中国司法领域人权保障的新进展
New Progress in the Judicial Protection of Human Rights in China
中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China
2016年9月
September 2016
目录
Contents
前言
Foreword
一、不断健全人权司法保障机制
I. Strengthen the Mechanism of Judicial Protection of Human Rights
二、进一步完善人权司法保障程序
II. Further Improve the Legal Guarantee Procedure of Human Rights
三、努力提高人权司法保障执行力
III. Enhance Judicial Protection of Human Rights
四、切实保障被羁押人合法权利
IV. Safeguard the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Detainees
前言
Foreword
尊重和保障人权，是中国的宪法原则，也是中国共产党、中国政府和中国人民的坚定意志与不懈追求。司法是维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线，司法领域的人权保障是人权事业发展的重要方面。多年来，特别是中共十八大以来，中国坚持人民主体地位，恪守以民为本理念，保证和发展人民当家作主，充分实现人民权利、充分保障人民权益，推动科学立法、严格执法、公正司法、全民守法，促进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，有效保障了人民依法享有广泛的权利和自由、履行应尽的义务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Respecting and protecting human rights is a constitutional principle in China. It also reflects the will and pursuit of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the Chinese government and the Chinese people. The judiciary is the last line of defense to safeguard social fairness and justice, and judicial protection of human rights is an important part of human rights progress in a country. In recent years, especially since the 18th National Congress of the CPC, China has upheld the dominant position of the people, taking a people-first approach and ensuring that the people are the masters of the nation. The state strives to ensure the rights of the people, fully protects their interests, and promotes legislature based on rational analysis, strict law enforcement, judicial justice, and observance of the law by all citizens. Progress has been made in modernizing the system and capacity of state governance. China has effectively protected the people’s rights and freedoms in an extensive array of fields in accordance with the law, while its people duly fulfill their obligations.
随着法治中国建设的全面推进，中国司法领域人权保障不断取得新进展：司法体制改革全面深化，司法职权配置进一步优化，司法责任制不断完善，司法公开大力推进，律师执业权利保障得到加强，公民参与司法的渠道继续拓宽，人权司法保障机制更加健全；实行立案登记制，修改完善诉讼制度，严格落实罪刑法定、疑罪从无、非法证据排除等法律原则，坚决防止和纠正冤假错案，人权司法保障程序更加规范；司法机关依法独立公正行使职权，司法公信力不断提高，国家赔偿、法律援助工作力度加大，司法的公平正义得到捍卫，公民权利得到有力保障；对待犯罪嫌疑人、被告人和罪犯更加文明，刑罚执行更加规范，被羁押人的人格尊严、人身安全、合法财产和申诉、控告、检举等合法权利得到有效保障。
As China enhances the rule of law in all respects, new progress has been made in human rights protection in the field of justice. The reform of the judiciary has been driven to a deeper level, with improvements in the allocation of judicial powers and responsibilities, judicial accountability and opening-up, and the protection of lawyers’ right to practice their profession. Channels of public participation in justice have been expanded, and the judicial protection of human rights has been improved. China has implemented a case-filing register system, revamped and improved its litigation system, and strictly enforced principles of legality, in dubio pro reo, exclusion of unlawful evidence. The state is resolute in preventing and correcting miscarriages of justice, and the procedures for protecting human rights in judicial practice have been raised to higher standards. The judiciary exercises its power independently and impartially in accordance with the law, leading to strengthened public credibility. Further efforts have been made in terms of state compensation and legal aid. Judicial fairness and justice is safeguarded, and citizens’ rights are effectively protected. Crime suspects, defendants and criminals are treated in a more civilized manner, punishments are meted out in a more standardized way, and the personal dignity, safety, and legal property of detainees are all well protected, as are their rights of appeal, accusation, and impeachment.
人类追求文明进步永无止境，中国的法治文明建设依然在路上。不断改进和完善中国司法领域的人权保障，仍将是中国全面推进依法治国的重要内容。中国将坚持立足本国国情，积极借鉴人类法治文明优秀成果，不断提升人权司法保障水平，努力维护社会公平正义，全面建设社会主义法治国家。
There is no end to mankind’s pursuit of progress. There is still much room for improvement for the rule of law in China. Strengthening judicial protection of human rights will continue to be a major task in implementing the rule of law. China will proceed from its prevailing reality, learn from the achievements of other countries regarding the rule of law, enhance judicial protection of human rights, safeguard social fairness and justice, and implement the rule of law in all respects.
一、不断健全人权司法保障机制
I. Strengthen the Mechanism of Judicial Protection of Human Rights
全面深化司法体制改革，合理配置司法职权，完善司法责任制，大力推进司法公开，建立健全国家司法救助制度，保障律师执业权利和公民陪审监督权利。
China is striving to drive reform of the judiciary to a deeper level, allocate judicial powers and responsibilities in a more rational way, improve the judicial accountability system, promote judicial transparency, establish a national judicial assistance system, and ensure the right of lawyers to practice their profession and the rights of citizens to act as assessors and overseers.
进一步优化司法职权配置，确保审判权和检察权依法独立公正行使。中共十八大和十八届三中、四中全会对深化司法体制改革作出重大部署。2014年至2015年，中央全面深化改革领导小组召开了19次全体会议，其中13次涉及司法体制改革议题，审议通过了27个司法体制改革文件。公安机关完善执法权力运行机制，推进受案立案制度改革，加大对受案立案的审核监督。最高人民检察院制定《关于深化检察改革的意见（2013-2017年工作规划）》。最高人民法院发布《关于全面深化人民法院改革的意见——人民法院第四个五年改革纲要（2014-2018）》。2014年以来，完善司法责任制、完善司法人员分类管理制度、健全司法职业保障制度、推进省以下地方法院检察院人财物省级统一管理四项改革逐步在全国推开试点。以审判为中心的诉讼制度改革正在稳步推进。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Further improve the allocation of judicial powers and responsibilities, and ensure the independent and impartial exercise of the judicial and procuratorial power. Major plans for deeper reform of the judiciary were made at the 18th National Congress of the CPC and the third and fourth plenary sessions of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC. In 2014-2015, the Central Leading Group for Deepening Overall Reform held 19 meetings, 13 of which involved reform of the judiciary. The Group examined and approved 27 judiciary reform documents in total. Public security organs have improved the mechanism of law enforcement, changed the case-filing review system to case-filing register system, and strengthened examination and supervision of case admitting work. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate has issued the “Opinions on Deepening Procuratorial Reform (Work Plan for 2013-2017),” and the Supreme People’s Court has released the “Opinions on Deepening the Reform of People’s Courts in All Respects – the Fourth Five-Year Reform Plan of the People’s Courts (2014-2018).” Since 2014, pilot programs have been promoted nationwide to improve performance in the following areas: judicial accountability, category-based management of judicial personnel, job security for the judicial profession, and unified management of the personnel, finance and property of people’s courts and procuratorates below the provincial level. The reform of trial-centered litigation is making headway.
2014年，北京、上海组建跨行政区划人民法院和人民检察院，办理跨地区重大刑事、民事、行政案件，解决一些当事人“争管辖”和诉讼“主客场”问题，促进法律统一正确实施。2015年，最高人民法院在深圳、沈阳分别设立最高人民法院第一、第二巡回法庭，审理跨行政区域重大行政和民商事案件，全年共收案1774件，审结1653件，审限内结案率为100%。
In 2014, people’s courts and people’s procuratorates transcending administrative boundaries were established in Beijing and Shanghai, to handle major cross-regional criminal, civil and administrative cases. This was to address certain parties’ concerns over the authority of the jurisdiction in charge of their cases, and to promote the unified and correct application of laws. In 2015, the Supreme People’s Court set up its first and second circuit courts in Shenzhen and Shenyang for major cross-regional administrative, civil and commercial cases. In 2015 the circuit courts handled 1,774 cases and concluded 1,653 of them, concluding all cases within the time limit.
逐步建立健全司法责任制，法官检察官办案主体地位更加凸显。逐步完善主审法官责任制、合议庭办案责任制和检察官办案责任制，明确法官、检察官办案的权力和责任，对所办案件质量终身负责，严格错案责任追究，形成权责明晰、权责统一、管理有序的司法权力运行机制。改革裁判文书签署机制，明确除审判委员会讨论决定的案件以外，法院院长、副院长、庭长对其未直接参加审理案件的裁判文书不再进行审核签发。明确法院院长、庭长除参加审判委员会、专业法官会议外，不得对其没有参加审理的案件发表倾向性意见，不得直接否定独任法官、合议庭意见。改革审判委员会制度，审判委员会评议实行录音、录像，全程留痕，所有参加讨论和表决的委员应当在审判委员会会议记录上签名，并建立审判委员会履职考评和内部公示机制。上海市试点法院直接由独任法官、合议庭裁判的案件比例达99.9%，提交审判委员会讨论的案件只有0.1%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Improve the judicial accountability system, and enhance the central role of judges and prosecutors in case handling. We will improve the accountability systems of presiding judges, collegial benches, and prosecutors for the cases they handle. The powers and responsibilities of judges and prosecutors have been made clear, and they have lifelong accountability for the cases they adjudicate. A strict accountability system for misjudgments has been implemented. Thus a judiciary operation mechanism with clear distinction between and unification of powers and responsibilities, and good management has taken shape. The judiciary has reformed the signing of written judgments, with a clear provision that other than in cases decided by a judicial committee, the presidents, vice presidents and divisional chief judges will not review and sign the written judgments of cases they did not participate in. It has been made clear that presidents and divisional chief judges of people’s courts are not allowed to air judgmental opinions on cases they did not hear, or negate the opinion of trial judges and collegial benches, unless they attended deliberations, on such cases at the judicial committees or meetings of judges with specialized knowledge.
Reform has been carried out in judicial committees. The deliberation sessions of judicial committees are recorded with audio-visual devices from beginning to end, and all committee members who have participated in the discussion and cast their votes must sign their names in the meeting minutes. A performance appraisal and internal public evaluation system has also been established for judicial committees. In pilot courts of Shanghai, the rate of cases handled independently by trial judges and collegial benches reached 99.9 percent of all cases, with only 0.1 percent of cases submitted to judicial committees for discussion.
公安部修订《公安机关执法质量考核评议规定》和《公安机关人民警察执法过错责任追究规定》，建立完善科学合理的执法质量考评机制，健全执法过错纠正和责任追究制度，对实施刑讯逼供、违法使用警械武器等行为的人员严格追究执法责任。国家有关部门发布《领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理的记录、通报和责任追究规定》和《司法机关内部人员过问案件的记录和责任追究规定》。各级法院的案件信息管理系统设立内外部人员过问案件信息录入专库，对领导干部干预司法活动和司法机关内部人员过问案件的情况，全面、如实、及时进行记录。2015年11月6日和2016年2月1日，12起领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件和司法机关内部人员违反规定过问案件的典型案例被先后公开通报，相关责任人被依法依规处理。
The Ministry of Public Security amended the Regulations on the Appraisal of Law Enforcement by Public Security Organs, and the Regulations on Law Enforcement Accountability of People’s Police of Public Security Organs, establishing a complete and effective appraisal system for monitoring the quality of law enforcement and for improving accountability in the investigation of misconduct during law enforcement. Forced confessions and illegal employment of police instruments or weapons are subject to strict investigation for their responsibility. The Chinese authorities issued theRegulations on the Recording, Notification, and Accountability Investigation of Leading Officials for Interventions in Judicial Activities and Handling of Specific Cases, and the Regulations on the Recording and Accountability Investigation of Staff Members of Judicial Organs for Their Intervention in Case Handling. People’s courts at all levels have set up special archives in their case information management systems for recording internal and external interest and intervention in case-handling, so as to record in a complete, strict, and timely fashion any intervention in judicial activities by leading officials and any interest in cases expressed by staff members. On November 6, 2015 and February 1, 2016, 12 such cases were made public, and those adjudged to have transgressed received punishments pursuant to the law.
大力推进司法公开，当事人和公众的知情权、监督权得到有效保障。最高人民法院建立审判流程公开、裁判文书公开、执行信息公开三大平台。截至2015年年底，中国审判流程信息公开网总访问量达87.85万人次；中国裁判文书网共公布裁判文书1448万份，总访问量达4.1亿人次；执行信息公开网共发布被执行人信息3434.7万条，提供执行案件信息查询3685万人次。中国法院庭审直播网2015年共视频直播庭审3795次。2016年1月，“快播案”庭审在互联网视频直播，累计100余万人在线观看。人民检察院案件信息公开系统自2014年10月正式运行，截至2015年，共发布案件程序性信息254万余件、重要案件信息102万余条、生效法律文书76万余份。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Promote judicial transparency, and ensure the right to know and the right to supervise for concerned parties and the public. The Supreme People’s Court has established three platforms for releasing information on judicial process, written judgments, and the execution of judgments. By the end of 2015, China Judicial Process Information Online had had a total of 878,500 visits, China Judgments Online had released 14,480,000 copies of written judgments and garnered 410 million visits, and China Law Enforcement Information Online had publicized 34,347,000 information entries about persons subject to judgment execution, and offered information services to 36,850,000 visitors. In 2015, Chinacourt.org broadcasted 3,795 live trials online. The January 2016 online broadcast of the Qvod Player (Kuaibo) case attracted more than one million viewers. The case information disclosure system of the people’s procuratorates was officially launched in October 2014, and by 2015 it had released 2,540,000 pieces of information about the judicial process, 1,020,000 entries providing information on key cases, and 760,000 copies of effective legal documents.
司法机关通过新闻发布会、政务网站、微博、微信、新闻客户端等，创新司法公开的形式和内容。2015年，最高人民法院召开新闻发布会26场，最高人民检察院召开新闻发布会14场，公安部召开新闻发布会12场。截至2015年，全国各级法院共开通微博账号3980个、微信公众号1447个、新闻客户端1468个，全国检察机关共开通微博账号4085个、微信公众号3186个、新闻客户端2550个，全国公安机关共开通微博账户、微信公众号2.6万余个，各级司法行政机关共开通微博账户、微信公众号、法治宣传客户端和普法网站8000多个。最高人民法院推出中国法院手机电视应用程序软件，截至2015年共发布视频2862条，内容更新量22245分钟，用户达65.18万人。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Judicial organs have innovated the form of releasing judicial information, such as press conferences, websites, Weibo (microblog), WeChat, and news apps. In 2015, the Supreme People’s Court held 26 press conferences. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate held 14, and the Ministry of Public Security held 12. By 2015, people’s courts at all levels nationwide had opened 3,980 Weibo and 1,447 WeChat accounts, and created 1,468 news apps. People’s procuratorates at all levels nationwide had opened 4,085 Weibo and 3,186 WeChat accounts, and launched 2,550 news apps. Public security organs had opened 26,000 Weibo and WeChat accounts, and administrative organs of justice at all levels had opened a total of 8,000 Weibo and WeChat accounts and legal education apps and websites. The Supreme People’s Court launched a mobile TV app, releasing 2,862 videos by 2015, with 22,245 minutes of updated content and 651,800 users.
不断完善律师执业权利保障制度，律师维护当事人合法权益的作用得到更好发挥。2015年，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部、司法部联合发布《关于依法保障律师执业权利的规定》，进一步落实相关法律规定，明确律师执业权利保障的各项措施，便利律师参与诉讼，完善律师执业权利保障的救济机制和责任追究机制。司法机关在各自职责范围内依法保障律师知情权、申请权、申诉权，以及会见、阅卷、收集证据和发问、质证、辩论等方面的执业权利，确保律师依法履行辩护、代理职责不受阻碍，当事人合法权利不受侵害。
Ensure lawyers’ right of practice, so that lawyers are playing a bigger role in safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of parties concerned. In 2015, the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security, and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the Regulations on Protecting Lawyers’ Right of Practice in Accordance with the Law, which further implements relevant legal provisions, makes clear various measures to protect lawyers’ right of practice, makes it more convenient for lawyers to participate in litigation, and improves the remedy and accountability mechanisms for ensuring lawyers’ right to practice. Within the scope of their functions and duties and as prescribed by the law, judicial organs have protected lawyers’ rights to know, their rights of application and appeal, and the rights to meet their clients, to read case files, to collect evidence and ask questions, to cross-examine, and to debate in court. Judicial organs have ensured that lawyers are not deterred from defending and representing the parties concerned, whose legitimate rights are protected in accordance with the law.
各级公安机关加快推进律师会见室建设，建立网上预约平台或者公布预约电话，为律师会见提供便利，并确保律师会见不被监听。检察机关切实履行对妨碍律师依法执业的法律监督职责。2015年，各级检察机关共监督纠正阻碍律师依法行使诉讼权利案件1093件。2015年12月，最高人民法院律师服务平台正式上线，共收集律师事务所信息21707家，录入律师信息81476条，为律师参加诉讼活动提供网上立案、网上阅卷、案件查询、电子送达、联系法官等更加便捷的法律服务。截至2015年，全国共有1734家法院开通12368诉讼服务热线，为当事人及律师提供自助或人工查询咨询，共接听来电76270件。2016年1月，最高人民法院发布《关于依法切实保障律师诉讼权利的规定》，进一步明确了人民法院对律师诉讼权利和人身安全的保障，并规定有条件的法院要为参加庭审的律师提供休息场所，配备桌椅、饮水及其他必要设施。北京、四川等地法院开辟了律师更衣室、休息室等，律师参加诉讼活动更有尊荣感。
Public security organs at all levels have accelerated the provision of lawyers’ meeting rooms, and opened online platform for lawyers to make appointments to visit their clients and made known to the public such appointment phone numbers, providing convenience to meetings between lawyers and their clients and ensuring their conversations are not monitored. Procuratorial organs have effectively fulfilled their role of supervision over the obstruction of lawyers’ right to practice.
In 2015, procuratorial organs at all levels resolved 1,093 cases involving infringement of lawyers’ procedural rights pursuant to the law. In December 2015, the Supreme People’s Court launched a lawyers service platform, collating 21,707 entries concerning law firms and 81,476 entries concerning lawyers. The platform offers convenient legal services to lawyers, including online case register, online access to case files, case information inquiry, electronic service of legal documents, and judges’ contact details.
By 2015, 1,734 courts had opened the “12368” litigation service hotline, providing self- or staff-service information for parties concerned and lawyers, and handled a total of 76,270 inquiry calls.
In January 2016, the Supreme People’s Court issued the Regulations on Effectively Protecting Lawyers’ Procedural Rights in Accordance with the Law, which further clarifies the protection of lawyers’ procedural rights and personal safety by people’s courts, and stipulates that courts should, if conditions allow, provide lounges with desks, chairs, drinking water and other necessities for lawyers participating in court trials. Some courts in Beijing and Sichuan have provided changing rooms and waiting rooms for lawyers, protecting their dignity in litigious activities.
试点改革人民陪审员和人民监督员制度，公民陪审和监督权利得到进一步保障。2015年4月，全国人大常委会通过《关于授权在部分地区开展人民陪审员制度改革试点工作的决定》。2015年5月，最高人民法院、司法部联合发布《人民陪审员制度改革试点工作实施办法》，在10个省（自治区、直辖市）50个法院实行人民陪审员制度改革试点。截至2015年，试点法院新增选人民陪审员7800多人，人民陪审员总数增至法官总数的约4倍。2015年，全国人民陪审员共参审案件284.6万件。山东省东营市中级人民法院吸收人民陪审员参与审理倪发科受贿、巨额财产来源不明案，是人民陪审员首次参审重大职务犯罪案件。2014年9月，最高人民检察院、司法部在北京等10个省（自治区、直辖市）联合开展人民监督员制度改革试点，按照新的改革要求组织监督案件1505件。全国各级检察机关目前共有人民监督员1.5万多人。2012年至2015年，人民监督员共监督检察机关查办职务犯罪案件中“拟撤销案件”和“拟不起诉”两类案件8161件。其中，对216件案件提出不同意检察机关拟处理决定的意见，检察机关采纳109件，采纳率达50.5%。对属于人民监督员监督范围的其他9种情形提出监督纠正意见1040件。
Conduct pilot programs to reform the system of people’s assessors and supervisors, and ensure citizens’ right to act as assessors and supervisors. In April 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress (NPC) issued theDecision on Authorizing the Implementation of the Pilot Program to Reform the System of People’s Assessors in Certain Areas. In May 2015, the Supreme People’s Court and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the Measures on Implementing the Pilot Program to Reform the System of People’s Assessors, rolling out reform at 50 courts in 10 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government). By 2015, these courts had welcomed 7,800 new people’s assessors, four times the number of judges. In 2015, people’s assessors took part in the trial of 2,846,000 cases. At the Dongying Intermediate People’s Court of Shandong Province, people’s assessors participated in a major work-related crime for the first time when hearing the trial of Ni Fake for accepting bribery and obtaining significant revenues from unclear sources. In September 2014, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate and the Ministry of Justice jointly launched a pilot program to reform the system of people’s supervisors in Beijing and nine other provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government), supervising the handling of 1,505 cases according to the new reform requirements. Currently there are 15,000 people’s supervisors at all levels of procuratorial organs. In 2012-2015, people’s supervisors participated in 8,161 cases of work-related crimes, which are under the categories of “might be revoked” and “might not be prosecuted.” Of the 216 cases in which people’s supervisors gave opinions different from the preliminary decisions of procuratorial organs, 109 cases, or 50.5 percent, were ruled in favor of the people’s supervisors. People’s supervisors also presented 1,040 opinions regarding the nine situations within their supervisory scope.
进一步推进涉诉信访法治化，权利救济途径更加完善。建立健全涉法涉诉信访工作机制，按照“诉访分离、有序分流、依法解决”的原则，规范涉法涉诉信访工作的受理范围、标准、程序和工作职责，整合来信、来访、电话、网络、视频等诉求表达渠道，推进综合性受理平台建设，保障人民群众依法表达诉求权利。组织律师参与信访接待、代理信访案件，增强化解信访问题的公信力。2014年2月，最高人民法院开通网上申诉信访平台。2014年5月，最高人民法院开通远程视频接访系统，截至2015年完成接谈8200余件。2015年，最高人民法院接待群众来访人数同比下降12%。最高人民检察院建成全国四级检察机关全联通的远程视频接访系统。2015年，各级检察机关共接收、办理群众信访114.8万件次。2012年至2015年，司法部共接待来访群众19788人次，登记来访6537件（次），收到群众来信73843件，涉及司法行政系统的群众来信10337件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Appropriately handle letters and visits involving lawsuits in accordance with the law, and improve the channels of rights relief. A working mechanism of handling letters and visits involving lawsuits has been established, which runs according to the principles that litigation and letters and visits are separated, that letters and visits are divided in an orderly manner, and that letters and visits are handled in accordance with the law. There has been greater standardization in the scope, procedure, and responsibilities involving letters and visits concerning lawsuits. More channels are now available for people to air their grievances, including letters, visits, telephone calls, the internet, and videos, and integrated online platforms have been introduced for this purpose, ensuring that the people have access to claim their rights in accordance with the law. Lawyers have been invited to participate in activities of receiving letters and visits, and act as agents to handle them, in a way that strengthens public faith in the letters and visits system.
The Supreme People’s Court opened an online platform for complaints and appeals in February 2014, and an online video system to receive complaints and appeals in May of that year, which handled a total of 8,200 cases by 2015. In 2015, visits to the Supreme People’s Court of those who were seeking legal justice to their own case dropped by 12 percent on a year-on-year basis. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate established an online video system to receive appeals, which connects procuratorial organs at all four levels. In 2015, procuratorial organs at all levels received and handled 1,148,000 letters and visits. In 2012-2015, the Ministry of Justice received 19,788 people, registered 6,537 visits, and received 73,843 letters, including 10,337 letters on matters relating to the administrative organs of justice.
废止劳动教养制度，强化以法治思维和法治方式管理社会。实行了50多年的劳动教养制度在特定条件下为维护社会治安秩序、确保社会稳定、教育挽救违法人员发挥了积极作用。随着治安管理处罚法、禁毒法等法律的施行和刑法的不断完善，以及相关法律的有机衔接，劳动教养制度的作用逐渐被取代，劳动教养措施的使用逐渐减少。2013年12月，全国人大常委会通过《关于废止有关劳动教养法律规定的决定》，废止了劳动教养制度；并规定对正在被依法执行劳动教养的人员，解除劳动教养，剩余期限不再执行。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Abolish the system of reeducation through labor, and strengthen social governance with the rule of law. For more than 50 years, the system of reeducation through labor played a positive role in China, appropriate to the historical circumstances, in protecting public security, maintaining social order, ensuring social stability, and educating and rehabilitating lawbreakers. But over time its functions were gradually replaced with the implementation of laws such as theLaw on Penalties for Administration of Public Security and the Law on Narcotics Control, and also through improvements in the Criminal Law. Over the years, as the relevant laws became increasingly applicable in cases of reeducation through labor, the correction system played a lesser role. In December 2013, the Standing Committee of the NPC passed theDecision on Annulment of the Regulations on Reeducation Through Labor, putting an end to the system. It was also decided that persons who were receiving reeducation through labor as prescribed by law should be released and exempted from their remaining terms.
建立完善国家司法救助制度，加大受害人保护力度。2014年，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部等6部门联合发布文件，建立完善国家司法救助制度。国家对受到侵害但无法获得有效赔偿的刑事被害人等给予经济资助，帮助其摆脱生活困境。司法机关严格遵守司法救助申请告知义务，对符合条件的救助对象，及时发放救助资金。2015年，全国共发放司法救助资金16.69亿元，71700个司法救助案件的当事人及其家庭得到救助。截至2015年年底，公安机关累计对6338人发放司法救助资金约1.4亿元。2014年1月至2015年10月，各级检察机关共受理1.3万多人国家司法救助申请，发放救助金1.2亿元。各级法院2013年至2015年共为有困难的诉讼当事人减免诉讼费6.25亿元。
Establish a national judicial assistance system, and strengthen the protection of victims. In 2014, six state organs, including the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Public Security, jointly issued a document for establishing the national judicial assistance system. Under the framework, the state provides economic assistance to victims of crime who are unable to obtain financial compensation, to help them through difficulties. Judicial organs strictly perform their duty of notifying such victims of their right to apply for judicial assistance, and ensuring that eligible applicants receive timely relief. In 2015, 1.67 billion yuan went to 71,700 victims and their families. By the end of 2015, public security organs had given 140 million yuan in judicial assistance to 6,338 persons. From January 2014 to October 2015, procuratorial organs at all levels received 13,000 applications for judicial assistance, and granted 120 million yuan of relief. From 2013 to 2015, people’s courts at all levels allowed 625 million yuan in reduction or exemption of litigation fees for parties in economic difficulty.
二、进一步完善人权司法保障程序
II. Further Improve the Legal Guarantee Procedure of Human Rights
改革法院案件受理制度，变立案审查制为立案登记制；修改刑事诉讼法，落实罪刑法定、疑罪从无、非法证据排除等法律原则；修改民事诉讼法，促进纠纷有效解决；修改行政诉讼法，强化行政相对人合法权益保护；制定实施首部反家庭暴力法，加强对家庭暴力受害人人身权利的法律保障。
We have reformed the case admitting system by converting the case-filing review system into a case-filing register system. We have revised the Criminal Procedure Law, and implemented principles of legality, presumption of innocence, exclusion of unlawful evidence. We have revised the Civil Procedure Law to effectively settle disputes. We have also revised the Administrative Procedure Law to strengthen the protection of legitimate rights and interests of private parties in administrative lawsuits. We have enacted the first Anti-Domestic Violence Law to strengthen legal protection of the personal rights of victims of domestic violence.
人民法院改立案审查制为立案登记制，当事人诉权得到更好保障。2015年5月1日，人民法院立案登记制开始实施。对当事人提交的诉状，人民法院一律予以接收、登记，符合法律规定的起诉和受理条件的，一律予以立案受理，切实做到有案必立、有诉必理，当事人依法“无障碍”行使诉权。2015年5月至12月，各级法院共登记立案初审案件994.4万件，同比增长29.54%，当场登记立案率达95%，其中民事案件同比增长26.45%，行政案件同比增长66.51%，刑事自诉案件同比增长58.66%。房屋拆迁、土地征用、政府信息公开等行政诉讼“立案难”问题得到切实解决。
People’s courts change the case-filing review system into a case-filing register system to better protect litigants’ right of appeal. On May 1, 2015, a case-filing register system came into operation. People’s courts should accept and register all cases of litigation, handle all those that meet the conditions of admissibility and prosecution, and ensure that all cases are entered and properly handled, and that litigious right is exercised without obstruction. From May to December in 2015, 9.94 million first trial cases were registered at courts across the country, a year-on-year increase of 29.54 percent; the on-the-spot case registration rate was 95 percent, among which civil cases increased by 26.45 percent, administrative cases 66.51 percent and criminal cases 58.66 percent. Difficulties in filing administrative lawsuits concerning housing demolition, land acquisition, and government information disclosure were significantly eased.
确立非法证据排除制度，保障犯罪嫌疑人合法权利。2012年修改的刑事诉讼法明确规定尊重和保障人权，并通过完善证据制度、强制措施、辩护制度、侦查措施、审判程序、执行程序及增加规定特别程序予以落实。刑事诉讼法明确规定办案机关实施拘留、逮捕后，应当将被拘留人、被逮捕人立即送看守所羁押，并确立讯问犯罪嫌疑人、被告人全程录音录像制度。2014年，公安部发布文件，对需要进行讯问录音录像的案件范围、录制要求等进一步作出明确规定。公安机关办案区讯问室和看守所讯问室普遍安装录音录像设施，开展讯问犯罪嫌疑人录音录像工作，有效预防刑讯逼供、违法取证等执法不规范问题。最高人民检察院发布《人民检察院讯问职务犯罪嫌疑人实行全程同步录音录像的规定》，进一步规范侦查讯问活动，强化对犯罪嫌疑人合法权利的保障。刑事诉讼法明确规定了非法证据的范围及排除非法证据的具体程序。司法机关在侦查、审查起诉和审判阶段发现有应当排除的非法证据的，都应当予以排除。2015年，各级检察机关对侦查机关不应当立案而立案的，督促撤案10384件；监督纠正滥用强制措施、违法取证等侦查活动违法情形31874件次。2014年，河北省顺平县检察院在审查办理王某某涉嫌故意杀人案时，针对多处疑点，坚决排除非法证据，作出不批捕决定，提出补充侦查意见，公安机关最终抓获真凶。
Put in place a system to exclude unlawful evidence and protect the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects. The Criminal Procedure Law revised in 2012 has specific provisions on respecting and protecting human rights, and their implementation has been guaranteed through improving the evidence system, compulsory measures, defense system, investigation methods, trial procedure, and enforcement procedures, and by adding special procedures. The Criminal Procedure Law stipulates that after detaining and arresting suspects, the law enforcement agencies should immediately commit detainees and arrestees to custody in detention houses and ensure the interrogations of suspects and defendants are audio- and video-recorded. In 2014, the Ministry of Public Security issued more explicit regulations concerning the scope of and interrogation recording requirements for cases subject to audio and video recording. The interrogation rooms of public security organs and detention houses are all equipped with audio and video recording facilities to prevent misconduct in law enforcement such as extorting confessions by torture and obtaining evidence through illegal means. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate issued the Provisions on Making Synchronous Audio and Video Recordings Throughout the Entire Process of Interrogation of Suspects in Work-Related Offences by People’s Procuratorates to further regulate investigation and interrogation activities and strengthen protection of the legitimate rights and interests of criminal suspects. TheCriminal Procedure Law outlines the scope of unlawfully-obtained evidence and procedures for excluding such evidence. The judicial organs should exclude such unlawful evidence if they find any during the criminal investigation, examination and prosecution, or trial of a case. In 2015, the procuratorial organs at all levels demanded the withdrawal of 10,384 cases wrongly filed by investigation organs, and regulated 31,874 cases of illegal conduct involving abuse of compulsory measures and unlawfully obtaining evidence. In 2014, the procuratorate of Shunping County, Hebei Province resolutely excluded illegally-obtained evidence in reviewing a murder case and decided not to approve arrest, and demanded provision of more evidence. The real murderer was later caught by a public security organ.
贯彻疑罪从无原则，积极防范和纠正冤假错案。2013年，公安部发布《关于进一步加强和改进刑事执法办案工作，切实防止发生冤假错案的通知》等文件，深化错案预防机制制度建设，加强对执法办案全方位、全过程、即时性监督，从源头上防止冤假错案的发生。司法部制定《关于进一步发挥司法鉴定制度作用防止冤假错案的意见》，全面加强司法鉴定管理，进一步规范司法鉴定活动。最高人民检察院发布《关于切实履行检察职能，防止和纠正冤假错案的若干意见》，严把事实关、程序关和法律适用关，健全检察环节错案发现、纠正、防范和责任追究机制。2015年，各级检察机关对不构成犯罪或证据不足的，决定不批捕131675人、不起诉25778人；对认为确有错误的刑事裁判提出抗诉6591件。最高人民法院发布《关于建立健全防范刑事冤假错案工作机制的意见》，规定对定罪证据不足的案件应当依法宣告被告人无罪，确保无罪的人不受刑事追究。2012年至2015年，各级法院依法宣告3369名被告人无罪。张辉、张高平案，念斌案，呼格吉勒图案，徐辉案，黄家光案，王本余案，于英生案，陈满案，钱仁风案，徐金龙案，杨明案等一批冤假错案得到依法纠正。
Implement the principle of presumption of innocence to prevent and correct miscarriages of justice. In 2013, the Ministry of Public Security issued the Notice on Further Strengthening and Improving Law Enforcement to Prevent Miscarriages of Justice and some other documents to prevent cases of misjudgment and to strengthen comprehensive, complete and real-time scrutiny of law enforcement to prevent miscarriages of justice at source. The Ministry of Justice issued the Opinions on Maximizing the Functions of the Forensic Assessment System to Prevent Miscarriages of Justice to strengthen forensic assessment management and further regulate such activities. The Supreme People’s Procuratorate released Several Opinions on Effectively Performing Procuratorial Functions to Prevent and Correct Miscarriages of Justice, scrutinizing all activities concerning evidence, procedures and application of laws and to improve the system of discovery, correction, and prevention of cases of misjudgment, and to hold to account those responsible. In 2015, the procuratorial organs at all levels decided not to arrest 131,675 people and not to prosecute 25,778 in cases involving lack of evidence or actions that do not constitute a crime. In addition, they appealed against 6,591 judgments of criminal cases that they deemed wrong judgments. The Supreme People’s Court issued the Opinions on Establishing and Improving the Working Mechanisms for the Prevention of Miscarriages of Justice in Criminal Cases, stipulating that the defendants should be acquitted for lack of evidence and no one should be prosecuted without criminal evidence. From 2012 to 2015, people’s courts at all levels acquitted 3,369 defendants. A number of wrongful convictions were overturned in accordance with the law. These included the following cases:
. rape and murder by Zhang Hui and Zhang Gaoping, nephew and uncle
. poisoning by Nian Bin
. rape and murder by Hugjiltu
. rape and murder by Xu Hui
. murder by Huang Jiaguang
. rape and murder by Wang Benyu
. murder by Yu Yingsheng
. murder and arson by Chen Man
. poisoning by Qian Renfeng
. murder by Xu Jinlong
. murder by Yang Ming
开展刑事案件速裁程序试点，保障被告人获得快速审判。2014年6月，全国人大常委会通过《关于授权最高人民法院、最高人民检察院在部分地区开展刑事案件速裁程序试点工作的决定》。2014年8月，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院在北京、天津、上海、重庆等18个城市开展刑事案件速裁程序试点工作，对事实清楚、证据充分，被告人自愿认罪，当事人对适用法律没有争议的危险驾驶、交通肇事、盗窃、诈骗、抢夺、伤害、寻衅滋事等情节较轻，依法可能判处一年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制的案件，或者依法单处罚金的案件，在遵循刑事诉讼法的基本原则、充分保障当事人的诉讼权利的前提下，进一步简化相关诉讼程序。截至2015年，全国212个试点基层人民法院适用速裁程序共审结刑事案件31086件，占试点法院同期判处一年以下有期徒刑以下刑罚案件的33.13%，占同期全部刑事案件的15.48%。其中，10日内审结的占92.77%，当庭宣判率达95.94%；附带民事诉讼原告人上诉率为零，被告人上诉率仅为2.13%。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Carry out the pilot program of fast-track sentencing procedure for criminal cases to ensure defendants get speedy trials. In June, 2014, the Decision on Authorizing the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate to Launch the Pilot Program of Fast-Track Sentencing Procedure for Criminal Cases in Certain Areas was issued by the Standing Committee of the NPC. In August, 2014, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate were authorized to launch a pilot program of fast-track sentencing for criminal cases in 18 cities including Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing. It concerns cases involving dangerous driving, traffic offenses, theft, fraud, forcible seizure, personal injury, picking quarrels and making trouble, or any other violation where the circumstances are minor and the accused may be sentenced to imprisonment of not more than one year, criminal detention, control, or a fine. If the facts are clear, the evidence is sufficient, the defendant voluntarily confesses to the crime, and the parties do not dispute the application of law, the relevant procedure shall be simplified, provided that it is in conformity with the basic principles of the Criminal Procedure Law, and the litigation rights of the parties concerned are fully protected.
By 2015, 31,086 criminal cases suitable for the fast-track sentencing procedure were concluded in 212 pilot courts at the primary level nationwide, 33.13 percent of all cases involving imprisonment of not more than one year in the same period in pilot courts at the primary level, representing 15.48 percent of all criminal cases in all courts nationwide. 92.77 percent of these were concluded within 10 days, and the pronouncement rate in court was 95.94 percent; the appeal rate of the plaintiffs with incidental civil action was zero and that of defendants was only 2.13 percent.
规范强制措施，减少羁押性强制措施的适用。刑事诉讼法对羁押性强制措施作出进一步完善，细化了逮捕的条件，明确了作为逮捕条件的社会危险性的具体标准，减少羁押性强制措施的适用，刑事强制措施的适用更加规范，公民人身自由权利保护更加有力。2014年，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部联合下发文件，明确了换押和羁押期限变更通知的范围、换押程序、通知程序、送达方式等，进一步预防和纠正超期羁押。检察机关严格执行法定逮捕条件和审查逮捕程序，坚持少捕、慎捕。2015年，各级检察机关对涉嫌犯罪但无社会危险性的决定不批捕90086人，对犯罪情节轻微、依法不需要判处刑罚的决定不起诉50787人。建立在押人员羁押必要性审查制度。犯罪嫌疑人、被告人被逮捕后，人民检察院仍对被羁押人的羁押必要性进行审查。发现不需要继续羁押的，建议有关司法机关予以释放或者变更强制措施。2015年，全国检察机关对不需要继续羁押的29211名犯罪嫌疑人建议释放或变更强制措施。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Regulate compulsory measures and reduce application of compulsory custodial measures. The Criminal Procedure Law further improved compulsory custodial measures, refined conditions for arrest, defined the social risk criteria of offences and reduced the application of compulsory custodial measures to standardize the application of criminal coercive measures and better protect citizens’ rights of personal freedom. In 2014, the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly issued documents to specify who should be notified when there are any changes in the place or time of custody, procedure of custody change, notification procedure and form of delivery, etc. as another attempt to prevent and correct extended custody. The procuratorial organs strictly abide by arrest conditions and procedures prescribed by law, with a view to being prudent when making arrest decisions and reducing the numbers of arrests. In 2015, the procuratorial organs at all levels decided not to arrest 90,086 people suspected of crimes but posing no social danger, and decided not to prosecute 50,787 people accused of minor offenses but not subject to punishment according to law. A review system on the need for custody has been established. After the arrest of criminal suspects and defendants, the people’s procuratorate still conducts a review on the necessity of keeping them in custody. If this is not necessary, it would suggest the relevant judicial organs release them or modify the compulsory measures. In 2015, procuratorate organs nationwide advised the release of 29,211 criminal suspects who needed no continued custody or whose compulsory measures be changed.
完善未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序，促进犯罪未成年人回归社会。2012年修改的刑事诉讼法，在特别程序中增加了未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序一章，规定对犯罪的未成年人实行教育、感化、挽救的方针，坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅的原则，由熟悉未成年人身心特点的审判人员、检察人员和侦查人员承办未成年人刑事案件。公安部修订《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》，最高人民检察院修订《人民检察院办理未成年人刑事案件的规定》，最高人民法院发布关于适用刑事诉讼法的司法解释，对刑事诉讼法关于涉罪未成年人的特殊保护制度进一步细化。各级公安机关设立专门机构或指定专职人员，按照有关专门要求办理未成年人违法犯罪案件。最高人民检察院2015年成立了独立的未成年人检察工作办公室。截至2016年3月，全国有12个省级检察院、123个市级检察院、893个基层检察院成立了有独立编制的未成年人检察专门机构。人民法院稳步推进少年法庭建设。截至2015年，全国共有少年法庭2253个，有少年法庭法官7200多名。
Improve procedures for juvenile criminal cases to help underage offenders better reintegrate into the society. TheCriminal Procedure Law amended in 2012 added a chapter of procedures for juvenile criminal cases in the special procedures section, specifying the principle of “education, persuasion and rehabilitation” for juvenile offenders, sticking to the principle of applying primarily educational measures, and taking punitive sanctions as ancillary means. Judicial organs assign officials who have a good knowledge of the physical and psychological characteristics of minors to handle juvenile cases. The Ministry of Public Security revised the Provisions on the Procedures for Handling Criminal Cases by Public Security Organs, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate amended the Rules for the People’s Procuratorate’s Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Minors, and the Supreme People’s Court released a judicial interpretation applicable to theCriminal Procedure Law, further detailing the special protection measures for juvenile offenders. Public security organs at all levels set up special agencies or designated full-time staff to deal with juvenile delinquency in line with special requirements. In 2015 the Supreme People’s Procuratorate set up the Procuratorial Office for Juvenile Delinquency. By March, 2016, 12 procuratorates at provincial level, 123 at city level and 893 at primary level had established special independent procuratorial agencies for juvenile delinquency. People’s courts are pressing ahead with the building of juvenile courts. By 2015, there were 2,253 juvenile courts and over 7,200 judges of juvenile court nationwide.
公安机关、人民检察院和人民法院在办理未成年人刑事案件过程中，严格落实年龄审查、指定辩护、慎用羁押措施等工作要求，依法通知法定代理人、合适成年人到场；对未成年犯罪嫌疑人、被告人的成长经历、犯罪原因、监护教育等情况进行调查并作为办案的参考；审判时被告人不满十八周岁的案件，不公开审理；对犯罪时不满十八周岁，被判处五年有期徒刑以下刑罚的，实行犯罪记录封存；积极开展对违法犯罪及有不良行为未成年人的帮教转化工作。自2002年以来，未成年人重新犯罪率基本控制在2%左右，未成年人犯罪案件数整体呈现下降趋势，未成年罪犯占全部罪犯的比例逐渐下降，2015年下降到3.56%。
The public security organs, people’s procuratorates and people’s courts strictly implement requirements such as reviewing age, designating lawyers for defendants, and prudently applying custody measures in handling juvenile criminal cases, and notifying legal representatives and appropriate adults to be present. The judicial organs may take into consideration the family and school background, cause of crime, guardianship and education of a juvenile offender and use these as references when handling a case. Trials of cases in which the offenders are under the age of 18 will not be open to the public. If the offender is under 18 at the time of the crime and sentenced to less than five years of imprisonment, the records of the crime will be sealed. Efforts are made to educate and transform juvenile delinquents and minors involved in misbehavior. Since 2002, the juvenile relapse rate has been brought below 2 percent, and juvenile delinquency cases have decreased gradually to a ratio of 3.56 percent of all crimes in 2015.
健全民事诉讼制度，加强对社会公共利益的保护。2012年修改的民事诉讼法，建立了公益诉讼制度。对污染环境、侵害众多消费者合法权益等损害社会公共利益的行为，法律规定的机关和有关组织可以依法向人民法院提起诉讼。2015年，最高人民法院发布司法解释，对环境民事公益诉讼案件的起诉主体、管辖法院、审理程序等作出了规定。2015年，最高人民检察院根据全国人大常委会的授权，在生态环境和资源保护、国有资产保护、国有土地使用权出让、食品药品安全等领域开展提起公益诉讼试点。试点检察机关共对325起案件启动诉前程序，提出检察建议，督促相关行政机关已履行职责或纠正违法224件、相关社会组织提起公益诉讼6件。对仍不履行职责或没有社会组织提起公益诉讼、公共利益继续受到侵害的，检察机关提起公益诉讼12件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Improve civil procedure system to strengthen protection of social and public interests. The Civil Procedure Lawrevised in 2012 set up a public interest litigation system. For conduct which damages public interests such as environmental pollution, or infringement of consumers’ legitimate rights and interests, the relevant units and organizations prescribed by law may bring a lawsuit to the people’s court. In 2015, the Supreme People’s Court released a judicial interpretation to specify the prosecutor, court of jurisdiction, and trial procedure in environmental civil public interest litigation. In 2015, with the authorization of the Standing Committee of the NPC, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate launched a pilot program for public interest litigation in the fields of ecological and resource protection, state assets protection, assignment of land use right of state-owned land, food and drug safety, etc. The pilot procuratorates launched pre-trial procedure in 325 cases, gave suggestions and urged relevant administrative organs to take action or correct 224 violations and some social organizations to institute six public interest litigations. In cases of non-performance of duties, or in absence of social organizations taking any action, while public interests are being continually damaged, the procuratorial organs may institute public interest litigations. In 2015, there were 12 such cases.
制定实施反家庭暴力法，加强对家庭暴力受害人人身权利的法律保障。修改后的民事诉讼法对行为保全作出规定，为人身保护裁定提供了明确的法律依据。2015年12月，全国人大常委会通过反家庭暴力法，规定对家庭暴力行为根据情节轻重对加害人出具告诫书、给予治安管理处罚或追究刑事责任等，并首次设立人身安全保护令制度，切实保障家庭暴力受害人特别是未成年人、老年人、残疾人、孕期和哺乳期妇女的合法权益。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部联合发布《关于依法办理家庭暴力犯罪案件的意见》，加强司法对家庭暴力的及时干预。2014年至2015年，最高人民法院先后公布15起涉家庭暴力典型案例，为进一步保障妇女、未成年人、老年人合法权益提供司法指导。广州市越秀区人民法院审理林某某申请人身安全保护案，依法出具人身安全保护令，禁止被申请人余某对妻子林某某及其家人施暴，禁止余某利用骚扰、跟踪等手段妨碍林某某及其家人的正常生活，禁止余某在林某某居住区200米范围内活动，有效保障了申请人的人身安全。
Formulate and implement Anti-Domestic Violence Law to strengthen legal protection of the personal right of victims. The revised Civil Procedure Law stipulates provisions for behavior regulation and defines the legal basis for rulings on personal protection. In December 2015, the Standing Committee of the NPC adopted the Anti-Domestic Violence Law, which stipulates that the offender should be given a written admonition, or subject to public security punishment or criminal sanctions based on the seriousness of the case. A personal safety protection writ system was set up for the first time to effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of victims of domestic violence, particularly minors, the elderly, the disabled, and pregnant and lactating women. The Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly released the Opinions on Handling Domestic Violence Cases in Accordance with Law to strengthen timely judicial intervention in cases of domestic violence. From 2014 to 2015, the Supreme People’s Court released 15 typical cases involving domestic violence, providing judicial guidance to further protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, minors, and the elderly. The people’s court of Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City accepted an application for personal safety protection from a woman named Lin, and issued a Personal Safety Protection Writ, forbidding respondent Xu, her husband, from inflicting violence on her and her family, and from interfering with the normal life of her and her family by harassing or tracking, and prohibiting his presence within 200 meters of her residence to effectively protect the personal safety of the applicant.
改革行政诉讼制度，保障行政相对人的合法权益。2014年修改的行政诉讼法着力解决实践中“立案难、审理难、执行难”问题。明确规定人民法院依法受理行政案件，行政机关不得干预、阻碍。人民法院在审理行政案件中，可以对国务院部门和地方人民政府及其部门制定的规范性文件进行审查，经审查认为规范性文件不合法的，不作为认定行政行为合法性的依据，并向制定机关提出处理建议。明确规定复议机关决定维持原行政行为的，复议机关和作出原行政行为的机关是共同被告。明确规定行政机关负责人应当出庭应诉。完善促进行政机关履行生效判决的措施，对于行政机关拒绝履行判决、裁定、调解书的，人民法院可以对行政机关负责人、直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法采取罚款、拘留等措施。
Reform the administrative litigation system to protect the legitimate rights and interests of private parties to administrative lawsuits. The revised Administrative Procedure Law in 2014 aimed to resolve difficulties in filing, adjudication, and execution of court rulings. It specifies that administrative agencies are not allowed to interfere with or impede the admission of administrative cases by the people’s courts. In handling administrative cases, the people’s courts can review regulatory documents formulated by ministries under the State Council, local people’s governments and their departments, and if they find them unlawful, such documents cannot be used as references of legality in administrative cases and people’s courts should offer suggestions to the enactment bodies. It also stipulates that if the reconsideration organ’s decision sustains the original administrative action, the administrative organ taking the original administrative action and the reconsideration organ shall be co-defendants. The individual in charge of an administrative organ against which a complaint is filed shall appear in court to respond to the complaint. Measures should be improved to motivate administrative organs to implement effective judgments, and if they refuse to implement such judgments, convictions or mediation papers, people’s courts may impose fines on or arrest leading members of administrative organs, persons in direct charge and others held accountable.
三、努力提高人权司法保障执行力
III. Enhance Judicial Protection of Human Rights
依法惩治违法犯罪，公正审理民事、行政案件，强化生效裁判执行，完善社区矫正、国家赔偿和法律援助制度，切实保障公民生命财产权利、民生权利等合法权益。
China punishes crimes by law, tries civil and administrative cases fairly, and strengthens the execution of effective judgments. It endeavors to improve institutions of community correction, state compensation and legal aid, and diligently safeguard citizens’ right of life, property right, right of livelihood and other legitimate rights and interests.
依法办理各类刑事案件，保障人民群众生命财产权利。重点惩治暴力恐怖、严重暴力、黑恶势力、涉枪涉爆、食药安全、制贩毒品等犯罪。公安机关先后开展打击暴力恐怖活动、打黑除恶、打击整治非法调查和非法买卖公民信息、打击电信诈骗犯罪和利用“伪基站”违法犯罪等专项行动。最高人民检察院与公安部、国家食品药品监督管理总局共同制定食品药品行政执法与刑事司法衔接工作办法，2015年各级检察机关共建议食品药品监管部门移送涉嫌犯罪案件1646件，监督公安机关立案877件。完善检察机关同步介入生产安全事故调查处理机制，2015年共起诉重大责任事故犯罪2199人，查处事故所涉职务犯罪823人。天津港“8·12”特别重大火灾爆炸事故发生后，检察机关迅速介入调查，分别以涉嫌玩忽职守罪、滥用职权罪、受贿罪，对25人立案侦查。2012年至2015年，各级法院审结各类一审刑事案件406.26万件。依法审理云南昆明“3·01”暴恐案、北京“10·28”暴恐案等暴力恐怖犯罪案件，审结黑社会性质组织犯罪案件2070件，审结杀人、抢劫、绑架、强奸等犯罪案件105.05万件，审结毒品犯罪案件41.73万件。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Handle all kinds of criminal cases by law to protect people’s right of life and property right. The state focuses on punishing violent terrorist crimes, serious crimes of violence, gangland crimes, crimes involving guns and explosives, crimes endangering food and medicine safety, crimes related to drug production and trafficking, and some other crimes. Public security organs have launched a series of special actions to fight against violent terrorist activities, combat organized criminal gangs, crack down on illegal gathering and trading of citizens’ information, and combat telecommunication fraud and the use of pseudo base stations.
Together with the Ministry of Public Security and the China Food and Drug Administration, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate has formulated working methods connecting administrative law enforcement on food and medicine crimes with criminal justice. In 2015, procuratorial organs at all levels recommended to food and drug regulatory authorities to bring 1,646 suspected criminal cases to lawsuit, and supervised and urged public security organs to file 877 cases. The mechanism enabling procuratorial organs to synchronously engage in investigating and handling industrial accidents has been improved. In 2015 procuratorial organs prosecuted 2,199 people for being liable for serious accidents, and investigated and dealt with 823 involved in these accidents for work-related crimes. After the Tianjin Port fire and explosion incident on August 12, 2015, procuratorial organs quickly launched an investigation, and then placed on file 25 cases of criminals suspected of dereliction of duty, abuse of power, and bribery. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded 4,062,600 criminal cases of first instance. Related courts tried, according to the law, the case of the Kunming terrorist attack on March 1, 2014, that of Beijing terrorist attack on October 28, 2013, and other cases of violent terrorist crimes. Courts concluded 2,070 cases of gangland crimes, 1,050,500 cases of murder, robbery, kidnapping, rape and other crimes, and 417,300 cases of drug-related crimes.
依法惩处腐败犯罪和职务犯罪，为人权保障创造良好的政治和法治环境。2015年，各级检察机关共立案侦查职务犯罪案件40834件54249人。其中，查办贪污贿赂、挪用公款100万元以上的案件4490件，同比上升22.5%；查办受贿犯罪13210人、行贿犯罪8217人；查办国家机关工作人员渎职侵权犯罪13040人；查办事关群众切身利益的征地拆迁、社会保障、教育、医疗、“三农”等民生领域的职务犯罪20538人。2012年至2015年，各级法院共审结贪污贿赂犯罪案件9.49万件，判处罪犯10.02万人；审结行贿案件1.03万件，判处罪犯9219人；审结渎职犯罪案件2.13万件，判处罪犯2.35万人。其中被告人原为厅局级以上的381人，原为县处级以上的2269人。依法判处周永康无期徒刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人财产；判处薄熙来无期徒刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人财产。
Punish by law crimes of corruption and work-related crimes to create a favorable political and legal environment for the protection of human rights. In 2015, procuratorial organs at all levels placed on file and investigated 40,834 cases of work-related crimes involving 54,249 people. Specifically, they investigated and dealt with 4,490 cases of embezzlement, bribery, and defalcation of more than one million yuan each, a year-on-year increase of 22.5 percent; 13,210 people for taking bribes and 8,217 for offering bribes; 13,040 civil servants for dereliction and malfeasance; and 20,538 people for work related crimes in land requisition and demolition, social security, education, health care, the Three Rural (agriculture, rural areas and farmers) issues and other livelihood fields concerning immediate interests of the people. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded 94,900 cases of corruption and bribery and sentenced 100,200 criminals; concluded 10,300 cases of offering bribes and sentenced 9,219 criminals; and concluded 21,300 cases of dereliction of duty, and sentenced 23,500 criminals. Among the defendants, 381 were formerly at/above the department or bureau level, and 2,269 were at/above the county or division level. Zhou Yongkang was sentenced to life imprisonment and deprived of political rights for life, and his personal assets were confiscated. Bo Xilai was sentenced to life imprisonment and deprived of political rights for life, and his personal assets were confiscated.
打拐专项行动深入推进，反对拐卖妇女儿童工作取得重要进展。坚持不懈预防、打击拐卖妇女和儿童犯罪，落实《中国反对拐卖人口行动计划（2013-2020年）》，解救拐卖犯罪被害人。刑法修正案（九）对收买被拐卖妇女和儿童的行为，加大了处罚力度。公安机关深入推进打拐专项行动，完善工作机制，县（市、区）公安机关主要领导或主管领导担任拐卖儿童案件专案组长，全程负责；在全国实行儿童失踪快速查找机制，充分调动警务资源快速查找失踪儿童；开展全国来历不明儿童集中摸排行动，对疑似被拐卖儿童采集DNA信息后，录入全国打拐DNA信息库比对。截至2015年，全国打拐DNA信息库已为4100多名被拐卖儿童找到亲生父母。公安部打拐办开通微博，普及防拐知识，推动全社会提高防拐反拐意识，支持参与打拐工作。拐卖妇女儿童犯罪得到有效遏制，案件数量自2013年起逐年下降。各级法院2015年审结的拐卖妇女儿童犯罪案件数量比2010年下降了55.55%。
Advance special actions against human trafficking, and make important progress in combating trafficking in women and children. China has made unremitting efforts to prevent and crack down on the abduction and trafficking of women and children. It has worked to implement China’s National Plan of Action on Combating Trafficking in Women and Children (2013-2020) and to rescue abducted victims. Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law increases penalties for whoever buys an abducted woman or child. Public security organs have launched special actions against human trafficking, and improved their working mechanisms. The principal leader or a leader in direct charge of a public security organ at the county (city or district) level should take charge of a special group for the examination of child trafficking cases, and take responsibility throughout the whole process. A mechanism for quickly searching for missing children has been put in place around the country, under which police resources are fully mobilized to quickly find missing children. A uniform operation of thorough search and investigation for children of unknown origin has been carried out nationwide, in which DNA information of children suspected of being the victims of abduction is collected and recorded into a national DNA database for comparison. As of 2015, the national DNA database against trafficking had helped more than 4,100 abducted children find their birth parents. The Anti-Trafficking Office of the Ministry of Public Security opened a Weibo to popularize information on anti-trafficking, promote public awareness in preventing and combating trafficking, and encourage people to support and participate in anti-trafficking work. Through these efforts, crimes of trafficking in women and children have been effectively curbed, and the number of such cases has decreased year by year since 2013. The number of cases of trafficking in women and children that courts at all levels concluded in 2015 fell by 55.55 percent compared to 2010.
依法惩处侵犯未成年人违法犯罪，强化未成年人权利保障。2013年，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部联合发布《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》，突出了对未成年被害人的权益保护和对性侵害犯罪分子的依法严惩。2014年10月，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、民政部联合发布《关于依法处理监护人侵害未成年人权益行为若干问题的意见》，对实施性侵害、暴力、虐待、遗弃未成年人的父母或其他监护人，依法撤销其监护人资格。刑法修正案（九）取消了嫖宿幼女罪名，对此类行为适用刑法关于奸淫幼女的，以强奸论、从重处罚的规定；规定对未成年人、老年人等负有监护、看护职责的人虐待被监护、看护的人，情节恶劣的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役。2013年至2015年，各级人民法院共审结猥亵儿童犯罪案件7610件，判处6620人；审结虐待罪刑事案件224件。2015年，江苏省徐州市铜山区人民法院审结首例撤销未成年人父母监护人资格案件。公安机关加强校园及周边治安环境整治，有效维护校园安全。全国共设立校园周边警务室和治安岗亭17万个，设立“护学岗”26万个，每日巡逻力量达30万人次。各地校园配备保安员70万名、防护装备120万件，安装技防设备68万套。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Bring to justice criminals who infringe the rights of minors, and strengthen the protection of minors’ rights. In 2013, the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Justice jointly issued the Opinions on Legally Punishing the Crime of Sexual Assault Against Minors, highlighting protection of minor victims’ rights and severe punishment of criminals engaging in sexual assault against minors. In October 2014, the Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued the Opinions on Several Issues Concerning Law-based Handling of the Infringement of the Rights and Interests of Minors by Their Guardians, deciding that guardianship of parents or other guardians who sexually assault, treat with violence, abuse and abandon minors will be revoked according to law. Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law abolishes the crime of sex with a girl under the age of 14, and stipulates that whoever has sexual relations with a girl under the age of 14, as applicable to the Criminal Law, shall be deemed to have committed rape and shall be given a heavier punishment. It also stipulates that anyone who maltreats a minor or an elderly person whom they are responsible for guarding and nursing, if the case is serious, shall be sentenced to imprisonment or criminal detention of not more than three years. From 2013 to 2015, people’s courts at all levels concluded 7,610 cases involving child molestation, and sentenced 6,620 criminals; and concluded 224 criminal cases of maltreatment. In 2015, the People’s Court of Tongshan District, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province concluded the first case of revoking the guardianship of a minor’s parents. Public security organs have strengthened police on campus and in surrounding areas, and effectively maintained campus safety. Around the country, 170,000 police offices and security sentry boxes have been set up in surrounding areas of schools, and 260,000 posts for protecting students have been set up, representing a daily patrol force of 300,000. Schools have employed 700,000 security guards and provided them with 1.2 million items of protective equipment, and installed 680,000 sets of equipment for technical defense.
严格控制和慎用死刑，确保死刑只适用于极少数罪行极其严重的犯罪分子。继2011年刑法修正案（八）取消13个经济性非暴力犯罪的死刑后，2015年通过的刑法修正案（九）再次减少适用死刑的罪名，取消走私武器、弹药罪，走私核材料罪，走私假币罪，伪造货币罪，集资诈骗罪，组织卖淫罪，强迫卖淫罪，阻碍执行军事职务罪，战时造谣惑众罪9个罪的死刑，并进一步提高对判处死刑缓期执行的罪犯执行死刑的门槛。在死刑案件中充分保障被告人的辩护权和其他合法权益，实行死刑第二审案件全部开庭审理。最高人民法院复核死刑案件注重依法讯问被告人，听取辩护律师的意见。
Strictly control the death penalty and employ it with prudence to ensure that it applies only to a very small number of extremely serious criminal offenders. Following the Amendment (VIII) to the Criminal Law in 2011 which abolishes the death penalty for 13 economy-related, non-violent offenses, Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law, adopted in 2015, again reduces the number of crimes for capital punishment, abolishing the death penalty for nine areas of crime: smuggling arms and ammunitions, smuggling nuclear materials, smuggling counterfeit currency notes, counterfeiting currency, illegally raising funds, organizing others for prostitution, forcing others into prostitution, obstructing commanders or personnel in the performance of their military duties, and creating rumors and misleading the people during time of war. Amendment (IX) to the Criminal Law also extends the possibility of reprieve in cases of capital sentence. In death penalty cases, the defendant’s right to defense and other legitimate rights and interests are fully protected, as hearings are held for all death penalty cases of second instance. When the Supreme People’s Court reviews a death penalty case, it focuses on interrogating the defendant in accordance with the law, and listening to opinions of the defense counsel.
依法审理民商事案件，切实保障民生权利。2012年至2015年，各级法院审结民商事案件3230.24万件。其中，审结农村承包合同纠纷案件9.01万件、宅基地纠纷案件1万件，审结婚姻家庭、抚养继承等案件661.16万件。妥善处理人身伤害、劳动就业、教育、医疗、住房等与人民生产生活密切相关的案件，依法保障民生。2012年至2015年，各级人民法院共审结涉民生案件233.43万件。
Try civil and commercial cases by law to effectively protect people’s right of livelihood. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded 32,302,400 civil and commercial cases. Among these, 90,100 involved rural contract disputes, 10,000 involved homestead disputes, and 6,611,600 cases involved marriage and family, upbringing and inheritance. The courts properly handled cases relating to personal injury, employment, education, health care, housing, and other areas closely related to people’s daily and working life, protecting people’s livelihood according to the law. From 2012 to 2015, people’s courts at all levels concluded a total of 2,334,300 such cases.
依法审理环境资源案件，保护公民环境权益。2014年6月，最高人民法院设立环境资源审判庭。截至2015年，全国共有24个省（自治区、直辖市）的法院设立环境资源审判庭、合议庭、巡回法庭，共计456个。2012年至2015年，各级法院共审结各类涉及资源、环境案件49.55万件。2013年至2015年，最高人民法院先后4次共计发布33起环境资源典型案例，保障环境资源法律的全面、正确、统一施行，推动生态环境司法治理。
Hear cases involving the environment or resource use to protect citizens’ environmental rights. In June 2014, the Supreme People’s Court established a tribunal for lawsuits involving the environment and resource use. As of 2015, courts of 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had established 456 tribunals, collegial benches and circuit courts for environment cases. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded a total of 495,500 such cases. From 2013 to 2015, the Supreme People’s Court notified the public of 33 typical environment cases on four occasions, trying to ensure environment and resource laws are properly applied in a comprehensive, correct, and consistent way, and to promote environmental protection on the basis of the law.
依法审理行政诉讼案件，维护行政相对人合法权益。2012年至2015年，各级法院共审结各类行政案件57.9万件。妥善审理社会关注的房屋拆迁行政诉讼案件，依法保护被拆迁人合法权益，审结房屋拆迁行政诉讼案件3.28万件。健全行政机关负责人依法出庭应诉制度。江苏省行政机关负责人行政诉讼出庭应诉率2014年至2015年均在90%以上，其中海安县人民政府连续3任县长亲自出庭应诉，连续6年行政机关负责人出庭应诉率达100%。加强行政案件协调和非诉行政案件执行等工作，促进化解行政纠纷。及时向行政机关反馈审判工作中发现的行政执法突出问题，促进依法行政。2014年至2015年，最高人民法院先后发布“征收拆迁十大案例”“信息公开十大案例”“环境保护十大案例”“行政不作为十大案例”和“经济行政十大案例”，规范行政执法，统一裁判尺度。
Hear administrative cases to safeguard legitimate rights and interests of private parties. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded 579,000 administrative cases of various types. The courts properly heard administrative proceedings involving house demolitions of high social concern, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of displaced people in accordance with the law. They concluded 32,800 administrative cases involving house demolitions. The system whereby the individual in charge of an administrative agency appears and defends the organ in court in accordance with the law has been improved. In 2014 and 2015, among Jiangsu administrative agencies involved in administrative proceedings, more than 90 percent of those in charge appeared in court. Three consecutive magistrates of Hai’an County People’s Government personally appeared in court. For six years, all heads of various administrative organs of this county, when involved in administrative proceedings, appeared in court. Coordination of administrative cases and enforcement of non-litigation administrative cases have been strengthened, helping resolve administrative disputes. Timely feedback on prominent law enforcement problems found in court trials has been provided to administrative agencies to promote law-based administration. From 2014 to 2015, the Supreme People’s Court made known to the public ten cases concerning land acquisition, house demolition and relocation, ten information disclosure cases, ten cases concerning environmental protection, ten cases concerning administrative nonfeasance, and ten administrative cases concerning commercial interests. In so doing, it has regulated administrative law enforcement, and provided uniform criteria for judgment.
依法审理国家赔偿案件，保障赔偿请求人合法权益。2015年，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合制定《关于办理刑事赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》，明确细化了终止追究刑事责任的情形，解决了实践中因刑事案件久拖不决公民无法申请国家赔偿的问题，对促进办案机关依法行使职权、保障公民取得国家赔偿的权利，发挥了重要作用。2012年至2015年，各级法院共审结国家赔偿案件1.23万件。2016年1月7日，最高人民法院、最高人民检察院联合公布8起刑事赔偿典型案例。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Safeguard legitimate rights and interests of applicants in state compensation cases. In 2015, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate jointly issued the Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Regarding Compensation, elaborating on the circumstances under which investigation of criminal liabilities is terminated. The document has helped solve problems for citizens who cannot apply for state compensation due to protracted criminal cases, and played an important role in urging case handling organs to exercise functions according to the law and in protecting the right to state compensation. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels concluded a total of 12,300 cases on state compensation. On January 7, 2016, the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate brought the public’s attention to eight typical criminal cases on state compensation.
强化生效裁判执行工作，保护执行案件当事人合法权益。最高人民法院修改《关于限制被执行人高消费的若干规定》，全面限制失信被执行人非生活或经营必须的消费，建立全社会失信惩戒联动机制。截至2015年，全国共有308万名被执行人被纳入失信名单，累计拦截357.7万人次购买飞机票，59.88万人次购买列车软卧、高铁和动车一等座以上车票。2012年至2015年，各级法院共新收申请执行案件1259.14万件，执结1190.6万件。加强涉民生案件执行。2015年12月1日至2016年2月15日，最高人民法院开展涉民生案件集中执行，着重执行涉及人民群众生存生活的追索劳动报酬、农民工工资、赡养费、抚养费等9类案件，截至2016年1月15日，全国共执结约6万件，执行到位约20亿元。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Reinforce enforcement of effective judgment to protect legitimate rights and interests of relevant parties. The Supreme People’s Court revised Several Provisions on Restricting Extravagant Spending of the Persons Subject to Enforcement, restricting expenditure not necessary for life or business operation by the persons who are included in the list of dishonest persons subject to enforcement. This effort helped set up a public mechanism for penalizing dishonest people. As of 2015, 3.08 million people subject to enforcement had been included in the list of dishonest persons, 3,577,000 attempts by these people to buy airline tickets had been intercepted, as well as 598,800 attempts to buy soft sleeper tickets and first-class tickets on high-speed trains. From 2012 to 2015, courts at all levels received 12,591,400 new cases of application for enforcement, of which 11,906,000 were enforced and concluded. Enforcement of cases relating to essential requirements of daily life has been reinforced. From December 1, 2015 to February 15, 2016, the Supreme People’s Court enforced such cases in a centralized way, with focus on nine categories, including recovering payment for labor, migrant workers’ wages, alimony, and payment for children’s upbringing. As of January 15, 2016, about 60,000 cases had been enforced and concluded, involving sums of about two billion yuan.
完善社区矫正工作，有效保障社区矫正对象的合法权益。各级司法行政机关认真落实《关于组织社会力量参与社区矫正工作的意见》，将社区矫正经费纳入各级财政预算，鼓励引导社会力量参与社区矫正工作，解决好社区矫正对象就业就学和社会救助、社会保险等问题，通过各种渠道加强对社区矫正对象的教育帮扶，重视社区矫正对象心理矫治，促进其更好地融入社会。截至2015年，各地累计接收社区矫正对象270.2万人，累计解除矫正200.4万人，现有社区矫正对象69.8万人。社区矫正对象在矫正期间的重新违法犯罪率为0.2%。全国累计建立县（区）社区矫正中心1339个。现有社区服务基地24787个，教育基地9218个，就业基地8165个，社区矫正小组67.2万个。全国从事社区矫正工作的社会工作者8.3万人，社会志愿者69万人。北京市海淀区社区矫正中心联合5所高校创办中途学院，由高校教师为社区矫正对象提供针对性分类教育。安徽省巢湖市社区矫正中心为社区矫正对象建立心理健康档案，开展咨询服务活动。
Improve community correction work to effectively protect correction subjects’ legitimate rights and interests. Administrative organs of justice at all levels have implemented the Opinions on Organizing Social Forces to Participate in Community Correction. They have covered community correction funds in financial budgets at all levels; encouraged and guided social forces to participate in community correction; tried to solve employment, schooling, social assistance, social security and other issues for correction subjects; strengthened education for and assistance to them through various channels; and directed attention to their psychological treatment. In so doing they have helped them better reintegrate into society. As of 2015, administrative organs of justice around the country had received a total of 2,702,000 offenders for community correction, among whom 2,004,000 were discharged from correction and 698,000 remained for correction. Only 0.2 percent of offenders committed crimes during the correction period. Altogether 1,339 community correction centers have been established nationwide in counties or districts. There are 24,787 bases for community service, 9,218 bases for education, 8,165 bases for employment, and 672,000 community correction groups. Around the country, 83,000 social workers and 690,000 volunteers are engaged in community correction. Haidian District Community Correction Center of Beijing founded the Zhongtu (Midway) College with five universities. In the college, university teachers provide targeted, classified education for correction subjects. Chaohu Community Correction Center, Anhui Province, has established mental health records for correction subjects, and provides consulting services.
加大法律援助力度，公民获得法律援助的权利进一步落实。加强法律援助基层服务网络建设。全国共建成法律援助便民服务窗口3500余个、法律援助工作站7万余个，基层基础建设得到改善。推广使用全国法律援助信息管理系统，简化受理审查程序，公民获得法律援助更加便捷。进一步扩大法律援助补充事项范围，放宽适用法律援助的经济困难标准，加大法律援助经费保障。2012年至2015年，中央财政拨付法律援助经费总额15.2亿元。积极推动地方政府将法律援助经费纳入财政预算。截至2015年，全国已有24个省（自治区、直辖市）建立省级法律援助专项资金，91.4%的地方将法律援助业务经费纳入财政预算。2012年至2015年，全国共办理法律援助案件470万件，年均增长7.4%，受援群众超过526万，提供法律咨询2587万人次。
Increase legal aid to enable citizens to better enjoy the right to legal aid. A framework of grassroots legal aid has been put in place. More than 3,500 offices have been opened to provide convenient legal aid to the public, and more than 70,000 legal aid work stations have been set up, improving grassroots infrastructure. Judicial organs have worked to spread the national legal aid information management system, which helps to simplify the process of acceptance and review, and thus make it easier for citizens to receive legal aid. They have expanded the scope of supplementary items for legal aid, relaxed criteria for economic difficulty applying to legal aid, and increased fund guarantee for legal aid. From 2012 to 2015, the central government allocated 1.52 billion yuan to legal aid. The Central Authorities have urged local governments to include a legal aid fund in their budgets. As of 2015, 24 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) had established a provincial-level specialized fund for legal aid, and 91.4 percent of all local governments had covered the legal aid fund in their budgets. From 2012 to 2015, 4.7 million legal aid cases were handled around the country. This represents an average annual increase of 7.4 percent, benefiting more than 5.26 million people and providing legal advice to 25.87 million.
四、切实保障被羁押人合法权利
IV. Safeguard the Legitimate Rights and Interests of Detainees
进一步改善监狱、看守所监管条件，强化对监管活动和刑罚执行的监督，严格规范减刑、假释和暂予监外执行，规定刑事被告人或上诉人出庭受审不再穿着监管机构的识别服，切实保障被羁押人的人格尊严、人身安全、合法财产和辩护、申诉、控告、检举等合法权利。
We should further improve the conditions of prisons and detention houses, enhance scrutiny of supervisory activities and the execution of punishment, standardize commutation, parole, and execution of sentence outside prison, and stipulate that criminal defendants and appellants no longer need to wear clothing bearing the name of the detention house, so as to safeguard the detainees’ personal dignity, safety, legal property, and legitimate rights including the rights to defense, to appeal, to complain, and to report violations of law.
加强看守所建设和管理，保障被羁押人的人身安全。实施新的《看守所建设标准》，全面推行床位制，对看守所的建筑标准和人均最低使用面积作出规定。严格落实入所身体检查制度，建立预防和打击牢头狱霸的长效机制，对新收押人员实行过渡管理，严禁使用在押人员管理监室。严格提讯、提解制度。办案机关因侦查需要提解犯罪嫌疑人出所辨认或者追缴犯罪有关财物的，必须持有县级以上办案机关主要领导批示并标明法定原因，由两名以上办案人员提解。截至2015年，全国有2169个看守所建立被羁押人心理咨询室，有2207个看守所实现留所服刑罪犯互联网双向视频会见。大力推进法律援助中心驻看守所工作站建设，全国已有2500多个看守所建立了工作站，为在押人员及其家属提供法律援助、法律咨询等服务。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Strengthen the construction and management of detention houses to safeguard detainees’ personal safety. We must implement the new “Construction Standards for Detention Houses,” replace shared beds with single beds, and define the construction standards and minimal per capita floor space in detention houses. We must strictly implement the system of physical examination upon admission, establish a long-term mechanism for preventing and combating prison bullies, adopt transition management over new detainees, and strictly forbid detainees from managing cells. We should strengthen the arraignment and interrogation system. When taking out a suspect from the detention house for identification – which must be done by no fewer than two investigators at a time – or recovering property related to a case, the case handling organs should hold a written instruction signed by the leading official of the organ above the county level which bears the legal causes for the investigation.
规范监狱、看守所生活医疗管理，保障被羁押人的健康权利。看守所严格执行本地区财政部门核定的在押人员伙食实物量标准，在监室内张贴伙食标准、每周食谱和伙食账目，接受监督。监狱按照《关于加强监狱生活卫生管理工作的若干规定》，严格落实2013年调整后的在押服刑人员伙食实物量标准、食品留样及抽样检测、生活物资招标采购制度。加强监狱生活卫生管理，保证服刑人员的饮食实现科学配膳、合理调剂、精细管理、杜绝浪费。照顾少数民族服刑人员的特殊生活习惯，对有特殊饮食禁忌的，单独设置少数民族灶。监狱、看守所加强在押人员医疗卫生保障，为在押人员建立医疗档案，配备驻监狱、看守所医生并每日在监室巡诊，对需要出监狱、看守所就医的在押人员及时送当地医院治疗。监狱严格药品采购、保管和使用等制度，加强卫生设施设备建设和疾病防控，对患病服刑人员及时诊治，依法保障服刑人员的生命权、健康权。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部和国家卫生计生委联合制定《暂予监外执行规定》，于2014年12月1日起实施。服刑人员在监狱、看守所服刑期间因参加劳动致伤、致残被暂予监外执行的，出监、出所后的医疗补助、生活困难补助等费用按国家有关规定办理。对患有严重疾病需要保外就医的、怀孕或者正在哺乳自己婴儿的妇女以及生活不能自理的服刑人员，可以暂予监外执行。
Standardize medical services and life management in prisons and detention houses to safeguard detainees’ right to health. Detention houses should strictly follow the food supply quantity standard for detainees, which has been approved by local financial authorities. Meal standards, weekly menus and accounts should be posted in cells for supervision. Prisons should strictly follow the Regulations on Strengthening Management of Daily Life and Hygiene Work of Prisons, implement the prisoners’ food supply quantity standard which was adjusted in 2013, practice food sampling and sample reservation, and implement the system of invitation for bidding for and procurement of daily necessities. We should strengthen management of daily life and hygiene work of prisons, and guarantee a scientific diet which is reasonably adjusted with fine management for prisoners while eliminating waste. We should take into consideration the special customs of ethnic minority prisoners, and provide special meals for those who are subject to dietary restrictions.
Prisons and detention houses should improve medical services for detainees, create medical records for them, staff them with stationed doctors, who make rounds of the cells every day, and transfer those who need to be treated in hospitals outside in a timely manner. Regulations on purchase, storage and use of medicines in prisons should be strictly followed. We should improve medical facilities, strengthen disease prevention and control, provide timely treatment to sick detainees, and guarantee their rights to life and health in accordance with the law.
The Supreme People’s Court, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Justice and the National Health and Family Planning Commission jointly formulated the Regulations on Execution of Sentence Outside Prison, which came into effect on December 1, 2014. If persons serving sentences are injured or maimed while working during imprisonment, and are allowed to enjoy execution of sentence outside prison, the fees including their medical subsidies and living allowances outside the prison will be reimbursed in accordance with the relevant regulations of the state. Pregnant or lactating women, those who suffer severe illnesses and need to be released on bail for medical treatment, and those who cannot take care of themselves are also allowed to enjoy execution of sentence outside prison.
加强对监狱、看守所的监督，保障被羁押人合法权利不受侵犯。看守所提高执法工作透明度，定期向社会开放。截至2015年，全国有2610个看守所建立在押人员投诉处理机制，有2558个看守所聘请了特邀监督员。检察机关监督看守所对犯罪嫌疑人、被告人入所健康体检活动和临时出所管理活动，防止和纠正侦查人员将犯罪嫌疑人提出看守所外进行非法讯问或刑讯逼供。强化刑事羁押期限监管，监督各有关部门清理久押不决案件。2013年核查出的羁押3年以上未结案的4459人，2015年下降到6人。
Enhance supervision over prisons and detention houses to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of detainees. To increase the transparency of their law enforcement, detention houses should open to the public on a regular basis. By 2015, a complaint handling mechanism for detainees had been installed in 2,610 detention houses, and 2,558 had employed special supervisors. Procuratorial organs supervise activities in detention houses such as health examinations upon entrance and temporary removal of detainees, with a view to preventing and rectifying illegal interrogation and forced confessions outside detention houses. We should strengthen supervision over the term of criminal detention and urge relevant departments to settle outstanding cases. In 2013, 4,459 detainees involved in outstanding cases had been in detention for more than three years, but the figure fell to six in 2015.
规范减刑、假释、暂予监外执行工作，保障服刑罪犯刑罚变更执行的权利。深化狱务公开，依法向社会公开减刑、假释、暂予监外执行的法定条件、程序和结果。人民法院强化网上公示、开庭审理等措施，开通全国法院减刑、假释、暂予监外执行信息网。2012年至2015年，各级法院共裁定减刑案件240.61万件、假释案件16.01万件。监狱、看守所严格按照法律规定，对符合减刑、假释、暂予监外执行的留所服刑罪犯及时办理相关手续。检察机关严格履行监督职责，确保刑罚变更的公平公正。
Standardize commutation, parole and execution of sentence outside prison and safeguard detainees’ rights to implementation of penalty change. We must open prison affairs wider to the public, including the legal conditions, procedures and results of commutation, parole and execution of sentence outside prison. People’s courts should improve online public notification and hearings, and open a national information network on commutation, parole and execution of sentence outside prison. From 2012 to 2015 people’s courts adjudicated 2,406,100 commutation cases and 160,100 parole cases. Prisons and detention houses should carry out relevant procedures in a timely manner for those who are qualified to enjoy commutation, parole or execution of sentence outside prison in accordance with the law. People’s procuratorates should strictly perform their supervisory duties so as to ensure the justice and fairness of penalty changes.
实施国家特赦，彰显人道精神。2015年8月29日，第十二届全国人大常委会第十六次会议通过关于特赦部分服刑罪犯的决定，国家主席习近平签署主席特赦令，对依据2015年1月1日前人民法院作出的生效判决正在服刑，释放后不具有现实社会危险性的四类罪犯实行特赦。这是新中国成立以来第八次，也是改革开放以来第一次实行特赦，是实施宪法规定的特赦制度、贯彻全面依法治国和体现人道主义精神的新实践，具有重大政治意义和法治意义。经人民法院依法裁定，全国共特赦服刑罪犯31527人。对无工作单位、无劳动能力、无生活来源、无法定赡养人的被特赦人员，依法按政策落实最低生活保障等措施，帮助被特赦人员顺利融入社会。微博@高斋翻硕 公众号:高斋翻译学堂
Implement national amnesty to highlight humanitarianism. On August 29, 2015, the 16th session of the 12th Standing Committee of the NPC approved the decision on amnesty for prisoners, and Chinese President Xi Jinping signed an amnesty decree, granting amnesty for four types of criminals who had been serving sentences according to effective judgments made by people’s courts before January 1, 2015 and were no longer considered to be a danger to society on release. This was the eighth national amnesty since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and the first time since the adoption of reform and opening-up in 1978. It was a new approach to implementing the amnesty system stipulated in the Constitution, to implementing rule of law and highlighting humanitarianism, so it was of great political and legal significance. According to judgments made by people’s courts, 31,527 prisoners were granted amnesty across the country. Those who were incapable of work, or had no job, no source of income, and no legal supporters were granted subsistence allowances so that they could better reintegrate into society.
