《新疆人权事业的发展进步》白皮书

Human Rights in Xinjiang – Development and Progress

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

2017年6月

June 2017

目录

Contents

前言

Foreword

一、政治权利

I. Political Rights

二、公民权利

II. Civil Rights

三、经济权利

III. Economic Rights

四、社会权利

IV. Social Rights

五、文化权利

V. Cultural Rights

六、环境权利

Environmental Rights

七、宗教信仰自由权利

VII. Right to Freedom of Religious Belief

八、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人权利

VIII. Rights of Women, Children, the Elderly and Disabled

前言

Foreword

实现充分的人权是人类长期追求的理想，也是包括新疆各族人民在内的全中国人民长期为之奋斗的目标。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Realization of full human rights is an ideal, one that humankind has pursued for as long as we can remember. It is also a goal that the Chinese people, including people of the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang, have worked hard to reach.

1949年中华人民共和国成立前，新疆各族人民遭受着外国侵略势力、封建剥削阶级和宗教特权阶层的压迫，社会地位极其低下，无法享有基本人权。新中国的成立和社会主义制度的确立，为新疆各族人民真正享有人权奠定了根本政治前提和制度基础。1955年，中国在新疆实行民族区域自治制度，进一步保障了新疆各族人民当家作主的权利。自1978年中国实行改革开放以来，新疆经济社会发展进入了一个新的历史时期，各族人民的人权保障水平不断提升。

Before the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the ethnic groups of Xinjiang suffered oppression from invading foreign forces, the feudal exploiting class and the privileged religious hierarchy. At the bottom of the social ladder, they were deprived of basic human rights. The founding of the PRC and the socialist system prepared a fundamental political prerequisite and laid the institutional basis for the people of Xinjiang’s ethnic groups to enjoy such rights. In 1955, the system of regional ethnic autonomy was implemented in Xinjiang, offering further guarantee to the Xinjiang people in exercising their right as masters of the country. Since 1978, when China launched its epoch-making reform and opening-up drive, a new historical phase has been ushered in the economic and social development of Xinjiang, and people of the various ethnic groups in Xinjiang have seen great progress in the protection of their human rights.

长期以来，中央始终高度重视新疆工作，采取切实有力举措，发展经济，改善民生，增进人民福祉，促进民族团结进步，保障各族人民的基本权利。特别是中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，坚持以人民为中心，以创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念为引领，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设，十分关心新疆的发展进步，始终情系新疆、心系新疆各族人民，举全国之力发展新疆。近年来，中央着眼党和国家事业发展全局，不断丰富和发展治疆方略，把社会稳定和长治久安作为新疆工作总目标，坚持依法治疆、团结稳疆、长期建疆，坚持各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展，坚持以保障和改善民生为重点，大力发展新疆各项事业，切实保障各族人民平等参与、平等发展权利，共享发展成果，使新疆的人权事业不断得到新的发展和进步。

The central government has over the years set great store by Xinjiang. It has taken effective measures to develop the economy, improve people’s living standards, enhance the well-being of the public, promote ethnic unity and progress, and safeguard the basic rights of all ethnic groups. In particular, since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at the core has worked hard to promote economic, political, cultural, social and ecological progress across the country. This means following the people-oriented principle, and forging new ideas of innovative, coordinated, green, and open development shared by all. Committed to the progress of Xinjiang and its people, the CPC Central Committee has pooled the strength of the nation to develop the region. In recent years, it has, proceeding from the overall development of the causes of the Party and state, constantly enriched and developed its core strategies for the development and governance of Xinjiang by making maintaining the social order and lasting political stability the overall objective of work in relation to Xinjiang. It called governing Xinjiang in accordance with law, maintaining stability in Xinjiang through ethnic solidarity, and being committed to the development of Xinjiang for a long time to come; keeping to the goal of all ethnic groups working together for common prosperity and development; making energetic efforts to press forward with the development of various undertakings in Xinjiang and focusing on the protection and improvement of the people’s living standards; and taking all necessary steps to ensure the people of various ethnic groups the equal right to participation and in development, and equal access to the fruits of development.

一、政治权利

I. Political Rights

新疆自古以来就是多民族聚居的地方，目前有56个民族。不论人口多少、发展程度高低、宗教信仰差异，新疆各族人民都具有同等地位，依法享有相同权利，履行相同义务，公民的政治权利得到了充分保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Xinjiang has been home to numerous ethnic groups since remote antiquity, and there are now 56 ethnic groups residing on this vast piece of land. Irrespective of their size of population, degree of development, and religious faith, the people of all Xinjiang’s ethnic groups enjoy the same status and the same rights, and must fulfill the same obligations in accordance with the law. Their political rights as citizens are fully protected.

民族区域自治制度得到贯彻落实。民族区域自治制度的确立，为新疆各族人民在维护国家统一原则下，充分行使自治权利，自主管理地方事务，平等参与管理国家事务提供了有力的制度保障。自治区立法机关根据宪法和法律，既享有普通省级行政区地方立法权，又享有根据本区域政治、经济和文化特点制定自治条例、单行条例的立法权。截至2016年年底，自治区人民代表大会及其常委会共制定区域特色的地方性法规372件，其中现行有效的地方性法规153件，作出法规性决议、决定52件，批准设区的市、自治州、自治县报批的单行条例和地方性法规113件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The system of regional ethnic autonomy is in place. Based on the principle of safeguarding national unity, the system of regional ethnic autonomy provides a strong institutional guarantee for the ethnic groups of Xinjiang to exercise their right of autonomy, administer their own local affairs, and participate as equals in administering state affairs. According to China’s Constitution and relevant state laws, the legislature of the autonomous region, while enjoying the legislative power entitled to provincial-level administrative divisions as prescribed by law, has the power to enact regulations on the exercise of regional autonomy and other particular regulations in line with the local political, economic and cultural conditions. By the end of 2016, the autonomous regional people’s congress and its standing committee had formulated in total 372 local regulations (including 153 already in effect), passed 52 regulatory resolutions and decisions, and approved 113 separate regulations and other regulations submitted by the various cities, autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties.

选举权和被选举权得到充分保障。在新疆，年满18周岁公民依法享有选举权和被选举权。依照宪法与法律规定，各族人民直接选举县（市、区）、乡（镇）人民代表大会代表，在此基础上又选举出全国和自治区、州（市）人民代表大会代表。第十二届全国人民代表大会共有新疆代表60名，其中少数民族代表38名，占63.33%。第十二届新疆维吾尔自治区人民代表大会共有代表550名，其中少数民族代表363名，占66%。

The right to vote and right to be elected are fully protected. In Xinjiang, as elsewhere in China, citizens aged 18 or above enjoy the right to vote and the right to be elected in accordance with the law. As the Constitution and relevant state laws prescribe, people of all ethnic groups in the autonomous region directly elect deputies to the people’s congresses at county (city or urban district) and township (town) levels, and these deputies then elect deputies to the prefecture (prefecture-level city) people’s congress, the people’s congress of the autonomous region, and the National People’s Congress (NPC). The 12th NPC has a total of 60 deputies from Xinjiang, of whom 38 (63 percent) are from ethnic minority groups. The 12th People’s Congress of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is formed by 550 deputies, of whom 363 (66 percent) are of ethnic minority origins.

协商民主稳步推进。在协商民主的制度框架内，自治区各级政协积极创新协商形式、丰富协商内容、搭建协商平台，广泛吸收各族各界人士参政议政，初步形成了宽领域、多层次、常态化的协商民主格局。各级政协委员深入调研，踊跃提交提案，积极反映社情民意，主动进行民主监督。第十二届全国政协委员中，住新疆的有31名，其中少数民族委员18名，占58.1%。第十一届新疆维吾尔自治区政协有委员479名，其中少数民族委员228名，占47.6%。截至2017年3月，第十一届新疆维吾尔自治区政协共提交提案4920件，涉及政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等领域。

Steady progress has been observed in consultative democracy. Within the institutional framework of consultative democracy, the CPPCC (Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference) organizations at all levels in the autonomous region have actively innovated the forms, enriched the content and developed platforms of consultation to encourage more extensive participation and administration of state affairs by people from all ethnic groups and all walks of life, thus bringing into place initially a wide-ranging and multi-tiered regular framework of consultative democracy. Members of CPPCC organizations at all levels have conducted in-depth research and drafted bills that actively reflect social conditions and public opinion; they constantly pursue initiatives to facilitate democratic scrutiny. Among members of the 12th CPPCC National Committee, 31 come from Xinjiang, of whom 18 (58 percent) are members of ethnic minorities. The 11th CPPCC of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has 479 members, of whom 228 (48 percent) are members of ethnic minorities. As of March 2017, the 11th CPPCC of Xinjiang had submitted a total of 4,920 proposals covering politics, the economy, culture, education, science and technology and other fields.

少数民族参政权得到保证。作为全国唯一三级自治地方（区、州、县）俱全的自治区，新疆设有5个自治州、6个自治县。自治地方的各级人民代表大会和人民政府行使管理本地区事务的权力，自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长均由实行区域自治的民族公民担任。1950年，新疆少数民族干部仅有约3000人，1955年增加到4.6万人。2016年，全区少数民族公务员已达91076人，占干部总数的40.24%。其中，少数民族妇女干部占全区妇女干部总数的66%以上。

The right of ethnic minority groups to participate in public affairs is guaranteed. Xinjiang is the only autonomous region in China with all three levels of autonomous divisions (i.e., autonomous region, autonomous prefecture and autonomous county). It now has under its jurisdiction five autonomous prefectures and six autonomous counties. People’s congresses and people’s governments of these autonomous administrative divisions at different levels exercise the autonomous power to administer their local affairs. Chairperson of the autonomous region, governors of autonomous prefectures, and heads of autonomous counties are all citizens from the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy of the said areas. In 1950, there were only about 3,000 ethnic minority officials in Xinjiang. By 1955, this figure had increased to 46,000. In 2016, the number of ethnic minority officials in the region’s civil service reached 91,076, accounting for 40 percent of the region’s total. Of them, women officials of ethnic minority origins accounted for more than 66 percent of the total of female officials in Xinjiang.

基层民主权利得到保障和落实。修订并实施《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国村民委员会组织法〉办法》《新疆维吾尔自治区村民委员会选举办法》《新疆维吾尔自治区村务公开办法》，制定《关于进一步规范和加强社区工作的意见》和《关于加强乡镇政府服务能力建设的实施意见》，基层法制建设不断完善。基层群众自治制度更加健全，民主选举、民主管理、民主监督和事务公开制度日益完善。基层民主协商进一步制度化、规范化、程序化。

Community-level democratic rights are guaranteed and respected. The Measures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region for Implementing the Organic Law of the Villagers’ Committees of the People’s Republic of China, the Procedures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Election of the Villagers’ Committee, and the Implementation Measures of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Making Village Affairs Transparent have been revised and implemented. The Opinions on Regulating and Strengthening Community Work, and the Implementation Opinions on Building Stronger Service Capabilities for Town and Township Governments have been formulated. Steady improvement has been seen in the community-level legal framework. The system of community-level self-governance is being strengthened, while systems of democratic election, democratic management, democratic supervision, and publicity of affairs have kept improving. Well-defined systems, standards and procedures are being followed in community-level democratic consultation.

二、公民权利

II. Civil Rights

新疆坚持尊重和保护公民生命财产安全，切实维护公正审判权，促进公民自由表达，公民权利依法得到了充分尊重和有效保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Xinjiang fully respects and effectively guarantees the civil rights of its citizens in accordance with the law, by respecting and protecting life and property, safeguarding the right to a fair trial, and promoting free expression.

生命财产权受到尊重和保护。自20世纪90年代以来，暴力恐怖势力、民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力策划实施了一系列暴力恐怖犯罪活动，严重危害了各族人民的生命财产安全。其中，2009年乌鲁木齐“7·5”打砸抢烧严重暴力犯罪事件，造成197人死亡、1700多人受伤；2014年昆明“3·01”火车站暴力恐怖事件，造成31人死亡、141人受伤。自治区采取一系列措施，颁布实施了《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国反恐怖主义法〉办法》，依法严厉打击暴力恐怖犯罪，加强社会面防控，推进治理体系和治理能力现代化，切实维护各族人民的生命财产安全。

Life and property are respected and protected. Since the 1990s, violent terrorists, nationalist separatists, and religious extremists have plotted and committed a series of violent terrorist crimes, causing loss of life to and damaging the property of people of all ethnic groups. In 2009, the July 5 riot in Urumqi killed 197, injured more than 1,700, and caused colossal damage to property. The Kunming railway station terrorist attack of March 1, 2014 caused 31 deaths and injured another 141. The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has taken a series of measures designed to strike against violent terrorist crimes, strengthen social protection and control, modernize the governance system and capacity, and safeguard the lives and property of all the people of Xinjiang, whatever their ethnic group. These measures include the promulgation and implementation of the Measures of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Enforcement of the Anti-Terrorism Law of the People’s Republic of China.

公正审判权得到切实维护。新疆司法机关坚持罪刑法定、疑罪从无、证据裁判等原则，从侦查、检察、审判、执行等各环节充分保障公民获得公正审判的权利。依法保障犯罪嫌疑人、刑事被告人的辩护权。保障各民族公民使用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。实施《新疆维吾尔自治区法律援助试行办法》，切实维护困难群体获得法律援助的权利。有效保障赔偿请求人的合法权益，不断完善司法救助制度，保障困难群众获得诉讼救济权利。2016年，新疆各级人民法院共办结国家赔偿与司法救助案件298件，共计为生活困难群众缓、减、免诉讼费用2666.7万元。建立司法公开平台，发布案件审理、执行信息，充分保障公民司法知情权。2014年至2016年，新疆各级人民法院在中国裁判文书网共发布生效裁判文书21万余份。2016年，新疆共有律师4569人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The right to fair trial is maintained. Judicial organs in Xinjiang uphold the principles of legally prescribed punishment, presumption of innocence, and evidentiary adjudication, and fully protect citizens’ right to fair trial at all stages from investigation to prosecution, to trial and execution. The right of suspects and criminal defendants to defense is guaranteed in accordance with the law. Citizens’ right to use the spoken and written languages of their own ethnic groups in legal proceedings is protected. By implementing the Interim Measures for Legal Assistance of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the right to legal assistance for disadvantaged groups is guaranteed. With constant improvement in the judicial relief system, the legitimate rights and interests of indemnity claimants are safeguarded, and the right to relief of disadvantaged groups is protected. In 2016, people’s courts at various levels in Xinjiang settled 298 state compensation and judicial relief cases, deferring, reducing or exempting the litigation costs to a value of RMB26.7 million. A platform for judicial openness was established to release information on judicial proceedings, so as to ensure the public’s right to information. From 2014 to 2016, people’s courts at various levels in Xinjiang released more than 210,000 effective judgment documents on China Judgments Online. In 2016, there were 4,569 lawyers in Xinjiang.

表达自由的权利得到有效保障。为落实宪法规定的公民表达自由，新疆在办好广播、电视、报纸、杂志等传统媒体的同时，大力开展互联网基础设施建设，搭建各种形式的网站（平台），使公民的表达渠道不断拓展，表达方式更加多样，表达诉求更加便捷，有效保障了公民的知情权、参与权和监督权。截至2016年年底，新疆网民人数由2002年的44.8万人增加到1296万人，增速位居全国第三；普及率达到54.9%，位居西部第一。

The right to freedom of expression is protected. To safeguard the public’s right to free expression as prescribed by the Constitution, and to expand, diversify, and improve access to the required channels, Xinjiang has created a wide range of Internet infrastructure and websites (or platforms), while continuing to promote traditional media, such as radio, television, newspapers and magazines. As a result, the citizens’ right to information, right to participation, and right of scrutiny are guaranteed. The number of netizens in Xinjiang rose from 448,000 in 2002 to 12,960,000 by the end of 2016. This growth rate ranked 3rd in China, with a rate of penetration of 54.9 percent, which ranked 1st in the western region.

三、经济权利

III. Economic Rights

多年来，新疆大力发展经济，努力把发展落实到改善民生、惠及当地和增进团结上，积极推动发展成果共享，有效保障公民各项经济权利，人民生活水平普遍提高。

Over the years, Xinjiang has maintained a constant focus on economic development. It thereby strives to improve standards of living, benefit the local economy, and encourage unity. It ensures that all the people share the fruits of development, and effectively protects the various economic rights of citizens. Public well-being has improved.

发展权利得到提升。新中国成立前，农区大部分土地被农奴主、地主所占有，牧区牛羊、水源和草场等被王公贵族、部落头领所控制，占总人口93%的农牧民没有基本生产生活资料。农业生产方式极其落后，主要靠坎土曼和二牛抬杠，生产水平极其低下。没有任何工业基础，钢钉、火柴等基本产品都不能生产，缺乏发展的基本条件。新中国成立后，新疆大力改善发展条件，逐步形成了现代农业生产能力，并建立起完备的工业体系，经济社会发生了翻天覆地的变化。1978年至2016年，新疆地区生产总值由39.07亿元增长至9617.23亿元，人均生产总值由313元增长至40427元，分别增长245.2倍和128.2倍；城镇居民人均可支配收入从319元增加到28463元，农村居民人均可支配收入从119元增加到10183元，分别增加了88.2倍和84.6倍。

The right to development has been promoted. Prior to the founding of the PRC, most of the farmland in Xinjiang was owned by serf owners and landlords, and most livestock, water sources and pasturelands were controlled by the nobility and tribal chiefs. Peasants and herdsmen, accounting for 93 percent of the local total population, did not even possess a basic livelihood and the means to work. At the time, Xinjiang’s production capability was extremely low, as agriculture, mainly based on kantumanhoes and ox-drawn plows, was wholly outdated. It had no industry, and could not even produce basic industrial items like steel nails and matches. It lacked the basic conditions for development. Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has improved its preconditions for development, and gradually set up a modern agricultural system and a comprehensive manufacturing industry. The autonomous region’s society and economy have been transformed. Since the launch of China’s reform and opening-up drive in 1978, Xinjiang’s GDP has soared from RMB3.9 billion to RMB961.7 billion in 2016. Its per-capita GDP has grown from RMB313 to RMB40,427 in the same period. The per-capita disposable income of urban residents has risen from RMB319 to RMB28,463 and that of rural residents from RMB119 to RMB10,183.

基本生活保障水平不断提升。新中国成立以来，新疆各族人民生活条件发生了根本性改变，高寒边远山区农牧民逐步结束了没有电和自来水、交通封闭的时代。城镇和农村居民家庭恩格尔系数分别由1980年的57.3%和60%左右，下降到2016年的29.1%和31.7%。全面推进通水、通电、通气建设，截至2016年年底，800万农村人口饮水安全问题得到解决，农村自来水普及率达72.5%以上。实施安居富民、定居兴牧、城镇保障性安居工程建设，1978年至2016年，城镇人均住宅建筑面积由3.5平方米增长到31.1平方米以上；1994年至2016年，农村人均住房面积由9.46平方米增长到25.7平方米以上。积极推进交通建设，公路通车里程由1978年的2.38万公里增长到2016年的18.21万公里，同期铁路通车里程由1435公里增长到5868公里。高速公路、高速铁路从无到有，分别实现通车里程4395公里和717公里。民用机场达到18个。行政村公路通畅率达97.06%，建制村通客车率达96%，公民的出行更加便捷。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

A better quality of life has been guaranteed. Great improvements have been seen in the living conditions of people of all ethnic groups in Xinjiang. Farmers and herdsmen living in high mountainous, and cold or remote areas have gradually been provided access to power, tap water and modern transport facilities. The Engel coefficient of urban households decreased from 57.3 percent in 1980 to 29.1 percent in 2016; that of rural households from 60 percent to 31.7 percent. The autonomous region has directed a considerable effort to infrastructure construction in tap water, power and gas. By the end of 2016, the eight million rural population was guaranteed access to safe drinking water, and 72.5 percent of rural households had access to tap water. A series of programs were in place, involving rural safe housing subsidy, nomadic settlement subsidy, and urban low-income housing. The per-capita living space of urban residents rose from 3.5 sq m in 1978 to more than 31.1 sq m in 2016, while that of rural residents increased from 9.46 sq m in 1994 to more than 25.7 sq m in 2016. Transport has also been improved and the people now have access to convenient and rapid traffic facilities. From 1978 to 2016, the kilometrage of roads open to powered vehicles increased from 23,800 km to 182,100 km, and rail kilometrage grew from 1,435 km to 5,868 km. Expressways and high-speed railways developed from scratch, reaching 4,395 km and 717 km, respectively. About 97 percent of administrative villages now have access to metalled roads, and 96 percent have access to bus services. There are 18 civil airports in Xinjiang.

贫困人口生存发展条件进一步改善。坚持精准扶贫、精准脱贫，切实做到扶持对象精准、项目安排精准、资金使用精准、措施到户精准、因村派人精准、脱贫成效精准，把南疆地区作为脱贫攻坚的主战场，加大财政扶贫资金投入力度，汇聚行业、社会、援疆等扶贫资源，大力推进就业扶贫“十大专项行动”，加快基础设施和基本公共服务建设步伐，贫困群众生产生活条件得到极大改善。截至2016年年底，贫困发生率下降至10%，有力保障了贫困人口生存权和发展权。

Further improvement has been made in the quality of life and daily living conditions of the impoverished. Xinjiang has implemented targeted and effective measures in poverty alleviation. Appropriate projects have been planned and carried out for the benefit of specific impoverished groups and even individual impoverished households. Aid workers have been assigned to villages according to specific conditions, and funds have been used effectively to achieve concrete results. Southern Xinjiang has been taken as the focus of the poverty-relief program. More funds and more social resources have been directed to the area. Ten special projects involving employment-based poverty reduction have been implemented. Infrastructure and basic public services have been improved. By the end of 2016, the incidence of poverty had dropped to 10 percent or less, thus better safeguarding the poor’s rights to life and development.

工作权利得到切实保障。为保障劳动者就业权利，新疆坚持就业优先，促进就业公平，多举措多渠道扩大就业。积极发展劳动密集型产业，促进中小微企业、民营企业和劳务输出企业发展，以转移就业、创业带动、产业就业等多种形式，确保稳定就业。2016年年底，城乡就业人数达到1263.11万人，其中，城镇新增就业人数45.5万人，城镇登记失业率为3.22%。大力发展职业教育，实施各类就业培训项目，加大对高校毕业生、城乡贫困家庭劳动力、城镇就业困难人员、农牧民富余劳动力、农村妇女等重点就业人群扶持力度。建立零就业家庭动态清零长效机制。逐步完善工资福利制度。健全劳动关系协调机制，全面加强劳动保障监察执法和劳动人事争议处理，发挥工会组织和职工维权机构作用，公民基本劳动权益得到有效维护。持续开展“安全生产年”行动，加强安全生产防控，着力解决制约安全生产的突出问题和深层矛盾，全社会整体安全水平全面提升，2016年各类生产安全事故死亡人数同比下降26.5%，亿元地区生产总值生产安全事故死亡率同比下降16.81%。不断加强职业病防治，目前新疆共有职业健康检查机构111家，职业病诊断机构41家，职业卫生培训率达到100%。

The right to work has been effectively guaranteed. To achieve this, Xinjiang has given priority to promoting equal employment opportunities, and encouraged different sectors to create more jobs through multiple measures. It has emphasized the development of labor-intensive industries and promoted the growth of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises, private enterprises and labor export service enterprises. It has stabilized employment by means of employment transfer, start-up enterprises, and industrial employment. At the end of 2016, 12.63 million people in rural and urban areas of Xinjiang were employed and the registered urban unemployment rate was 3.22 percent, with 455,000 new jobs created in urban areas over the course of the year.

The autonomous region has made every effort to develop vocational education, and arranged a variety of employment training programs. It has provided growing support to key population groups, such as college graduates, impoverished families, urban residents who have difficulty in finding jobs, excess peasant and herdsman labor, and rural women. It has established a long-term mechanism to constantly ensure that every family has at least one member in work. It has gradually improved the salary and bonus system. The coordination mechanism for labor relations has been further enhanced. The government has strengthened scrutiny over the enforcement of laws and regulations on employees’ rights and employers’ duties and the handling of disputes over labor relations, given labor unions and employees’ rights protection organizations scope to play their due role, and effectively protected the basic right to work and the essential interests of the people. The Safe Production Year campaign has continued. The government has intensified workplace safety and the prevention and control of accidents, and tried hard to address prominent problems and deep-rooted issues that might create risks. The number of victims killed in workplace accidents fell by 26.5 percent between 2015 and 2016, and the workplace death rate per RMB100 million of GDP fell by 16.8 percent. Xinjiang has also improved the prevention and control of occupational diseases. There are now 111 occupational health examination organizations, and 41 occupational disease diagnosis organizations in the autonomous region, and all employees have received training in occupational health.

四、社会权利

IV. Social Rights

新中国成立初期，新疆民生基础极其薄弱。通过60多年的不懈努力，公民社会保障权、健康权和受教育权等社会权利的保障达到了前所未有的水平。

Standards of living in Xinjiang were very low when the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949. Following more than 60 years of unstinting effort, protection of the citizens’ rights to social security, health, and education has reached unprecedented levels, as evidenced in the following:

社会保障水平稳步提高。新中国成立后，政府投入大量资金，加强新疆社会保障制度建设，已形成广覆盖、保基本、多层次的社会保障体系。2016年新疆已全面建立了城乡居民和城镇职工大病保险制度，全民免费享受人身意外伤害保险。截至2016年年底，新疆企业职工基本养老保险参保人数达到342.19万人（不含机关事业单位养老保险制度改革后增加人数），农村基本养老保险参保人数达到539.58万人，城乡居民基本养老保险参保率稳定在95%以上；城镇基本医疗保险参保人数达到687.55万人，新型农村合作医疗参合人数达到1125.75万人，失业、工伤、生育保险参保人数达738.89万人次，社会保障卡累计发放1207万张，覆盖率达到55.4%。社会保障水平不断提高，到2016年，已连续12年增加企业退休人员基本养老金和提高工伤保险待遇，连续5年提高失业保险待遇。通过完善社会保险与物价水平挂钩联动机制，及时调整缴费基数。为减轻城镇个体工商户和灵活就业人员经济负担，2014年下调了这些人员的基本养老保险最低缴费基数。制定劳动者特别是进城务工人员参加城镇职工基本养老保险制度衔接政策。新型农村社会养老保险与城镇居民社会养老保险基础养老金标准实现一致，从最初的每人每月55元提高到115元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Social security has been improved. Once the People’s Republic was founded, the government provided generous funding to reinforce Xinjiang’s social security system. Now a multi-layered basic social security system with wide coverage is in place. In 2016, Xinjiang launched serious illness insurance for urban and rural residents and urban workers, and personal accident insurance was made available to all residents free of charge. By the end of 2016, each of the following goals had been achieved:

A total of 3.42 million employees were covered by basic old-age insurance (excluding those who joined the plan following the reform of old-age insurance in government bodies and public institutions).

A total of 5.40 million people had subscribed to rural basic old-age insurance, and the coverage of old-age insurance for urban and rural residents stood above 95 percent.

The basic medical insurance system covered 6.88 million people in urban areas, and 11.26 million rural residents had joined the new rural cooperative medical care system.

The total number of people participating in unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance, and maternity insurance reached 7.39 million.

The government had issued 12.07 million social security cards, covering 55.4 percent of Xinjiang residents.

The level of social security has been improved over the years. By 2016, the basic pension benefits for enterprise retirees had been increased for 12 years in a run. Corresponding figures for work-related injury insurance benefits and unemployment insurance benefits were 12 years and 5 years, respectively. Timely adjustments have been made to the contribution basis by linking social security with price levels. To ease the burden on urban small business owners and self-employed persons, their old-age insurance contribution bases were lowered in 2014. Policies have been enacted to ensure that workers, and especially migrant workers who come to work in cities, are able to join the urban basic old-age insurance scheme. The new rural social old-age insurance system has been brought into line with urban old-age insurance in terms of benefits received, from RMB55 to RMB115 per person per month.

社会救助制度发挥积极作用。新中国成立伊始，新疆就建立了针对城乡贫困居民的社会救助制度。2009年至2016年，城镇和农村居民平均最低生活保障标准，分别从每人每月172元和69元提高到384元和249.5元；农村五保户供养标准，从集中供养3036元/年、分散供养2280元/年，分别提高到6936元/年和4586元/年。各类收养性社会福利单位拥有床位4.4万张，收养各类人员2.6万人。截至2016年年底，95%的乡镇（街道）设立了“一站式”救助服务窗口，累计实施临时救助17.3万户次，支出救助资金18.5亿元。2016年新疆社会福利彩票募集福利事业资金12.61亿元，主要用于扶老、救孤、助残、济困等社会公益事业。2016年投入救灾及灾后重建资金7.36亿元，救助受灾群众477.9万人次。

The social assistance system is playing an active role. In Xinjiang, a social assistance system for needy urban and rural residents was established at the beginning of the PRC. Between 2009 and 2016, the monthly subsistence allowance for urban residents increased from RMB172 per capita to RMB384 per capita, while that of rural residents rose from RMB69 to RMB249.5. For rural households enjoying the “five guarantees” (access to proper food, clothing, medical care, housing and funeral/educational expenses), subsidies for those living in nursing homes increased from RMB3,036 to RMB6,936 per year, and the subsidies for those living at home grew from RMB2,280 to RMB4,586 per year. Social welfare institutions of various types had 44,000 beds and 26,000 persons are under their care. By the end of 2016, 95 percent of villages, townships, and urban communities had opened “one-stop” assistance offices, spending RMB1.85 billion to help 173,000 households in need. In 2016 Xinjiang’s social welfare lotteries raised funds to the value of RMB1.26 billion, which were mainly spent on supporting the elderly, orphans, persons with disabilities, and people in need. In the same year a total of RMB736 million was allocated for disaster relief and reconstruction, providing assistance to 4.78 million victims of natural disasters.

健康权保障条件显著改善。新中国成立前，新疆医疗卫生事业落后，缺医少药，鼠疫、天花、霍乱等传染病肆虐，人民健康权利得不到基本保障。1949年只有医疗机构54个、病床696张，每万人拥有病床1.6张、医生0.19名。经过60多年发展，医疗卫生服务体系基本形成，医疗机构遍布城乡。截至2016年年底，已有各类卫生机构15721个，其中，各类医院707所，病床位14.45万张，医生5.1万人，护士5.6万人，每万人拥有医院床位数60.3张、执业医师21.2人，均高于全国平均水平。创新开展全科医师与居民签约服务，乡村医生签约定点为农牧民提供医疗服务。卫生防疫机构从无到有，已形成较为完善的城乡卫生防疫体系，重大传染病、地方病得到有效控制。健康水平持续提升，人口死亡率由1949年的20.82‰下降到2016年的4.26‰，人均预期寿命从30岁延长至72.35岁。自2016年始，城乡居民每年可享受一次免费健康体检。

There is marked improvement in ensuring access to healthcare. Before the PRC, Xinjiang’s medical services were in a poor state; there was a shortage of doctors and medicines, and epidemics of diseases, such as the plague, smallpox, and cholera, were commonplace. People had no guaranteed access to health care. In 1949, Xinjiang had only 54 medical institutions with 696 beds, placing the medical service capacity at 1.6 beds and 0.19 doctors per 10,000 people. After more than 60 years of development a basic medical care system has been established, with medical institutions covering urban and rural areas. By the end of 2016, there were 15,721 medical institutions of various kinds – including 707 hospitals with 144,500 beds – and 51,000 doctors, and 56,000 nurses. With 60.3 beds and 21.2 doctors serving every 10,000 persons, Xinjiang is now above the national average in terms of medical service capacity.

受教育权得到全面保障。1949年以前，新疆文化教育水平极低，普通民众基本没有受教育机会。新中国成立后，在中央支持下，新疆采取各种措施大力发展教育事业。从1949年到2016年，小学由1335所增加到3526所，中学由9所增加到1416所，中等职业学校由11所增加到167所（未含技工学校），普通高校由1所增加到41所。高校在校生由0.04万人增加到42.01万人，中等职业学校在校生由0.20万人增加到23.51万人。累计培养普通高校毕业生102.21万人。基本实现九年义务教育全覆盖，南疆3年学前教育、12年基础教育全覆盖。各类成人教育进一步发展，多层次、多形式的职业技术培训体系基本形成。教育投入支出比例占财政总收入的5%以上，并随着财政收入的增长持续提高。义务教育全面纳入公共财政保障范围，统一城乡义务教育阶段学校公用经费基准定额，并不断提高寄宿制学校、规模较小学校、北方取暖地区学校、特殊教育学校和随班就读残疾学生的公用经费补助水平。2016年拨付29.48亿元，为271.43万名农村义务教育阶段学生补助公用经费和取暖费，为45.2万名农村家庭经济困难寄宿生提供生活补助，为263万名农村义务教育阶段学生和城市部分中小学生提供免费教科书。在全区45个县和26所举办内初班学校实施了农村义务教育学生营养改善计划。举办内地新疆高中班、中职班，截至2016年年底，累计培养学生9.1万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The right to education is fully protected. Before 1949, the educational level in Xinjiang was very low, and the general public had very little chance of acquiring an education. Since the founding of the PRC, Xinjiang has gone to great lengths to develop its education with support from the central government. From 1949 to 2016, the number of elementary schools has increased from 1,335 to 3,526, secondary schools from 9 to 1,416, secondary vocational schools from 11 to 167 (excluding skilled workers schools), and higher education institutions from 1 to 41. The number of university students has risen from 400 to 420,100, and secondary vocational school students have increased from 2,000 to 235,100. A total of 1,022,100 students have graduated from colleges and universities. The nine-year compulsory education is now generally available to all children. In southern Xinjiang, all children have access to three years of preschool education and a 12-year basic education. Further progress has been made in adult education, and a multi-layered and diverse vocational training system has been established. Expenditure on education accounts for over 5 percent of the total fiscal revenue, and continues to grow as government revenues increase. Compulsory education has been included in public finance, and schools offering compulsory education in both urban and rural areas now operate according to the same public expenditure baseline. Subsidies for boarding schools, smaller schools, schools in northern Xinjiang with winter heating, special education schools, and students with disabilities have risen steadily. In 2016, the government allocated RMB2.95 billion to subsidize the public expenditure and heating fees of 2.71 million students from rural families receiving compulsory education. It also provided living subsidies for 452,000 boarders from needy rural families, and distributed free textbooks to 2.63 million students receiving compulsory education in rural areas and some elementary and secondary school students in cities. In 45 counties and 26 schools running special classes for students from less developed areas in Xinjiang, a nutrition enhancement program has been introduced for compulsory-stage students from rural families. By the end of 2016, 91,000 students from Xinjiang had received high-school or secondary vocational education at special classes in more developed areas of the country.

五、文化权利

V. Cultural Rights

多年来，新疆持续提高基本公共文化服务均等化水平，广泛使用民族语言文字，着力保护文化遗产，有效维护了公民文化权利。

Xinjiang is committed to providing equal access to basic public cultural services, to using the spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities, and to protecting cultural heritage, thereby safeguarding the citizens’ cultural rights.

基本公共文化服务均等化水平不断提高。新中国成立前，新疆仅有1个图书馆。经过60多年的努力，新疆公共文化服务事业得到长足发展。截至2016年年底，共有公共图书馆107个、博物馆90个、美术馆53个、文化馆119个、乡镇（街道）文化站1170个，并全部向社会免费开放。广泛开展全民阅读活动，农家书屋工程覆盖全部行政村。基本建成自治区、市（地、州）、县（市、区）、乡（镇、街道）四级公共文化服务体系。有广播电台6座，电视台10座，广播电视台93座，农村广播和电视综合人口覆盖率分别达到96.59%和96.91%。

Equal access to basic public cultural services is steadily improving. Before the founding of the PRC, there was only one library in Xinjiang. Thanks to efforts made since then, significant development has been made in the autonomous region’s public cultural service undertakings. By the end of 2016, there were 107 public libraries, 90 museums, 53 galleries, 119 cultural centers, and 1,170 township (community) cultural activity venues, all offering free access to the public. A Rural Library Project covering all administrative villages provides farmers with books, periodicals, newspapers and audio and video products. There is now a basic public cultural service system in place at four levels (the autonomous region, the cities (prefectures), the counties and the townships). There are six radio stations, 10 TV stations, and 93 radio and TV stations. Almost 97 percent of the rural population has access to radio and TV.

民族语言文字广泛使用。根据宪法规定，国家在依法保障推行通用语言文字的同时，充分保障各少数民族使用本民族语言文字的权利。民族语言文字在新疆司法、行政、教育、新闻出版、广播电视、互联网、社会公共事务等领域得到广泛使用。现有13家出版社使用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、柯尔克孜、蒙古、锡伯六种语言文字出版图书、音像制品和电子出版物。公开发行报纸110种，其中少数民族文字报纸52种。发行期刊200种，其中少数民族文字期刊120种。用维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古4种文字出版的新疆日报是中国使用文种最多的省级党委机关报。察布查尔报是世界仅有的锡伯文报纸。新疆人民广播电台现有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、蒙古、柯尔克孜5种语言的15套广播节目。新疆电视台现有维吾尔、汉、哈萨克、柯尔克孜4种语言的12套电视节目，是全国播出频道、语种最多的省级电视台。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities are widely used. The Constitution stipulates that the state promotes the nationwide use of Putonghua in accordance with the law; meanwhile, it safeguards the rights of various ethnic groups to use and develop their own spoken and written languages. Spoken and written languages of ethnic minorities are extensively used in such areas as judicature, administration, education, press & publishing, radio & television, the Internet and social public affairs. Xinjiang now has 13 publishing houses publishing books, audio and video products, and e-publications in six languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Kirgiz, Mongolian and Xibe. Xinjiang publishes 110 newspapers, including 52 in ethnic minority languages, and 200 periodicals, including 120 in ethnic minority languages. Published in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Mongolian – the official provincial-level newspaper, Xinjiang Daily, boasts the most editions of different languages in China. Qapqal News is the world’s only newspaper published in the Xibe language. Xinjiang People’s Broadcasting Station now provides 15 radio channels in five languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak, Mongolian and Kirgiz. Xinjiang TV provides 12 TV channels in four languages – Uygur, Han Chinese, Kazak and Kirgiz; it is, therefore the provincial-level TV station with the most channels and broadcasts in different languages throughout the country.

文化遗产得到有效保护。新中国成立之初，新疆省政府发布《关于保护文物古迹的通令》，重点保护库车县、拜城县千佛洞遗址。多年来，中央和地方政府投入资金对高昌故城、北庭故城遗址、喀什艾提尕尔清真寺等一大批文物古迹进行了修缮保护，抢救性保护修复了3000余件珍贵文物。截至2016年年底，新疆有世界文化遗产2处、国家级历史文化名城5座、国家级重点文物保护单位113处、自治区级文物保护单位558处，182家国有单位收藏保管可移动文物61.6万余件。新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术、柯尔克孜史诗《玛纳斯》、维吾尔族麦西热甫分别列入联合国教科文组织“人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录”和“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”。新疆各民族均有代表性非遗项目列入国家级和自治区级非遗名录。

Cultural heritage has been effectively protected. Following the founding of the PRC, the government of the autonomous region (then a province) issued the Order on the Protection of Historical Sites, giving priority to the conservation of the Thousand Buddha Caves Sites in Kuqa County and Baicheng County. For many years, the central and local governments have funded the conservation and renovation of many historical and cultural sites in Xinjiang, including the Gaochang Ancient City Ruins, Beiting Ancient City Site and Kashi’s Id Kah Mosque. More than 3,000 precious cultural relics have been conserved and renovated. By the end of 2016, Xinjiang had two world cultural heritages, five national historical and cultural cities, 113 cultural relic sites under state key protection, and 558 cultural relic sites under autonomous regional protection, with more than 616,000 tangible cultural relics being collected and kept in 182 state-owned units. Currently, Xinjiang has three projects on the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding – the Art of Xinjiang Uygur Muqam, the Epic of Manas, and the Meshrep. All ethnic groups in Xinjiang possess intangible cultural heritage items at both autonomous region and/or state levels.

六、环境权利

VI. Environmental Rights

新疆坚持节约资源和保护环境的基本国策，坚持环保优先、生态立区和可持续发展，坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路，不断改善生态环境，促使人与自然和谐共生，有效保障人民的环境权利。

Xinjiang upholds the basic national policy of conserving resources and protecting the environment. Giving priority to environmental protection, it pursues ecology-friendly and sustainable development on the path toward a future of economic development where life is prosperous and a healthy environment is conserved, so as to constantly promote harmony between man and nature and effectively ensuring the people’s environmental rights.

生态环境保护制度进一步完善。颁布实施《新疆维吾尔自治区实施〈中华人民共和国水土保持法〉办法》《乌鲁木齐市大气污染防治条例》《野生植物保护条例》《湿地保护条例》《煤炭石油天然气开发环境保护条例》等30余部地方性法规规章，两次修订《环境保护条例》。实施《新疆维吾尔自治区水功能区划》。加快推进《新疆环境功能区划》修编工作，为生态保护红线的划分提供基础技术依据。已形成生态保护、污染防治、辐射环境监管、危险废物及核安全监控管理体系。

Framework of eco-environmental protection has been further improved. Over 30 local regulations and rules, including the Regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on the Implementation of the Water and Soil Conservation Law of the People’s Republic of China, and the Regulations of Urumqi City on the Prevention and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, Regulations on Wild Plants Protection, Regulations on Wetland Protection, and Regulations on the Environmental Protection for the Development of Coal, Petroleum and Natural Gas have been promulgated and implemented. The Regulations on Environmental Protection have been amended twice. Water Function Zoning of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region has been implemented, and work on creating and revising the Environmental Function Zoning of Xinjiang has been accelerated, which will provide a basic technical foundation for the drawing of ecological red lines. A framework of ecological protection, pollution control, radioactive environment monitoring, and monitoring of hazardous waste and nuclear safety is in place.

生态建设扎实推进。实施天然林保护、退耕还林还草、退牧还草、防沙治沙、生态治理和修复、野生动植物保护等工程，不断改善生态环境，构建生态安全屏障。2016年以来，明确严禁“高耗能、高污染、高排放”项目进新疆，实行能源、矿产资源开发自治区政府“一支笔”审批制度，实行环境保护“一票否决制度”。截至2016年年底，绿洲森林覆盖率达到23.5%，草原综合植被盖度达到41.3%，林网有效保护了95%的农田，年均治理“三化”草地2000万亩，沙化土地年扩展速度下降到82.8平方公里，79条重要河流水质优良比例达到94%，湿地总面积超过394万公顷，有世界自然遗产1处、国家级湿地公园28个、国家和自治区级自然保护区29个。

Solid progress has been made in ecological development. Xinjiang has carried out a number of projects, including natural forest protection, returning farmland to forest or grassland, returning grazing land to grassland, prevention and control of desertification, ecological management and restoration, and wildlife protection, to constantly improve the ecological environment and create secure zones for ecological security. Since 2016, projects involving high energy consumption, serious pollution, and high emissions have been strictly prohibited in Xinjiang. A “one-chop” examination system has been enforced for the development of energy and mineral resources before approval obtained from the government of the autonomous region, besides a “one-veto” system for issues concerning environmental protection. As of the end of 2016, oasis forest coverage had reached 24 percent, grassland comprehensive vegetation coverage had reached 41 percent, and the forest network was providing effective protection to 95 percent of the farmland. Every year, Xinjiang improves 20 million mu (approximately 1,333,333 ha) of grassland suffering from degradation, desertification and salinization, reducing the expansion of desertified land to 82.8 sq km a year. Of the 79 major rivers, 94 percent have high water quality. Wetlands total more than 3.94 million hectares in area. There are 29 state- and autonomous region-level nature reserves, 28 state-level wetland parks, and one world natural heritage.

城市人居环境持续改善。全面推进城市生态修复，加快城市生态园林建设和城市湿地资源保护，不断提升城市绿化品质和综合服务功能。截至2015年年底，城市建成区绿地率达到34.9%，绿化覆盖率达到37.47%，人均公园绿地面积达到11.5平方米，有国家和自治区级园林城市20个，国家和自治区级园林县城44个，国家级城市湿地公园1个。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Urban living environment continues to improve. Xinjiang has worked to promote urban ecological restoration in an all-round manner, to speed up construction of urban ecological gardens and urban wetland resources, and to continuously enhance the quality of urban green space and comprehensive service functions. As of the end of 2015, the greening rate of urban built-up areas had reached 35 percent, the green coverage rate had reached 37 percent, and per-capita park green area had reached 11.5 sq m. There are 20 state- and autonomous region-level garden cities, 44 state- and autonomous region-level green countytowns, and one state-level urban wetland park.

环境污染治理措施有力。加大污染防治力度，强化水污染防治，推动工业集聚区污水集中处理设施建设和城镇污水处理及再生利用设施建设。加快推进垃圾处置设施建设步伐，提高处置能力和达标排放水平。

Effective measures have been adopted for pollution control. Xinjiang has intensified efforts in pollution prevention and control, strengthened water pollution prevention and control, and built centralized sewage treatment facilities in industrial agglomeration areas, as well as urban sewage treatment and recycling facilities. It has accelerated the pace of constructing waste disposal facilities, and improved the disposal capacity and level of up-to-standard discharge.

节能减排效果明显。积极调整优化产业结构和能源消费结构，发展循环经济和节能环保产业。2016年风电、光伏发电投产规模分别达到1775万千瓦和892.6万千瓦，位居全国第2位和第1位。严格实行落后产能淘汰制度，累计淘汰火电、炼铁、炼钢、水泥、焦化等行业落后产能2100万吨，实现节能量约418万吨标准煤。“十二五”期间，二氧化硫、氮氧化物、化学需氧量和氨氮排放强度同比“十一五”期间分别下降39%、38%、44%和43%，全面完成国家下达的四项主要污染物排放总量控制目标任务。加大资金投入，支持工业、建设、交通、公共机构等重点领域和关键环节节能减排工作。新建住宅全面执行节能65%强制性标准，累计实施既有居住建筑供热计量及节能改造9514万平方米。加快发展城市公共交通，引导居民绿色出行。强化大型公共建筑节能监管，累计有59家公共机构列入国家节约型公共机构示范单位。全面落实脱硫除尘电价政策。启动排污权有偿使用和交易试点，积极探索建立环境资源有偿使用的市场调节机制。2016年新疆排污权交易储备中心正式挂牌成立，排污权使用和交易试点工作开始走向制度化。

Obvious results have been seen in energy conservation and emission reduction. Xinjiang has actively adjusted and optimized energy consumption and the industrial configuration, and developed a circular economy and energy-conserving and environment-friendly industries. In 2016, its wind and photovoltaic generation capacity reached 17.75 million kilowatts and 8.93 million kilowatts, respectively, ranking second and first among China’s provincial-level administrative divisions. A strict system for mothballing outdated capacity has been implemented, which has decommissioned a total of 21 million tons of outdated capacity in thermal power, iron and steel, cement, coking and other sectors, and saved energy equivalent to about 4.18 million tons of standard coal. During the 12th Five-Year Plan period (2011-2015), emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, chemical oxygen demand, and ammonia nitrogen decreased by 39 percent, 38 percent, 44 percent and 43 percent respectively compared to the previous five-year plan period, showing that Xinjiang has achieved the national targets for controlling the discharge of these four major pollutants. Xinjiang has also given more financial support to energy conservation and emission reduction in industry, construction, transport, public institutions and other key sectors. A mandatory standard of 65 percent reduction in energy consumption has been followed for newly built houses, and 95 million sq m of existing residential buildings have gone through transformation in heating metering and energy conservation. Xinjiang has developed urban public transport, and encouraged residents to use green means of transport. It has strengthened energy efficiency supervision in large public buildings, and 59 public institutions have been included in the national list of energy efficiency demonstration units. A policy of special electricity prices for power plants with desulfurizing and dedusting equipment has been fully implemented. Xinjiang has launched a pilot program of paid use and trading of emissions permits, and actively explored a market regulation mechanism for paid use of environmental resources. In 2016, the Xinjiang Emissions Trading Reserve Center was formally established, marking institutionalization of the pilot work of the use and trade of emissions permits.

环境监察机制逐步健全。自2015年始，每年对30%以上的州（地、市）和5%县（市、区）开展环境执法稽查。实施“网格化”环境监管，确定重点监管对象，划分监管等级，确立监管人员案件质量终身负责制。对环境投诉举报实行“首问首接责任制”，开通12369环保举报热线。启动典型环境违法案件曝光机制，加强重点污染企业环保信用评价和信息公开，定期公开违法违规单位的整改情况和执法内容。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Mechanism of environmental monitoring has been improved. Since 2015, inspection of environmental law enforcement has been carried out in more than 30 percent of prefectures (districts or cities) and 5 percent of counties (cities or districts at the same level). A “grid” of environmental supervision has been established in which key objects for supervision are determined and levels of supervision are classified, and a system that supervisors shoulder a life-long responsibility for case quality has been established. Regarding environment-related complaints and reports, a responsibility system has been implemented, in which the first person who receives the complaint/report shall make sure the case is handled properly. A 12369 hotline for reporting environmental problems has been opened. A mechanism of exposing typical cases of environmental violation has been launched. Publicity concerning environmental credit evaluation and information about polluting enterprises has been strengthened, and information on rectification and enforcement actions against those violating laws and rules is regularly publicized.

环境违法行为受到惩处。强化政府和企业的环保责任，加大对环境违法的处罚和责任追究力度。摸底排查并全面清理违法违规建设项目。建立环保部门与公安、法院、检察院、监察机关联席会议制度，实行案件移送、联合调查、案情通报、信息共享。邀请公民、法人和其他组织参与监督环境执法，实现执法全过程公开。

Illegal activities detrimental to the environment are punished. Xinjiang has strengthened environmental protection responsibilities for government and enterprises, and strengthened the investigation and punishment of those responsible for illegal activities detrimental to the environment. It has conducted thorough investigations into and comprehensive clean-up of construction projects violating relevant laws and rules. It has established a joint meeting system between environmental protection departments and police, courts, procuratorates, and supervisory departments for joint investigation, case briefing, case transfer, and information sharing. It has also invited citizens, legal persons and other organizations to participate in supervision in relation to environmental law enforcement, making public the whole process of law enforcement.

七、宗教信仰自由权利

VII. Right to Freedom of Religious Belief

在新疆，国家坚持保护合法、制止非法、遏制极端、抵御渗透、打击犯罪的原则，全面贯彻落实宗教信仰自由政策，正常宗教活动受到法律保护，公民宗教信仰自由得到依法保障。

Subject to the basic principles of “protecting the lawful, banning the unlawful, containing the extremist, resisting penetration, and punishing crime,” the state and the autonomous region fully implement the policy of freedom of religious belief, protecting normal religious activities and ensuring the public’s freedom of religious belief in accordance with the law.

宗教信仰自由得到尊重保护。宪法规定：“中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。”国务院颁布的《宗教事务条例》和新疆制定的《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教事务条例》，体现了这一宪法精神。信仰或不信仰宗教，信仰这种宗教或那种宗教，完全由公民自主选择。公民不因信仰宗教或不信仰宗教而受到歧视和不公正待遇。侵犯公民宗教信仰自由要承担相应的法律责任。依法加强宗教事务管理，宗教活动场所和正常宗教活动受到保护。实行有组织、有计划的朝觐政策，加强服务保障，确保朝觐活动安全有序。

Freedom of religious belief is respected and protected. It is stipulated in the Constitution of China, “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief.” This principle is also reflected in the Regulations on Religious Affairs promulgated by the State Council and the Regulations on Religious Affairs of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is up to the individual concerned to make his or her free decision to believe in or not to believe in any religion, and to believe in one religion or another. Citizens shall not subject to discrimination or unfair treatment because they believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. Anyone who encroaches on the citizens’ freedom of religious belief shall bear legal liability. Xinjiang has strengthened its management of religious affairs in accordance with the law, protecting venues for lawful religious activities. It has implemented a policy for planning and organizing pilgrimages to Mecca, and has strengthened services to ensure that all such pilgrimages are safe and orderly.

正常宗教需求得到满足。以多种语言文字翻译出版发行伊斯兰教、佛教、基督教等宗教典籍，仅《古兰经》《布哈里圣训实录精华》等就达176万余册。成立《新疆穆斯林》杂志社，出版维吾尔、汉、哈萨克三种文本杂志。开办维吾尔、汉两种语言文字的新疆穆斯林网。宗教团体举办信教公民宗教知识、礼仪培训班，满足信教公民学习和了解宗教知识的愿望。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Normal religious needs have been satisfied. Xinjiang has published translations of the religious classics of Islam, Buddhism, and Christianity in multiple languages. It has printed and distributed 1.76 million copies of the Quran and Selections from Al-Sahih Muhammad Ibn-Ismail al-Bukhari. Xinjiang Muslims, a periodical established in 2015, publishes in Uygur, Han Chinese, and Kazak. An internet portal for Xinjiang’s Muslims is available in Uygur and Han Chinese. Religious organizations have organized training courses on religious knowledge and etiquette for citizens with religious beliefs.

宗教团体合法权益得到有效维护。新疆现有宗教团体112个，政府帮助宗教团体改善条件，支持宗教团体发挥作用。不断完善培训体系，培养后备宗教教职人员，对宗教教职人员进行系统培训，提高综合素质，提升宗教团体自我管理水平。政府经常组织教职人员赴内地学习交流，开阔视野，提升素养。中央政府支持新疆伊斯兰教经学院扩建校舍，改善教学环境，扩大招生规模。

Legitimate rights of religious organizations have been effectively safeguarded. Xinjiang has 112 religious organizations, which receive help from the government to improve their conditions and allow them to play a broader role. Steady improvements have been made in the training system to cultivate clerics, by offering them systemic training, enhancing their overall qualities, and raising religious organizations’ capacity of self-management. The government organizes trips for Xinjiang’s clerics to study in the more developed parts of China and exchange with their counterparts there, so that they may broaden their vista and improve their overall qualities. The central government supports the Xinjiang Islamic Institute in expanding its campus, improving teaching conditions, and enrolling more students.

对外宗教交流不断深入。新疆宗教界代表多次参加国际学术交流会和研讨会。教职人员和宗教院校学生多次在国际上举办的《古兰经》诵读比赛中获奖。2001年以来，先后选派70多名经学院校学生和教职人员赴埃及、巴基斯坦等国高校留学深造，并设立奖学金奖励优秀学员。组织有宗教界人士参加的出访团多次赴国外访问交流，向国际社会介绍新疆经济社会发展、宗教信仰自由状况，增进相互了解和友谊。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Overseas religious exchanges have been conducted in increasing depth. Xinjiang’s religious circles have sent delegations to international academic exchanges and seminars, and its clerics and students at religious institutes have won prizes in competitions for reciting the Quran. Since 2001, Xinjiang has sent more than 70 clerics and students from the Islamic Institute to study at institutions of higher learning in Egypt, Pakistan, and other countries, and has set up scholarships to award those who achieve outstanding performance. It has organized delegations of religious figures to visit other countries, briefing the international community on Xinjiang’s socioeconomic development and its freedom of religious belief, so as to enhance mutual understanding and friendship.

依法遏制宗教极端思想渗透。受国际宗教极端主义思潮影响，近些年来，宗教极端主义在新疆滋生蔓延。宗教极端势力歪曲宗教教义，蛊惑蒙骗公众，强迫他人接受宗教极端思想，大肆制造暴恐活动，残害包括宗教人士和信教公民在内的各族无辜群众。为保障公民宗教信仰自由，新疆持续开展去极端化工作，实施《新疆维吾尔自治区去极端化条例》，依法加强宗教事务管理，防范和打击宗教极端，有效遏制了宗教极端主义渗透蔓延的态势。

Penetration of religious extremism has been curbed in accordance with the law. Influenced by international religious extremism, religious extremism has been spreading in Xinjiang in recent years. Extremist forces distort Islamic theology, bewitching the public, and force their extremist ideas onto others. They have masterminded large-scale incidents of violence and terrorism, injuring and killing innocent people of any ethnic group, even their fellow Islamic clerics and Muslims. To ensure citizens’ right to freedom of religious belief, Xinjiang has worked hard to combat extremism. It has implemented the Regulations on Anti-extremism of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, strengthened management of religious affairs in accordance with the law, and prevented and neutralized religious extremism, effectively curbing its spread.

八、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人权利

VIII. Rights of Women, Children, the Elderly and Disabled

在新疆，妇女、儿童、老年人和残疾人权利得到尊重保障，依法平等享有公民各项权利，中央和自治区政府还采取了一些有针对性的措施，满足他们的特殊需求。

The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region respects and guarantees the rights of women, children, the elderly and the disabled, who enjoy all civil rights on an equal footing in accordance with the law. Both the central and the autonomous regional governments have taken targeted measures to meet their special needs.

妇女权利得到全面保障。逐步建立完善保障妇女权益的各项制度。消除就业性别歧视，实行男女同工同酬，促进和帮助妇女就业创业，加强女职工特殊劳动保护。妇女参与公共事务管理的人数持续增长，女干部从1955年的14661人增长到2015年的43.5万人。预防和打击强奸、拐卖妇女和组织、强迫妇女卖淫等严重侵害妇女人身权利的违法犯罪行为。实施《中华人民共和国反家庭暴力法》《新疆维吾尔自治区预防和制止家庭暴力规定》，探索建立反家暴联动机制，试点建立“反家庭暴力工作服务站”。为城镇社区妇女开展宫颈癌、乳腺癌免费筛查，为贫困妇女提供免费健康检查。截至2016年年底，孕产妇产前检查率达到95.45%，住院分娩率达到98.78%，孕产妇死亡率下降到33.14/10万。

Women’s rights have been safeguarded. Xinjiang has gradually created and improved a range of systems for safeguarding women’s rights and interests, by eliminating gender discrimination in employment, ensuring that men and women get equal pay for equal work, promoting women’s employment and encouraging and helping women to start businesses, and strengthening special labor protection for women employees. Steady increase has been observed in the number of women participating in the management of public affairs; female officials increased in number from 14,661 in 1955 to 435,000 in 2015. The autonomous region prevents and strikes hard at serious crimes encroaching upon women’s right of the person, including the rape, abducting and trafficking of women, and organized and forced prostitution. It implements the Anti-Domestic Violence Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Regulations of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on Preventing and Prohibiting Domestic Violence and explores joint-action mechanisms against domestic violence, and has set up pilot “anti-domestic violence work stations.” Free cervical cancer and breast cancer screening has been held for women living in urban communities, and free health examination for impoverished women. By the end of 2016, 95.45 percent of pregnant and lying-in women were receiving prenatal examination, the hospital delivery rate had reached 98.78 percent, and the mortality rate of pregnant and lying-in women had dropped to 33.14 per 100,000.

儿童权利得到充分保护。截至2016年年底，婴儿死亡率、5岁以下儿童死亡率分别下降到16.43‰、26.31‰，计划免疫接种率达90%以上。实施“春蕾计划”“儿童快乐家园”“百万家庭亲情一线牵”“重生行动——全国贫困家庭唇腭裂儿童手术康复计划”“春苗工程——新疆儿童先天性心脏病免费救治项目”等。建立流浪儿童救助保护网络体系和早期预防干预机制，在全国率先开展“接流浪儿童回家”活动，健全流浪儿童生活、教育、管理、返乡和安置保障制度，对有严重不良行为的儿童进行行为矫治。增设孤残儿童养护、流浪儿童保护和残疾儿童康复的专业服务机构。福利机构供养孤儿最低基本生活费标准由2009年的360元/月提高到2016年的900元/月。开展农村留守儿童“合力监护、相伴成长”关爱保护专项行动，加强对无人监护等重点对象的干预帮扶，力争到2017年年底将全区所有农村留守儿童纳入有效监护范围。着力完善县、乡、村三级儿童服务体系，建立面向城乡困境儿童包括强制报告、应急处置、评估帮扶、监护干预在内的救助保护机制。已有10个法院设立独立建制的综合少年审判庭，固定合议庭24个，指定专人办理未成年人案件的法院有42个，直接参与审理涉少案件的审判法官共有215人。

Children’s rights have been fully protected. By the end of 2016, the mortality rates of infants and children under the age of five had dropped to 16.43 per thousand and 26.31 per thousand, respectively, and the EPI (endemic planned immunization) coverage rate had surpassed 90 percent. The autonomous region has carried out a series of programs, including the Spring Bud Project, Happy Homes for Children, Heng’ai Action, Reborn Action – the poor family’s children with cleft lip and palate operation rehabilitation program – and the Chunmiao Project – a program that provides free medical care to children in Xinjiang who suffer from congenital heart diseases. It has established a network for the protection of homeless children and a mechanism for early prevention and intervention in this regard. It took the lead in the country to start the program of “taking street children home”, by such means as improving mechanisms for the life, education, management, return, placement and security of vagabond children, and correcting some serious misbehavior. The autonomous region has established more professional service organizations for nursing and caring for the orphaned and disabled children, protecting street children, and rehabilitating disabled children. The minimum basic living standard for orphans in welfare institutions has increased from RMB360 per month in 2009 to RMB900 per month in 2016. A special project has been carried out on the joint guardianship of left-behind children in rural areas to strengthen intervention over and assistance to key individuals, especially the unsupervised, with a view of providing all rural left-behind children with effective guardianship by the end of 2017. Primary attention has been made on improving children service systems at county, township and village levels, and on building a protection and assistance mechanism incorporating compulsory reporting, emergency disposal, assessment and assistance, and guardianship and intervention. Ten courts have set up independent comprehensive juvenile tribunals, in addition to 24 fixed collegial panels and 42 courts that appoint special personnel to handle juvenile cases. There are in total 215 trial judges who are directly involved in the trial of juvenile cases in Xinjiang.

老年人权利保障机制不断健全。推进普遍性服务和个性化服务协同发展，满足多层次、多样化的健康养老需求。扩大社区养老覆盖范围，探索日间照料式养老等社区养老方式。2010年至2016年，累计投入41.77亿元建设504所养老机构，投入4.3亿元建设“失能失智”老人照料中心，投入8100万元建设老年养护院、社会福利院、乡镇服务福利中心、社区日间照料中心、农村互助幸福院等项目。制定实施政府购买养老服务、福利机构公建民营等政策。截至2016年年底，有为老服务社会组织和机构1998个，社区为老服务专兼职人员4328人，为老服务志愿者47053人。建立健全自治区、市（地、州）、县（市、区）、乡（镇、街道）、村（社区）五级老龄工作网络。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The mechanism for protecting the rights of the elderly has constantly improved. To meet the multi-level and diverse healthcare needs of the elderly, the autonomous region promotes the coordinated development of universal and customized services. It has increased coverage of community-based care for the elderly, and has explored day-care for the elderly and other ways within communities. From 2010 to 2016, Xinjiang had invested a total of RMB4.18 billion in building 504 nursing institutions for the aged, RMB430 million in building care centers for elderly people with disabilities and dementia, and RMB81 million in building nursing homes, social welfare institutes, township service and welfare centers, community day-care centers, rural elderly people’s homes and other programs. It has also formulated and implemented policies whereby government purchases pension services, and welfare institutions are founded by government but operated privately. By the end of 2016, there were 1,998 social organizations and institutions, 4,328 full-time and part-time personnel, and 47,053 volunteers providing services for the aged. Xinjiang has also set up and improved an old-age network at five levels – autonomous region, city (prefecture), county (county-level city, district), township (residential district) and village (community).

残疾人权益保障成效显著。新疆现有残疾人106.9万人，其中有22.5万人纳入城乡居民最低生活保障，29.8万人参加城乡居民基本养老保险，贫困残疾人个人缴费部分由政府代缴，4万名重度残疾人得到托养服务，36.4万名困难残疾人和重度残疾人享受了残疾人生活补贴和护理补贴。实施国家级重点康复项目和新疆贫困残疾人康复救助关爱工程，现有各类康复机构168个，社区康复站1738个。截至2016年年底，累计提供康复医疗和服务约114.3万人次，实施白内障复明手术21.43万例，免费发放残疾人辅助器具15.69万件。创建无障碍环境市县，对25360户贫困残疾人家庭实施了无障碍改造。截至2016年年底，城镇残疾人就业6.7万人，农牧区残疾人就业22.3万人。高校普遍招收残疾考生。普通中小学在读残疾学生7537人，29所特教学校在校残疾学生2927人，747个残疾人职业培训基地累计使11万名城乡残疾人接受职业培训，残疾人文盲率由1987年的57%下降至目前的31%。建成残疾人扶贫基地358个，累计扶持贫困残疾人2万余人。自治区和半数以上的市（地、州）开设了残疾人专题广播节目和电视手语新闻栏目，设立盲文及盲人有声读物阅览室16个，建立残疾人体育训练基地5个。在北京残奥会、伦敦残奥会等重大体育赛事中，新疆残疾人运动员共夺得金牌201枚、银牌132枚、铜牌125枚。残疾人组织遍布1073个乡镇（街道）、9207个社区（村），226个残疾人法律救助、援助协调和工作机构累计为残疾人提供法律服务167564人次。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

Marked progress has been made in the protection of the rights and interests of the disabled. Xinjiang has now 1.07 million people with disabilities. Of these, 225,000 are covered by the subsistence allowances for urban and rural residents, and 298,000 have participated in the basic old-age insurance schemes respectively for urban and rural residents. Personal contributions of the disabled living under the prescribed poverty lines are paid by the government on their behalf. 40,000 people with severe disabilities have been provided with nursing services, and 364,000 impoverished people with disabilities and severe disabilities have been granted living allowances and nursing subsidies. Xinjiang has implemented national key rehabilitation programs and regional rehabilitation, relief and care projects for impoverished disabled people. It now has 168 rehabilitation institutions of various types and 1,738 community rehabilitation centers. By the end of 2016, it had provided rehabilitation treatment and service to 1.14 million recipients, performed 214,300 cataract operations, and distributed 156,900 assistive devices for free. The autonomous region endeavors to build barrier-free environments in cities and counties, and has carried out barrier-free transformation for 25,360 impoverished households with disabled family members. By the end of 2016, 67,000 jobs had been provided to disabled people in urban areas, and 223,000 to those in agricultural and pastoral areas. Colleges and universities generally recruit students with disabilities. In total, 7,537 disabled students are now studying in general elementary and secondary schools, and 2,927 in 29 special education schools. 747 vocational training bases have provided training to a total of 110,000 disabled people in urban and rural areas, and the illiteracy rate of the disabled has dropped from 57 percent in 1987 to today’ s 31 percent. Xinjiang has built 358 poverty alleviation bases for the disabled, and has provided support to more than 20,000 people with disabilities to improve their living conditions. The autonomous region and more than half of its cities (prefectures) have developed special broadcasting programs for people with disabilities and TV news programs in sign language, set up 16 Braille and audio book reading rooms for the blind, and built five sports training bases for people with disabilities. In the Beijing Paralympic Games, London Paralympic Games and other major sports events, disabled athletes from Xinjiang have won 201 gold medals, 132 silver ones and 125 bronze ones. Organizations for disabled persons are found in 1,073 townships (residential districts) and 9,207 communities (villages), and 226 legal assistance, coordination and working organizations have provided legal services to 167,564 recipients.

事实证明，中国特色社会主义制度为新疆人权事业的发展进步提供了坚强的制度保障，经济社会的快速发展为新疆人权事业的发展进步奠定了坚实的物质基础，和谐稳定的政治环境为新疆人权事业的发展进步创造了良好的社会条件。尊重和保障人权是中国的宪法原则。推动人权的不断发展进步，是包括新疆各族人民在内的全中国人民的不懈追求。在中国共产党和中国政府的坚强领导下，随着“两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的实现，新疆的人权保障将提升到更高的水平，新疆各族人民将迎来更加美好的明天！微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂

The socialist system with Chinese characteristics has provided a solid institutional guarantee to human rights development in Xinjiang; the rapid economic and social development has provided a solid material foundation; and the harmonious and stable political environment has ensured a satisfactory social environment. It is a principle of the Constitution to respect and protect human rights. To promote progress in human rights is the consistent pursuit of all Chinese people, including the ethnic groups of Xinjiang. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government, and with the realization of the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, further improvement will be seen in the protection of human rights in Xinjiang, and all ethnic groups in Xinjiang will be sure to greet a brighter future.