发展权：中国的理念、实践与贡献
The Right to Development: China’s Philosophy, Practice and Contribution
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2016年12月
December 2016
目录
Contents
前言
Preamble
一、与时俱进的发展权理念
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times
二、日臻完备的发展权保障制度
II. The System Ensuring the People’s Right to Development
三、有效实现经济发展
III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development
四、不断完善政治发展
IV. Enhancing Political Development
五、努力促进文化发展
V. Promoting Cultural Progress
六、全面提升社会发展
VI. Promoting Social Development
七、加快落实绿色发展
VII. Accelerating Environment-Friendly Development
八、推动实现共同发展
VIII. Promoting Common Development
结束语
Conclusion
前言
Preamble
发展是人类社会永恒的主题，寄托着生存和希望。发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权，象征着人类尊严和荣耀。唯有发展，才能消除全球性挑战的根源；唯有发展，才能保障人民的基本权利；唯有发展，才能推动人类社会进步。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Development is a universal human theme, providing for people’s basic needs and giving them hope of better life. The right to development is an inalienable human right, symbolizing dignity and honor. Only through development can we address global challenges; only through development can we protect basic civil rights of the people; only through development can we promote the progress of human society.
中国有13亿多人口，是世界上最大的发展中国家。发展是中国共产党执政兴国的第一要务，是解决中国所有问题的关键。中国立足基本国情，坚持走中国特色社会主义道路，坚持发展是硬道理，坚持将人权的普遍性原则与本国实际相结合，既努力通过发展增进人民福祉，实现人民的发展权，又努力通过保障人民的发展权，实现更高水平的发展。新中国取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就，开创了人类文明发展史上人权保障的新道路。
China, with a population of over 1.3 billion, is the largest developing country in the world. Development is the top priority of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in governance and national revitalization, and the key to resolving all other problems. Based on its prevailing conditions, China adheres to the Chinese socialist path and to the philosophy that development is of paramount importance. China integrates the principle of universal application of human rights with the country’s reality. While striving to enhance the people’s wellbeing through development and materialize their right to development, China endeavors to achieve higher-level development by protecting their right to development. In this regard, China has made notable progress and blazed a path in protecting human rights during the development of human civilization.
中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，在实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦进程中，以保障和改善民生为重点，大力发展各项社会事业，切实保证人民平等参与、平等发展权利，努力朝着实现全体人民共享发展和共同富裕的目标稳步前进。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the CPC Central Committee with Xi Jinping as its core has highlighted the idea of people-centered development. In the course of realizing the Two Centenary Goals [Note: The two goals are to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921) and to build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the People’s Republic of China (founded in 1949).] and the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation, it has focused on safeguarding and improving people’s wellbeing, advancing all social programs, and protecting people’s rights to equal participation and development. The aim is to share development benefits and achieve common prosperity among all people of the country.
值此纪念联合国《发展权利宣言》通过30周年之际，作为发展权的倡导者、践行者和推动者，中国愿与国际社会一道，共同分享实现发展权的理念和经验，推进世界人权事业健康发展。
On the 30th anniversary of the publication of the “Declaration on the Right to Development by the United Nations,” China, dedicated to advocating, practicing and promoting the right to development, is willing to join the international community to share its philosophy and experience in this regard and to boost sound development of global human rights.
一、与时俱进的发展权理念
I. The Philosophy of the Right to Development Abreast with the Times
拥有平等的发展机会，共享发展成果，使每个人都得到全面发展，实现充分的发展权，是人类社会的理想追求。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Equal access to development opportunities and development benefits are the ideals of human society wherein each and every citizen can achieve well-rounded development and enjoy full right to development.
中华民族是勤劳智慧、善于创新、追求进步的民族。中国传统文化中的“小康”“大同”社会理想以及“丰衣足食”“安居乐业”等富民思想，充分反映了千百年来中国人民追求更高、更好、更加幸福生活的美好愿望。在漫长的历史进程中，中国人民为获得发展机会，改善发展条件，共享发展成果，进行了不懈奋斗。古代中国，农耕文明长期居于世界领先水平，创造了非凡的发展成就，为人类社会进步作出了重大贡献。有研究表明，直到19世纪中叶，在相当长的时间里，中国都是世界上国内生产总值和人均国内生产总值最多的国家。在16世纪以前世界上最重要的300项发明和发现中，中国占173项。
The Chinese people are diligent, wise, innovative and progressive. In traditional Chinese culture, concepts such as “moderate prosperity” (xiao-kang), “great harmony” (datong), “having ample food and clothing” (fengyi zushi) and “living and working in peace and contentment” (anju leye) fully reflect the Chinese people’s aspiration for and pursuit of a better, happier life. In the long course of history, the Chinese people have always striven for better and shared development opportunities, conditions and benefits. In ancient times, China was for long the world leader in agriculture, and contributed to human progress with extraordinary development achievements. Studies reveal that until the mid-19th century, China’s GDP and per capita GDP were the world’s highest. Before the 16th century, China contributed 173 of the world’s top 300 innovations and discoveries.
近代工业革命发生后，中国开始丧失发展机会。西方殖民主义者推行的对外侵略扩张政策，更是彻底破坏了中国的发展条件。从1840年到1949年，由于西方列强的一次次入侵，加之统治阶级的腐朽和社会制度的落后，中国沦为半殖民地半封建社会，战争频仍，社会动荡，经济凋敝，民不聊生，坠入贫穷深渊。《剑桥中华民国史》对20世纪上半叶的中国有这样的描述：“绝大多数中国人至多不过勉强维持生存而已……许多人的生活水平甚至还不到向来的那种水平”“作为一种制度，中国经济甚至到了20世纪中叶仍停留在‘现代前’时期，只是到1949年以后才告结束……”在长达110年的时间里，中国人民为争取发展权，争取与各国享有平等的发展机会，进行了艰苦卓绝的斗争，中国人民深知发展的价值和发展权的宝贵。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
After the Industrial Revolution started in the 18th century, China began losing its leadership. Foreign aggression and expansion by Western colonialists completely destroyed conditions for development in China. Repeated invasions by foreign powers, particularly from the West, from 1840 to 1949, and China’s corrupt ruling class and backward social system reduced China to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. There was constant warfare, an unstable society, economic depression, no security of livelihood, and extreme poverty. The Cambridge History of China: Republican China 1912-1949 describes China’s situation in the first half of 20th century as follows: “...the great majority of Chinese merely sustained and reproduced themselves at the subsistence level ... the standard of life for many fell short even of that customary level.” [Note: The Cambridge History of China (Volume 12): Republican China 1912-1949 Part I, Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 28.] “As a system, China’s economy which was ‘pre-modern’ even in the mid-twentieth century ceased to be viable only after 1949...” [Note: Ibid. p. 29.] In these 110 years, the Chinese people struggled arduously for their right to development and equal access to development opportunity. The Chinese people are fully aware of the value of development and of their right to development.
1949年中华人民共和国的成立，开辟了中国发展的新纪元。新中国为人民提供了充分的发展机会和发展条件，为实现发展权开创了广阔的空间。经过60多年的发展，中国的综合国力大幅增强，人民生活实现了从贫困到总体小康的历史性跨越，中国人民在经济、政治、文化、社会、环境等各方面的发展权不断得到有效保障。中国以不足世界10%的耕地，养活了世界20%以上的人口；中国在改革开放30多年的时间里，使7亿多人口摆脱贫困，占全球减贫人口的70%以上；中国建立了世界上最大的社会保障体系，人均预期寿命从1949年前的35岁提高到2015年的76.34岁，居于发展中国家前列；中国人民受教育水平大幅提高，1949年全国人口中80%以上是文盲，学龄儿童入学率仅20%左右，而到2015年，小学学龄儿童净入学率为99.88%，九年制义务教育巩固率为93%，高中阶段毛入学率为87%，高等教育已接近中等发达国家水平。联合国《2016中国人类发展报告》显示，2014年中国的人类发展指数在188个国家中列第90位，已进入高人类发展水平国家组。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949 ushered in a new era for China’s development. The PRC has provided full development opportunities and conditions to the people, and vast scope to realize that right. Through more than 60 years of effort, China’s overall national strength has greatly increased; standards of living have achieved a historical leap from poverty to moderate prosperity; the people’s right to development in economy, politics, culture, society and environment has been effectively protected.
China feeds more than 20 percent of the world’s population with less than 10 percent of the world’s arable land. Through more than 30 years of reform and opening-up, China has lifted 700 million people out of poverty, accounting for more than 70 percent of the global reduction in poverty. China has established the world’s largest social security system, and average life expectancy had grown from 35 years in 1949 to 76.34 years in 2015, ranking high among the developing countries. The level of education has soared: in 1949, more than 80 percent of the national population was illiterate, and the enrollment rate of school-age children was only 20 percent. In 2015, net enrollment rates were as follows: primary school-age children – 99.88 percent; nine-year compulsory education – 93 percent; high school – 87 percent. The enrollment rate for higher education has reached a level approaching that of medium-developed countries. According to the “China National Human Development Report 2016” released by the United Nations, China’s Human Development Index (HDI) in 2014 ranked 90th among 188 countries, already in the high human development group.
多年来，中国从实际出发，把握时代大势，坚持人民主体地位，把以经济建设为中心同坚持四项基本原则、坚持改革开放这两个基本点统一于中国特色社会主义伟大实践，遵循创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的发展理念，走出了一条中国特色发展道路，为丰富和完善发展权理念作出了自己的贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Over the years, proceeding from reality and following the trend of the times, China has maintained the people’s principal position in the country and created its own path by taking the central task of economic development and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles [Note: The Four Cardinal Principles refer to the principles of adhering to the socialist path, the people’s democratic dictatorship, the leadership of the CPC, and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought. The Four Cardinal Principles are the foundation of the state, and the political cornerstone for the survival and development of the Party and the state.] and the policy of reform and opening-up to serve its practice of Chinese socialism, and following the philosophy of innovative, balanced, eco-friendly, open and shared development, and thus contributed to enriching and improving the concept of right to development.
——生存权和发展权是首要的基本人权。贫穷是实现人权的最大障碍。没有物质资料的生产和供给，人类其他一切权利的实现都是非常困难或不可能的。发展既是消除贫困的手段，也为实现其他人权提供了条件，还是人实现自身潜能的过程。发展权贯穿于其他各项人权之中，其他人权为人的发展和发展权的实现创造条件。发展权的保障，既表现在经济、文化、社会、环境权利的实现之中，又表现在公民权利与政治权利的获得之中。中国赞赏联合国《发展权利宣言》所强调的表述——发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权，由于这种权利，每个人和所有各国人民均有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治发展，在这种发展中，所有人权和基本自由都能获得充分实现。
The rights to subsistence and development are the primary, basic human rights. Poverty is the biggest obstacle to human rights. Without the production and supply of material goods, it is difficult or even impossible to realize any other human right. Development is a means of eliminating poverty. It provides necessary conditions for realizing other human rights, and releases human potential. The right to development is incorporated into other human rights, while the latter create the conditions for people to facilitate development and realize the right to development. Safeguarding the right to development is the precondition for realizing economic, cultural, social and environmental rights, and obtaining civil and political rights. China appreciates the articulation in the UN’s “Declaration on the Right to Development”: “The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.”
——发展权的主体是人民。中国奉行人民至上的价值取向，视人民为推动发展的根本力量，努力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。中国把增进人民福祉、促进人的全面发展作为发展的出发点和落脚点，充分调动人民的积极性、主动性、创造性，使人民成为发展的主要参与者、促进者和受益者。全面建成小康社会和实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦，就是让人民有更好的教育、更稳定的工作、更满意的收入、更可靠的社会保障、更高水平的医疗服务、更舒适的居住条件、更优美的环境，让每个人都能更有尊严地发展自我和奉献社会，共同享有人生出彩的机会，共同享有梦想成真的机会。
The people hold the principal position concerning the right to development. China values the people’s supremacy and regards the people as the fundamental driver of development, striving for the people, relying on the people, and sharing among the people. It takes improving popular wellbeing and well-rounded development as the starting point and ultimate goal, and fully mobilizes people’s enthusiasm, initiative and creativity to participate in, contribute to and benefit from development. To build a moderately prosperous society in all respects and realize the Chinese Dream of revitalizing the Chinese nation means to provide better education, more secure employments, more satisfying income, more reliable social security, better medical services, more comfortable housing, and a better environment, so that all individuals can develop, contribute to society, and share the opportunity to pursue excellence and realize their dreams.
——发展权是个人人权与集体人权的统一。中国既重视个人发展权，又重视集体发展权，努力使二者相互协调、相互促进。“每个人的自由发展是一切人的自由发展的条件”，没有个人的发展，就没有集体的发展；同时，也只有在集体中，个人才能获得全面发展。发展权既是每个人的人权，又是国家、民族和全体人民共同享有的人权，个人发展权只有与集体发展权统一起来，才能实现发展权的最大化。中国赞赏联合国《发展权利宣言》的表达——发展机会均等是国家和组成国家的个人的一项特有权利，任何国家和组成国家的任何个人，都有参与发展、平等享有发展成果的权利。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The right to development is a unity of individual and collective human rights. China values both individual and collective human rights as well as balance and mutual promotion between the two. “The free development of each individual is the condition for the free development of all people.” Only through individual development can a collective develop; only in a collective can individuals achieve well-rounded development. The right to development is a human right owned by each individual as well as by the country, the nation and the entire population. The right to development can be maximized only in the unity of individuals and collective. China values the articulation in UN’s “Declaration on the Right to Development”: “Equality of opportunity for development is a prerogative both of nations and of individuals who make up nations.” They are all entitled to participate in and share the benefits of development on an equal basis.
——发展权的实现是一个历史过程。发展永无止境，发展权的实现没有终点。在实现发展权问题上，没有完成时，只有进行时；没有最好，只有更好。中国仍处于并将长期处于社会主义初级阶段，人民日益增长的物质文化需要同落后的社会生产之间的矛盾将长期是社会主要矛盾。作为发展中大国，中国面临的发展问题十分突出，发展任务十分繁重，追求更加平等的参与和更加平等的发展，充分实现全体人民的发展权，需要长期不懈的努力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The realization of the right to development is a historical course. There is no end either to development or to realizing the right to development. The latter is an ongoing process of improvement. China is still in the primary stage of socialism and will long remain so. The inadequacy in meeting the ever-growing material and cultural needs of the people because of backward social production will remain the principal social problem. As a major developing country, China faces challenging problems and heavy tasks in development. In pursuit of more equal participation and development, China needs consistent efforts to fully realize the people’s right to development.
——发展权的保障必须是可持续的。可持续发展是发展权的应有之义，体现着代际公平。发展不平衡、不协调、不平等，发展方式粗放，都是发展不可持续的表现。中国坚持以可持续的方式进行消费、生产，科学管理地球的自然资源，走可持续的、有复原力的经济社会发展道路，满足今世后代的需求。中国遵循平衡性、可持续性的发展思路，将人与自然和谐发展、经济与社会和谐发展视为实现和保障发展权的新样态。
The protection of the right to development must be sustainable. Sustainable development is a prerequisite for materializing the right to development, an embodiment of intergenerational equity. Imbalanced, uncoordinated and unequal development reflects unsustainable development, as does an extensive development model. China is pursuing a sustainable approach to production, utilization and consumption of natural resources. China now follows a sustainable and resilient socio-economic development path so as to meet the needs of both present and future generations. China has a development mindset of balance and sustainability, regarding the harmonious development between humanity and nature, between economy and society, as a new means of realizing and protecting the right to development.
——发展权应为各国人民共有共享。实现发展权既是各国的责任，也是国际社会的共同义务。发展权的实现既需要各国政府根据各自国情制定符合本国实际的发展战略和发展政策，也需要国际社会的共同努力。中国倡导各国坚持公平、开放、全面、创新的共同发展理念，着力促进包容性发展，为各国人民共享发展权创造条件。全球经济治理应该以平等为基础，更好反映世界经济格局新现实，增强新兴市场和发展中国家代表性和发言权，确保各国在国际经济合作中权利平等、机会平等、规则平等，实现发展权共享、共赢。
The right to development must be enjoyed and shared by all peoples. Realizing the right to development is the responsibility of all countries and also the obligation of the international community. It requires governments of all countries to formulate development strategies and policies suited to their own realities, and it requires concerted efforts of the international community as a whole. China calls on all countries to pursue equal, open, all-round and innovative common development, promotes inclusive development, and creates conditions for all peoples to share the right to development. Global economic governance must be based on equality. It must better reflect the new world economic pattern, give an enhanced voice and representation to emerging markets and developing countries, ensure that all countries enjoy equality of rights, opportunities and rules in international economic cooperation, and ensure the right to development is shared.
二、日臻完备的发展权保障制度
II. The System Ensuring the People’s Right to Development
中国建立并完善保障发展权的立法、战略、规划、计划、司法救济一体化制度体系架构，以富有建设性、务实性、高效性和强制性的体制制度、战略构建与政策措施，保障人民发展权的实现。
China has established an integrated system of legislature, strategy development, planning, and judicial remedy to ensure its people’s right to development, and makes continued efforts to improve it. The people’s right to development is realized through a framework of institutions, strategies, policies and measures that are constructive, practical, efficient, and compulsory.
——宪法和法律制度
The Constitution and Laws
中国建立了以宪法为核心，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规和地方性法规等多个层次的法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系，为实现人民的发展权提供了法律保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has established a legal system with Chinese characteristics. With the Constitution at the core, it is based on laws related to the Constitution, the civil laws, the commercial laws, and other major branches of the laws, and consists of laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations, providing a legal basis for the people’s right to development.
宪法以国家根本法的形式全方位确立和保障发展权。宪法序言确立了保障平等发展的根本指导原则，明确国家的根本任务是“推动物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展，把我国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家”。宪法确立了人民民主、平等发展原则，宣告“中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民”，“人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务”，规定“维护和发展各民族的平等、团结、互助关系”。宪法确立了“国家尊重和保障人权”基本原则，并在关于公民基本权利和义务的条款中明确了公民在经济、政治、文化、社会诸方面全面发展的权利。
As the nation’s fundamental law, the Constitution establishes and protects the people’s right to development in all respects. In the Preamble, equal development is set as the fundamental guiding principle, and the nation’s core task is to “promote the coordinated development of the material, political and spiritual civilizations, and to turn China into a socialist country that is prosperous, powerful, democratic and culturally advanced.” The Constitution establishes such principles as the people’s democracy, equal development, and stipulates that “All power in the People’s Republic of China belongs to the people”; “The people administer state affairs and manage economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various ways in accordance with the provisions of law”; “The state develops a relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all of China’s nationalities.” Article 33 of the Constitution sets the fundamental principle that “The state respects and preserves human rights.” In Chapter II, the Constitution stipulates the Chinese citizens’ right to economic, political, cultural, and social development.
中国制定并实施了一系列专门性的权利保障法律法规，平等保障全体公民，特别是少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等的发展权利。民族区域自治法规定“加速民族自治地方经济、文化的发展，建设团结、繁荣的民族自治地方，为各民族的共同繁荣，把祖国建设成为富强、民主、文明的社会主义国家而努力奋斗”。妇女权益保障法规定“妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。实行男女平等是国家的基本国策。国家采取必要措施，逐步完善保障妇女权益的各项制度，消除对妇女一切形式的歧视”。未成年人保护法规定“未成年人享有生存权、发展权、受保护权、参与权等权利”。老年人权益保障法规定“国家保障老年人依法享有的权益。老年人有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利，有享受社会服务和社会优待的权利，有参与社会发展和共享发展成果的权利”。残疾人保障法规定“残疾人在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有同其他公民平等的权利”。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has promulgated and implemented a series of laws and regulations to protect the right to development of all citizens, especially that of the ethnic minorities, women, children, senior citizens, and the disabled. The Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy stipulates that people of all ethnic minority groups shall “speed up the economic and cultural development of the ethnic autonomous areas, work towards their unity and prosperity, and strive for the common prosperity of all ethnic groups and for the transformation of China into a socialist country with a high level of culture and democracy.” The Law on the Protection of Women’s Rights and Interests stipulates that “Women shall enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life. It is a basic state policy to realize equality between men and women. The state shall take necessary measures to gradually improve various systems for the protection of the rights and interests of women and to eliminate all kinds of discrimination against women.” The Law on the Protection of Minors stipulates that “Minors shall enjoy the right to life, the right to development, the right to being protected, and the right to participation.” The Law on the Protection of the Rights and Interests of the Elderly stipulates that “The state shall protect the lawful rights and interests of the elderly. The elderly shall have the right to obtain material assistance from the state and society, the right to enjoy social services and social preferential treatment, and the right to participate in social development and share the achievements in development.” The Law on the Protection of Disabled Persons stipulates that “Disabled persons shall enjoy equal rights with other citizens in political, economic, cultural, social, family life and other aspects.”
——国家发展战略
National Development Strategies
世界是丰富多彩的，发展模式也是多种多样的。中国总结长期历史经验，坚持从基本国情出发，走中国特色社会主义道路，建设中国特色社会主义，引领中国发展进步，为中国人民创造美好生活，实现人民发展权。
The world is a colorful place, with many different development patterns. Summarizing its historical experience and based on its prevailing conditions, China has chosen a socialist path. It strives to build socialism with Chinese characteristics, create a beautiful life for the Chinese people, and realize the people’s right to development.
按照建设中国特色社会主义的要求，中国的国家发展战略以不断保障和实现人民的发展权为基本价值取向。中国共产党在20世纪80年代初提出了现代化建设“三步走”发展战略目标：第一步，1981年到1990年，国民生产总值翻一番，解决人民的温饱问题；第二步，1991年到20世纪末，国民生产总值再翻一番，人民生活达到小康水平；第三步，到21世纪中叶，国民生产总值再翻两番，人民生活比较富裕，达到中等发达国家水平。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To build socialism with Chinese characteristics, China sets its national development strategies based on the need to protect and realize its people’s right to development. In the early 1980s, the CPC proposed the “three-step” development strategy: First, to double the 1981 GNP and ensure the provision of basic material needs by 1990; second, to double the 1991 GNP by the end of the 20th century and bring people’s living standards to a level of “reasonable prosperity”; and third, to quadruple that new GNP to the level of moderately developed countries by the mid-21st century, and bring the Chinese people an affluent life.
1997年召开的中国共产党第十五次全国代表大会，将上述“三步走”的第三步战略目标具体化，提出了21世纪上半叶中国新“三步走”发展战略：21世纪第一个十年实现国民生产总值比2000年翻一番，使人民的小康生活更加富裕，形成比较完善的社会主义市场经济体制；再经过十年的努力，到中国共产党成立100年时，使国民经济更加发展，各项制度更加完善；到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时，基本实现现代化，建成富强民主文明的社会主义国家。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
At the 15th CPC National Congress in 1997, the third step was made more specific, and a new “three-step” strategy for the first half of the 21st century was put forward. First, in the first decade of the 21st century, to double GNP compared to the 2000 level, raise levels of prosperity, and form a relatively complete socialist market economy; second, with ten more years’ hard work, to further develop the economy and improve various institutions by the centenary of the founding of the CPC; and third, to achieve basic modernization and complete the building of a socialist country that is prosperous, democratic, and culturally advanced by the centenary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the mid-21st century.
进入21世纪后，中国共产党提出了“全面建设小康社会”的战略构想。2012年中共十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央，明确将“人民对美好生活的向往”作为执政目标，进一步提出了实现“两个一百年”的奋斗目标：到2020年在中国共产党成立100年时实现第一个百年奋斗目标，中国人民将在全面解决温饱的基础上，普遍过上比较殷实富足的生活，全面建成小康社会；到21世纪中叶中华人民共和国成立100年时实现第二个百年奋斗目标，中国人均国内生产总值将达到中等发达国家水平，建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家。
After entering the 21st century, the CPC set itself the strategic task of building a “moderately prosperous society in all respects.” Since the 18th CPC National Congress in 2012, the Party’s Central Committee, with Xi Jinping as its core, has set the “people’s wish for a better life” as its goal of governance, and defined the Two Centenary Goals. That is, to enable the people to live prosperous lives and complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020, the centenary of the CPC (founded in 1921), and to bring China’s per capita GDP on par with that of moderately developed countries, and build China into a modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, and harmonious by the centenary of the PRC (founded in 1949) in the mid-21st century.
为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标，中国共产党统筹推进经济、政治、文化、社会和生态文明建设“五位一体”总体布局，协调推进全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党的“四个全面”战略布局，在推动经济发展的基础上，建设社会主义市场经济、民主政治、先进文化、生态文明、和谐社会，协同推进人民富裕、国家强盛、中国美丽，更加扎实有效地保障和促进发展权的实现。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
To achieve the Two Centenary Goals, the CPC strives to promote coordinated progress in economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological areas, and to implement the Four-pronged Comprehensive Strategy, viz., building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, driving reform to a deeper-level, fully implementing the rule of law, and strengthening Party discipline. Based on economic growth, the Party will continue to build the socialist market economy, promote democracy, advanced culture, ecological progress, and a harmonious society, and ensure that the people are better-off, that the nation grows stronger and more prosperous, and that the environment is clean and beautiful, and that the people’s right to development is protected and promoted in a more solid and effective manner.
——总体发展规划
Overall Development Plans
按照建设社会主义现代化国家的要求和发展战略，中国政府制定国家发展规划，保障发展权的实现。从1953年到2001年，每5年制定一个国家发展计划，对国家经济、文化、社会等各方面发展作出安排。自2006年起，改计划为规划，实现了从具体、微观、指标性的发展计划向宏观的国民经济和社会发展规划的转变。到目前为止，中国已经连续制定了十三个国民经济和社会发展计划或规划。“五年规划”是连接国家发展总目标和具体实施计划的纽带，为有计划、分阶段、稳扎稳打地推进发展权的实现，确立了中长期指导思想、目标方向、基本要求和实施举措。
In accordance with the goal to build a modern socialist country and the associated development strategies, the Chinese government regularly makes national development plans to ensure the people’s right to development. In the period between 1953 and 2001, it issued national development plans every five years addressing issues concerning the country’s economy, culture, and society. After 2006 the plan has been changed to program which is less detailed, with fewer numerical targets to guide the macro-economy and social development. To date, China has made 13 consecutive five-year plans (including the program starting from 2006) for the nation’s economic and social development. These plans have connected the country’s overall development goals to the concrete plans to implement them, and are divided into different stages to steadily promote the people’s right to development, with mid- and long-term guidelines, goals and directions, basic requirements, and specific measures.
2015年10月29日，中共十八届五中全会通过《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划的建议》。2016年3月16日，十二届全国人大四次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》。《建议》和《纲要》坚持新发展理念，按照人人参与、人人尽力、人人享有的要求，注重机会公平，保障基本民生，着力增进人民福祉，实现全体人民共同迈入全面小康社会。《建议》和《纲要》在公平分享发展成果上进行重点突破，主要包括增加公共服务供给、实施脱贫攻坚工程、提高教育质量、促进教育公平、促进就业创业、缩小收入差距、建立更加公平更可持续的社会保障制度、推进健康中国建设、促进人口均衡发展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
On October 29, 2015, the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee approved the “Suggestions of the CPC Central Committee on Developing the 13th Five-Year Program for National Economic and Social Development.” On March 16, 2016, the Fourth Session of the 12th National People’s Congress approved by vote the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Development Program of the People’s Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development.” Following the new philosophies on development and based on universal participation and benefits, China stresses equal opportunities, with an emphasis on ensuring basic living standards, improving the people’s wellbeing, and realizing a moderately prosperous society for all the people. China has made breakthroughs in equal access to the fruits of development, mainly in increasing the supply of public services, carrying out poverty eradication programs, enhancing the quality of education, granting equal access to educational resources, promoting employment and entrepreneurship, bridging the income gap, establishing a fairer and more sustainable social security system, enhancing public health and fitness, and strengthening the balanced development of the people.
中国还通过国家人权行动计划落实发展权。中国先后制定实施《国家人权行动计划（2009－2010年）》《国家人权行动计划（2012－2015年）》和《国家人权行动计划（2016－2020年）》。国家人权行动计划把保障发展权放在保障人权的首要位置，着力解决好人民最关心、最直接、最现实的利益问题，在推动经济社会又好又快发展的基础上，保证全体社会成员平等参与、平等发展的权利。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China ensures its people’s right to development also by making national human rights action plans. It has issued the “National Human Rights Action Plan” (2009-2010), (2012-2015), and (2016-2020). In these plans, the government puts the people’s right to development at the core of human rights, and strives to address the most immediate problems that are of the most concern to the public. While promoting the sound and rapid development of the economy and society, China ensures that all members of the society enjoy the rights to equal participation and equal development.
——专项行动计划
Special Action Plans
中国政府制定经济、文化、社会和环境等方面的专项行动计划，落实人民发展权。广泛实施了涉及扶贫、互联网、创新创业、科技、贸易、区域发展等行动计划，如推进农民创业创新行动计划、科技特派员农村科技创业行动、开发农业农村资源支持农民工等人员返乡创业行动计划、科技富民强县专项行动计划、科技助推西部地区转型发展行动计划和科技服务东北老工业基地振兴行动计划等。有效实施了教育发展、人口素质提升、人才奖励、文化产业等行动计划，如面向21世纪教育振兴行动计划、农村义务教育阶段学校教师特设岗位计划、特殊教育提升计划、救助贫困地区失学女童重返校园的“春蕾计划”和东部城市对口支持西部地区人才培训计划等。实施了有关就业、社会保障、食品与医疗、残疾预防、全民健身等方面的一系列行动计划，如关于就业的春风行动，关于社会保障的全民参保计划，消除疟疾行动计划，预防与控制医院感染行动计划，伤残儿童康复合作项目行动计划，提高出生人口素质、减少出生缺陷和残疾行动计划，残疾预防行动计划，营养改善行动计划和全民健身计划等。推出了污染防治、节能、生物多样性等方面的行动计划，如水污染防治行动计划、高风险污染物削减行动计划、煤炭清洁高效利用行动计划、煤电节能减排升级与改造行动计划、生物多样性保护战略与行动计划。
The Chinese government formulates special action plans in the fields of economy, culture, society, and environment to ensure people’s right to development. It has implemented a wide array of action plans in areas such as poverty alleviation, the Internet, innovation and entrepreneurship, science and technology, trade, and regional development. Specifically, these plans have been designed to promote entrepreneurship and innovation among farmers, to send agricultural specialists to rural areas to develop agriculture, to develop rural and agricultural resources in support of rural migrant workers who return to their home villages to start businesses, to improve people’s lives by developing high-tech industries in selected counties, to transform the growth model of the western areas through science and technology, and to revitalize the old industrial bases in the Northeast through science and technology. The state has effectively implemented a series of action plans regarding educational development, health improvement, awards for high-caliber professionals, and the cultural industry, such as the action plans to revitalize education in the 21st century, to enhance teachers’ status in the stage of compulsory education in rural areas, to promote special education, to help girls who have dropped out of school to return to campus, and to support the more developed cities in the eastern areas to train professionals for the western areas. China has implemented a series of action plans regarding employment, social security, food and medical care, disability prevention, and health and fitness, such as the Spring Breeze Action Plan to promote employment, and other plans to realize full coverage of social security, to eliminate malaria, to prevent and control nosocomial infection, to carry out rehabilitation programs for children with impairments and disabilities, to reduce the number of newborns with defects and disabilities, to prevent incidences of disability, and to improve the nutritional status and fitness of the Chinese. The state has issued action plans on pollution prevention and control, energy conservation, and biodiversity, such as action plans to prevent and control water pollution, to reduce high-risk pollutants, to utilize coal in a clean and efficient manner, to upgrade and renovate coal power for energy saving and emissions reduction, to build obstacle-free cities or counties for the disabled, and to protect biodiversity.
中国还通过制定专项规划落实少数民族、妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人等群体的发展权。中国发布了少数民族事业发展规划、中国妇女发展纲要、中国儿童发展纲要、老龄事业发展规划和残疾人事业发展纲要等，明确发展目标，采取积极策略措施，针对不同群体发展的重点难点问题，精准发力，使他们能够同步发展，共享改革发展成果。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China has also made special plans to ensure the right to development of ethnic minorities, women, children, the elderly, and the disabled. The plans include those on the development of ethnic minorities, of women, of children, of the elderly, and of the disabled persons, with clear goals and targeted policies for different groups to solve the problems hindering their development, ensuring that they can pursue self-development and enjoy the fruits of reform on an equal basis.
——司法救济机制
The Judicial Remedy Mechanism
中国不断加强发展权的司法保护与司法救济，构建起发展权司法救济机制，防止和惩治对发展权的侵害。
China is making enhanced efforts to strengthen the judicial protection and remedy to ensure the people’s right to development. It has built a judicial remedy mechanism in this regard to prevent and punish infringements of people’s right to development.
深化国家司法救助制度改革，切实保障困难群体的发展权利。对遭受犯罪侵害或民事侵权，无法通过诉讼获得有效赔偿的当事人，国家提供司法救助，重点解决符合条件的特定案件当事人生活面临的急迫困难。国家司法救助以支付救助金为主要方式，同时与思想疏导、宣传教育相结合，与法律援助、诉讼救济相配套，与其他社会救助相衔接。探索建立刑事案件伤员急救“绿色通道”、对遭受严重心理创伤的被害人实施心理治疗、对行动不便的受害人提供社工帮助等多种救助方式，进一步增强救助效果。2014年，国家颁布《关于建立完善国家司法救助制度的意见（试行）》后，司法救助的范围与数量大幅上升。2014年、2015年，中央和地方安排司法救助资金总额分别为24.7亿元、29.49亿元，2014年共有8万余名当事人得到司法救助。各级法院2013年至2015年共为诉讼当事人减免诉讼费6.25亿元，保障生活困难群众依法参与诉讼的权利。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The government is driving the reform of the judicial relief system to a deeper level to ensure the right to development of disadvantaged groups. The state provides judicial relief to victims of crimes or parties suffering from infringements of civil rights who cannot obtain effective compensation through litigation, and provides help to parties in certain types of cases who are in dire need of relief and are entitled to such relief. Eligible parties mainly receive relief money, and help in the forms of consultation and education. Judicial relief complements legal aid and litigation relief, and is linked with other forms of social relief and aid. The government is conducting research on opening first-aid fast track at hospitals for those injured in criminal cases, providing psychotherapy for victims with severe PTSD cases, and sending social workers to help immobilized victims, so as to further enhance judicial relief. In 2014, the state issued the “Opinions on Establishing and Improving the National Judicial Relief System (trial),” which was followed by a marked expansion in the scale and increases in the number of judicial relief cases. In 2014 and 2015, the central government and local governments allocated a total of RMB2.47 billion and RMB2.95 billion for judicial relief funds, benefiting over 80,000 parties concerned in 2014. In 2013-2015 people’s courts at all levels reduced or exempted a total of RMB625 million for litigation parties, ensuring the right to litigation of the poor.
强化法律援助实效，确保贫困人口享有获得司法救济的权利。1994年，中国开始探索法律援助制度，为困难群众无偿提供咨询、代理、刑事辩护等法律服务。2003年，国务院公布施行法律援助条例，明确了法律援助事项范围，省、自治区、直辖市人民政府可以补充规定法律援助事项，并根据本行政区域经济发展状况和法律援助事业的需要规定公民经济困难的标准。目前，全国已有23个省份扩大补充事项范围，19个省份调整了经济困难标准。2012年修订后的刑事诉讼法将法律援助的范围从被告人扩大到犯罪嫌疑人、被告人。近五年法律援助案件平均年增长11.4%，妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等群体获得了优质便捷的法律援助服务。2015年5月，中央全面深化改革领导小组第十二次会议审议通过《关于完善法律援助制度的意见》，进一步扩大民事、行政法律援助覆盖面，降低法律援助门槛，使法律援助覆盖人群逐步拓展至低收入群体，惠及更多困难群众。
The government strives to strengthen the effectiveness of legal aid, and ensures the right of impoverished people to judicial relief. In 1994, China began to form a legal aid system, providing free consultation, agency, criminal defense, and other legal services to people in need. In 2003, the State Council issued the Regulations on Legal Aid to define the scale of legal aid, delegating the power to the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the central government to supplement the issues to be covered by legal aid, and set the standards for receiving legal aid in light of the local conditions. Currently there are 23 provinces that have expanded the scope of issues covered by legal aid, and 19 provinces have adjusted the standards for receiving legal aid. The Criminal Procedural Law (revised in 2012) included suspects as recipients of legal aid, alongside defendants. Over the past five years, the number of legal aid cases has been growing by 11.4 percent annually, and women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers have received timely and higher quality legal aid services. In May 2015, at its 12th meeting, the CPC Central Leading Group for Overall and Further Reforms reviewed and approved the “Opinions on Improving the Legal Aid System,” with measures to further enlarge the coverage of legal aid for civil and administrative lawsuits, reduce the thresholds for receiving legal aid, and gradually make legal aid available to low-income groups to benefit people in need.
加大司法救济力度，保护弱势群体发展权。中国一直注重发展权等基本人权的刑事司法保护，以法律构筑保护发展权的牢固防线。国家依法制裁对妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人、进城务工人员等的犯罪，强化保障特定群体身心健康发展的权利以及经济社会权利。国家坚持不懈预防、打击拐卖妇女儿童犯罪，拐卖妇女儿童犯罪得到有效遏制。国家颁布《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》和《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》，不断加大对未成年人权益司法保护力度。国家出台《关于在检察工作中切实维护残疾人合法权益的意见》，依法从重打击侵害残疾人权益的犯罪活动，保障残疾人合法权益。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The government strengthens judicial remedy to protect the right to development of disadvantaged groups. China has always attached importance to the judicial protection of the right to development and other basic human rights in criminal cases. The state punishes crimes targeted at women, children, the elderly, the disabled, and rural migrant workers, and strengthens the protection of special groups’ rights to healthy physical and psychological development and their economic and social rights. The government strives to prevent or severely punish the abduction and trafficking of women and children, and such crimes have been effectively curbed. The state has issued the “Opinions on Punishing Sex Crimes Against Minors” and the “Opinions on Handling the Infringements of Minors’ Rights and Interests by Guardians,” so as to enhance the judicial protection of minors’ rights and interests. The state has promulgated the “Opinions on Safeguarding the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Disabled Persons in Procuratorial Work,” mandating severe punishment for crimes that infringe upon the rights and interests of disabled people in accordance with the law.
重视发挥仲裁功能，保护特定群体平等发展权。通过依法定纷止争、制裁侵权强化权利的程序性保护。截至2015年年底，全国各地乡镇街道劳动就业社会保障服务所（中心）劳动争议调解组织组建率达80%，比2014年增加14%；共建劳动人事争议仲裁院2919家，总体建院率为91.1%，比“十一五”末期的946家增加了208%。2010年至2015年，全国各地调解仲裁机构共处理争议案件756.6万件，仲裁结案率保持在90%以上。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The government attaches importance to the role of arbitration, and protects the equal right to development of certain groups. By ending disputes through arbitration and punishing infringements according to law, China endeavors to strengthen procedure-based protection of the people’s rights. By the end of 2015, 80 percent of township- and community-level employment and social security centers had set up organizations to mediate labor disputes, up by 14 percent from the 2014 figure. A total of 2,919 administrative divisions at or above county level (about 91 percent of the total) had arbitration offices for labor disputes, up by 208 percent compared with the figure of 946 at the end of the 11th Five-Year Plan period (2006-2010). In 2010-2015, China’s mediation and arbitration organizations handled a total of 7.57 million cases, bringing 90 percent to a conclusion.
三、有效实现经济发展
III. Effectively Realizing Economic Development
中国坚持以经济建设为中心，奠定保障发展权的坚实基础，同时又通过保障人民的发展权更好地促进经济发展。改革开放以来，中国经济快速增长，目前已成为世界第二大经济体，人民的生活总体上实现了从贫困到温饱、再从温饱到小康的两次历史性飞跃。
China always considers economic development as the central task, laying a solid foundation for safeguarding the right to development. At the same time, economic development is strengthened by safeguarding the people’s right to development. Since the reform and opening-up policy was launched in 1978, China has witnessed rapid economic growth, and has become the world’s second largest economy. There have been two historic leaps in living standards, from living in poverty to having access to basic material needs, and then to moderate prosperity.
——贫困人口生存权得到有效保障。中国的减贫行动是中国人权事业进步的最显著标志。改革开放以来，中国实现了“迄今人类历史上最快速度的大规模减贫”，按照农村现行贫困标准累计减少7亿多贫困人口，超过美、俄、日、德四国人口总和，贫困发生率下降到5.7%，成为世界上率先完成联合国千年发展目标的国家。截至2015年年底，中国农村贫困人口减少到5575万人，其中，内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆5个自治区和少数民族分布集中的贵州、云南、青海3省农村贫困人口减少到1813万人。中国的减贫行动有力促进了贫困人口发展权的实现，为全面建成小康社会打下了坚实基础。2015年11月，中共中央、国务院发布关于打赢脱贫攻坚战的决定，对未来五年脱贫攻坚工作作出全面部署。2016年3月，《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》发布，对全力实施脱贫攻坚总体目标作出战略部署。为实现到2020年让农村贫困人口全部摆脱贫困的宏伟目标，中国正在全面实施精准扶贫、精准脱贫基本方略。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The right to subsistence of the poor is effectively guaranteed. The poverty reduction campaign in China is the most significant sign of China’s progress in human rights. Since the end of 1978, China has realized “the most rapid large-scale poverty reduction in human history over the last 25 years.” [Note: “Reducing Poverty on a Global Scale: Learning and Innovating for Development Findings from the Shanghai Global Learning Initiative,” a World Bank document on Nov. 14, 2016.] According to the existing rural poverty standards, it has reduced the number of those living in poverty by more than 700 million, which is more than the total population of the United States, Russia, Japan and Germany, and cut the rate of poverty to 5.7 percent, becoming the first country to complete the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. By the end of 2015, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 55.75 million. In the five autonomous regions of Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia and Xinjiang, and in the provinces of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Qinghai, where ethnic minorities are concentrated, the number of rural people living in poverty had fallen to 18.13 million. China’s poverty reduction campaign has effectively contributed to granting its disadvantaged people the right to development, laying a solid foundation for the building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects. In November 2015, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council issued the “Decision on Winning the Tough Battle Against Poverty,” making comprehensive arrangements for poverty eradication work in the following five years. In March 2016, the “Outline of the 13th Five-Year Program for the National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China” was published, in which the Chinese government made strategic plans for the full implementation of the overall goal of poverty eradication. In order to realize the ambitious goal of relieving the rural poor population of poverty by 2020, China is carrying out a basic strategy of targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty eradication.
——劳动者工作权利充分实现。经济发展为扩大就业创造了条件，全国城乡就业人数持续增加，从2010年的7.61亿人增加到2015年的7.75亿人。其中，城镇就业人数从3.47亿人增加到4.04亿人，年均增加1100余万人。2015年城镇新增就业1312万人，年末城镇登记失业率为4.05%，延续平稳运行态势。2008年至2015年，中央财政累计投入就业补助资金3055.11亿元。自2009年起，国家专门实施妇女小额担保贷款财政贴息政策，截至2016年6月，已累计发放贷款2794亿元，538万名妇女获贷，带动和扶持包括贫困妇女在内的1000多万名妇女实现创业就业。妇女就业数量和层次不断提高，2014年全国女性就业人员占全社会就业人员比重为45%，女性专业技术人员占专业技术人员总数的46.5%。国家加强技能培训，通过能力建设促进更公平地分享就业机会，截至2015年年底，全国技能劳动者总量达1.67亿人，其中高技能人才4501万人。国家积极促进农村劳动力就地就近转移就业，在县域经济范围内吸纳农村劳动力总量的65%。大力发展服务业，开发适合进城务工人员的就业岗位，建设减免收费的农贸市场和餐饮摊位，实现80%以上的进城务工人员在小微企业就业。鼓励进城务工人员返乡创业，截至2015年年底，进城务工人员返乡创业累计达450万人，不计入个体工商户的农村小微企业达699万户。截至2014年年底，全国私营企业达1546万户，个体工商户近5000万户，分别比2010年增长83%和44%，带动2.5亿人就业。目前，全国互联网创业就业总量近1000万人，“互联网+”成为吸纳就业的重要渠道。国家采取措施引导毕业生多渠道就业、鼓励创业、强化毕业生就业服务和困难毕业生就业帮扶，近几年高校毕业生每年离校时的就业率都保持在70%以上，年底总体就业率超过90%。国家通过援企稳岗、就业帮扶、就业援助等措施，帮助失业人员、就业困难人员实现就业，全面推动零就业家庭动态清零。2011年至2015年，城镇失业人员再就业人数每年都超过550万，就业困难人员实现就业年均近180万人。残疾人就业稳中向好，“十二五”期间实现152万城镇残疾人新增就业，2014年全国城乡劳动年龄段生活能够自理的残疾人就业人数达到2159.63万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The right to work is fully realized. Economic development creates more jobs. Urban and rural employment continued to increase from 761 million in 2010 to 775 million in 2015. Within these figures, urban employment increased from 347 million to 404 million, representing an average annual increase of more than 11 million. In 2015 urban employment increased by 13.12 million, and the registered urban unemployment rate by the end of the year was 4.05 percent, showing steady progress in this work. From 2008 to 2015, the central government assigned a total of RMB305.51 billion as subsidies to be used in employment. Since 2009, the Chinese government has implemented a policy of financial discount for small-sum guaranteed loans to women. By June 2016, a total of RMB279.4 billion in loans had been provided to 5.38 million women, supporting more than 10 million, including women classified as poor, to start their own businesses or find work. The number of women in employment has increased continuously and their positions have improved. In 2014, employed women accounted for 45 percent of the total workforce in China, and female professional and technical personnel accounted for 46.5 percent of the national total. The government strengthens skill training to promote more equitable sharing of job opportunities through capacity-building. By the end of 2015, the total number of skilled workers in the country had reached 167 million, of whom 45.01 million were highly skilled. The government actively promotes transfer of the rural labor force to employment in local or nearby places, ensuring that 65 percent can find employment within the local county economy. The government vigorously develops the service industry, creating jobs for rural migrant workers, and setting up farmers’ markets and food stalls with reduced or zero fees. As a result, more than 80 percent of rural migrant workers have found jobs in small and micro businesses. The government also encourages rural migrant workers to return home and start businesses. By the end of 2015, 4.5 million rural migrant workers had returned home to start businesses, and rural small and micro businesses amounted to 6.99 million. By the end of 2014, China had 15.46 million private enterprises, and nearly 50 million self-employed businesses, representing increases of 83 percent and 44 percent over 2010; these businesses employed 250 million people. Internet entrepreneurship has helped nearly 10 million people find employment, and “Internet+” is an important channel for creating jobs. The government takes measures to guide graduates to find employment through multiple channels, encourage entrepreneurship, and offer better employment services to graduates and give more assistance to those experiencing difficulties in finding jobs. In recent years, the employment rate of new college graduates has been above 70 percent every year, and the overall employment rate at the end of the year has exceeded 90 percent. By aiding enterprises, and offering employment support and assistance, the government helps unemployed persons and people having difficulty in securing jobs to find employment, and devotes particular attention to zero-employment families. From 2011 to 2015, more than 5.5 million unemployed urban people found jobs every year, while an annual average of almost 1.8 million people having difficulty in securing jobs found employment. Steady progress has been made in the employment of people with disabilities. During the 12th Five-Year Program period (2011-2015), the government helped 1.52 million urban residents with disabilities to find jobs. In 2015, 21,596,300 disabled people of working age across the country found jobs.
——人民基本生活水准极大改善。城镇居民家庭和农村居民家庭恩格尔系数分别由1978年的57.5%和67.7%，下降到2015年的29.7%和33.0%。1978年至2015年，中国城镇人均住宅建筑面积由6.7平方米增长到33平方米以上，农村人均住房面积由8.1平方米增长到37平方米以上。以公共租赁住房、经济适用住房等为主要形式的住房保障制度初步形成。2015年，国家住宅投资达到80247.7亿元，其中全国城镇保障性安居工程基本建成住房772万套，新开工783万套；中央投入农村危房改造补助资金365亿元，支持全国432万贫困农户改造危房。2011年至2015年，全国城镇保障性安居工程累计新建住房4013万套，累计棚户区改造2191万户，一大批住房困难群众搬进楼房，实现“宜居”。2011年至2015年，各级财政给予补贴，共对全国67.5万残疾人家庭进行无障碍改造，提高了残疾人生活质量。人民出行条件极大改善。1978年至2015年，公路通车里程由89万公里增长到457.7万公里，民航旅客吞吐量从231.9万人次增长到9.15亿人次。2015年，全国高速公路通车里程12.35万公里，高速铁路营运里程1.9万公里，行政村公路通畅率达94.5%，建制村通客车率达94.28%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The people’s basic living standards have greatly improved. In 1978, the Engel coefficient of urban households was 57.5 percent and that of rural households was 67.7 percent; in 2015, the figures dropped to 29.7 percent and 33.0 percent respectively. From 1978 to 2015, urban residents saw an increase in their residential area from 6.7 square meters per capita to more than 33 square meters; the corresponding figures for rural residents were 8.1 square meters to more than 37 square meters. A housing security system with government-supported low-rent housing and economically affordable housing as the main forms is in place. In 2015, the national investment in residential buildings reached RMB8,024.77 billion. Within this program, 7.72 million units of government-subsidized urban housing were completed, and construction on another 7.83 million units already started. The central government provided RMB36.5 billion to subsidize the renovation of sub-standard houses for 4.32 million poor rural households around China. From 2011 to 2015, under the government-subsidized urban housing project, China built a total of 40.13 million new units, renovated 21.91 million households in shantytowns, and moved a large number of people with housing difficulties into apartments, realizing “livable” residences. From 2011 to 2015, public finance at all levels subsidized barrier-free reconstruction for 675,000 families with disabled members, improving their quality of life.
Travel conditions have greatly improved. From 1978 to 2015, highways in service rose from 890,000 km to 4.58 million km, and the civil aviation passenger throughput grew from 2.32 million to 915 million. In 2015, the total mileage of expressways open to traffic in China reached 123,500 km, the operating mileage of high-speed railways reached 19,000 km. 94.5 percent of villages had paved road access, and 94.3 percent of villages had access to bus services.
——人民生活水平显著提高。1978年至2015年，全年国内生产总值从3679亿元增长到685506亿元，人均国内生产总值从200多美元增长到8000美元以上。1978年，城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入只有343.4元，农村居民家庭人均纯收入只有133.6元。2015年，全国居民人均可支配收入达到21966元，其中，城镇居民人均可支配收入31195元，农村居民人均可支配收入11422元。截至2015年年底，全国电话用户总数达到153673万户，其中移动电话用户130574万户，普及率为95.5部/百人；固定互联网宽带接入用户21337万户，移动宽带用户78533万户。互联网上网人数6.88亿人，固定宽带家庭普及率达到50.3%。2015年，国内居民出境12786万人次，其中因私出境12172万人次。民用轿车保有量9508万辆，其中私人轿车8793万辆。
The people’s living standards have significantly improved. From 1978 to 2015, the annual GDP increased from RMB367.9 billion to RMB68,550.6 billion, and per capita GDP grew from more than US$200 to above US$8,000. In 1978, per capita disposable income of urban households was only RMB343.4, and per capita net income of rural households was only RMB133.6. In 2015, per capita disposable income of all residents reached RMB21,966; the figures were RMB31,195 for urban residents and RMB11,422 for rural residents. By the end of 2015, the total number of phone users nationwide reached 1,536.73 million, and 1,305.74 million of them were mobile phone users, with a penetration rate of 95.5 per 100 people. There were 213.37 million households with fixed broadband Internet access, and 785.33 million mobile broadband users. The number of Internet users was 688 million, and the household penetration rate of fixed broadband reached 50.3 percent. In 2015, Chinese residents made 127.86 million outbound trips, including 121.72 million private trips. Civilian car ownership was 95.08 million, of which 87.93 million were private cars.
四、不断完善政治发展
IV. Enhancing Political Development
中国不断丰富和完善适合自身发展的政治制度，中国特色社会主义民主政治与法治建设全面推进，公民权利和政治权利得到切实保障，人民参与、促进政治发展进程并分享政治发展成果的水平与日俱增。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China continues to enrich and improve a political system suited to its own development by advancing Chinese socialist democracy and rule of law in an all-round way, ensuring effective protection of civil and political rights, and raising the levels of participation in and promotion of the political development process and allowing people to partake in the benefits of political development.
——人民代表大会制度是人民实现政治发展的根本制度保证。宪法规定，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民，人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。人民代表大会制度主要通过以下五个途径保障公民参与并分享发展成果：一是通过产生并监督国家机关工作落实发展权利。宪法第3条第3款规定，“国家行政机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督”。二是制定法律法规推动发展。截至2016年9月，全国人大及其常委会共制定宪法和现行有效法律252部。截至2016年7月，有立法权的地方人大及其常委会共制定现行有效的地方性法规9915件。三是审批发展政策规划。宪法第62条规定，全国人民代表大会行使下列职权：审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告；审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告。四是畅通民意表达机制。人民群众通过行使提出意见、建议、批评、申诉、控告和监督的权利，合理表达和实现发展利益诉求。五是合理界定公共权力与发展利益的关系。近年来，中国建立了权力清单、负面清单和责任清单三大制度。2013年以来，国务院公开了各部门行政审批事项汇总清单，规定各部门不得在公布的清单之外实施行政审批，取消和下放618项行政审批事项，坚决消除权力设租寻租空间，完善权力运行程序。
The people’s congress system is the fundamental institutional guarantee of political development for the people. According to the Constitution, all power in the PRC belongs to the people, and the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the local people’s congresses at various levels are the organs through which the people exercise state power. The people’s congress system guarantees citizens’ rights to participate in development and share the resulting benefits in five ways:
(1) Generating and supervising state organs involved in the implementation of the right to development. Paragraph 3 of Article 3 of the Constitution states that all administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are created by the people’s congresses to which they are responsible and under whose supervision they operate.
(2) Formulating laws and regulations to foster development. By September 2016, the NPC and its Standing Committee had formulated the Constitution and 252 laws in effect. By July 2016, local people’s congresses and their standing committees with legislative power had formulated 9,915 local regulations in effect.
(3) Examining and approving development policy initiatives. Article 62 of the Constitution stipulates that the NPC exercises the functions and powers to examine and approve the plan for national economic and social development and the report on its implementation, and to examine and approve the state budget and the report on its implementation, among others.
(4) Providing an open mechanism for the expression of public opinion. People express and claim their reasonable development interests by means such as the exercise of their rights to raise opinions, suggestions and criticism, to file appeals and complaints, and to supervise.
(5) Properly defining the relationship between public power and development interests.
In recent years, China has introduced three major systems that are of relevance – the power list, negative list, and responsibility list. Since 2013, the State Council has published lists enumerating all matters subject to administrative approval by its departments, and prohibited the addition of any unlisted matters, with 618 matters canceled or delegated to lower authorities. In this way, the State Council endeavors to eliminate opportunities for exploiting public posts for profit, and to enhance the procedures for the exercise of power.
——民主选举是公民实现政治权利的重要内容。改革开放以来，中国的人民民主和选举平等进程取得了重大成就。2010年，全国人大修改选举法，实行城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表，全面实现选举权的平等。在2011年到2012年全国县乡两级人大换届选举中，参加县级人大代表换届选举登记的选民达9.81亿多人，参加投票选民占登记选民的90.24%；参加乡级人大代表换届选举登记的选民达7.23亿多人，参加投票选民占登记选民的90.55%。为保障两亿多流动人口的选举权利，各地结合本地实际，采取了原则上在户口所在地参选、书面委托其他选民代为投票、取得原选区选民资格证明后在现居住地参选等有效措施，为流动人口参选创造便利条件。在2013年选出的第十二届全国人民代表大会第三次会议2987名代表中，来自一线的工人、农民代表有401人，占代表总数的13.42%；妇女代表699人，占代表总数的23.4%；少数民族代表409人，占代表总数的13.69%，全国55个少数民族都有本民族的代表。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Democratic election is an important element of citizens’ political rights. Since the policy of reform and opening up was introduced in 1978, great progress has been made toward establishing people’s democracy and an equal right to vote. In 2010, the NPC adopted an amendment to the Electoral Law providing wider equality of voting rights. Among other measures it requires that deputies be elected to the people’s congresses based on the same population ratio in urban and rural areas.
Between 2011 and 2012, the election of deputies to county-level people’s congresses saw more than 981 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.24 percent; the election of deputies to township-level people’s congresses recorded more than 723 million registered voters and a turnout rate of 90.55 percent. In these elections, measures were taken based on the conditions in each constituency to ensure the right to vote of the 200 million floating population, and to facilitate their voting. The basic principle was that voters cast their votes in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are, while they may vote by proxy with a letter of entrustment, and voters who have their voter qualification certificates in the constituencies where their registered permanent residences are may vote in the constituencies where they currently live.
The 2,987 deputies elected in 2013 to the Third Session of the 12th NPC included 401 workers and farmers accounting for 13.42 percent, 699 women accounting for 23.4 percent, and 409 deputies from all the 55 ethnic minority groups of China accounting for 13.69 percent.
——协商民主是公民实现有序政治参与的重要途径。中国形成了政党协商、人大协商、政府协商、人民团体协商、基层协商和社会组织协商构成的广泛多层、制度化的协商民主体系，扩大了公民有序的政治参与，保障了发展权的实现。中国人民政治协商会议是中国实行协商民主制度的重要机构，涵盖了包括中国共产党在内的9个党派、8个人民团体、56个民族、5大宗教、34个界别，共有各级政协组织3000多个，各级政协委员60多万名。2015年全国政协共举办41项重要协商活动、107项视察调研活动，形成了以全体会议为龙头、专题议政性常委会议和专题协商会为重点、双周协商座谈会为常态的协商议政格局。2015年全国政协十二届三次会议上，有1948名政协委员提交提案，占委员总数的87.5%；提案总计5857件，立案4984件，占总数的85.1%。全国政协十二届一次会议以来，提案办复率达99.5%以上。
Consultative democracy is an important channel for orderly participation in the political process. An extensive, multi-layered, institutionalized system of consultative democracy inclusive of multiple parties, people’s congresses, governments, people’s organizations, the grassroots, and non-governmental organizations has been created to expand orderly participation in the political process and ensure the citizen’s right to development.
The Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is an essential organ for implementing consultative democracy, involving the participation of nine political parties including the CPC, eight people’s organizations, 56 ethnic groups, five major religions and 34 sectors of society. The CPPCC has more than 3,000 committees and over 600,000 members at all levels. In 2015, the CPPCC organized 41 major consultation events, and 107 inspection and survey tours, forming a political consultation framework employing a range of options such as plenary sessions, standing committees’ thematic discussions on administrative affairs and thematic consultative seminars, and biweekly consultative seminars.
In the Third Session of the 12th CPPCC convened in 2015, 87.5 percent or 1,948 of the CPPCC members submitted 5,857 proposals, of which 85.1 percent or 4,984 were taken up for consideration. Since the First Session of the 12th CPPCC held in 2013, the rates of proposal handling and response have reached 99.5 percent or above.
——民族区域自治是少数民族实现政治权利的重要形式。中国成功创设了单一制国家结构下的民族区域自治制度，有效保障少数民族的各项民主权利。在55个少数民族中，有44个建立了自治地方，实行区域自治的少数民族人口占少数民族总人口的71%，民族自治地方的面积约占全国国土总面积的64%。截至2016年7月底，共制定和修改现行有效的自治条例和单行条例967件，进一步夯实了少数民族发展权实现的法律基础。全国5个自治区、30个自治州、120个自治县（旗）的行政首长全部由实行区域自治的少数民族公民担任。民族自治地方的各级党委、人大、政府、政协领导班子及其职能部门都配有一定数量的少数民族干部，少数民族干部比例普遍接近或超过少数民族人口占当地总人口的比例。截至2015年年底，少数民族公务员已达76.5万人，比1978年增长了近3倍。在全国公务员队伍中，少数民族占10.7%，其中县处级以上的少数民族公务员占同级公务员总数的8.3%。
Regional ethnic autonomy is an important channel for ethnic minorities to exercise their political rights. China has created the system of regional ethnic autonomy under the unitary system of government to effectively protect the democratic rights of ethnic minorities. Of the 55 ethnic minority groups in China, 44 have established ethnic autonomous areas. 71 percent of the ethnic minorities exercise regional autonomy, and the land area under ethnic autonomous areas accounts for 64 percent of the national territory. By the end of July 2016, ethnic autonomous areas had formulated and amended 967 autonomous regulations and separate regulations in effect, solidifying the legal foundation for ethnic minorities’ exercise of their right to development.
Heads of governments of the five autonomous regions, 30 autonomous prefectures and 120 autonomous counties are citizens from ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy. Leaderships and functional departments of CPC committees, people’s congresses, governments, CPPCC committees at all levels in ethnic autonomous areas contain ethnic minorities, whose proportions are generally close to or higher than the percentages of ethnic minorities in the local population. By the end of 2015, ethnic minority civil servants numbered 765,000 - nearly four times the figure in 1978 – and 10.7 percent of the total number of civil servants across the country. 8.3 percent of civil servants at or above county level were ethnic minorities.
——基层民主是基层民众维护和实现平等发展的有效途径。中国建立了以农村村民委员会、城市居民委员会为主要形式的基层群众自治制度。在农村地区，58.1万个村委会98%以上实行直接选举并制订村规民约和村民自治章程，村民平均参选率超过95%，6亿农民参加选举。在城市地区，全国已有社区居民委员会10万个，社区居委会干部51.2万名，志愿者540万名。通过直接选举、网格化管理平台、志愿服务、听证会、协调会、评议会、社区联络员、社区网络论坛、民情信息站等多种途径，大大拓宽了居民民主参与的空间，提高了居民的自治能力和水平，形成了中国特色的基层群众自治制度。在企事业单位，职工代表大会制度广泛推行。全国已建立工会的企事业单位单独建立厂务公开制度的有464.3万家。全国基层工会组织总数275.3万个，工会会员总数达2.8亿人，其中进城务工人员会员总数1.09亿人。截至2016年6月，全国在民政部门正式登记的社会组织共有67万个，其中社会团体32.9万个，基金会5028个，民办非企业单位33.6万个。这些社会组织的服务与影响范围涉及教育、科技、文化、卫生、体育、社区、环保、公益、慈善、农村经济等社会生活的各个领域。
Grassroots democracy is an effective way for people to safeguard and realize equal right to development. China has established a system of grassroots self-governance implemented by rural villagers’ committees and urban neighborhood committees. Approximately 98 percent of the 581,000 villagers’ committees across the country practice direct election and have formulated village regulations and rules for villagers’ self-governance. The turnout rates of direct elections average 95 percent among 600 million eligible voters. The 100,000 urban neighborhood committees in China utilize the services of 512,000 staff and 5.4 million volunteers. Urban residents’ participation in democracy has been remarkably broadened and their self-governance capabilities and levels have been improved, through multiple channels, including direct elections, gridded management platforms, volunteer services, hearings, coordination meetings, appraisal meetings, community liaison, communities’ online forums, and community public concern stations, all contributing to China’s system of grassroots self-governance. The workers’ congress system has been widely applied in enterprises and public institutions. 4.64 million or 88.6 percent of enterprises and public institutions with trade unions have established separate systems for publicizing enterprise affairs. There are 2.75 million grassroots trade unions across the country, with 280 million members, including 109 million migrant workers from rural areas.
By June 2016, non-governmental organizations that had registered at offices of civil affairs numbered 670,000, including 329,000 mass organizations, 5,028 foundations, and 336,000 private non-profit units. These non-governmental organizations’ services and influence extend to education, science and technology, culture, health, sports, communities, environmental protection, public welfare, charity, rural economy and other fields of public life.
——公共参与是公民直接参与发展决策的便捷渠道。国家深入推进民主立法，健全公众参与立法的途径和方式，建立委托第三方起草和由第三方居中评估的立法制度，健全法律法规规章草案公开征求意见和公众意见采纳情况反馈机制。一些地方出台了重大行政决策程序规定，把公众参与作为重要法定程序，明确了公众参与行政决策的方式方法，广泛采用公开征求意见、听证会、座谈会、问卷调查等方式。2007年，国务院公布政府信息公开条例，重点推进行政审批、财政预决算、保障性住房、食品药品安全、征地拆迁等信息的公开，使公民及时、准确获取信息，保障知情权，进行有效监督，不断提高政府工作透明度和执法效能。公众参与司法渠道逐步拓宽。目前，全国人民陪审员总数已超过22万人。自2003年开展人民监督员制度试点工作以来，截至2016年4月，共选任人民监督员4.8万余人次，监督各类职务犯罪案件4.9万余件。截至2015年年底，全国共有人民调解委员会近80万个，人民调解员390余万人，近8年来排查化解矛盾纠纷6700多万件。公众信访渠道进一步丰富，政治参与途径进一步拓宽。国家信访信息系统正式开通，实现公民信访网上投诉、办理、评价，并开通手机信访、微信公众号。2015年全国网上信访141万件次，其中建议意见14万件次。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Public participation provides citizens with ready access to decision-making processes. China has furthered democratic legislation and improved the channels and forms of public participation in legislation. Efforts have also been made to establish a system of commissioning third parties to draft legislation and evaluate the drafts, and improve the mechanisms for soliciting public opinion on drafts of laws and regulations and giving feedback on responses. Some local authorities have adopted regulations on administrative decision-making procedures for major issues, which list public participation as an important legal procedure and define the forms and methods of public participation in administrative decision-making. Open solicitation of public opinion, hearings, seminars and questionnaires are widely applied for this purpose.
In 2007, the State Council enacted Regulations on Open Government Information, emphasizing open information concerning administrative approval, financial budgets and final accounts, government-subsidized housing for the poor, food and drug safety, land appropriation, and household demolition and resettlement. The Regulations provide for prompt and accurate disclosure of government information to the public and protection of their right to know, and ensure effective scrutiny over government work while enhancing transparency in government information and efficiency in law-enforcement.
Channels of public participation in judicial processes have been steadily broadened. The number of people’s assessors has now surpassed 220,000. From 2003 when China piloted the people’s supervisor mechanism to April 2016, there were more than 48,000 people’s supervisors, who had exercised supervision over 49,000 cases of job-related crimes. By the end of 2015, there had been nearly 800,000 people’s mediation committees with more than 3.9 million people’s mediators, who had, in recent eight years, investigated and resolved more than 67 million cases of disputes.
Public complaint filing has taken on more diversified forms, further broadening the channels for public political participation. The national complaint filing system has opened to the public for online complaint filing, resolution, and result appraisal through computers, mobile phones and the social-media app WeChat’s public accounts platform. A total of 1.41 million cases were filed online in 2015, of which 140,000 were aimed at offering suggestions.
五、努力促进文化发展
V. Promoting Cultural Progress
中国政府坚定不移地深化文化体制改革，解放和发展文化生产力，积极推进文化发展成果普惠化和文化发展机会均等化，努力保障公民文化发展权的实现。
The Chinese government endeavors to restructure China’s cultural system, free and develop cultural productivity, so as to create equal opportunity for all citizens to enjoy benefits of cultural development and to have access to cultural development opportunities, and ensure realization of their right to cultural development.
——公共文化服务体系建设加速推进。2015年，中国发布《关于加快构建现代公共文化服务体系的意见》和《国家基本公共文化服务指导标准（2015－2020年）》，对加快构建现代公共文化服务体系，推进基本公共文化服务标准化均等化，以及保障人民群众基本文化权益作出全面部署。加快公共数字文化建设，实施国家公共文化数字支撑平台、国家数字文化网等一批重点项目。截至2015年年底，文化信息资源共享工程已建成1个国家中心、33个省级分中心、2843个市县支中心、35719个乡镇（街道）基层服务点、70万个村（社区）基层服务点。完善公共文化设施网络，加强基层文化服务能力建设。截至2015年年底，全国文化系统共有艺术表演团体2037个、公共图书馆3139个、文化馆3315个、博物馆2981个，数字图书馆推广工程已在40个省级馆、479个地市级馆实施。继续推进公共文化设施免费开放，各级公共美术馆向公众免费开放，各级图书馆、文化馆（站）向公众免费提供基本公共文化服务项目。通过农村广播电视村村通、户户通工程，乡镇综合文化站工程，农村电影放映工程，农家书屋工程及农村数字文化工程等惠民工程，农村公共文化服务能力大大增强。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The building of a public cultural service system has been accelerated. In 2015, the Chinese government issued “Opinions on Accelerating the Building of a Modernized Public Cultural Service System” and “Guidance for National Basic Public Cultural Services (2015-2020),” presenting an all-round plan for accelerating the building of a modernized public cultural service system, promoting standard basic public cultural services and equal access, and protecting the people’s basic cultural rights and interests. China has accelerated public digital cultural programs, such as the National Public Culture Digital Platform, and the National Digital Culture Network (http://www.ndcnc.gov.cn/). By the end of 2015, the National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project had completed 1 national center, 33 provincial centers, 2,843 municipal and county centers, 35,719 township and town (sub-district) stations, and 700,000 village (community) stations. China has improved the public cultural infrastructure network and increased the capacity of community-level cultural services. By the end of 2015, China had 2,037 art performance troupes, 3,139 public libraries, 3,315 cultural centers, 2,981 museums, 40 provincial digital libraries, and 479 municipal and prefectural digital libraries. Continuous efforts were made to open public cultural facilities to the public for free, including public art museums at all levels, and basic public cultural services in libraries and cultural centers (stations) at all levels. By promoting projects such as Radio and TV Programs for Each Village and Each Rural Household, Town and Township Comprehensive Cultural Centers, Rural Cinema, Rural Libraries, and Rural Digital Culture, China has greatly enhanced rural cultural service capacity.
——文学艺术、新闻出版、广播影视和体育事业蓬勃发展。2015年，出版各类报纸430.09亿份、期刊28.78亿册、图书86.62亿册（张），人均图书拥有量6.32册（张）。有线电视实际用户达2.36亿户，其中有线数字电视实际用户1.98亿户。年末广播节目综合人口覆盖率为98.2%，电视节目综合人口覆盖率为98.8%。2015年，生产电视剧395部16560集，电视动画片134011分钟，故事影片686部，科教、纪录、动画和特种影片202部。对农村取得电影放映收入，免征增值税。支持小微文化企业发展，实施中西部地区县级城市影院建设资金补贴政策、金融支持政策和影院建设的差别化用地政策。开展全民阅读活动，2016“书香中国”系列活动惠及8亿多人次，全社会“爱读书、读好书、善读书”的阅读氛围更加深厚。加快体育产业发展，构建政府、社会、企业共同兴办体育的格局，实施全民健身计划，社会化全民健身组织网络基本形成，体育健身场地设施实现较大幅度增加。2015年，国家下拨补助资金8.7亿元，鼓励大型公共体育设施免费或低收费开放。2014年，国家体育彩票累计销售1746.04亿元，全年共筹集公益金455.11亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Literature, arts, news, publishing, radio, film, television and sports are thriving. In 2015, China published more than 43 billion copies of newspapers, 2.9 billion copies of periodicals, and 8.7 billion copies of books. The number of books published per capita reached 6.32. A total of 236 million households subscribed to cable TV, including 198 million subscribers to digital cable TV. At the end of the year, the radio coverage rate was 98.2 percent of the total population, and TV coverage was 98.8 percent of the total population. In 2015, China produced 395 TV serials totaling 16,560 episodes, 134,000 minutes of TV animation, 686 feature films, and 202 popular science films, documentaries, animation and special films. China has adopted value-added tax exemption for revenues from rural cinemas. It has also given support to small and micro cultural businesses, and implemented policies offering construction subsidies, financial support and differentiated land designation for county cinemas in central and western regions. China has launched an “All People Reading” campaign nationwide. The 2016 “Literary China” series of activities has benefitted over 800 million participants, forming a congenial social atmosphere for reading. China has accelerated the development of the sports industry under a policy that has the combined support of government, society and enterprises. China has launched a nationwide fitness campaign, basically established a corresponding organizational network, and greatly increased the number of sports venues and facilities. In 2015, China allocated RMB870 million in subsidies to support large sports venues and facilities to open to the public for free or at low cost. In 2014, the sales of the National Sports Lottery reached RMB174.6 billion, and the funds raised for the public totaled RMB45.5 billion.
——少数民族地区文化事业发展迅速。国家大力支持少数民族地区文化事业发展，通过实施万里边疆文化长廊建设、文化信息资源共享工程等，完善民族地区公共文化服务体系。截至2015年年底，布达拉宫等9项分布在民族地区的自然、文化遗产被列入《世界文化遗产名录》。新疆维吾尔木卡姆艺术等14项和羌年等4项少数民族项目分别入选联合国教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》《急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录》，在民族地区建成10个文化生态保护实验区。在已经公布的四批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录和四批国家级非物质文化遗产代表性项目代表性传承人名单中，全国共有479项少数民族非物质文化遗产代表性项目、524名非物质文化遗产代表性项目传承人入选。全国少数民族古籍解题书目套书《中国少数民族古籍总目提要》于2014年全部出版。推进少数民族语言文字的规范化、标准化和信息处理，立项研制了蒙古、藏、维吾尔、哈萨克、彝等少数民族人名汉字音译转写规范，建设中国少数民族濒危语言数据库，设立并实施“中国语言资源保护工程”。截至2015年年底，全国有54个少数民族使用80余种本民族语言，21个少数民族使用28种本民族文字，近200个广播电台（站）使用25种少数民族语言播音，出版民族文字图书的各类出版社有32家，11个少数民族语言电影译制中心可进行17个少数民族语种、37种少数民族方言的译制，2012－2015年共完成3000余部（次）电影的少数民族语言译制。2015年，出版少数民族文字图书9192种、6912万册（张），报纸19609万份，期刊1245万册。
Cultural programs in ethnic minority areas are developing. China has vigorously supported cultural development in ethnic minority areas. Through such programs as the Frontier Cultural Corridor Project and National Cultural Information Resources Sharing Project, China has improved the public cultural service system in ethnic minority areas. By the end of 2015, nine natural and cultural sites scattered in China’s ethnic minority areas, including the Potala Palace in Tibet, were added to UNESCO’s World Heritage List. Fourteen ethnic minority arts including Uygur Muqam of Xinjiang were added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, and another four, including the Qiang ethnic group’s New Year Festival, were added to the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. Ten experimental zones for cultural protection in ethnic minority areas have been established. A total of 479 ethnic minority heritage items have been included in the four lists of national representative intangible cultural heritage, and 524 trustees from ethnic minority groups have been put on the four lists of national representative trustees of intangible cultural heritage. The book series of explanatory notes on ancient books of ethnic minority groups, titled Synopsis of the General Catalogue of Ancient Books of Ethnic Minority Groups of China, was published in 2014. China has promoted the regulation, standardization and computerized processing of languages and scripts of ethnic minority groups. Projects have been initiated for the research and formulation of regulations on the transliteration of personal names into standard Chinese from Mongolian, Tibetan, Uygur, Kazakh, Yi and other ethnic minority languages. China has set up databanks for ethnic minority languages on the brink of extinction, and initiated and implemented the Project for the Protection of Chinese Language Resources. By the end of 2015, a total of 54 ethnic minority groups were using more than 80 spoken languages of their own ethnic groups, and 21 ethnic minority groups were using 28 scripts of their own ethnic groups. Now nearly 200 radio stations nationwide broadcast in 25 ethnic minority languages; 32 publishing houses of various types publish books in ethnic minority languages; 11 film dubbing centers, using 17 ethnic minority languages and 37 ethnic minority dialects, finished the dubbing of movies, amounting to over 3,000 versions from 2012 to 2015. In 2015, China produced many publications in ethnic minority languages, including 69.12 million copies of 9,192 book titles, 196.09 million copies of newspapers and 12.45 million copies of periodicals.
——老年人、残疾人和进城务工人员等群体的文化发展受到高度重视。积极依托公共图书馆、文化馆等公共文化设施开办老年大学，创办了一批示范性老年大学，满足老年人多层次的文化需求。残疾人参与文化体育活动的环境不断改善。截至2015年年底，助残志愿者联络站已发展到30多万个，登记在册助残志愿者共计850万人，受助残疾人上亿万人次。颁布《国家信息化发展战略纲要》，加快政府网站信息无障碍建设，鼓励社会力量为残疾人提供个性化信息服务。国务院门户网站设立“残疾人服务”专栏，国家级盲文图书馆、盲人数字图书馆上线，截至2014年底全国各级公共图书馆设立盲人阅览室1515个。截至2015年年底，全国已建成公共电子阅览室65918 个，重点为老年人和进城务工人员等群体提供服务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Cultural development for the elderly, the disabled and rural migrant workers has received high attention. Relying on public libraries, cultural centers and other cultural facilities, China has opened a group of demonstration universities for the elderly to meet their multi-level cultural demands. China has also improved the environment for the disabled, encouraging them to participate in cultural and sports activities. By the end of 2015, China had more than 300,000 liaison stations for volunteers helping the disabled, with 8.5 million registered volunteers, providing 100 million interventions on behalf of the disabled. China has issued the “Outline for the National IT Application Development Strategy,” enhanced information accessibility of government websites, and encouraged non-governmental organizations to provide individualized information services to the disabled. The official website of the State Council (http://www.gov.cn/) has opened a special column for services for the disabled. The China Braille Library and China Digital Library for the visually impaired went online. By the end of 2014, China had set up 1,515 reading rooms for the visually impaired in public libraries at all levels nationwide. By the end of 2015, China had set up 65,918 public e-libraries, mainly to serve the elderly and rural migrant workers.
六、全面提升社会发展
VI. Promoting Social Development
中国以追求全体人民共享发展和共同富裕为发展目标。多年来，中国致力于发展各项社会事业，建立和完善各类社会保障和社会服务制度，不断改善社会保障水平，努力供给有效的社会资源，促进教育公平，使全体人民共享发展成果。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China pursues shared development and common prosperity for all people as its development goals.
Over the years, China has been committed to developing various social undertakings, establishing and improving various types of social security and social service systems, and continuously improving the provision of social security. It has striven to provide effective social resources and promote equal access to education so that all share the fruits of development.
——人民健康权保障水平大幅提高。婴儿死亡率从新中国成立之初的200‰下降到2015年的8.1‰，孕产妇死亡率从1500/10万下降到20.1/10万。1978年至2015年，国家卫生总费用从110.21亿元增长到40974.64亿元，其中政府卫生支出从35.44亿元增长到12475.28亿元；人均卫生费用从11.5元增长到2980.8元；医疗卫生机构从169732个增长到983528个；卫生人员总数从788.3万人增长到1069.39万人。2015年，社区医疗卫生服务机构数达到36.1万个，覆盖率为52.9%。提供住宿的社会服务机构床位从1991年的82.8万张增长到2015年的732.9万张，其中养老服务床位从78.3万张增长到672.7万张，儿童床位从0.7万张增长到10万张。1988年至2015年，通过实施国家重点康复工程，累计为2797.8万各类残疾人提供康复服务。截至2015年年底，残疾人康复机构达7111个，专业人员达19.2万人；为智力、精神和重度残疾人提供服务的各级各类托养机构达到6352个，比2010年增加了2323个。2016年10月，中国发布《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》，提出“全民健身生活化”。
Protection of the right to health has significantly increased. The infant mortality rate has dropped from 20 percent in 1949, when the PRC was founded, to 0.81 percent in 2015, and the maternal mortality rate has dropped from 1,500 per 100,000 to 20.1 per 100,000. From 1978 to 2015, total national expenditure on health increased from RMB11.02 billion to RMB4.10 trillion, of which government expenditure on health increased from RMB3.54 billion to RMB1.25 trillion. Per capita health expenditure increased from RMB11.5 to RMB2,980.8, the number of medical and health institutions grew from 169,732 to 983,528, and the total number of health workers increased from 7,883,000 to 10,693,900. In 2015, the number of community medical and health service centers reached 361,000, with the coverage of 52.9 percent. The number of beds in social service institutions with accommodation increased from 828,000 in 1991 to 7,329,000 in 2015, of which beds for the elderly increased from 783,000 to 6,727,000, and those for children increased from 7,000 to 100,000. From 1988 to 2015 the government carried out a key state rehabilitation campaign, offering rehabilitation services for 27.98 million people with disabilities. By the end of 2015, there were 7,111 rehabilitation institutions for disabled persons, which employed 192,000 professionals, and 6,352 nursing agencies offering services to persons with learning, mental and physical disabilities, 2,323 more than the figure in 2010. In October 2016, China published the “Outline of Healthy China 2030” program, advocating that all people make fitness activities part of their life.
——覆盖全社会的保障体系基本建成。中国在全国范围内建立统一的城乡居民基本养老保险制度，制定了劳动者特别是进城务工人员参加城镇职工和城乡居民基本养老保险的制度衔接政策，2015年全国参加基本养老保险人数为8.58亿人，城乡居民实际领取养老待遇人数为1.48亿人。中国建立了覆盖全体国民的医疗保障体系，截至2015年年底，包括城镇职工基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗保险和城镇居民基本医疗保险在内的基本医疗保险参保人数达13.36亿人，参保率保持在95%以上，职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险、新型农村合作医疗政策范围内住院医疗费用报销比例分别达80%以上、70%以上和75%左右，基金最高支付限额分别提高到当地职工年平均工资和当地居民年人均可支配收入的6倍。1994年至2015年，失业保险参保人数从7967.8万人增长到17609.2万人，2015年保险基金收入达1364.63亿元，基金支出736.45亿元，每人每月平均领取失业保险金增加到968.4元；工伤预防、补偿、康复“三位一体”的工伤保险制度初步形成，参保人数从1822万人增长到21432万人；生育保险参保人数从916万人增加到17771万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
A security system covering the whole of society has taken shape. China has established a unified basic old-age insurance system for urban and rural residents throughout the country, and formulated policies to allow workers, and especially rural migrant workers, to participate in basic pension insurance for urban workers and for urban and rural residents. In 2015, 858 million people were covered by the basic pension insurance scheme, and 148 million urban and rural residents were receiving pensions. By the end of 2015, China had established a medical insurance system covering all citizens. The basic medical insurance for urban workers, basic medical insurance for urban residents, and the new rural cooperative medical insurance cover a total of 1,336 million people, keeping the insured rate above 95 percent. The reimbursement rate of hospitalization expenses for workers within the scope of the basic medical insurance exceeded 80 percent, with an increased maximum payment of six times the average annual salary of local workers, and the rate for urban residents within the coverage of the basic medical insurance was around 70 percent, an increase to six times the per capita disposable income of local residents. The reimbursement rates of hospitalization expenses for rural residents within the scope of the new rural cooperative insurance was above 75 percent. From 1994 to 2015, the number of people covered by unemployment insurance increased from 79.68 million to 176.09 million. In 2015, the revenues of the unemployment insurance fund reached RMB136.46 billion, and the expenditure was RMB73.65 billion, and the average monthly payment to the unemployed was increased to RMB968.4. The framework of a work-related injury insurance system involving work injury prevention, compensation, and rehabilitation has been established, which has seen the number of insured growing from 18.22 million in 1994 to 214.32 million in 2015. The number of women covered by the maternity insurance program increased from 9.16 million to 177.71 million.
——社会救助力度不断加大。1997年，中国开始在全国范围内建立最低生活保障制度，先后颁布了《城市居民最低生活保障条例》《社会救助暂行办法》，保障全体公民平等获取社会救助的权利。城市居民最低生活保障人数从1996年的84.9万人增长到2015年的1701.1万人，农村居民最低生活保障人数从1999年的265.8万人增长到2015年的4903.6万人。中国不断提高最低生活保障标准，2011年正式建立城乡低保标准动态调整机制，2015年城市低保平均标准为每人每月451元，月人均补助水平317元；农村低保平均标准为每人每月265元，月人均补助水平147元。中国先后制定了一系列的防灾减灾救灾规划和法规，灾害救助工作水平不断提高。2009年至2015年，累计下拨中央自然灾害生活救助资金694.6亿元，年均99亿元。2015年全国实施医疗救助9523.8万人次，支出医疗救助资金298.5亿元。为遭遇突发性、紧迫性、临时性生活困难，而其他社会救助制度暂时无法覆盖或救助之后基本生活暂时仍有严重困难的群众提供临时救助，2015年共有667.1万户次家庭获得临时救助。安全生产应急救援体系不断完善，全国共建立32个省级、316个市级应急救援指挥机构，煤矿、非煤矿山、化工等重点行业领域应急救援基地和应急救援队伍964个，2015年参与12438起救援，抢救遇险44344人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Social assistance efforts continue to increase. In 1997, the Chinese government began to establish a nationwide system of basic living allowances. It promulgated the Regulations on Guaranteeing Basic Living Allowances for Urban Residents in 1999 and the Interim Measures for Social Assistance in 2014, to ensure all citizens have equal access to social assistance. From 1996 to 2015, the number of urban residents covered by the system of basic living allowances increased from 849,000 to 17.01 million, and, from 1999 to 2015, coverage of rural residents grew from 2.66 million to 49.04 million. The government continues to raise the basic living allowances. In 2011, it formally established a dynamic adjustment mechanism for basic living allowances. In 2015, the average basic living allowance line for urban residents was RMB451 per person per month, and the average monthly subsidy each person received from the government was RMB317. The average basic living allowance line for rural residents was RMB265 per person per month, and the average per capita monthly subsidy provided by the government was RMB147.
China has formulated a series of disaster prevention and relief plans and regulations, gradually strengthening and standardizing disaster relief work. From 2009 to 2015, the central government allocated RMB69.46 billion as natural disaster relief funds, averagely RMB9.9 billion for each year. In 2015, China provided medical assistance to 95.24 million people at a cost of RMB29.85 billion. The government also provides temporary relief to people who suffer sudden, urgent or temporary difficulties when other social assistance systems cannot cover them at the time, or people who still lack basic necessities after receiving assistance. In 2015, 6.67 million households received temporary relief. The industrial safety and emergency rescue system has been continuously improved. Altogether 32 provincial and 316 municipal emergency rescue centers, and 964 emergency rescue bases and teams have been established nationwide, covering coal, non-coal mines, chemicals, and other key industries. In 2015, they took part in 12,438 missions and rescued 44,344 people.
——教育公平得到更好落实。城乡教育差距进一步缩小。深入推进义务教育均衡发展，统筹推进县域内城乡义务教育一体化改革发展，实施贫困地区义务教育薄弱学校改造等工程，全面改善农村义务教育学校和教学点基本办学条件。严格落实义务教育免试就近入学法律规定，推行学区制和九年一贯对口招生。2015年，国务院印发《关于进一步完善城乡义务教育经费保障机制的通知》，建立城乡统一、重在农村的义务教育经费保障机制，惠及1.4亿学生，其中包括1300多万进城务工人员随迁子女、3000万以上寄宿制学生、1200万左右民办学校就读学生、500万左右小规模学校的学生和特殊教育学生。从2011年秋季学期起，实施农村义务教育学生营养改善计划，每年惠及3000多万学生。增加农村学生上重点大学的人数，自2012年起实施国家农村和贫困地区定向招生等专项计划，2015年共招收7.5万名学生，比2014年增长了10.5%。
Equal access to education has improved. The gap between urban and rural education has been further narrowed. The Chinese government further promotes the balanced development of compulsory education, carries forward unified reform and development of compulsory education in urban and rural areas of counties, implements such projects as renovation of unsatisfactory compulsory education schools in poor areas, and works to improve conditions for compulsory education schools and teaching venues in rural areas.
he Chinese government strictly follows laws and regulations about compulsory education whereby school-age children should be enrolled in nearby schools without the need to sit exams. It also promotes the school district system and the nine-year compulsory system, under which an elementary school pupil will automatically move on to study in the junior high school in the same school district irrespective of his grades in the elementary school. In 2015, the State Council promulgated the “Notice on Further Improving the Mechanism Guaranteeing Funds for Compulsory Education in Urban and Rural Areas.” With this notice, China established a mechanism for the first time that applies common funding standards to both urban and rural areas, with the focus on the latter. The mechanism benefits 140 million students, including more than 13 million children of rural migrant workers, more than 30 million boarding students, about 12 million private school students, and about 5 million small-scale school students and students receiving special education. From the fall semester of 2011, the government started to carry out a nutrition improvement program for rural students receiving compulsory education. The program benefits over 30 million students every year. Efforts have been made to increase the number of rural student enrollments in key universities. Since 2012, the government has implemented special national programs on targeted enrollment in rural and poor areas. In 2015, 75,000 students were enrolled, an increase of 10.5 percent over 2014.
区域教育差距进一步缩小。提高中西部省份高考录取率，扩大“支援中西部地区招生协作计划”规模，2015年录取率最低省份与全国平均水平的差距从2010年的15.3个百分点缩小至5个百分点以内。实施中西部高等教育振兴计划，中央财政加大投入力度，加强中西部高校基础能力建设，提升中西部高校综合实力。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Regional gap in education has further narrowed. The government has increased the college and university enrollment rate of the students from central and western provinces and expanded the scope of the Collaboration Program on Supporting Enrollment in Central and Western Regions. In 2015, the province with the lowest enrollment rate saw the gap with the national average narrowed from 15.3 percentage points in 2010 to less than 5 percentage points. The government has also established the Program on Rejuvenating Higher Education in Central and Western Regions. The central government has provided more funds to strengthen the basic facilities and performance of colleges and universities in these regions.
群体教育差距进一步缩小。女性教育获得长足发展，2013年女性15岁及以上文盲率为6.7%，比1995年降低17.4个百分点，女性文盲人口比1995年减少7000多万，女性人均受教育的增幅和文盲率的下降幅度均大于男性。确保流动儿童平等接受义务教育，2015年全国义务教育学校共接纳进城务工人员随迁子女1367万人，在公办学校就读比例保持在80%，另有近6%通过政府购买学位在民办学校就读。2016年，国务院公布《关于加强农村留守儿童关爱保护工作的意见》和《关于加强困境儿童保障工作的意见》，维护未成年人合法权益。扩大残疾人受教育机会，基本实现30万人口以上且残疾儿童较多的县都有1所独立设置的特殊教育学校，支持建立特殊教育资源中心，鼓励普通学校接收特殊儿童，为残疾学生参加普通高考提供合理便利，促进整合教育，盲、聋、智障三类残疾儿童义务教育入学率接近90%。健全家庭经济困难学生资助体系，实现从学前教育到研究生教育全覆盖，2015年全国共资助各级各类学生8433.31多万人次，比2009年增长29.36%；资助总额超过1560.25亿元，是2009年的2.25倍。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Educational gap between different groups has further narrowed. Female education has made remarkable progress. In 2013, the number of illiterate females aged 15 and above was 6.7 percent, 17.4 percentage points lower than that in 1995, and the illiterate female population had decreased by more than 70 million compared with 1995. The growth in the number of educated women and the decline in female illiteracy are both greater than those of males.
The government is striving to ensure equal access to compulsory education for children of rural migrant workers. In 2015, compulsory education schools in urban areas of China admitted a total of 13.67 million children of rural migrant workers, with around 80 percent studying at public schools and nearly 6 percent at private schools through a government-funded scheme. In 2016, the State Council promulgated the “Opinions on Strengthening Care and Protection of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas” and “Opinions on Strengthening Protection of Children in Difficult Situation” to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of minors. The Chinese government also works hard to offer greater education opportunities to persons with disabilities. There is one independent special education school in every county with a population of more than 300,000 people and a high population of disabled children. The government also supports the establishment of special education resource centers, encourages regular schools to enroll children with special needs, provides convenience for disabled students to take part in college entrance examinations, and promotes integrated education. Almost 90 percent of blind, deaf-mute, and mentally handicapped children have access to compulsory education. It works to improve the system for subsidizing students with financial difficulties, which offers full coverage from pre-school education to graduate education. In 2015, the government subsidized more than 84.33 million students throughout China, an increase of 29.36 percent compared with 2009, and spent more than RMB156.03 billion, 2.25 times the level of 2009.
少数民族教育发展水平不断提升。中国已形成了包括民族小学、民族中学、民族职业院校、民族高等学校在内的民族教育体系。新中国成立前，中国少数民族文盲率在95%以上，全国仅有1所少数民族高等学校。新中国成立初期，全国普通高校中只有少数民族学生1300人，占比1.4%。到2015年，少数民族和民族地区教育水平全面提高，全国少数民族在校学生达到2595.57万人，已有各类少数民族高等学校32所，少数民族本专科学生达214.29万人，占全国普通高校本专科在校生的比例为8.16%。少数民族享受高等教育发展权利的水平逐步提高、范围日益扩大，实现对所有少数民族从本科教育到研究生教育的全覆盖，55个少数民族都有了研究生，2012－2015年，少数民族高层次骨干人才计划共招收培养1.6万名硕士研究生，4000名博士研究生。
The quality of education for ethnic minorities has been continuously improved. China has already created an ethnic education system including ethnic minority primary schools, middle schools, vocational colleges and higher education institutions. Before the PRC was founded in 1949, the illiteracy rate of ethnic minorities in China was above 95 percent, and there was only one higher education institution for ethnic minorities. In the early days of the PRC, there were only 1,300 ethnic minority students in institutions of higher learning across the country, accounting for only 1.4 percent of all students. By 2015, the education level of ethnic minority groups and ethnic minority areas had grown comprehensively. There were 25,955,700 ethnic minority students at that time. There were 32 different types of ethnic minority colleges and universities, and 2,142,900 junior college and college students from ethnic minority groups, accounting for 8.16 percent of the national total. Ethnic minority peoples have expanding access to a broader scope of higher education. Full coverage from undergraduate education to graduate education has been realized for all ethnic minority groups. All of China’s 55 ethnic minority groups have graduate students. From 2012 to 2015, under the Program for Training High Caliber Core Personnel for Ethnic Minority Groups, China enrolled and trained 16,000 master’s degree candidates and 4,000 doctoral candidates.
七、加快落实绿色发展
VII. Accelerating Environment-Friendly Development
中国坚持绿色发展理念，加快推进生态文明建设进程，让中华大地天更蓝、山更绿、水更清、环境更优美，让良好生态环境成为人民生活的增长点，让可持续发展成果惠及全体人民。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China is committed to the concept of environment-friendly development and strives to expedite the country’s ecological progress to deliver a more livable and beautiful environment for the people. It aims to make a good eco-environment a focal point for improving people’s living standards, and create sustainable development that benefits all the people.
——基本国策保障绿色发展。1973年，中国召开第一次全国环保工作会议。1979年，通过第一部环境保护法。1983年，将保护环境确立为基本国策。1994年，审议通过《中国21世纪议程》，成为世界上第一个制定实施本国可持续发展战略的国家。2000年，将保护生态环境全面纳入国民经济与社会发展规划。2013年以来，中国全面加快推进生态文明建设，提出《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》。目前，已经形成了资源节约和环境保护法律体系，包括32部法律、48部行政法规、85件部门规章。共有各级环保系统机构14257个。截至2015年年底，全国森林面积达2.08亿公顷，森林覆盖率达21.66%，草原综合植被覆盖率达54%，城市建成区绿化覆盖率为40.1%。自然保护区建设实现统筹发展，全国自然保护区总数达到2740个，总面积约14703万公顷。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The basic state policy of environmental protection underpins environment-friendly development. In 1973, China convened its first national work conference on environmental protection, and adopted its first Law on Environmental Protection in 1979. In 1983, China made environmental protection a basic state policy. China became the first country in the world to formulate and implement a national sustainable development strategy when it released China’s Agenda 21 in 1994. The year 2000 first saw protection of the eco-environment being incorporated into the national economic and social development program. Since 2013, China has been accelerating ecological progress in an all-round way; the CPC Central Committee and the State Council jointly issued “Opinions on Accelerating Ecological Progress” in 2015. A legal system pivoting on energy conservation and environmental protection has been formed, comprising 32 laws, 48 administrative regulations, and 85 departmental rules of the State Council. Currently, there are 14,257 government agencies involved in environmental protection at all levels.
By the end of 2015, national forestry coverage had reached 208 million ha, representing about 22 percent of China’s total land area; the vegetation coverage rate of grasslands had reached 54 percent, and the greenery coverage rate of urban built-up areas was 40.1 percent. Nature reserves have been developing in a unified way. Today China has 2,740 nature reserves, covering a total area of 147.03 million ha.
——环境治理改善绿色发展。建立国家生态环保综合决策机制和区域协调机制，形成政府、企业和公众共治的生态环境治理体系。生态环保技术研发水平不断提高，生态环境监控强度和环境污染治理能力不断增强。大气污染控制呈现良好发展趋势，煤炭消费量占能源消费量的比重显著下降，水电、风电、核电、天然气等清洁能源消费量不断上升。“十一五”以来，万元国内生产总值能耗累计下降34%，累计节能15.7亿吨标准煤，累计形成的节能量占全球同期节能量一半以上。2015年，城市污水处理率达到91.9%，城市生活垃圾无害化处理率达到94.1%，人均公园绿地面积达到13.35平方米。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Environmental governance enhances environment-friendly development. A national integrated decision-making mechanism and regional coordination mechanisms have been established for the protection of the eco-environment, forming an environmental governance system jointly implemented by the government, enterprises and the public. Research and development in the technology for environmental protection is improving, and there has been continuous reinforcement of environmental monitoring efforts and pollution control capability.
Air pollution control is making steady progress. The proportion of coal consumption in total energy provision is decreasing year by year, while the contribution of hydropower, wind power, nuclear power, natural gas and other types of clean energy is increasing. Since the beginning of the 11th Five-Year Program (2006-2010), China’s energy consumption per RMB10,000 GDP has decreased by 34 percent, saving 1.57 billion tons of coal equivalent, more than half of the energy saved by the whole world in this period. In 2015, the urban wastewater treatment rate reached 91.9 percent, and the pollution-free disposal rate of urban domestic solid waste was 94.1 percent. Urban park green space per capita reached 13.35 square meters.
——生态经济推动绿色发展。全国建成由2个国家站、33个省级站、300多个地市级站和1700多个县级站组成的农业环境保护工作体系。先后在太湖、巢湖、洱海和三峡库区等污染防治重点流域，建设了农业面源污染综合防治示范区，设立106个国家级绿色防控示范区，带动绿色防控面积达5亿亩以上。建设了两批国家级生态农业示范县共计100余个，带动省级生态农业示范县500多个，建成生态农业示范点2000多处。农业高新技术产业长效发展，农业灌溉水利用系数提高到0.536。持续加大技术改造投资力度，积极推动新型工业发展进程。2016年1－9月，全国工业完成技术改造投资达6.6万亿元，同比增长13.4%，占工业投资的比重达到40%。大力发展第三产业以增加绿色国内生产总值，拓展网络经济空间，2015年全国网上零售额达38773亿元，比2014年增长33.3%。
Ecological economics fosters environment-friendly development. China has completed a system of working centers for agricultural environmental protection, consisting of two at national level, 33 at provincial level, more than 300 at prefectural level, and more than 1,700 at county level. In the drainage basins of Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake, Erhai Lake, the Three Gorges reservoir region, and other major drainage basins requiring pollution prevention and control, model areas of diffuse agricultural pollution prevention and control have been established, and 106 national model areas of eco-friendly prevention and control of plant diseases and pests have been set up, covering more than 33 million ha of farmland. More than 100 counties in two batches have been built into national models of ecological farming, prompting the development of over 500 provincial-level model counties. More than 2,000 model sites of ecological farming have been completed.
The agricultural hi-tech industry places its emphasis on long-term development. Field water application efficiency in agricultural irrigation has been raised to 0.536. Investments in technological upgrading have been reinforced, and efforts have been made to promote the new industrial development. Between January and September 2016, investments in industrial technological upgrading amounted to RMB6.6 trillion, an increase of 13.4 percent over the same period of 2015 and accounting for 40 percent of all industrial investments. The tertiary sector has been encouraged and supported to develop faster and generate more green GDP. The expanding Internet economy recorded a turnover of RMB3.88 trillion in the online retail industry in 2015, an increase of 33.3 percent over 2014.
——政策扶持促进绿色发展。国家通过整体规划、分类治理、强化补偿，积极保护生态脆弱区可持续发展，区域生态环境已步入良性循环轨道。中国中度以上生态脆弱区占全国陆地国土空间的55%，其中约三分之二集中分布在西部地区。2005年国务院明确提出生态脆弱区实行限制开发，2008年制定实施《全国生态脆弱区保护纲要（2009－2020年）》。到2015年，生态脆弱区战略环境影响评价执行率达到100%，新增治理面积达30%以上，生态产业示范已在生态脆弱区全面开展。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Policy support bolsters environment-friendly development. The state has made active efforts to protect the sustainable development of ecologically fragile areas through integrated planning, targeted treatment, and the ecological compensation mechanism, creating a virtuous cycle for regional eco-environments. Ecological areas of medium fragility make up 55 percent of China’s land area, with two thirds concentrated in the western regions. In 2005, the State Council prescribed restrictive development in ecologically fragile areas. The “Outline for the Conservation of Ecologically Fragile Areas in China (2009-2020)” was promulgated in 2008. By 2015, environmental impact assessment had been implemented in all ecologically fragile areas, a 30 percent increase of targeted areas had been brought under the strategy, and models of the ecological industry have been promoted in ecologically fragile areas.
——履行国际公约推进全球绿色发展。中国率先制定实施应对气候变化国家方案，先后向国际社会承诺2020年应对气候变化目标任务和2030年国家自主贡献，多年来积极采取强有力的政策行动，探索低碳发展道路。颁布实施《中国淘汰消耗臭氧层物质国家方案》。超额完成《蒙特利尔议定书》规定的含氢氟烃（HCFCs）第一阶段淘汰任务，累计淘汰的消耗臭氧层物质约占发展中国家的50%。在《斯德哥尔摩公约》26种受控持久性有机污染物中已全面淘汰了17种的生产、使用和进出口，三个行业二噁英排放强度降低超过15%。成立“中国生物多样性保护国家委员会”，发布实施《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划（2011－2030年）》。签署并批准《关于汞的水俣公约》。积极建设性参加气候变化国际谈判，认真履行《联合国气候变化框架公约》，积极推动《巴黎协定》的达成和生效，使《巴黎协定》成为历史上批约生效最快的国际条约之一，为全世界可持续发展作出了新贡献。
Commitments to international conventions propel environmentally-friendly development. China was among the first countries to formulate and implement a national climate change plan, and pledged to achieve its 2020 goals laid out in the “National Plan on Climate Change (2014-2020)” and 2030 goals set out in the “Enhanced Actions on Climate Change: China’s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions” released in 2015. Over the years, China has taken effective policy actions to honor its commitments. Moving along the path toward low-carbon development, China enacted the “National Plan for Reducing Ozone-depleting Substances” and achieved ahead of schedule its first-stage hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) phase-out goal as part of its commitment to the “Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.” China’s reduction of ozone-depleting substances accounts for approximately half of the total reduction by developing countries. China has eliminated the production, use, and import and export of 17 of the 26 types of persistent organic pollutants listed in the “Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,” and reduced the dioxin emissions of three industries that are major emitters of dioxins by more than 15 percent. Furthermore, the state has established the National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation, enacted the “China Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2011-2030)” and signed the Minamata Convention on Mercury. China is an active and constructive participant in international talks on climate change, and makes robust efforts to bolster the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. China has made significant efforts in moving the Paris Agreement on greenhouse gas emissions mitigation toward adoption and taking effect, making it one of the fastest major international agreements ever to enter into force and further contributing to the world’s sustainable development.
八、推动实现共同发展
VIII. Promoting Common Development
中国坚持相互尊重、平等相待、合作共赢、共同发展的原则，把中国人民的利益同各国人民的共同利益结合起来，支持和帮助发展中国家特别是最不发达国家减少贫困、改善民生、改善发展环境，推动建设人类命运共同体。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
China upholds the principles of mutual respect, equality of treatment, win-win cooperation, and common development, and promotes the interests of its own people and the common interests of other peoples. China supports the developing countries, especially the least developed countries (LDCs), in reducing poverty, improving people’s wellbeing and the development environment, in order to build a human community of shared future.
——捍卫发展权利。作为联合国的创始会员国，中国参与起草并签署《联合国宪章》，推动通过《世界人权宣言》，秉持《经济社会文化权利国际公约》《公民及政治权利国际公约》精神，支持联合国通过《关于人权新概念的决议案》和《关于发展权的决议》。中国参加了联合国人权委员会起草《发展权利宣言》的政府专家组的历届会议，为在1986年正式通过《发展权利宣言》作出重要贡献。中国一直是人权委员会关于发展权问题决议的共同提案国，积极支持人权委员会关于实现发展权问题的全球磋商，支持将发展权问题作为一个单独的议题在人权委员会加以审议。自2006年联合国人权理事会成立以来，中国四度当选人权理事会成员，为发展权主流化贡献了中国智慧和力量。
Defending the right to development. As an original member state of the United Nations, China participated in drafting the Charter of the United Nations and signed it, facilitated the publication of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” upheld the principles prescribed in the “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights” and the “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights,” and facilitated the passing of the resolution on the new concepts of human rights and the resolution on the right to development. China participated in all the previous meetings of the Group of Governmental Experts of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) for drafting the “Declaration on the Right to Development,” and made an important contribution to the formal adoption of the Declaration in 1986. China has always been a co-sponsor of UNCHR resolutions on the right to development, supporting the UNCHR’s global debate on realizing the right to development, and consenting to the deliberation of the right to development by the UNCHR as a separate issue. Since the UNHRC was established in 2006, China has been elected as a member four times, and has contributed its wisdom and strength to making the right to development a mainstream issue.
——参与发展议程。中国率先响应可持续发展战略，坚定支持并全力落实《联合国千年宣言》，已经实现或基本实现了13项千年发展目标指标，在有效提升中国人民发展权保障水平的同时，推动了全球共同发展。中国积极促进国际社会达成并实施2030年可持续发展议程，发布了《落实2030年可持续发展议程中方立场文件》和《中国落实2030年可持续发展议程国别方案》，在二十国集团领导人杭州峰会上共同制定《二十国集团落实2030年可持续发展议程行动计划》《二十国集团支持非洲和最不发达国家工业化倡议》等，为加快各国尤其是发展中国家的整体发展进程注入了强劲动力。2015年9月，中国与联合国妇女署共同举办全球妇女峰会，落实2030年可持续发展议程相关目标。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Participating in the formulation of the development agenda. China was the first to voice support for the sustainable development strategy. It has supported and implemented the “United Nations Millennium Declaration,” and achieved 13 of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. While effectively improving the protection of its own people’s right to development, China has also promoted the common development of the world. It has helped the international community to pass and implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and issued “China’s Position Paper on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and “China’s National Plan on Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” At the G20 Hangzhou Summit, China joined other countries in formulating the “G20 Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” and the “G20 Initiative on Supporting Industrialization in Africa and Least Developed Countries,” adding impetus to the overall development of all countries and developing countries in particular. In September 2015 China and UN Women co-organized the Global Summit of Women, and implemented the goals related to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
——拓宽发展之路。多年来，中国在尊重各国自主选择的社会制度和发展道路的基础上，不断拓宽发展思路、发展理念，坚持与各国一道走公平、开放、全面、创新的发展之路。中国积极为各国特别是发展中国家争取公平的发展，使各国都成为全球发展的参与者、贡献者，公平分享发展权益，推动在同一目标下不同发展程度的国家承担共同但有区别的责任，提升发展中国家在全球治理体系中规则制定权和话语权。中国坚持开放的发展，与各国共同维护多边贸易体制，使生产要素在全球自由流动，让发展成果惠及各方，为各国人民共享。中国追求全面的发展，实现经济、社会、环境协调发展，实现人与社会、人与自然和谐相处。中国推动创新的发展，以发展的方式解决发展中的难题，培育新的核心竞争力，高度重视发挥联合国领导作用，积极加快区域组织一体化进程，通过整合力量、优势互补提升发展竞争力，让发展潜力充分释放。
Expanding the path to development. Over the years, based on the principle that all countries are entitled to choose their own social systems and development paths, China has expanded its development mindset and philosophy, and joined other countries in seeking equitable, open, all-round and innovation-driven development. China strives for equitable development for all countries and for developing countries in particular, so that all countries can become participants in and contributors to global development and equitably share the interests of development. China calls on all countries, which share the same development goals yet are at different development levels, to take on common but differentiated responsibilities. China has advocated the developing countries’ right to a greater voice in formulating the rules of the global governance system. China keeps the open-door policy while pursuing development. It joins other countries in upholding the multilateral trade regime and promotes the free flow of production factors around the world so that the achievements of development will benefit all parties and people in all countries. China pursues all-round development, to achieve balanced development between economy, society and environment, and to realize harmony between humanity and society, and between humanity and nature. China promotes innovation-driven development, addresses problems arising in development by means of development, and fosters new core competitiveness. China places great value on the leadership of the United Nations, encourages regional economic integration, and improves its competitive development by integrating the strengths and advantages of various parties, so as to fully release its development potential.
——深化发展合作。中国一直秉持义利相兼、以义为先的原则，致力于增强各国发展能力、改善国际发展环境、优化发展伙伴关系、健全发展协调机制，积极推动国际发展合作，推动各国人民发展权的普遍实现。中国积极推动普惠包容发展，参与全球经济治理，坚持南北合作主渠道地位，深化南南合作和三方合作，加强区域经济合作及与新兴经济体的合作，探索更多更有效的合作共赢方式。中国政府发挥上海合作组织、中国—东盟（10+1）、东盟与中日韩（10+3）、东亚峰会、中日韩合作、亚太经合组织、亚欧会议、亚洲合作对话、亚信、中阿合作论坛、中国—海合会战略对话、大湄公河次区域经济合作、中亚区域经济合作等现有双多边机制与区域合作平台，让更多国家和地区参与“一带一路”建设，推动各国共同发展。中国出资成立丝路基金，发起建立亚洲基础设施投资银行，推动成立澜沧江—湄公河合作机制，为“一带一路”沿线国家基础设施、资源开发、产业合作和金融合作等与互联互通有关的项目提供投融资支持。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Furthering cooperation for development. China adheres to the principle of maintaining integrity and pursuing interests while giving priority to integrity, strives to improve the development capacity of all countries and the international development environment, partnership and coordination mechanisms for international development cooperation to realize the rights of all people to development. China propels inclusive and mutually-beneficial development, while participating in global economic governance. Regarding North-South economic cooperation as the main focus, China continues to expand South-South, tripartite, regional economic cooperation, and cooperation with emerging economies and, at the same time, explore more effective means of win-win cooperation. To realize common development the Chinese government endeavors to involve more countries and regions in the Belt and Road Initiative, relying on existing bilateral and multilateral mechanisms such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, ASEAN Plus China (10+1) Summit, ASEAN Plus China, Japan and the ROK (10+3) Summit, East Asia Summit, China-Japan-ROK Cooperation, APEC, Asia-Europe Meeting, Asia Cooperation Dialogue, Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, China-Arab States Cooperation Forum, China-Gulf Cooperation Council Strategic Dialogue, Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program, and Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation. China has established the Silk Road Fund, initiated the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and set up the Lancang-Mekong River cooperation mechanism, in order to provide financing support for the Belt and Road countries to coordinate programs on infrastructure, resource development, and industrial and financial cooperation.
——加大发展援助。60多年来，中国共向166个国家和国际组织提供了近4000亿元人民币援助，为发展中国家培训各类人员1200多万人次，派遣60多万援助人员，其中700多人为他国发展献出了宝贵生命。2008年以来，中国连续多年成为最不发达国家第一大出口市场，吸收最不发达国家约23%的产品出口。为进一步推进发展中国家经济增长和民生改善，促进共同发展，中国将设立“南南合作援助基金”，继续增加对最不发达国家投资，免除符合条件国家的特定债务，设立国际发展知识中心，继续推进“一带一路”建设。未来5年，中国将向发展中国家提供“6个100”项目支持，包括100个减贫项目，100个农业合作项目，100个促贸援助项目，100个生态保护和应对气候变化项目，100所医院和诊所，100所学校和职业培训中心；向发展中国家提供12万个来华培训和15万个奖学金名额，为发展中国家培养50万名职业技术人员；设立南南合作与发展学院，向世界卫生组织提供200万美元的现汇援助。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Increasing development aid. Over the past 60 years China has provided approximately RMB400 billion in aid to 166 countries and international organizations. It has trained more than 12 million personnel from developing countries, and dispatched over 600,000 people to aid development in other countries. Seven hundred people have given their lives in the course of these programs. Since 2008, China has been the largest export market of the LDCs, and absorbed about 23 percent of their exports. To improve economic growth and standards of living in the developing countries, China will set up a South-South Cooperation Fund, increase its investment in the LDCs, write off certain countries’ debts, establish an International Development Knowledge Center and further the Belt and Road Initiative. In the coming five years China will implement six “One Hundred Programs” targeting developing countries – 100 poverty reduction programs, 100 agricultural cooperation programs, 100 trade aid programs, 100 eco-protection and climate change programs, 100 hospitals and clinics, and 100 schools and vocational training centers. One hundred and twenty thousand training opportunities and 150,000 scholarships will be made available to developing countries in China, and 500,000 vocational technical personnel will be trained. China will set up a South-South Cooperation and Development Academy, and give the World Health Organization US$2 million in cash aid.
——提供特别待遇。中国作为发展中国家，主要是“特殊和差别待遇”衍生出的一系列贸易权利主张者而非义务承担者。但近年来中国逐渐承担起面向其他发展中国家的“特殊和差别待遇”义务，重点保护最不发达国家人民的发展权。2002年，中国与东南亚国家联盟签订了《全面经济合作框架协议》，对柬埔寨、老挝、缅甸和越南等东盟新成员国给予特殊和差别待遇及灵活性。2006年，中国加入《亚洲及太平洋经济和社会委员会发展中成员国关于贸易谈判的第一协定修正案》。中国海关总署先后颁布3个文件，将享受“特别优惠关税”政策的国家从非洲扩大到40个联合国认定的最不发达国家。
Providing special treatment. China, as a developing country, is an advocate for a number of trade rights based on the principle of “Special and differential treatment,” but not be obliged to provide the same treatment. However, in recent years, China has begun to provide “Special and differential treatment” to other developing countries, focusing on protecting the right to development of the LDCs. In 2002, China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) signed the Framework Agreement on China-ASEAN Comprehensive Economic Cooperation, offering special and differential treatment with flexibility to new ASEAN member states such as Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Viet Nam. In 2006, China joined the Amendment to the First Agreement on Trade Negotiations Among Developing Member Countries of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. China’s General Administration of Customs has issued three documents which have extended the range of countries enjoying its special preferential tariff from African countries to 40 LDCs recognized by the United Nations.
——改善发展环境。中国一直致力于与各国共同维护国际和平，坚决反对一切形式的恐怖主义，支持国际和地区反恐合作，为发展权营造和平和谐的环境，以和平促进发展，以发展巩固和平。近年来，中国努力为解决地区热点问题提供方案，深度参与伊朗核问题谈判，积极斡旋南苏丹国内和解，提出政治解决叙利亚问题“四步走”框架思路，促成阿富汗政府与塔利班开启和谈，为恢复朝鲜半岛核问题六方会谈逐步积累共识。迄今为止，中国共派出军事人员、警察和民事官员3.3万余人次参与联合国维和行动，目前共有2600余名维和人员在10个联合国任务区执行维和任务，是联合国安理会常任理事国中派出维和人员最多的国家。为支持改进和加强维和行动，中国将加入新的联合国维和能力待命机制，率先组建常备成建制维和警队，建设维和待命部队，今后5年为各国培训2000名维和人员，开展10个扫雷援助项目，向非盟提供总额为1亿美元的无偿军事援助，中国—联合国和平与发展基金的部分资金也将用于支持联合国维和行动。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Improving the development environment. China joins other countries in safeguarding international peace, opposes all forms of terrorism, and supports international and regional cooperation in fighting terrorism, in order to create an environment of peace and harmony that promotes development and thereby consolidates peace. In recent years, China has offered solutions to regional flashpoints: involving itself in the Iran nuclear talks; mediating for national reconciliation in South Sudan; proposing a four-step framework for political settlement of the Syrian issue; facilitating the peace talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban; promoting consensus on resuming the six-party talks on the nuclear issue on the Korean Peninsula. To date, China has sent 33,000 military, police and civilian personnel to join UN peacekeeping missions. Currently there are 2,600-plus Chinese peacekeeping personnel involved in 10 UN peacekeeping operations, making China the most active permanent member of the UN Security Council in terms of supplying peacekeeping personnel. In order to support and improve peacekeeping operations, China will join the new UN peacekeeping standby mechanism, take the lead in establishing regular peacekeeping police force units, and organize peacekeeping standby forces. In the coming five years, China will train 2,000 peacekeeping personnel for other countries, launch 10 demining aid programs, provide US$100 million of non-reimbursable military aid to the African Union, and allocate part of the China-UN Peace and Development Fund to support UN peacekeeping operations.
结束语
Conclusion
中国人民为争取发展，实现发展权，付出了艰辛努力并取得了巨大成就，创造了人类发展史上新的奇迹。中国为促进各国共同发展，建设人类命运共同体，作出了不懈努力并发挥了重大作用。中国永远是人类发展权利的捍卫者，永远是世界发展进步的推动力量。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
In the pursuit of development and their right to development, the Chinese people have made strenuous efforts and significant achievements. To promote common development and to build a community with shared future, China has made unremitting efforts and played an important role. It will always be a defender of humanity’s right to development, and a force to propel development and progress throughout the world.
人权没有最好，只有更好。人类实现更加充分的发展权，永远在路上。作为当今世界上最大的发展中国家，中国面临的发展任务异常艰巨，发展不平衡、不协调、不可持续等问题还比较突出，实现更高水平的发展，更加充分地保障发展权，还需作出更大努力。不断满足人民日益增长的物质文化需要，使每个人都能得到全面的发展，依然是中国共产党执政兴国的第一要务。
There will always be room for improvement in human rights, and the quest to improve people’s right to development is always underway. As the world’s largest developing country China faces daunting challenges, characterized by pressing problems such as unbalanced, uncoordinated, and unsustainable development. To achieve a higher level of development and better protect the people’s right to development, China needs to maintain its efforts. Meeting the people’s growing material and cultural needs and giving everyone access to sound development are still the primary tasks of the CPC in its governance of the country.
中国人民正在为实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标、实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而努力。随着“两个一百年”奋斗目标日益变为现实，中国将实现历史上亘古未有的伟大跨越，中国人民的发展权将得到更加充分的保障。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
The Chinese people are working hard to achieve the Two Centenary Goals and the Chinese Dream of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. With the realization of these goals, China will make a historic and unprecedented leap, and the Chinese people’s right to development will be further protected.
2015年9月，中国国家主席习近平在联合国发展峰会上发出倡议，呼吁各国以2030年可持续发展议程通过为新起点，共同走出一条公平、开放、全面、创新的发展之路，努力实现各国共同发展。中国将继续与国际社会一道，加强发展合作，促进发展经验互鉴，为进一步提高各国人民发展水平，建设人类命运共同体，作出自己应有的贡献。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
At the UN Sustainable Development Summit in September 2015, Chinese President Xi Jinping called upon all nations to mark a new starting point with the adoption of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and unite to chart a path of development that is fair, open, comprehensive, and innovative. China will continue to work with the international community, strengthen cooperation, promote exchanges of experience, and make its due contribution to further increase the level of development of all peoples of the world and build a community with shared future for mankind.
