生产的波动，需要进一步加强对粮食生产的调控。第四，中国正处在工业化迅速发展的阶段，在资源分配上还存在不利于粮食生产的倾向，需要继续对农业特别是粮食生产采取有效的支持措施。总之，中国政府将正视困难，在经济布局和工作指导上，继续严格执行保护耕地和生态环境的基本国策，实施科教兴农和可持续发展两大战略，推动农业经济体制和农业增长方式的根本性转变，以促进粮食综合生产能力的稳步提高。
The Chinese government has determined to even up the grain supply to meet the demand through increasing grain production, and is confident of its ability to lead the people throughout the country to achieve this goal. But at the same time it also knows clearly that this is not an easy task. First, the average amount of agricultural resources per capita in China is low compared with many other countries. China lacks cultivated land and water resources, and this is the dominant factor restricting its agricultural development. In these conditions China must make great efforts to advance its agricultural productivity and make it far higher than the average world level. Second, China's agricultural infrastructure is weak, means of production lag behind and it does not have sufficient ability to fight natural calamities. So a sustained effort should be made in these respects. Third, grain production will fluctuate in the course of the transformation of the economy into a socialist market one because of the small-scale production and decentralized management of peasant households. So adjustment and control of grain production should be strengthened. Fourth, because China is in a period of rapid industrial development there is a distribution tendency in resources that is unfavorable to grain production. So effective measures have to be adopted in support of agriculture, especially grain production. In a word, facing difficulties squarely, the Chinese government will continue to strictly carry out the basic policy of protecting cultivated land and ecological environment in its economic distribution and its work guidance and implement the two major strategies: developing agriculture by relying on science, technology and education in the countryside, and realizing sustainable development. Thus it expects to promote a fundamental change in the agricultural economic system and the method of increasing agricultural production, so as to facilitate the steady increase of the overall grain production capability.
中国立足国内解决粮食供需平衡问题，并不排除利用国际资源作为必要补充，但这只起品种、丰歉调剂和区域平衡的作用。这是因为：第一，粮食是安定天下的产业。对一个拥有12亿多人口的大国来说，必须保持较高的粮食自给率，这是保持安定的必要条件，否则，就难以保证国民经济持续、快速、健康发展。第二，粮食安全。中国每年粮食消费量占世界粮食消费总量的五分之一，如果进口过多，不仅国际市场难以承受，也会给低收入国家购粮带来不利影响。第三，农村劳动力就业。目前中国有4亿多农村劳动力，发展粮食生产是解决农村就业、增加农民收入的主要渠道之一。过多进口粮食，必然打击国内粮食生产,影响农民就业。中国立足国内解决粮食问题，只会有利于改善世界粮食安全状况，增强世界粮食贸易中的稳定因素。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
While standing for the resolution of balance between the supply of and demand for grain at home, China will not refuse to use international resources as a necessary complement. This will, however, only play the role of regulation in varieties, in case of crop failures and to support poor regions. There are the following three reasons for China to even up its grain supply to meet the demand: First, grain production plays an important role in maintaining social stability. China is a country with a population of more than 1.2 billion, which makes it imperative for the government to ensure a high rate of grain self-sufficiency as a necessary condition for stability. Otherwise, it will not be able to maintain its national economy's sustained, rapid and healthy development. Second, stability of the grain market. The quantity of grain consumed in China every year is one fifth of the world's total. If China were to import a great deal of grain from other countries, the international grain market would be under severe pressure, and poorer countries would be unable to obtain enough supplies of cheap grain from it. Third, the employment of the rural work force. At present, China has more than 400 million laborers in the countryside, and the development of grain production is one of the main ways of stimulating the employment of the rural work force and increasing the income of the farmers. To import too much grain would have an unfavorable impact on grain production at home as well as on the employment of the rural work force. China's striving for relying mainly on her own efforts to solve the grain problem will serve only to improve the stability of the world grain market and strengthen the stabilizing factor of the international grain trade.
从历史上看，中国对国际粮食市场的依赖度不大。从新中国建立至六十年代之前，中国是粮食净出口国。六十年代以后,粮食有进有出，进大于出。七十年代末实行改革开放以来，中国净进口粮食占国内粮食生产的比重呈减少趋势，1978—1984年为3.2%，1985—1990年为1.2%，1991—1995年为0.4%。因此，中国进口少量粮食，绝不会对世界粮食安全构成威胁，国际上所谓的“中国粮食威胁论”是毫无根据的。中国在进口一些粮食的同时，还出口一些具有较高附加值的食品。1985—1995年，中国食品及主要供食用的畜禽等出口额为756亿美元，进口额为340亿美元，是食品净出口国。中国愿意与粮食出口国在平等互利的基础上，建立比较稳定的粮食贸易关系。
China has never relied on the international grain market too much. From the founding of New China to the eve of the 1960s China was a net exporter of grain. After that it began to import more than it exported. Since the reform and opening polices were introduced at the end of the 1970s the net import percentage in domestic grain production has been on the decrease. It was 3.2 percent from 1978 to 1984, 1.2 percent from 1985 to 1990 and 0.4 percent from 1991 to 1995. Therefore, the small quantity of grain imported by China will not imperil the stability of the international grain market. There is no basis to the international clamor about a "China threat in food supply''. It is true that China imports some grain, but at the same time it also exports some foodstuffs with fairly high added value. From 1985 to 1995 the export value of foodstuffs and edible animals and poultry was US$ 75.6 billion, while the import value was US$ 34 billion, so China was a net food-exporting country. China is willing to establish comparatively stable trade relations in grain with the grain-exporting countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
四、努力改善生产条件，千方百计提高粮食综合生产能力
IV. Striving to Improve Production Conditionsto Increase the Comprehensive Grain Production Ability
为实现粮食增产目标，中国政府将在保护耕地资源，增加农业投入，加强水利建设，提高农业物质装备水平等方面，采取一系列措施，全面提高粮食综合生产能力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
A series of measures will be adopted in protecting cultivated land resources, increasing agricultural input, and improving water conservancy facilities and the standard of agricultural equipment so as to increase China's comprehensive grain production ability. Only in this way can it fulfill the task of increasing grain output.
保护耕地始终是增产粮食的基础。多年来，中国制定和完善了《农业法》、《土地管理法》、《水土保持法》等一系列法律法规，抑制了耕地面积锐减势头，使耕地净减少面积由九十年代前的年均30多万公顷，下降到目前的不足20万公顷。随着今后工业化进程的加快，经济建设对耕地的需求压力仍然很大，中国政府将按照节约用地、少占或不占耕地的原则，采取更加有力的措施确保耕地总量的动态平衡：控制非农业占用耕地，进一步健全耕地保护制度，切实加强基本农田保护；严格执行建设用地审批制度，控制城市发展规模，盘活存量土地，提高土地使用效率；加强乡村建设和乡镇企业发展的规划管理，引导乡镇企业集中连片，发展工业小区，调整村镇居民点用地，改造村镇，退宅还田；实行非农建设占用耕地同开发、复垦挂钩。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Protecting cultivated land is always the foundation for increased grain production. Over the years, certain laws and regulations have been worked out and perfected, including the Agriculture Law, Land Management Law and Water and Soil Conservation Law. The result has been an alleviation in the trend of rapid reduction of cultivated land, the net area of cultivated land reduction having dropped to less than 200,000 ha from the annual average of 300,000 ha before the 1990s. Following the speeding up of industrialization in the future there will be a growing demand for land for economic construction. In view of this the government will, in light of the principle of “economization on land use and little or no occupation of cultivated land” adopt still more effective measures to ensure the dynamic equilibrium of the total cultivated land, restrict occupation of cultivated land for non-agricultural purposes, improve the land preservation system and strengthen the protection of basic farmland. The examination and approval system for the use of land for construction must be implemented strictly and the development scale of cities controlled so as to efficiently use the available land and increase the land utilization rate. Administration of the plans for village and township construction and township enterprise development will be strengthened. Scattered township enterprises will be joined together to form industrial districts and residential areas concentrated to save as much land as possible for farming. A policy of linking the appropriation of land for non-agricultural construction purposes to land development and reclamation will be implemented.
新中国建立以来，中国政府领导人民治理江河、拦洪蓄水、改善生产条件，修建水库8.4万座，改造易涝地2000万公顷，灌溉面积由解放初期的1600万公顷增加到目前的4933万公顷，供水能力达到5000亿立方米，有效地提高了农业抗灾能力。今后，中国政府将继续在这方面作出不懈努力：建设一批大中型水利工程，缓解水资源区域、季节分布不均问题；广泛开展农田水利基本建设，到2000年使有效灌溉面积达到5330万公顷，2010年达到5670万公顷左右，2030年达到6670万公顷以上，分别占耕地面积的56%、60%和70%；加快解决骨干排灌水利工程老化失修问题，使旱涝保收的农田面积由目前的3300万公顷增加到2030年的4000万公顷以上，使其中的2000万公顷以上农田单位面积产量达到每公顷15吨；大力发展节水灌溉和旱作农业，到2030年，使节水灌溉面积由目前的1300万公顷提高到4000万公顷以上，灌溉水有效利用率由40%提高到60%以上，自然降水的有效利用率提高到30%以上。同时，加快中低产田改造。到2000年，中国计划改造中低产田1400万公顷，力争到2030年使现有6000万公顷中低产田全部得到改造。
Since the founding of New China, led by the Chinese government the Chinese people have built 84,000 reservoirs as well as many other flood control and water storage projects to improve production conditions. They have also improved 20 million ha of areas liable to waterlogging. The irrigated area has increased to the present 49.33 million ha from 16 million ha in the early Liberation period, and the water supply capability has reached 500 billion cubic meters, greatly strengthening the ability of agriculture to withstand natural calamities. The Chinese government will continue to work hard to build a group of large and medium-sized water control projects to solve the problem of unbalanced distribution of water resources in different regions and seasons. Agricultural capital construction will be undertaken on an extensive scale, so that the effective area of irrigated land will reach 53.30 million ha by 2000, 56.70 million ha by 2010 and 66.70 million ha by 2030, respectively accounting for 56 percent, 60 percent and 70 percent of the cultivated land. The rebuilding and repair of key irrigation and drainage projects should be quickened to increase the area with stable yields despite drought or excessive rain to more than 40 million ha in 2030 from the present 33 million ha. The per unit area yield of more than 20 million ha of the 2030 figure will reach 15 tons per ha. The use of water-saving irrigation methods and dry land farming are encouraged. Also by 2030, the area irrigated by water-saving irrigation methods will be increased to more than 40 million ha from the present 13 million ha and the effective utilization rate of irrigation water will be increased to more than 60 percent from 40 percent. In addition, the effective utilization rate of natural precipitation will be raised to upwards of 30 percent. At the same time, the improvement of medium- and low-yield fields should be speeded up. China plans to upgrade 14 million ha of medium- and low-yield fields by 2000, with a target upgrading of 60 million ha of medium- and low-yield fields by 2030.
新中国建立后，农用工业发展很快，对保证粮食生产发展起到了重要作用。化肥生产总量由建国初期的3.9万吨(按100%有效成分计算，下同)增加到目前的2450万吨，使用量由7.9万吨增加到3570万吨，每公顷耕地的使用量375公斤；农业机械总动力由12.1亿瓦特增加到3607亿瓦特，大中型拖拉机由1300台增加到67万台，农用载重汽车由4000多辆增加到80万辆，农村用电量由0.5亿千瓦小时增加到1628亿千瓦小时。但是，从总体看，目前农用工业仍难以满足农业持续发展的要求。今后，中国将大力发展国内化肥生产，提高化肥自给率，到2000年做到氮肥基本自给。同时，积极推进农药、农膜、农机、农电、柴油等农用工业的发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since the founding of New China, agroindustry has developed by leaps and bounds, playing an important role in ensuring increased grain production. The total output of chemical fertilizer has increased to the present 24.5 million tons from 39,000 tons in the early Liberation period (expressed in 100 percent available ingredients -- similarly hereinafter), and the amount used has increased to 35.70 million tons from 79,000 tons, averaging 375 kg per hectare of cultivated land. Agricultural machinery power has increased to 360.7 billion watts from 1.21 billion watts in the same period, the number of large and medium-sized tractors has increased to 670,000 from 1,300 and that of agricultural trucks to 800,000 from 4,000. Nowadays in the rural areas 162.8 billion kwh of electricity are used per year, while in the early Liberation period the figure was only 50 million kwh. As a whole, however, the agroindustry today is still unable to meet the needs of sustained agricultural development. For this reason, China will continue to make great efforts to expand its chemical fertilizer production and raise the self-sufficiency rate of chemical fertilizer. By 2000 China will be basically self-sufficient in nitrogenous fertilizer. At the same time, the production of farm chemicals, plastic lm, agricultural machinery and electrical power and diesel oil will be developed rapidly.
中国将逐步调整国民收入和社会资金分配结构，在计划安排和资金投放上首先保证农业尤其是粮食生产发展需要，提高固定资产投资、财政预算内资金、银行信贷资金用于农业的比重，以增加农业投入总量。到2000年，中央政府基本建设计划安排的预算内农业投资比重由目前的17%提高到20%以上，地方政府比照中央的做法相应增加预算内农业基本建设投资；各级财政每年对农业投入的增长幅度要高于财政经常性收入的增长幅度；保持农业贷款增长率高于各项贷款平均增长率，银行新增贷款规模中农业贷款的比重达到10%以上，提高信用社贷款用于农业的比重；进一步完善农村金融体制，建立包括农村政策性银行、商业性银行和农村合作金融组织在内的农村金融体系，保证农村政策性金融资金重点用于粮食生产。中国政府将继续采取一些旨在提高农业投入产出效益的政策措施，调动农村集体经济组织和农户增加粮食生产投入的积极性。中国将按照“谁投资，谁受益”的原则，对大型工商企业进行农业综合开发给予贷款支持，积极扩大农业利用外资的规模，采取优惠政策，鼓励外商投资农业领域特别是粮食生产。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The structure of national income and capital distribution of society will be gradually adjusted. Priority should be given to agriculture, especially grain production, in terms of planning and capital input, and a higher percentage of the fixed assets investment, state budgeted funds and bank loans will go to agriculture so as to increase the total agricultural input. By 2000 agricultural investment in the budget for the capital construction plan of the central government will increase to more than 20 percent from the present 17 percent. In light of the practice of the central government, local governments will also increase their investment in agriculture. The annual agricultural input of financial departments at all levels should increase by a wider margin than regular financial revenues. The increase rate of agricultural loans should be higher than that of other loans. The proportion of agricultural loans should exceed 10 percent of the total bank loans and credit cooperatives should increase the proportion of their agricultural loans. The rural financial system should be further improved, including the establishment of a rural policy bank, commercial bank and cooperative financial organization. The rural policy funds should be guaranteed to be mainly used for grain production. The Chinese government will continue to adopt a series of policies and measures for increasing the efficiency of agricultural input so as to promote enthusiasm for increasing input in grain production on the part of rural collective economy organizations and households. With the promise of due benefits to investors, the government should extend loans to large industrial and commercial enterprises which engage in agricultural development. The scale of using foreign investment for agriculture should be expanded, and preferential treatment provided for such investment, especially in grain production.
五、推进科教兴农，转变粮食增长方式
V. Developing Agriculture by Relying on Science, Technology and Education and Changing the Grain Increase Method
转变粮食增长方式，要从改革、优化产业结构和耕作制度，加强科学管理，提高粮食生产集约化程度和农业资源有效利用率等多方面入手，但最主要的是依靠科技进步，加快科教兴粮步伐，走高产、优质、高效、低耗的路子。新中国建立后，共取得较大的农业科技成果3万多项，其中获得国家或部级奖励的6000多项，有一些成果处于国际领先水平。主要粮食作物品种更新了3—5次，每次增产幅度均达到10%以上，仅杂交水稻一项，近10年就累计推广1.6亿公顷，增产稻谷2.4亿吨；多种综合栽培技术大面积推广应用，对粮食增产发挥了重要作用；在生物工程等高技术领域，两系法杂交稻新组合等一批重大技术已显示出良好的发展前景。但是，与世界发达国家相比，中国农业科技水平还有较大差距。中国政府已确定并正在实施科教兴农战略，将采取各种措施，努力提高粮食增产中的科技含量。
To change the grain increase method we must first carry out reform, optimize the industrial structure and farming system, stress scientific management, enhance the level of intensive farming in grain production and raise the utilization rate of agricultural resources. The most important thing is to rely on progress in science and technology, step up efforts to develop grain production by relying on science, technology and education and concentrate on high yields, high quality, high efficiency and low consumption. Since the birth of the People's Republic, China has made over 30,000 major agricultural scientific and technological achievements, of which over 6,000 have won awards from the state or ministries, and some of them have reached the international advanced level. The va"iriety of the most important grain crops has been renewed three to five times, each time resulting in increased yields of 10 percent or more. In the past decade the total area sown to hybrid rice has reached 160 million ha, with an increased output of 240 million tons; the large-scale popularization of various comprehensive cultivation technologies has played an important role in grain production increase; and in the hi-tech sphere, including bioengineering, a number of important technologies, such as the new combination of two-line hybrid rice, have shown favorable development prospects. But, as compared with countries with advanced agriculture, China's agricultural science and technology lags fairly far behind. Hence, the Chinese government has chosen and put into practice the strategy of developing agriculture by relying on science, technology and education. It will adopt a series of measures to enable science and technology to play a greater role in increased grain production.
——加快实施“种子工程”。完善优良品种的繁育、引进、加工、销售、推广体系，到2000年，主要粮食作物用种全面更换一次，50%的商品种子采取包衣处理，提高水稻、玉米、小麦三大粮食作物统一供种率和良种覆盖率。发挥中国粮食种质资源丰富、育种基础较好的优势，加强水稻、小麦和玉米等新品种的培育，促进农作物品种的更新换代。
-- Speeding up the implementation of the ``Seed Project.'' China will perfect the breeding, import, processing, marketing and extension system of improved varieties. By 2000 seeds of all main grain crops will be renewed; 50 percent of commodity seeds will be coated; and the unified seed supply rate and the coverage rate of improved varieties of rice, corn and wheat will be raised. China's advantages of rich germplasm resources and a good seed-breeding basis will be brought into full play. In addition, China will strengthen the cultivation of new varieties of rice, wheat and corn, and speed up the replacement of the older generations of varieties by new ones.
——加快现有科技成果转化和粮食生产重大技术的科研攻关与引进。今后几年，将重点推广优良新品种、水稻旱育稀植及抛秧、地膜覆盖、精量半精量机械化播种、病虫害综合防治、科学用肥、节水灌溉和旱作农业等重大适用技术。继续挖掘精耕细作、增施有机肥、用地养地结合等传统农业技术的增产潜力，形成传统农业与现代农业相结合的技术应用体系。逐步健全县、乡、村三级农业技术推广网络，扶持各类民办专业技术组织的发展，形成国家、集体和各种民办技术组织相互配合、相互补充的农业技术推广服务体系。围绕对中国粮食生产发展有重大影响的科研项目，组织联合攻关，积极引进一批具有显著增产效果的重大粮食生产技术。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Quickening the transfer of existing scientific and technological achievements into productivity, and the scientific research and importation of key technologies concerning grain production. In the next few years China will concentrate on spreading the following important agricultural techniques: improved new varieties, paddy rice nurture in dry nursery and thin planting by throwing rice seedlings, plastic mulching, precise and semi-precise mechanical seeding, the integrated pest management, scientific fertilization, water-saving irrigation, and dry land farming. Efforts will be continued to be made to tap the potential of traditional agricultural technologies for increasing output, such as intensive cultivation, increased amounts of organic fertilizers, and the combination of utilizing land with maintaining it, to form a technical application system integrating traditional and modern agriculture. In addition, the country will perfect the three-level (county, township and village) agrotechnique popularization network step by step, support the development of various non-governmental special technical organizations and form a service system for popularizing agricultural technologies in which the state, collectives and various non-governmental technical organizations will work in coordination and complement each other. Scientific research projects with special influence on grain production will be given extra support and the import of a number of important grain production technologies will be speeded up.
——加强对农民的职业技术培训。利用现有500多所农林中专学校、2000多所县级农业广播电视学校和基层农业技术推广机构，广泛开展农民职业技术培训，提高农民接受和应用农业新技术的能力。实施“绿色证书”工程，到2000年使1000万农民获得“绿色证书”，培养一大批粮食种植能手。
-- Reinforcing vocational training among the farmers. China will make full use of its existing 500-odd agricultural and forestry polytechnical schools, more than 2,000 county-level agricultural broadcasting and TV schools and grass-roots agrotechnology popularization organs to improve farmers' abilities to accept and apply new agrotechnologies through extensive vocational training, especially through the ``Green Certificate'' project. By 2000, ten million farmers will have obtained such certificates and large numbers of grain-growing experts will have emerged.
——深化农业科技教育体制改革。优化农业科研结构，建立起学科先进、科研与生产紧密结合的科研新体制。国家和地方政府择优支持一批重点农业科研、教学单位，保持一支精干的研究队伍，从事基础研究、重大实用技术研究和高新技术研究。积极鼓励一部分科研教学人员，深入农村第一线，推广技术，培训农民。加强政府对农业科技和教育事业的统筹规划，推动农业科研、教育、推广相结合，共同为发展粮食生产服务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Deepening reform of the system for agricultural science-technology and education. China will improve its agricultural scientific research structure and set up a new scientific research system featuring advanced disciplines and the close integration of scientific research with production. The state and local governments will selectively support leading agricultural scientific research and education institutions to foster a capable contingent of scientists for important basic practical technology and new- and hi-tech research. Some people engaged in scientific research and education will be encouraged in an active way to go deep into the countryside to spread technology and train farmers. The government's unified plan for agricultural science and technology and relevant education should be strengthened to speed up the integration of agricultural scientific research and education, and popularization of agrotechnologies to improve grain production.
——努力提高资源利用率，减少粮食损失。在有条件的地方，逐步实行适度规模经营，提高粮食生产集约化水平。积极推广降低粮食生产成本的技术，减少物资消耗，提高粮食生产效益。加强对粮食播种、收获、储运、加工等各个环节的管理，推广运用节能机械，节约粮食：在生产环节，通过对种子精选、加工和包衣处理，提高种子质量，减少用种量；在收获环节，推广机械化收割；在仓储环节，推广应用先进保粮技术，运用新的包装技术和包装材料；在运输环节，改造传统的运输方式，提高铁路、公路和水运的现代化水平；在加工环节，应用新工艺、新设备，提高粮食加工机械的技术性能。
-- Efforts will also be made to raise the utilization rate of resources and reduce the loss of grain. Concrete steps will be taken as follows: Operation of scale in an appropriate degree will be carried out gradually and the intensification level of grain production raised where possible. Technologies will be actively popularized to lower grain production costs, reduce the waste of materials and improve grain production efficiency. The management of all grain production links -- sowing, harvesting, storage, transportation and processing -- will be improved and energy-saving machinery widely applied along with methods to prevent wastage. The quality of seeds will be improved and the quantity of seeds used will be reduced through selection, processing and coating. Harvesting should be further mechanized. Advanced grain-protection technology should be applied and new packaging technology and materials adopted for grain storage. Traditional transportation methods should be improved with the modernization of railways, highways and waterways. New technologies and equipment should be adopted to improve the technical properties of grain-processing machines.
六、综合开发利用和保护国土资源，实现农业可持续发展
VI. Comprehensively Developing, Utilizing and Protecting Land Resources for the Sustainable Development of Agriculture
中国历来重视综合开发利用山地、水面、草原等国土资源，增加各类食品产量。今后，中国将继续坚持决不放松粮食生产，积极发展多种经营的方针，充分利用各种资源，更多地增加肉类、禽蛋、奶类、水产品、蔬菜、水果等食品的供给。同时，注意保护农业资源，改善生态环境，实现农业可持续发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has always attached great importance to comprehensive development and utilization of mountain areas, water surfaces, grasslands and other resources to increase the output of various foodstuffs. From now on, China will continue to adhere to the principle of ``never slackening grain production and actively developing a diversified economy,'' make full use of various resources and increase the supply of meat, eggs, milk products, aquatic products, vegetables and fruit. Meanwhile China should pay attention to the protection of agricultural resources and the improvement of the ecological environment to realize the sustainable development of agriculture.
——逐步建立符合中国资源特点的畜牧业生产结构。改革开放以来，中国食草型、节粮型动物食品生产发展较快，耗粮较多的猪肉占肉类的比重由1978年的90%以上降到目前的70%左右，牛羊禽肉的比重迅速提高。到2000年，牛羊禽肉比重将再提高10个百分点。在农区，主要利用农作物秸秆，养牛养羊；调整饲料结构，大力发展配合饲料和饲料添加剂生产，发展青绿饲料和南方水生饲料。在牧区，加强草地资源的开发、保护和利用，提高载畜能力，大规模进行草地改良和人工种草，发展饲草加工业，提高生产率。到2000年，肉类总产量达到5850万吨，人均45公斤，禽蛋总产量达到1750万吨，大体保持现有人均水平。
-- Gradually setting up an animal husbandry production structure conforming to the characteristics of China's resources. Since the adoption of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world, the production of grass-eating and grain-saving animal foodstuffs has developed quickly. The proportion of pork -- which consumes a fairly large amount of grain -- in the total amount of meat fell from over 90 percent in 1978 to about 70 percent at present; and the proportions of beef, mutton and fowl meat rose rapidly. By 2000, the proportions of beef, mutton and fowl meat will increase by 10 percentage points each. In farming areas, crop stalks should be used mainly to feed cattle and sheep; forge structure should be adjusted, and great efforts made to develop the production of compound feed and feed additives, green feed and southern aquatic forage. In pastoral areas China should strengthen the exploitation, protection and utilization of grassland resources to improve its stock capacity, ameliorate grasslands and grow grass artificially on a large scale, develop the forage-processing industry and raise productivity. By 2000 China's total output of meat is expected to reach 58.5 million tons and that of eggs, 17.5 million tons. The amount of meat per capita will be 45 kg and that of eggs will remain approximately at the present per-capita level.
——加快开发利用浅海、滩涂和内陆水面。中国政府将继续坚持“以养殖为主，养殖、捕捞、加工并举”的方针，积极扩大内陆淡水养殖面积，进一步开发利用浅海滩涂，发展远洋捕捞。到2000年，水产品总量达到3200万吨，人均25公斤。
-- Quickening the development and utilization of shallow offshore waters, beaches and inland waters. The Chinese government will persist in the principle of ``simultaneously developing aquaculture, fishing and processing, with emphasis on aquaculture,'' seek to expand the area for inland freshwater aquaculture, further utilize shallow offshore waters and beaches and develop deep-sea fishing. By 2000 the total output of aquatic products will reach 32 million tons -- 25 kg per capita.
——提高水果、蔬菜和木本食物供给水平。中国政府将采取措施，利用非耕地资源发展水果生产，支持农民利用房前屋后栽果、种菜，发展庭院经济。到2000年水果产量达到6200万吨，人均48公斤。巩固完善大中城市蔬菜生产基地，鼓励农区通过间作套种等多熟制栽培措施，发展蔬菜生产，稳定提高蔬菜均衡供给水平和有效供给能力。中国将加快宜农荒山开发，调整林地结构，逐步增加木本食物生产。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Increasing the supply of fruit, vegetables and arbor foodstuffs. The Chinese government will take measures to develop fruit production by using non-cultivated land, encourage peasants to grow fruit trees and vegetables in front of and behind their houses and develop a courtyard economy. China will produce, by 2000, 62 million tons of fruit, 48 kg per capita. It will consolidate and perfect vegetable production bases around large and medium-sized cities, and encourage farming areas to expand vegetable production through intercropping, relay intercropping and oth er multi-harvest cultivation measures so as to improve the balanced supply of vegetables and enhance the capability for the effective supply of vegetables. In addition, the government is determined to speed up the reclamation of the barren hills suitable for farming, readjust the forestry structure step by step and increase the production of arbor foodstuffs.
实现粮食生产的持续稳定增长，发展食物多样化生产，必须处理好人口、资源、环境的关系，加强农业资源管理，保护生态环境。八十年代以来，中国积极进行生态农业建设，寻求既能增产粮食等农产品，又能使生态环境得到改善的农业可持续发展模式：综合治理小流域水土流失面积6700多万公顷；建立了不同类型、县乡村不同规模的生态农业试点2000多个；在全国范围内开展了大规模的水土保持，建设平原农田防护林网，治理水土流失；组织实施了“三北”(东北、华北、西北)、长江中上游和沿海防护林等重大生态工程；在广大牧区采取退耕还牧，建设人工草场，防治沙漠化。这些措施对于改善中国的生态环境起到了积极作用。中国将继续加强生态农业建设，开展大规模的水土保持，综合治理小流域水土流失，防治土地荒漠化和草场退化，努力提高森林植被覆盖率。中国将在工业化和城市化进程中继续保护和改善农业自然环境：重点控制工业发展带来的环境污染，推广有利于防治工业污染的适用技术；积极发展农村新能源，努力减缓由于农村能源短缺造成的植被破坏和土质下降；加快水电建设，降低煤炭在能源结构中的比重，减轻酸雨和气候变暖对发展粮食生产的负面影响。
To realize the sustained and stable growth of grain production and produce diversified foodstuffs China must handle well the relationship among population, resources and environment, strengthen the management of agricultural resources and protect the ecological environment. Since the 1980s China has made great efforts to conduct the construction of ecological agriculture and has tried every means to find a sustainable agricultural development mode that can not only increase the output of grain and other farm produce, but also help improve the ecological environment. In this period there has been a comprehensive improvement of soil erosion on over 67 million ha of land in small river valleys, and more than 2,000 experimental ecological agriculture stations of various sizes have been set up at the county, township and village levels. More"iover, China has unfolded large-scale projects for water and soil conservation throughout the country, and constructed a shelter-forest network for fields in the plains to control soil erosion. Important shelter-forest and other ecological projects in northeast, north and northwest China, on the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and in coastal areas have taken shape. Pastoral areas have given up farming and restored animal husbandry when artificial grasslands have been constructed to prevent them from becoming deserts. All these measures have played active roles in improving China's ecological environment. China will continue to promote agricultural construction in an ecologically friendly way, start large-scale water and soil conservation, control soil erosion in small river valleys in a comprehensive way, prevent desertification and grassland deterioration, and strive to increase the coverage rate of forests. In the course of industrialization and urbanization China will continue to protect and improve the natural environment for agriculture. In this respect, it will focus on controlling environmental pollution brought about by industrial development, and popularize suitable technologies to help prevent and control industrial pollution. It will actively develop new sources of rural energy, try to slow down the destruction of vegetation and the deterioration of soil quality caused by the shortage of energy in rural areas. It will speed up the construction of hydropower facilities, reduce the proportion of coal in the energy structure, and combat the negative influences of acid rain and global warming.
七、深化体制改革，创造粮食生产、流通的良好政策环境
VII. Deepening Structural Reform and Creating a Favorable Policy Environment for Grain Production and Circulation
近10多年来，中国的粮食生产和流通体制，以及政府对粮食供求与价格波动的调控方式等，已发生了深刻变化。中国政府将努力巩固和完善已有成果，并按照建立社会主义市场经济体制的要求，深化农业经济体制改革。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In the past decade or so profound changes have taken place in China's grain production and circulation system, as well as in the government's regulation and control methods of grain supply and demand and price fluctuation. The Chinese government will work hard to consolidate and perfect the existing achievements, and will deepen the restructuring of the agricultural economy in accordance with the requirements for the building of a socialist market economy system:
——坚持长期稳定并不断完善农村基本经营制度。以家庭联产承包为主的责任制和统分结合的双层经营体制，是改革开放以来中国农村实行的基本经营制度，有效地促进了粮食等农产品生产的发展，保障了生产者的经营自主权和经济利益，受到了广大农民群众的衷心拥护。早在1983年，中国政府就明确宣布：现行的农村基本经营制度将长期坚持不变，农户向集体承包公有土地的经营期可以长达15年。1993年，中国政府又作出规定：在农户原有的土地承包期到期后，可再延长30年，在承包期内，农户对土地的经营使用权可以在不改变使用方向的前提下实行自愿、有偿转让。中国政府将继续鼓励在乡村和小城镇发展二、三产业，加快转移农业富余劳动力，促进具备条件的地方逐步实行耕地的适度规模经营，进一步提高粮食生产的经济效益，增强发展粮食生产的动力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Make the rural basic management systems stable for long periods of time and improve them continuously. The household contract responsibility system with remuneration linked to output and the two-layer management system featuring the integration of centralization and decentralization are the basic management systems Chinese rural areas have adopted since the initiation of the policy of reform and opening to the outside world. As these systems have effectively promoted the production of grain and other agricultural products, and safeguarded the producers' own decision-making power in management and their economic benefits, they have won the heartfelt support of the broad masses of farmers. In 1983 the Chinese government declared clearly that the existing rural basic management systems would remain unchanged for quite a long time to come, and the public land contracted out by the collectives to peasant households could be used by the latter for as long as 15 years. In 1993 the government made a decision that upon the expiration of a land contract the term could be extended for another 30 years and that during the contract term farmers could freely transfer the land use right with compensation, on condition that the way of its use remain unchanged. The Chinese government will continue to encourage rural areas and small towns to develop secondary and tertiary industries to speed up the absorption of the surplus rural labor force, propel the localities, where possible, to gradually implement operation of cultivated land on an appropriate scale, further improve the economic benefits of grain production and strengthen the motive force for grain production development.
——进一步改革与完善粮食流通体制。1985年，中国政府取消了粮食统一收购制度。目前粮食收购主要有四种形式：国家定购、国家议购、粮食加工企业在批发市场上购买和农民在集市上销售。在粮食销售方面，1993年全国城镇相继取消了定量计划供应的销售制度。在前两年市场零售物价涨幅较大的情况下，各地政府都规定城镇居民可以在国有粮店中购买一定数量的低于市场价格的粮食，国有粮店正越来越明显地起着保障城镇低收入者基本生活的作用。根据建立社会主义市场经济体制的要求，中国政府将着重在以下三个方面继续推进粮食流通体制的改革：一是尽快形成以市场定价为主的粮食价格形成机制，进一步发育和健全粮食市场体系，将粮食的地区间计划调拨逐步改为产、销区通过市场流通来实现各地区的供求平衡。对城乡低收入居民的粮食消费，各地将采取定向补贴等政策。二是加快国有粮食部门政策性业务与商业性经营分开的步伐，增强国有粮食流通企业的市场竞争能力。三是加快发展联结农户与市场的中介组织，引导和鼓励农民联合起来参与粮食流通。中国政府将采取一系列政策措施，促进粮食贸工农一体化经营，逐步建立以粮食为基础的高效农业体系，基本途径是，实行种植业和养殖业的复合发展，积极发展以种养业为原料的加工业和运销业，使粮食的生产、转化、加工和流通等环节紧密联结，多层次转化增值，提高粮食生产比较效益和农民收入，保证粮食生产的持续稳定发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Further reforming and perfecting the grain circulation system. In 1985 the Chinese government abolished the state monopoly of purchase and marketing of grain. Now the following four methods are used to purchase grain: The state purchases grain through xed quotas; the state purchases grain through negotiations with producers; grain-processing enterprises purchase grain from the wholesale markets; and farmers sell their grain at fairs. In 1993 grain rationing was abolished in cities and towns throughout the country. As the retail prices of commodities on the market have increased by a large margin in the past two years governments at all levels have specified that urban residents might purchase a certain amount of grain from state-owned grain shops at prices lower than the market price. State-owned grain shops are playing a more and more important role in guaranteeing the basic livelihood of urban residents with low incomes. In accordance with the requirements for founding a socialist market economy system, the Chinese government will focus on continually propelling the reform of the grain circulation system in the following three respects. First, establishing a pricing mechanism as soon as possible, whereby grain prices are primarily decided by the market; further developing and improving the grain market system; and gradually changing the planned inter-regional allocation and transfer of grain to the practice whereby the producing and marketing regions achieve a balance between supply and demand among regions through market circulation. Subsidization and other policies will be adopted with regard to the grain consumption of urban and rural residents with low incomes. Second, China should speed up the separation of state-owned grain departments' policy-related business from commercial business to strengthen state-owned grain circulation enterprises' competitiveness in the market. Third, China will quicken the fostering of intermediaries linking the farmers with the market, and guiding and encouraging them to join hands and participate in grain circulation. The Chinese government will adopt a series of policy-related measures to promote the operation of grain by the integration of trade, industry and agriculture, and gradually set up a high-efficiency agricultural system with grain as the base. The basic method will be to realize co-development of crop cultivation, animal husbandry and aquaculture while actively developing transportation and marketing and the processing industry with raw materials derived from crop cultivation, animal husbandry and aquaculture so as to tightly link grain production with transfer, processing and circulation, add value by manifold ways, increase the comparative benets of grain production and the income of the farmers, and ensure the sustained, stable development of grain production.
——引导消费，减少浪费。中国政府将继续开展爱粮节粮宣传教育，并制定相应政策，促进在全社会形成“爱惜粮食光荣、浪费粮食可耻”的良好风尚。倡导文明、适度、节俭的消费方式，反对讲排场、摆阔气和铺张浪费，改革用餐方式，加强对餐饮业的管理。中国目前酒类构成中耗粮较多的烈性白酒比重过大，每年酿酒耗粮2000多万吨。中国政府将采取措施，减少高度白酒的生产，降低白酒在酒类中的比重。
-- Guiding consumption and reducing waste. The Chinese government will continue to conduct education on treasuring and economizing on grain and formulate corresponding policies to promote the formation of a new social tendency that stresses thrift in grain and opposes waste and extravagance. The dietary pattern will be reformed; supervision of the catering industry will be tightened; and the production of alcoholic drinks made from grain -- at present consuming 20 million tons of grain a year -- will be curbed.
——加强对粮食市场的调控。中国是一个自然灾害较为频繁的国家，年度间的粮食产量波动难以避免，对粮食市场的稳定产生不利影响。为加强对粮食生产者的保护和稳定粮食市场，中国政府在1990年就着手建立了粮食的最低保护价格制度和用于调节粮食市场供求与价格的专项粮食储备制度，1994年又建立了中央和省两级粮食市场风险基金制度。几年的实践证明，这些制度发挥了积极的作用。今后将进一步完善这些制度，保持合理的粮食储备量，充实粮食市场风险基金，增强政府对粮食市场的吞吐调节能力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
-- Strengthening the regulation and control of grain markets. China is a country with frequent natural disasters, so it is hard for it to avoid the fluctuation of grain output, which has an unfavorable impact on the stability of grain markets. To protect grain producers and stabilize grain markets the Chinese government started in 1990 to set up the minimum grain price protection system and the special grain reserve system for regulating supply and demand and the prices on grain markets. In 1994 a grain market risk fund system at the central and provincial levels was set up. Experience over the past few years has proved that these systems have played positive roles. China will further perfect these systems, maintain reasonable amounts of grain in reserve, replenish the grain market risk funds and reinforce the government's ability to regulate grain markets.
适时、适度利用国际粮食市场，通过进出口贸易调节国内的粮食供求关系，也是稳定粮食市场所必需的。近年来，中国国内的市场粮食价格已逐步接近于国际市场粮价。为了保护农民的基本利益，中国政府将按照国际惯例，实行粮食进口关税政策。
Making timely and appropriate use of the international grain market and regulating the relationship between the domestic grain supply and demand through import and export trade are also necessary for stabilizing grain markets. In recent years the grain prices on the domestic market have been approaching step by step those on the international market. To protect the farmers' basic interests the Chinese government will adopt the policy of imposing tariffs on imported grain according to the usual international practice.
早在新中国成立前夕，西方就有人预言中国政府解决不了人民的吃饭问题，历史早已宣告此类预言的彻底破产。未来几十年，中国虽然面临耕地少、人口多、粮食需求压力大的现实，但也存在着巨大的发展潜力，中国有解决粮食问题的经验和办法，农民中蕴藏着巨大的生产积极性，完全有理由相信，中国政府和人民有能力依靠自己的力量解决粮食供给问题。实践将会向世界证明：中国人民不仅能养活自己，而且还将使自己的生活质量一年比一年提高。中国不但不会对世界粮食安全构成威胁，还将为世界粮食发展作出更大的贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
On the eve of the founding of New China some Westerners predicted that the Chinese government would not be able to solve the problem of feeding the country's population. History has already shown the futility of such a prediction. In the coming decades, though China will be confronted with the reality of less cultivated land, a large population and great demand for grain, there exists huge potential for development. The Chinese government has experience and has developed methods for solving the grain problem, and the peasants have a vast reservoir of enthusiasm for production. It can be believed with full reasons that the Chinese government and people have the ability to solve the problem of grain supply by relying on their own efforts. Practice will prove to the world: The Chinese people can not only feed themselves, but also make their quality of life better and better year by year. Instead of forming a threat to the world's grain supply, China will make ever greater contributions to it.
